MANURES FOR BARLEY.
Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert have published the results of experiments with
different manures on barley grown annually on the same land for twenty
years in succession. The experiments commenced in 1852.
The soil is of the same general character as that in the field on the
same farm where wheat was grown annually for so many years, and of which
we have given such a full account. It is what we should call a
calcareous clay loam. On my farm, we have what the men used to call
“clay spots.” These spots vary in size from two acres down to the tenth
of an acre. They rarely produced even a fair crop of corn or potatoes,
and the barley was seldom worth harvesting. Since I have drained the
land and taken special pains to bestow extra care in plowing and working
these hard and intractable portions of the fields, the “clay spots” have
disappeared, and are now nothing more than good, rather stiff, clay
loam, admirably adapted for wheat, barley, and oats, and capable of
producing good crops of corn, potatoes, and mangel-wurzels.
The land on which Mr. Lawes’ wheat and barley experiments were made is
not dissimilar in general character from these “clay spots.” If the land
was only half-worked, we should call it clay; but being thoroughly
cultivated, it is a good clay loam. Mr. Lawes describes it as “a
somewhat heavy loam, with a subsoil of raw, yellowish red clay, but
resting in its turn upon chalk, which provides good natural drainage.”
The part of the field devoted to the experiments was divided into 24
plots, about the fifth of an acre each.
Two plots were left without manure of any kind.
One plot was manured every year with 14 tons per acre of farm-yard
manure, and the other plots “with manures,” to quote Dr. Gilbert
“which respectively supplied certain constituents of farm-yard manure,
separately or in combination.”
In England, the best barley soils are usually lighter than the best
wheat soils. This is probably due to the fact that barley usually
follows a crop of turnips--more or less of which are eaten off on the
land by sheep. The trampling of the sheep compresses the soil, and makes
even a light, sandy one firmer in texture.
In this country, our best wheat land is also our best barley land,
_provided_ it is in good heart, and is very thoroughly worked. It is no
use sowing barley on heavy land half worked. It will do better on light
soils; but if the clayey soils are made fine and mellow, they produce
with us the best barley.
In chemical composition, barley is quite similar to wheat. Mr. Lawes and
Dr. Gilbert give the composition of a wheat-crop of 30 bushels per acre,
1,800 lbs. of grain, and 3,000 lbs. of straw; and of a crop of barley,
40 bushels per acre, 2,080 lbs. grain, and 2,500 lbs. of straw, as
follows:
----------------+----------------+----------------+------------------
| In Grain. | In Straw. | In Total Produce.
+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------+-------
| Wheat | Barley | Wheat | Barley | Wheat | Barley
| lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs. | lbs.
Nitrogen | 32. | 33. | 13. | 12. | 45. | 45.
Phosphoric acid | 16. | 17. | 7. | 5. | 23. | 22.
Potash | 9.5 | 11.5 | 20.5 | 18.5 | 30. | 30.
Lime | 1. | 1.5 | 9. | 10.5 | 10. | 12.
Magnesia | 3.5 | 4. | 3. | 2.5 | 6.5 | 6.5
Silica | 0.5 | 12. | 99.5 | 63. | 100. | 75.
----------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+----------+-------
A few years ago, when the midge destroyed our wheat, many farmers in
Western New York raised “winter barley,” instead of “winter wheat,” and
I have seen remarkably heavy crops of this winter barley. It is not now
grown with us. The maltsters would not pay as much for it as for spring
barley, and as the midge troubles us less, our farmers are raising
winter wheat again.
Where, as with us, we raise winter wheat and spring barley, the
difference between the two crops, taking the above estimate of yield and
proportion of grain to straw, would be:
1st. Almost identical composition in regard to nitrogen, phosphoric
acid, potash, lime, and magnesia; but as it has more straw, the
wheat-crop removes a larger amount of silica than barley.
2d. The greatest difference is in the length of time the two crops are
in the ground. We sow our winter wheat the last of August, or the first
and second week in September. Before winter sets in, the wheat-plant
often throws out a bunch of roots a foot in length. During the winter,
though the thermometer goes down frequently to zero, and sometimes 10°
to 15° below zero, yet if the land is well covered with snow, it is not
improbable that the roots continue to absorb more or less food from the
ground, and store it up for future use. In the spring, the wheat
commences to grow before we can get the barley into the ground, though
not to any considerable extent. I have several times sown barley as soon
as the surface-soil was thawed out five or six inches deep, but with a
bed of solid frozen earth beneath.
3d. Two-rowed barley does not ripen as early as winter wheat, but our
ordinary six-rowed barley is ready to harvest the same time as our
winter wheat.
4th. We sow our barley usually in May, and harvest it in July. The
barley, therefore, has to take up its food rapidly. If we expect a good
growth, we must provide a good supply of food, and have it in the proper
condition for the roots to reach it and absorb it; in other words, the
land must be not only rich, but it must be so well worked that the roots
can spread out easily and rapidly in search of food and water. In this
country, you will find ten good wheat-growers to one good barley grower.
“That is so,” said the Deacon; “but tell us about Mr. Lawes’
experiments. I have more confidence in them than in your speculations.
And first of all what kind of land was the barley grown on?”
“It is,” said I, “rather heavy land--as heavy as what the men call
‘clay-spots,’ on my farm.”
“And on those clay-spots,” said the Deacon, “you either get very good
barley, or a crop not worth harvesting.”
“You have hit it exactly, Deacon,” said I. “The best barley I have this
year (1878) is on these clay-spots. And the reason is, that we gave them
an extra plowing last fall with a three-horse plow. That extra plowing
has probably given me an extra 30 bushels of barley per acre. The barley
on some of the lighter portions of the field will not yield over 25
bushels per acre. On the clay-spots, it looks now (June 13) as though
there would be over 50 bushels per acre. It is all headed out handsomely
on the clay-spots, and has a strong, dark, luxuriant appearance, while
on the sand, the crop is later and has a yellow, sickly look.”
“You ought,” said the Doctor, “to have top-dressed these poor, sandy
parts of the field with a little superphosphate and nitrate of soda.”
“It would have paid wonderfully well,” said I, “or, perhaps, more
correctly speaking, the loss would have been considerably less. We have
recently been advised by a distinguished writer, to apply manure to our
best land, and let the poor land take care of itself. But where the poor
land is in the same field with the good, we are obliged to plow, harrow,
cultivate, sow, and harvest the poor spots, and the question is, whether
we shall make them capable of producing a good crop by the application
of manure, or be at all the labor and expense of putting in and
harvesting a crop of chicken-feed and weeds. Artificial manures give us
a grand chance to make our crops more uniform.”
“You are certainly right there,” said the Doctor, “but let us examine
the Rothamsted experiments on barley.”
You will find the results in the following tables. The manures used,
are in many respects the same as were adopted in the wheat experiments
already given. The mineral or ash constituents were supplied as follows:
_Potash_--as sulphate of potash.
_Soda_--as sulphate of soda.
_Magnesia_--as sulphate of magnesia.
_Lime_--as sulphate, phosphate, and superphosphate.
_Phosphoric acid_--as bone-ash, mixed with sufficient sulphuric
acid to convert most of the insoluble earthy phosphate of
lime into sulphate and soluble superphosphate of lime.
_Sulphuric acid_--in the phosphatic mixture just mentioned; in
sulphates of potash, soda, and magnesia; in sulphate of ammonia,
etc.
_Chlorine_--in muriate of ammonia.
_Silica_--as artificial silicate of soda.
Other constituents were supplied as under:
_Nitrogen_--as sulphate and muriate of ammonia; as nitrate of
soda; in farm-yard manure; in rape-cake.
_Non-nitrogenous organic matter, yielding by decomposition, carbonic
acid, and other products_--in yard manure, in rape-cake.
The artificial manure or mixture for each plot was ground up, or
otherwise mixed, with a sufficient quantity of soil and turf-ashes to
make it up to a convenient measure for equal distribution over the land.
The mixtures so prepared were, with proper precautions, sown broadcast
by hand; as it has been found that the application of an exact amount of
manure, to a limited area of land, can be best accomplished in that way.
The same manures were used on the same plot each year. Any exceptions to
this rule are mentioned in foot-notes.
Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.
Table I.--Showing, _taken together with the foot-notes,_ the
description and quantities of the manures applied per acre on each
plot, in each year of the twenty, 1852-1871 inclusive.
[N.B. This table has reference to all the succeeding Tables].
---------+------------------------------------------------------
|Manures per Acre, per Annum (unless otherwise
Plots | stated in the foot-notes).
---------+------------------------------------------------------
1 O. |Unmanured continuously
2 O. |3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime*
3 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate of Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate
| Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
4 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass. 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda,
| 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
1 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts§
2 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
3 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia-salts, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
4 A. |200 lbs. Ammonia salts 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda
{2 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
‖{3 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
{ | 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
{4 AA. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda
{2 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
{ | 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{3 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
{ | 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda,
{ | 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia
{4 AAS.|275 lbs. Nitrate Soda, 400 lbs. ¶Silicate Soda,
| 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda
| 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake
{2 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
**{3 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
{ | 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
{4 C. |1000 lbs. Rape-cake, 200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass,
| 100 lbs. ‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
{1 N. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda
††{2 N. |275 lbs. Nitrate Soda (550 lbs. Nitrate for 5 years,
| 1853, 4, 5, 6, and 7)
M. |100 lbs. ‡‡Sulphate Soda, 100 lbs. Sulphate Magnesia,
| 3½ cwts. Superphosphate (commencing 1855; 1852, 3,
| and 4, unmanured
5 O. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate
| (200 lbs. Ammonia-salts also, for the first year,
| 1852, only)
5 A. |200 lbs. †Sulphate Potass, 3½ cwts. Superphosphate,
| 200 lbs. Ammonia-salts
6 {1 |Unmanured continuously
{2 |Ashes (burnt-soil and turf)
7 |14 Tons Farmyard-Manure
---------+------------------------------------------------------
[*: “3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime”--in all cases, made from 200
lbs. Bone ash, 150 lbs. Sulphuric acid sp. gr. 1.7 (and water).]
[†: Sulphate Potass--300 lbs. per annum for the first 6 years,
1852-7.]
[‡: Sulphate Soda--200 lbs. per annum for the first 6 years, 1852-7.]
[§: The “Ammonia-salts”--in all cases equal parts of Sulphate and
Muriate of Ammonia of Commerce.]
[‖: Plots “AA” and “AAS”--first 6 years, 1852-7, instead of Nitrate
of Soda, 400 lbs. Ammonia-salts per annum; next 10 years, 1858-67,
200 lbs. Ammonia-salts per annum; 1868, and since, 275 lbs. Nitrate
of Soda per annum. 275 lbs. Nitrate of Soda is reckoned to contain the
same amount of Nitrogen as 200 lbs. “Ammonia-salts.”]
[¶: Plots “AAS”--the application of Silicates did not commence until
1864; in ‘64-5-6, and 7, 200 lbs. Silicate of Soda and 200 lbs.
Silicate of Lime were applied per acre, but in 1868, and since, 400
lbs. Silicate of Soda, and no Silicate of Lime. These plots comprise,
respectively, one half of the original “AA” plots, and, excepting the
addition of the Silicates, have been, and are, in other respects,
manured in the same way as the “AA” plots.]
[**: 2000 lbs. Rape-cake per annum for the first 6 years, and 1000
lbs. only, each year since.]
[††: 300 lbs. Sulphate Potass, and 3½ cwts. Superphosphate of Lime,
without Nitrate of Soda, the first year (1852); Nitrate alone each
year since.]
[‡‡: Sulphate Soda--200 lbs. per annum 1855, 6, and 7.]
[Transcriber’s Note:
The following is an alternative version of the same table, giving the
information in the form used in all earlier tables.]
FM Farm-yard Manure.
ABT Ashes (burnt-soil and turf).
SiS Silicate of Soda.
SPh Superphosphate.
SMg Sulphate of Magnesia.
SP Sulphate of Potass.
SS Sulphate of Soda.
NS Nitrate of Soda.
RC Rape-Cake.
A-S Ammonia-salts.
-------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----
Plots | FM | ABT | SiS| SPh|SMg | SP | SS | NS | RC |A-S
-------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----
|Tons.| lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs.
1 O. | .. | .. | -- unmanured continuously-- | ..
2 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
3 O. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | ..
4 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | ..
1 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200
2 A. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 200
3 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | 200
4 A. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | .. | 200
{1 AA. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
{2 AA. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
{3 AA. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | ..
{4 AA. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | ..
{1 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
{2 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| 350| .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
{3 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| .. | 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | ..
{4 AAS.| .. | .. | 400| 350| 100| 200| 100| 275| .. | ..
1 C. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1000| ..
2 C. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | .. | .. | .. | 1000| ..
3 C. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 100| 200| 100| .. | 1000| ..
4 C. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| 200| 100| .. | 1000| ..
1 N. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
2 N. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 275| .. | ..
M. | .. | .. | .. | 350| 100| .. | 100| .. | .. | ..
5 O. | .. | .. | .. | 350| .. | 200| .. | .. | .. | ..
5 A. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
6{1 | .. | .. | -- unmanured continuously-- | ..
{2* | .. |<..> | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
7 | 14 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ..
-------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----
* 6.2: No amount given for ashes
Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.
Table II.--Dressed Corn Per Acre--bushels.
[N.B. The double vertical lines ‖ show that there was a change in the
description, or quantity, of Manure, at the period indicated, for
particulars of which see _Table I._, and foot-notes thereto, p. 231.]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Harvests
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857|1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| bu. | bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.|
1 O. | 27¼ | 25¾| 35 | 31 | 13⅞| 26⅛| 21⅛| 13½| 13¼| 16¼| 16½| 22⅞|
2 O. | 28⅝ | 33½| 40⅝| 36¼| 17¾| 33¼| 28¾| 19⅝| 15¾| 25 | 21⅞| 32⅜|
3 O. | 26⅛ | 27⅝| 36½| 34¾| 16⅝| 32 ‖ 24¼| 15⅞| 15¼| 18⅞| 19¾| 27⅝|
4 O. | 32¾ | 35⅝| 42 | 37⅛| 19¾| 39¾‖ 30⅞| 19¾| 18¼| 29⅜| 25⅛| 33 |
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 28¾ | 30⅝| 38½| 34¾| 17 | 32¾| 26¼| 17¼| 15⅝| 22⅜| 20¾| 28⅞|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 A. | 36⅞ | 38⅝| 47¾| 44½| 25 | 38⅞| 31½| 15⅜| 26⅝| 30½| 31⅜| 42⅝|
2 A. | 38⅝ | 40⅛| 60½| 47¾| 29⅛| 56½| 51⅜| 34½| 43⅜| 55 | 48⅝| 61⅝|
3 A. | 36 | 36½| 50 | 44½| 28⅜| 42⅜‖ 34¼| 16⅞| 28 | 32¾| 35¼| 48⅝|
4 A. | 40¾ | 38¼| 60⅝| 48⅜| 31¾| 57⅜‖ 51½| 34⅝| 43½| 54⅝| 47⅝| 55⅜|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 38⅛ | 38⅜| 54¾| 46¼| 28½| 48¾| 42⅛| 25⅜| 35⅜| 43¼| 40¾| 52⅛|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 AA. | 44½ | 40¾| 56⅝| 48 | 36¼| 49¾‖ 39⅜| 21½| 25⅜| 35 | 31½| 49 |
2 AA. | 43¾ | 42¼| 63¼| 50⅜| 31½| 66½‖ 56¼| 35⅞| 43¼| 55¾| 51 | 60½|
3 AA. | 41¾ | 41¼| 51½| 47¾| 25⅜| 49⅞‖|40⅝| 20⅜| 30¾| 36⅞| 36¼| 54 |
4 AA. | 45⅛ | 44½| 62¾| 49⅝| 37⅝| 64⅞‖|56¼| 35¾| 46¼| 55⅞| 48¾| 59½|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 43¾ | 42⅛| 58½| 48⅞| 32⅝| 57¾| 48⅛| 28⅜| 36⅜| 45⅞| 41⅞| 55¾|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | | | | | | | | | | | | |
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 C. | 39⅛ | 39⅞| 60¾| 48½| 36¾| 64⅛‖ 53¾| 38¾| 31¾| 56½| 41 | 51⅞|
2 C. | 36½ | 36⅛| 60⅝| 53¼| 37⅛| 62¼‖ 57⅜| 41 | 36¾| 56⅞| 45 | 55 |
3 C. | 33½ | 35¼| 56½| 48⅞| 32⅝| 60¼‖|52 | 34⅛| 35¼| 51⅛| 36 | 53⅛|
4 C. | 38 | 40⅛| 60¼| 51¾| 35⅜| 62¼‖|57⅛| 35 | 40¾| 53⅝| 45½| 54½|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 36¾ | 37⅞| 59½| 50⅝| 35½| 62¼| 55 | 37¼| 36⅛| 54½| 41⅞| 53⅝|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 N. }(25⅞){‖ 34⅜| 49⅜| 50 | 28½| 47⅞| 37¾| 24⅞| 27⅜| 38¼| 35½| 51½|
2 N. } {‖ 37⅛| 53¼| 49⅜| 42 | 58 ‖ 43⅞| 26½| 29¾| 41⅝| 38⅜| 53⅞|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
M. | | | ‖ 32⅛| 18¾| 24½| 25⅞‖ 19½| 10⅝| 27⅝| 23⅜| 28⅛|
5 O. | (36½)‖ 27½| 30¾| 32⅜| 19⅛| 31⅛| 25⅜‖ 16½| 10⅛| 28⅝| 17⅜| 29½|
5 A. | 36½ | 40⅛| 51⅞| 47⅞| 33⅛| 54⅞| 48⅛‖ 33⅛| 39 | 49⅜| 46⅝| 51½|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
6{1 | 29 | 26¼| 35⅛| 37¼| 15⅛| 34⅞| 26½| 17⅛| 12¼| 16⅝| 18½| 27¼|
{2 | 25⅛ | 27⅜| 33¼| 36¼| 15⅞| 31⅛| 25¼| 14¾| 12⅛| 17⅞| 19 | 28⅝|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
7 | 33 | 36⅛| 56⅜| 50⅛| 32⅛| 51¼| 55 | 40 | 41⅝| 54⅜| 49¾| 59½|
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.
----------------------------------------++--------------------++-------
Harvests || Average Annual. ||
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| | | | | | | | || 1st |2nd | Total ||
|1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten |ten |Period || Plots
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.| bu.|| bush.| bu.|bushels ||
| 24 | 18 | 15⅞| 17⅛| 15⅝| 15⅛| 13½| 16¾|| 22⅜| 17½|20 || 1 O.
| 30¼| 22½| 22⅜| 24⅝| 18½| 18¼| 18 | 23⅛|| 27⅞| 23¼|25½ || 2 O.
| 26⅛| 22 | 19⅛| 17 | 14¼| 18¾| 16¾| 19⅜|| 24¾| 20⅛|22⅜ || 3 O.
| 33¼| 24⅜| 24 | 20⅞| 17⅝| 22¼| 18½| 25 || 30½| 24⅜|27½ || 4 O.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 28⅜| 21¾| 20⅜| 19⅞| 16½| 18⅝| 16¾| 21⅛|| 26⅜| 21¼|23⅞ || Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 38⅞| 29⅞| 27⅛| 30⅝| 20⅜| 27⅞| 27¾| 36⅜|| 33⅝| 31¼|32½ || 1 A.
| 58½| 48⅜| 50½| 44 | 37⅝| 48 | 41½| 45⅛|| 45⅝| 48⅜|47 || 2 A.
| 43⅞| 33¼| 27½| 33 | 25 | 34¾| 30⅞| 38⅛|| 35 | 35 |35 || 3 A.
| 55⅜| 46½| 47 | 43⅞| 34⅝| 49¼| 38 | 46½|| 46⅛| 46⅜|46¼ || 4 A.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 49⅛| 39½| 38⅛| 37⅞| 29⅜| 39⅞| 34½| 41½|| 40⅛| 40¼|40¼ || Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 41¾| 33¾| 29⅛| 29¾‖ 27 | 32⅛| 29¼| 39⅛|| 39¾| 34¼|37 || 1 AA.
| 56⅞| 47½| 50⅞| 44¼‖ 44 | 48¼| 46¼| 46½|| 48⅞| 49⅝|49¼ || 2 AA.
| 44⅝| 34⅛| 29¾| 32⅞‖ 27½| 33⅞| 32⅜| 36⅛|| 38⅝| 36⅛|37⅜ || 3 AA.
| 56⅜| 48⅞| 50⅞| 45 ‖ 45⅜| 49⅞| 44½| 46 || 49⅞| 49½|49¾ || 4 AA.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 49⅞| 41⅛| 40⅛| 38 | 36 | 41 | 38⅛| 42 || 44¼| 42⅜|43⅜ || Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
‖ 44⅛| 34⅞| 37⅞| 32¼‖ 29⅜| 34¾| 35 | 48⅛|| {37¼| 36⅞|37 } || 1 AAS.
‖ 54⅞| 47¼| 51⅛| 44 ‖ 44⅞| 49⅞| 44¾| 49½||[1]{49¼| 47¼|48¼}[1]|| 2 AAS.
‖ 50 | 41 | 41⅞| 39½‖ 36⅜| 40½| 42¾| 48⅜|| {43⅛| 42 |42⅝} || 3 AAS.
‖ 59⅛| 50½| 50¾| 45¼‖ 46⅝| 51¾| 47¼| 48⅞|| {51⅜| 48⅝|50 } || 4 AAS.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 52 | 43⅜| 45⅜| 40¼| 39⅜| 44¼| 42½| 48¾|| 45¼| 43¾|44½ || Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 48⅛| 45 | 45⅞| 38⅝| 37 | 42½| 41¾| 44 || 47 | 43⅝|45¼ || 1 C.
| 51¾| 46⅛| 47½| 45½| 35¼| 48¼| 41¾| 41¾|| 47¾| 45¾|46¾ || 2 C.
| 49⅛| 48¾| 43⅞| 38⅞| 35⅛| 43⅝| 38½| 45⅜|| 44 | 43¼|43⅝ || 3 C.
| 53 | 48⅛| 48⅝| 42⅝| 36¼| 52⅛| 43¾| 47½|| 47⅜| 47¼|47⅜ || 4 C.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 50½| 47 | 46½| 41⅜| 35⅞| 46⅝| 41½| 44⅝|| 46½| 45 |45¾ || Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
| 40¾| 37 | 34⅜| 33 | 25½| 35¼| 34¾| 43⅛||[2]{37⅝| 37⅛|37⅜}[2]|| 1 N.
| 46¼| 39⅞| 41 | 36⅜| 25⅜| 38⅜| 40¼| 45⅜|| {42⅜| 40½|41⅜} || 2 N.
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
| 25⅞| 19¾| 19 | 20½| 14¾| 16⅝| 16⅛| 22⅛||[3](22⅝| 20⅝|21½)[3]|| M.
| 26½| 23 | 22½| 19½| 15 | 23⅜| 14½| 20 ||[4](24⅝| 21⅛|22¾)[4]|| 5 O.
| 50¾| 48¼| 43⅞| 34⅞| 36⅛| 49⅞| 41¾| 44¼|| 43⅜| 44¾|44⅛ || 5 A.
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
| 25⅛| 21 | 16⅛| 16⅜| 15¼| 14⅞| 15¼| 18¾|| 25 | 18⅞|22 ||[1]}6
| 25⅛| 19¼| 17¼| 19¾| 15⅞| 15⅜| 15⅛| 24¼|| 23⅞| 20 |21⅞ ||[2]}
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
| 62 | 52¾| 53⅛| 45⅝| 43⅝| 46⅞| 47½| 54¼|| 45 | 51½|48¼ || 7
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+-------++-------
[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]
[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]
[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.
Table III.--Weight per Bushel of Dressed Corn--lbs.
[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the
description, or quantity, of Manure, at the period indicated, for
particulars of which see _Table I._, and foot-notes thereto, p. 231.]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Harvests
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857 |1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
| lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.
1 O. | 52.1 |51.4|53.6|52.4|49.1|52.0 |53.0|49.0|50.8|52.3|50.3|53.6
2 O. | 52.6 |52.6|54.0|52.5|46.5|52.8 |54.0|52.0|50.5|53.8|52.0|54.2
3 O. | 52.5 |51.9|53.6|52.9|48.5|52.5 ‖53.5|49.5|50.3|52.8|51.8|54.5
4 O. | 51.5 |52.1|54.0|53.1|47.0|53.7 ‖54.0|52.5|51.3|54.0|52.0|54.8
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 52.2 |52.0|53.8|52.7|47.8|52.8 |53.6|50.8|50.7|53.1|51.5|54.3
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
1 A. | 50.7 |52.4|53.6|51.8|48.5|51.9 |53.0|47.5|50.8|51.5|49.4|53.6
2 A. | 50.5 |52.5|54.3|51.3|46.3|54.3 |53.8|51.0|51.0|53.5|53.5|55.3
3 A. | 50.9 |52.6|54.0|52.2|49.1|52.1 ‖54.0|47.5|50.8|51.5|50.5|54.3
4 A. | 51.4 |53.1|54.3|52.0|46.4|54.8 ‖54.0|51.0|51.1|54.0|54.0|56.5
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 50.9 |52.7|54.1|51.8|47.6|53.3 |53.7|49.3|50.9|52.6|51.9|54.9
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
1 AA. | 49.1 |51.3|52.8|50.6|48.3|52.0 ‖53.5|47.5|50.7|51.8|50.0|53.9
2 AA. | 49.5 |51.7|52.4|50.1|46.1|53.5 ‖53.3|50.7|51.3|53.5|54.4|55.7
3 AA. | 50.6 |51.3|53.1|50.2|47.3|52.1‖|53.9|47.5|50.4|51.5|51.5|54.5
4 AA. | 50.6 |51.4|52.1|48.9|45.4|53.9‖|53.5|50.5|51.0|53.5|54.0|56.4
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 50.0 |51.4|52.6|50.0|46.8|52.9 |53.6|49.1|50.9|52.6|52.5|55.1
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | | | | | | | | | | | |
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
1 C. | 51.7 |51.3|52.9|50.5|46.1|53.2 ‖53.5|52.0|52.0|54.0|54.5|56.3
2 C. | 51.8 |51.6|52.8|50.0|47.3|53.8 ‖52.8|51.5|51.5|54.1|55.3|56.4
3 C. | 51.3 |51.5|52.6|50.6|46.6|54.1‖|53.5|51.7|51.8|53.5|53.5|56.8
4 C. | 51.4 |50.4|52.8|49.5|46.3|54.1‖|53.1|51.0|51.1|54.3|54.0|56.7
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 51.6 |51.2|52.8|50.2|46.6|53.8 |53.2|51.6|51.6|54.0|54.3|56.6
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
1 N. |}{51.7}{‖51.3|53.3|52.0|50.0|52.9 |53.5|48.0|51.0|52.0|51.5|53.4
2 N. |} {‖49.7|53.1|50.1|48.4|53.0 ‖54.0|48.5|51.1|51.8|51.3|53.9
| | | | | | | | | | | |
M. | | | ‖52.6|49.3|52.6 ‖53.6|49.5|51.0|53.8|52.8|53.8
5 O. | (51.0) ‖51.8|53.1|52.6|47.5|53.4 ‖54.0|51.0|51.0|53.3|51.5|54.1
5 A. | 51.0 |52.3|53.8|51.5|46.6|54.5 ‖54.0|51.0|51.2|53.0|52.0|55.6
| | | | | | | | | | | |
6{1 | 52.0 |50.3|52.8|52.5|50.0|52.3 |53.1|48.5|51.3|52.0|51.8|54.0
{2 | 53.0 |50.9|53.6|52.6|50.0|52.3 |53.1|47.5|51.0|52.0|52.0|54.1
| | | | | | | | | | | |
7 | 52.8 |51.6|53.9|52.9|47.1|54.2 |54.5|52.5|52.1|54.8|54.8|57.2
------+--------+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----
1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.
+---------------------------------------++---------------------++-----
| Harvests || Average Annual. ||
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++
| | | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd | Total||
|1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten |Period||Plots
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|| lbs. | lbs.| lbs. ||
|55.7|53.9|51.1|51.8|54.3|52.4|52.9|55.0|| 51.6 | 53.1| 52.3 ||1 O.
|56.8|53.8|53.2|53.9|55.8|54.3|53.6|56.0|| 52.0 | 54.4| 53.2 ||2 O.
|56.9|54.5|52.3|52.9|55.7|54.7|54.3|55.4|| 51.8 | 54.3| 53.0 ||3 O.
|57.3|54.0|52.7|53.6|55.3|54.6|55.6|55.6|| 52.3 | 54.6| 53.4 ||4 O.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|56.7|54.1|52.3|53.1|55.3|54.0|54.1|55.5|| 52.0 | 54.1| 53.0 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|55.4|53.8|50.9|51.3|53.3|52.4|54.6|55.6|| 51.2 | 53.0| 52.1 ||1 A.
|57.0|52.7|54.4|54.1|54.6|57.0|57.2|55.0|| 51.8 | 55.1| 53.5 ||2 A.
|56.4|54.7|52.1|51.9|54.8|54.6|55.4|56.1|| 51.5 | 54.1| 52.8 ||3 A.
|57.6|53.5|54.7|54.3|55.6|57.4|57.1|56.5|| 52.2 | 55.7| 54.0 ||4 A.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|56.6|53.7|53.0|52.9|54.6|55.4|56.1|55.8|| 51.6 | 54.5| 53.1 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|55.5|53.5|50.9|52.4‖53.7|53.1|54.5|54.1|| 50.8 | 53.2| 52.0 ||1 AA.
|57.2|52.3|55.0|54.1‖55.6|57.2|56.9|55.9|| 51.2 | 55.4| 53.3 ||2 AA.
|56.5|54.8|51.4|51.9‖55.1|53.7|54.6|54.3|| 50.8 | 53.8| 52.3 ||3 AA.
|57.6|53.3|55.4|54.6‖56.0|57.1|57.1|56.3|| 51.1 | 55.8| 53.4 ||4 AA.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|56.7|53.5|53.2|53.3|55.1|55.3|55.8|55.2|| 51.0 | 54.6| 52.8 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
‖56.1|54.2|51.8|53.5‖54.2|54.8|55.0|54.6|| {53.9| 54.6| 54.3}||1 AAS.
‖57.2|52.4|55.6|55.1‖56.2|57.4|57.4|55.6||[1]{55.1| 56.7| 55.9}||2 AAS.
‖57.2|54.8|52.5|53.0‖55.5|56.6|55.9|53.8|| {54.4| 55.5| 55.0}||3 AAS.
‖57.0|53.1|55.3|54.1‖56.2|57.8|57.8|55.4|| {54.9| 56.8| 55.8}||4 AAS.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|56.9|53.6|53.8|53.9|55.5|56.7|56.5|54.9|| 54.6 | 55.9| 55.2 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|57.1|53.8|55.1|54.4|56.2|56.7|57.5|56.3|| 51.7 | 55.8| 53.8 ||1 C.
|57.0|53.3|55.7|55.0|56.1|57.1|57.8|56.4|| 51.7 | 56.0| 53.9 ||2 C.
|57.3|53.3|55.3|54.7|55.8|57.1|57.6|56.3|| 51.7 | 55.8| 53.7 ||3 C.
|57.2|53.5|55.6|54.8|55.4|57.4|58.0|56.4|| 51.4 | 55.9| 53.6 ||4 C.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|57.1|53.5|55.4|54.7|55.9|57.1|57.7|56.4|| 51.6 | 55.9| 53.8 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
|56.0|54.1|52.0|52.9|52.8|54.3|55.6|54.6||[2]{51.6| 53.7| 52.7}||1 N.
|56.5|53.8|52.8|52.7|55.5|54.8|55.8|54.6|| {51.1| 54.2| 52.7}||2 N.
| | | | | | | | ||
|56.3|54.4|52.9|53.9|54.0|54.0|55.3|55.0||[3](51.8| 54.2| 53.2)|| M.
|57.6|54.5|53.4|54.0|56.4|55.6|55.9|55.1||[4](52.0| 54.8| 53.4)||5 O.
|57.5|54.1|54.8|55.2|57.5|57.5|57.3|55.5|| 51.9 | 55.7| 53.8 ||5 A.
| | | | | | | | ||
|56.0|53.9|51.3|52.0|53.5|52.8|54.0|55.4|| 51.5 | 53.5| 52.5 ||1}6
|55.8|53.9|51.8|52.5|53.8|52.9|54.6|54.9|| 51.6 | 53.6| 52.6 ||2}
| | | | | | | | ||
|57.4|54.4|54.9|54.8|57.1|56.4|57.1|56.6|| 52.6 | 56.0| 54.3 || 7
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++--------+-----+------++-----
[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]
[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]
[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.
Table IV.--Offal Corn per Acre--lbs.
[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the
description, or quantity, of Manure, at the period indicated, for
particulars of which see _Table I._, and foot-notes thereto, p. 231.]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Harvests
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857| 1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
| lbs. |lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.| lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.
1 O. | 164 |225 | 84 |144 |131 | 93 | 86 |110 | 78 | 88 | 64 | 49
2 O. | 100 |101 |101 | 69 | 58 |106 | 103 |159 | 84 | 78 |114 | 58
3 O. | 183 |151 | 64 | 76 |129 | 61 ‖ 96 | 83 | 78 | 88 | 73 | 54
4 O. | 136 |160 |105 | 94 | 88 | 53 ‖ 108 |160 | 74 | 58 |117 | 57
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 146 |159 | 89 | 96 |102 | 78 | 98 |129 | 78 | 78 | 92 | 55
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 A. | 218 |253 |201 |138 |219 |113 | 98 |184 |150 |170 |269 |116
2 A. | 260 |214 |150 |184 |121 | 88 | 114 |274 |159 |130 |191 | 99
3 A. | 252 |336 |197 |177 |180 | 91 ‖ 96 |175 |115 |109 |269 |108
4 A. | 273 |274 |138 |142 |125 | 70 ‖ 117 |253 |150 |110 |150 | 81
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 251 |277 |172 |160 |161 | 91 | 106 |222 |143 |130 |220 |101
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 AA. | 299 |303 |326 |204 |310 |135 ‖ 88 |215 |109 |173 |296 |110
2 AA. | 315 |251 |329 |181 |233 |133 ‖ 134 |320 |118 |190 |133 |143
3 AA. | 318 |236 |334 |212 |290 |108 ‖|118 |265 |122 |138 |364 | 95
4 AA. | 246 |301 |273 |150 |176 |183 ‖|143 |285 |141 |179 |191 | 66
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 294 |273 |316 |187 |252 |140 | 121 |271 |123 |170 |246 |103
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | |
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | | | | | | | | | | | |
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 C. | 170 |268 |178 |219 |173 |135 ‖ 103 |225 |120 |154 |154 | 85
2 C. | 164 |316 |238 |195 |161 |169 ‖ 148 |171 |156 |150 |128 |109
3 C. | 190 |296 |248 |183 |189 |156 ‖|105 |236 |115 |204 |190 | 71
4 C. | 144 |277 |227 |222 |205 |168 ‖|125 |350 |153 |204 |174 | 66
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
Means | 167 |304 |223 |205 |182 |157 | 120 |246 |136 |178 |161 | 83
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1 N. |}(94){|283 ‖109 |128 |245 | 99 | 119 |205 |146 |225 |245 |120
2 N. |} {|228 ‖286 |224 |193 |151 ‖ 110 |235 |179 |190 |216 |114
| | | | | | | | | | | |
M. | | | ‖ 36 | 94 | 90 ‖ 84 | 85 | 75 | 78 |198 | 46
5 O. |(173) ‖ 68 |113 | 50 | 96 |101 ‖ 71 |110 | 73 | 73 |193 | 41
5 A. | 173 |210 |170 |126 |151 | 68 ‖ 154 |168 |193 |188 |210 | 81
| | | | | | | | | | | |
6 {1 | 120 |200 |144 |116 |152 | 72 | 84 |121 | 88 | 73 | 75 | 51
{2 | 118 |161 |119 | 73 |125 |105 | 81 |127 | 95 | 67 |194 | 65
| | | | | | | | | | | |
7 | 101 |269 | 86 |109 |141 |134 | 121 |260 |147 |190 |208 | 66
------+------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.
+---------------------------------------++---------------------++-----
| Harvests || Average Annual. ||
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| | | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd| Total ||
|1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten| Period ||Plots
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++-----
|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|lbs.|| lbs.| lbs| lbs. ||
| 42 | 47 | 41 | 90 | 21 | 44 | 31 | 48 || 120| 48| 84 || 1 O.
| 69 | 38 | 21 | 53 | 29 | 89 | 18 | 33 || 96| 52| 74 || 2 O.
| 43 | 38 | 38 | 64 | 27 | 70 | 18 | 35 || 101| 46| 74 || 3 O.
| 41 | 28 | 55 | 60 | 25 | 69 | 26 | 48 || 104| 53| 78 || 4 O.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 49 | 38 | 39 | 67 | 25 | 68 | 23 | 41 || 105| 50| 78 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 99 | 58 | 94 |115 | 49 |139 | 23 |105 || 174| 107| 141 || 1 A.
| 63 | 84 | 64 | 76 | 38 |113 | 26 |189 || 174| 107| 141 || 2 A.
| 83 | 51 |106 | 94 | 34 | 95 | 24 | 89 || 173| 95| 134 || 3 A.
|110 | 60 | 63 | 71 | 50 | 21 | 27 |146 || 165| 78| 122 || 4 A.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 89 | 63 | 82 | 89 | 43 | 92 | 25 |132 || 171| 94| 133 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
|110 | 64 |148 |110 ‖ 46 | 64 | 33 |133 || 216| 111| 164 || 1 AA.
| 50 |113 |111 | 69 ‖ 46 | 89 | 24 |168 || 220| 95| 158 || 2 AA.
| 76 | 48 |103 |106 ‖ 59 |111 | 36 |133 || 214| 113| 164 || 3 AA.
| 46 | 76 |133 |119 ‖ 43 | 78 | 30 | 90 || 208| 87| 148 || 4 AA.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 71 | 75 |124 |101 | 48 | 86 | 31 |131 || 215| 102| 159 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
‖ 94 | 55 | 88 | 85 ‖ 49 |121 | 33 | 94 || {81| 74| 77} || 1 AAS.
‖ 53 | 86 | 96 | 66 ‖ 64 | 60 | 23 |153 || [1]{75| 75| 75}[1]|| 2 AAS.
‖ 70 | 50 |141 | 79 ‖ 39 |136 | 29 |130 || {85| 84| 85} || 3 AAS.
‖ 93 | 70 | 80 | 93 ‖ 46 |125 | 26 |175 || {84| 93| 89} || 4 AAS.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 77 | 65 |101 | 81 | 50 |111 | 28 |138 || 81| 82| 82 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 78 | 83 |104 |109 | 43 | 69 | 25 | 78 || 175| 83| 129 || 1 C.
| 92 | 44 | 89 | 89 | 64 |111 | 24 | 88 || 193| 84| 138 || 2 C.
| 90 | 66 | 94 | 91 | 39 | 91 | 37 |141 || 192| 91| 142 || 3 C.
|123 | 69 |128 | 72 | 42 | 67 | 28 |124 || 208| 89| 149 || 4 C.
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 96 | 66 |104 | 90 | 47 | 85 | 28 |108 || 192| 87| 139 ||Means
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
| 74 | 98 |124 |119 | 61 |150 | 33 | 99 || {173| 112| 141} || 1 N.
| 95 | 84 |104 | 88 | 35 | 98 | 33 |171 ||[2]{199| 104| 149}[2]|| 2 N.
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
| 58 | 69 | 44 | 56 | 26 | 61 | 25 | 58 || [3](77| 64| 69)[3]|| M.
| 78 | 35 | 48 | 56 | 20 | 75 | 23 | 41 || [4](84| 61| 72)[4]|| 5 O.
| 91 | 94 | 53 | 74 | 33 | 63 | 30 |144 || 160| 87| 124 || 5 A.
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
| 51 | 45 | 72 |103 | 27 | 71 | 26 | 50 || 117| 57| 87 ||1}
| 54 | 47 | 51 | 83 | 21 | 57 | 23 | 41 || 107| 64| 85 ||2}6
| | | | | | | | || | | ||
|117 | 56 |148 |111 | 48 |100 | 26 |171 || 156| 105| 130 || 7
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+----+--------++
[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]
[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]
[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
Experiments on the Growth of Barley, Year After Year, on the Same
Land, Without Manure, and With Different Descriptions of Manure, Hoos
Field, Rothamsted, England.
Table V.--Straw (and chaff) per Acre--cwts.
[N.B. The double vertical lines show that there was a change in the
description, or quantity, of Manure, at the period indicated, for
particulars of which see _Table I._, and foot-notes thereto, p. 231.]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Harvests
------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Plots | 1852 |1853|1854|1855|1856|1857|1858|1859|1860|1861|1862|1863|
------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| Cwts. |cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|
1 O. | 16⅝ | 18 | 21¾| 17⅝| 8¾| 12¾| 10⅞| 9⅛| 7½| 11 | 9¾| 11⅜|
2 O. | 16½ | 17⅛| 23¼| 17¾| 8¾| 15⅝| 14⅞| 12¼| 8⅞| 13¼| 12⅞| 15⅝|
3 O. | 16½ | 17¼| 20⅞| 17½| 9⅛| 15 ‖ 12 | 9¾| 8½| 11½| 10⅞| 13⅜|
4 O. | 19½ | 20½| 23⅛| 18 | 9⅜| 17⅛‖ 16 | 12¼| 9⅛| 15⅜| 13½| 15⅜|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 17¼ | 18¼| 22¼| 17⅝| 9 | 15⅛| 13½| 10⅝| 8⅝| 12¾| 11½| 13⅞|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+----+----+
1 A. | 22⅞ | 23¾| 30¼| 24⅛| 17⅛| 17¾| 15½| 11½| 14⅞| 19⅝| 20⅜| 21⅜|
2 A. | 26 | 25½| 40⅞| 29⅜| 21½| 26¾| 28¾| 24⅞| 25¼| 29¾| 32⅜| 34 |
3 A. | 23⅝ | 25⅛| 33¾| 27½| 17⅞| 21⅜‖ 17 | 13½| 16¼| 21½| 23¼| 26¼|
4 A. | 27⅞ | 26⅝| 40½| 31 | 21¼| 27⅞‖ 29 | 27¼| 26⅝| 30½| 31⅝| 32 |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 25⅛ | 25¼| 36⅜| 28 | 19½| 23½| 22⅛| 19¼| 20¾| 25⅜| 26¾| 28⅜|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 AA. | 26⅞ | 26⅛| 37⅞| 32⅛| 24½| 23½‖ 19⅛| 14½| 13½| 22 | 21¼| 25⅛|
2 AA. | 28⅜ | 28⅜| 44⅜| 38⅝| 31⅝| 32⅞‖ 32⅝| 26½| 24¼| 31⅝| 31½| 32½|
3 AA. | 26⅜ | 27¼| 37⅞| 34 | 26⅛| 26 ‖|22⅛| 16⅛| 18⅛| 24⅛| 24¾| 27⅞|
4 AA. | 28⅜ | 31⅝| 49 | 39⅞| 33 | 36¼‖|35¼| 30⅝| 29 | 33⅝| 33⅛| 34¾|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 27½ | 28⅜| 42¼| 36⅛| 28¾| 29⅝| 27½| 21⅞| 21¼| 27⅞| 27⅝| 30 |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
2 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
3 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
4 AAS.| | | | | | | | | | | | |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 C. | 24⅝ | 26⅞| 43¼| 36⅛| 26 | 33⅛‖ 30¾| 26⅞| 17⅞| 27⅞| 26 | 28⅝|
2 C. | 23¾ | 25⅝| 44⅛| 36⅛| 31½| 33⅛‖ 33⅞| 28¾| 20⅝| 30⅜| 27¼| 30⅛|
3 C. | 21⅞ | 25¼| 41¼| 35⅞| 26½| 30⅞‖ 30¾| 25⅝| 20⅛| 30¾| 23⅞| 29⅞|
4 C. | 24⅛ | 27½| 42⅛| 37⅝| 30½| 33⅛‖ 35 | 29½| 22¾| 31 | 28⅞| 30¾|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
Means | 23½ | 26¼| 42¾| 36½| 28⅝| 32⅝| 32⅝| 27¾| 20⅜| 30 | 26½| 29⅞|
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1 N. |}(15¼){| 23⅛| 33⅜| 27 | 19⅝| 24⅝| 20⅛| 18¾| 16¾| 27¼| 24¼| 30¼|
2 N. |} {| 25⅜| 38¼| 33¼| 28¾| 32 ‖ 23⅝| 21¼| 18⅝| 29⅝| 24¾| 29⅞|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
M. | | | ‖ 15¼| 10⅝| 10⅜ ‖12⅜| 10⅞| 7¼| 15⅛| 14½| 19½|
5 O. | (25⅛) ‖ 15¾| 20¼| 14⅝| 10⅜| 13¼ ‖12½| 10½| 6⅞| 17½| 10½| 15¼|
5 A. | 25⅛ | 24 | 35¾| 31 | 22¾| 27⅝ ‖28⅝| 26⅛| 25½| 31⅞| 31⅝| 34 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
6{1 | 17⅛ | 16½| 22½| 18½| 9¼| 16⅛| 12 | 11¼| 7½| 9⅞| 10⅜| 13½|
{2 | 14⅛ | 15⅞| 20¾| 16¾| 9½| 14⅝| 11⅜| 10 | 7¾| 10 | 11⅝| 14⅜|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
7 | 18½ | 22¾| 37¼| 27½| 19¾| 23⅝| 31⅜| 28½| 25⅜| 31⅝| 34¼| 33⅛|
------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
1st ten: First ten Years, 1852-’61.
2nd ten: Second ten Years, 1862-’71.
Total Period: Total Period 20 Years, 1852-’71.
---------------------------------------++----------------------++------
Harvests || Average Annual. ||
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++
| | | | | | | || 1st | 2nd |Total ||
1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|1870|1871|| ten | ten |Period ||Plots
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|cwt.|| cwts. | cwts.| cwts. ||
12¾| 8⅛| 9½| 10¼| 11⅝| 11 | 6⅝| 11 || 13⅜ | 10¼ |11¾ ||1 O.
15⅝| 9⅛| 12⅝| 12¼| 9⅜| 10⅜| 8 | 12¼|| 14⅞ | 11⅞ |13⅜ ||2 O.
13⅝| 9¾| 10¼| 10⅛| 8⅝| 11 | 8½| 11¼|| 13⅞ | 10¾ |12¼ ||3 O.
16¾| 10 | 12⅞| 12 | 10⅛| 12⅞| 9⅜| 14 || 16⅛ | 12⅝ |14⅜ ||4 O.
----+----+----+---------+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
14⅝| 9¼| 11¼| 11⅛| 9⅞| 11¼| 8⅛| 12⅛|| 14½ | 11⅜ |12⅞ ||Means
----+----+----+---------+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
20⅜| 13 | 15⅜| 17¼| 12¼| 18¼| 12½| 23⅛|| 19¾ | 17⅜ |18½ ||1 A.
32½| 21⅝| 28⅛| 28⅝| 19⅜| 32 | 17⅞| 28⅛|| 27⅞ | 27½ |27⅝ ||2 A.
19¼| 16 | 16¾| 19⅜| 14⅞| 20¾| 15 | 25⅜|| 21⅞ | 19¾ |20¾ ||3 A.
34⅞| 22½| 27⅜| 25½| 20⅞| 34⅜| 18⅝| 32½|| 28⅞ | 28 |28½ ||4 A.
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
26¾| 18¼| 21¾| 22⅝| 16¾| 26⅜| 16 | 27¼|| 24½ | 23⅛ |23¾ ||Means
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
23¼| 16 | 17¾| 17⅛‖ 14½| 21½| 17⅞| 26¾|| 24 | 20⅛ |22⅛ ||1 AA.
33⅛| 23 | 28⅛| 30⅞‖ 21⅞| 34⅞| 23¾| 32⅛|| 31⅞ | 29⅛ |30½ ||2 AA.
26⅞| 17 | 18⅛| 20¾‖ 16¼| 22¾| 20⅞| 25⅜|| 25¾ | 22¼ |24 ||3 AA.
37¼| 24⅞| 28¼| 28⅜‖ 25⅝| 38⅛| 18¼| 32⅝|| 34¾ | 30⅛ |32⅜ ||4 AA.
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
30⅛| 20¼| 23⅛| 24¼| 19⅝| 29¼| 20¼| 29¼|| 29 | 25⅜ |27¼ ||Means
+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
‖26⅛| 22⅜| 20⅝| 18½‖ 16⅞| 23¾| 17 | 29¾|| {21⅞| 21⅞ |21⅞} ||1 AAS.
‖33½| 23¼| 30¼| 29½‖ 25¼| 37⅛| 20⅛| 36⅛||[1]{29⅛| 29⅝ |29⅜}[1]||2 AAS.
‖30¼| 20⅜| 25 | 23⅜‖ 22 | 30⅝| 20½| 31⅛|| {24¾| 26⅛ |25⅜} ||3 AAS.
‖40¾| 25½| 29½| 28¼‖ 26⅝| 42½| 20¾| 38 || {31 | 32 |31½} ||4 AAS.
+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
32⅝| 22⅞| 26⅜| 24⅞| 22⅝| 33½| 19⅝| 33¾|| 26⅝ | 27⅜ |27 ||Means
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
26⅛| 21½| 24⅛| 25½| 19⅛| 27 | 17¼| 27½|| 29⅜ | 24¼ |26⅞ ||1 C.
31⅞| 21⅞| 24½| 25⅝| 19⅝| 33⅛| 17⅞| 27⅞|| 30⅞ | 26 |28⅜ ||2 C.
31 | 22 | 24⅜| 22¼| 10¾| 30½| 18⅜| 30⅞|| 28⅞ | 25¼ |27⅛ ||3 C.
34⅞| 22 | 27⅝| 24¼| 21⅛| 35⅛| 20⅜| 32 || 31¼ | 27¾ |29½ ||4 C.
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
31 | 21⅞| 25⅛| 24⅜| 19⅞| 31⅜| 18½| 29⅝|| 30⅛ | 25¾ |28 ||Means
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
24⅛| 18½| 21⅛| 21⅛| 18⅞| 24 | 13¼| 29¼||[2]{23⅜| 22½ |22⅞}[2]||1 N.
27¾| 21½| 23⅞| 21¾| 17⅛| 27⅝| 19⅛| 31½|| {27⅞| 24½ |26⅛} ||2 N.
| | | | | | | || | | ||
13⅞| 9⅜| 12⅜| 12 | 10⅛| 11⅝| 8⅞| 14¾||[3](11¾| 12¾ |12⅜)[3]|| M.
14⅞| 10¾| 10⅝| 10⅜| 8½| 15½| 4⅜| 13⅛||[4](13⅝| 11⅜ |12⅜)[4]||5 O.
33⅞| 24⅞| 28 | 22⅜| 20⅝| 36⅛| 21⅜| 29⅝|| 27⅞| 28¼ |28 ||5 A.
| | | | | | | || | | ||
13⅝| 8¾| 10½| 9⅜| 10½| 9⅞| 7¾| 13 || 14 | 10¾ |12⅜ ||1}6
13⅞| 8⅞| 9½| 10⅞| 10⅞| 10⅜| 7⅞| 13⅝|| 13 | 11¼ |12⅛ ||2}
| | | | | | | || | | ||
37⅜| 25⅜| 31½| 27⅛| 24½| 28¾| 19¾| 37⅛|| 26⅝| 29⅞ |28¼ || 7
----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+-------++------
[Note 1: Averages of 4 years, 4 years, and 8 years.]
[Note 2: Averages of 9 years, (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
[Note 3: Averages of 7 years (1855-’61), last 10 years, and total
17 years.]
[Note 4: Averages of 9 years (1853-’61), last 10 years, and total
19 years.]
The produce of barley the first season (1852), was, per acre:
On the unmanured plot 27¼ bushels
With superphosphate of lime 28⅝ ”
” potash, soda, and magnesia 26¼ ”
” ” ” ” and superphosphate 32¾ ”
” 14 tons barn-yard manure 33 ”
” 200 lbs. ammonia-salts alone 36⅞ ”
” ” ” and superphosphate 38⅝ ”
” ” ” and potash, soda, and magnesia 36 ”
” ” ” and superphosphate, potash,
soda, and magnesia 40¾ ”
” 400 lbs. ammonia-salts alone 44½ ”
The 200 lbs. of ammonia-salts contain 50 lbs. of ammonia = 41 lbs.
nitrogen.
It will be seen that this 50 lbs. of ammonia alone, on plot 1_a_, gives
an increase of nearly 10 bushels per acre, or to be more accurate, it
gives an increase over the unmanured plot of 503 lbs. of grain, and 329
lbs. of straw, while double the quantity of ammonia on plot 1_a.a._,
gives an increase of 17¼ bushels per acre--or an increase of 901 lbs. of
grain, and 1,144 lbs. of straw.
“Put that fact in separate lines, side by side,” said the Deacon, “so
that we can see it.”
Total
Grain Straw Produce.
50 lbs. of ammonia gives an increase of 503 lbs. 704 lbs. 1207 lbs.
100 ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 901 ” 1144 ” 2045 ”
The first 50 lbs. of ammonia gives an
increase of 503 ” 704 ” 1207 ”
The second 50 lbs. of ammonia gives an
increase of 398 ” 540 ” 738 ”
“That shows,” said the Deacon, “that a dressing of 50 lbs. per acre pays
better than a dressing of 100 lbs. per acre. I wish Mr. Lawes had sown
75 lbs. on one plot.”
I wish so, too, but it is quite probable that in our climate, 50 lbs. of
available ammonia per acre is all that it will usually be profitable to
apply per acre to the barley crop. It is equal to a dressing of 500 lbs.
guaranteed Peruvian guano, or 275 lbs. nitrate of soda. --“Or to how
much manure?” asked the Deacon.
To about 5 tons of average stable-manure, or say three tons of good,
well-rotted manure from grain-fed animals.
“And yet,” said the Deacon, “Mr. Lawes put on 14 tons of yard manure per
acre, and the yield of barley was not as much as from the 50 lbs. of
ammonia alone. How do you account for that?”
Simply because the ammonia in the manure is _not_ ammonia. It is what
the chemists used to call “potential ammonia.” A good deal of it is in
the form of undigested straw and hay. The nitrogenous matter of the food
which has been digested by the animal and thrown off in the liquid
excrements, is in such a form that it will readily ferment and produce
ammonia, while the nitrogenous matter in the undigested food and in the
straw used for bedding, decomposes slowly even under the most favorable
conditions; and if buried while fresh in a clay soil, it probably would
not all decompose in many years. But we will not discuss this at
present.
“The superphosphate does not seem to have done much good,” said the
Deacon; “3½ cwt. per acre gives an increase of less than two bushels per
acre. And I suppose it was _good_ superphosphate.”
There need be no doubt on that point. Better superphosphate of lime
cannot be made. But you must recollect that this is pure superphosphate
made from burnt bones. It contains no ammonia or organic matter.
Commercial superphosphates contain more or less ammonia, and had they
been used in these experiments, they would have shown a better result
than the pure article. They would have done good in proportion to the
available nitrogen they contained. If these experiments prove anything,
they clearly indicate that superphosphate alone is a very poor manure
for either wheat or barley.
The _second_ year, the unmanured plot gave 25¾ bushels per acre. Potash,
soda, and magnesia, (or what the Deacon calls “ashes,”) 27⅝ bushels;
superphosphate 33½, and “ashes” and superphosphate, nearly 36 bushels
per acre.
50 lbs. of ammonia, alone, gives nearly 39 bushels, and ammonia and
superphosphate together, 40 bushels.
The superphosphate and “ashes” give a better account of themselves this
year; but it is remarkable that the ammonia alone, gives almost as good
a crop as the ammonia and superphosphate, and a _better_ crop than the
ammonia and “ashes,” or the ammonia, superphosphate, and ashes,
together.
The 14 tons farm-yard manure gives over 36 bushels per acre. This plot
has now had 28 tons of manure per acre, yet the 50 lbs. of ammonia
alone, still gives a better yield than this heavy dressing of manure.
The _third_ season (1854), was quite favorable for the ripening of wheat
and barley. The seed on the experimental barley-field, was sown Feb. 24,
and the harvest was late; so that the crop had an unusually long season
for growth. It was one of the years when even poor land, if clean, gives
a good crop. The unmanured plot, it will be seen, yielded over 35
bushels per acre of dressed grain, weighing over 53½ lbs. per bushel.
The total weight of grain, was 1,963 lbs. This is over 40 bushels per
acre, of 48 lbs. per bushel, which is the standard with us.
The 14 tons of farm-yard manure produce nearly 56½ bushels per acre.
50 lbs. of ammonia, on plot 1_a._ 47¾ bushels per acre.
100 ” ” ” ” ” 1_a.a._ 56⅝ ” ”
You will see, that though the plot which has received 42 tons of manure
per acre, produced a splendid crop; the plot having nothing except 100
lbs. of ammonia per acre, produced a crop equally good. “How much
increase do you get from 50 lbs. of ammonia,” asked the Deacon, “and how
much from 100 lbs.?”
Equal Amer.
Grain. Straw. Bushels.
50 lbs. of ammonia,
gives an increase of 800 lbs. 952 lbs. 16⅔ bush.
100 ” ” ”
” ” ” ” 1,350 ” 2,100 ” 28 ”
If you buy nitrate of soda at 3¾ cents a lb., the ammonia will cost 20
cents a lb. In the above experiment, 50 lbs. of ammonia, costing $10,
gives an increase of 16⅔ bushels of barley, and nearly half a ton of
straw. If the straw is worth $4.00 per ton, the barley will cost 48
cents a bushel.
Double the quantity of manure, costing $20, gives an increase of 28
bushels of barley, and over one ton of straw. In this case the extra
barley costs 57 cents a bushel.
On plot 2_a._, 50 lbs. of ammonia and 3½ cwt. of superphosphate, give
3,437 lbs. of grain, equal to 71½ of our bushels per acre.
On plot 2_a.a._, 100 lbs. of ammonia and 3½ cwt. of superphosphate, give
3,643 lbs. of grain, which lacks only 5 lbs. of 76 bushels per acre, and
nearly 2½ tons of straw.
“That will do,” said the Deacon, “but I see that in 1857, this same
plot, with the same manure, produced 66½ bushels of dressed grain per
acre, weighing 53½ lbs. to the bushel, or a total weight of 3,696 lbs.,
equal to just 77 of our bushels per acre.”
“And yet,” said the Doctor, “this same year, the plot which had 84 tons
of farm-yard manure per acre, produced only 2,915 lbs. of grain, or less
than 61 of our bushels of barley per acre.”
The Squire happened in at this time, and heard the last remark. “What
are you saying,” he remarked, “about _only_ 61 bushels of barley per
acre. I should like to see such a crop. Last year, in this neighborhood,
there were hundreds of acres of barley that did not yield 20 bushels per
acre, and very little of it would weigh 44 lbs. to the bushel.”
This is true. And the maltsters find it almost impossible to get
six-rowed barley weighing 48 lbs. per bushel. They told me, that they
would pay $1.10 per bushel for good bright barley weighing 48 lbs. per
bushel, and for each pound it weighed less than this, they deducted 10
cents a bushel from the price. In other words, they would pay $1.00 a
bushel for barley weighing 47 lbs. to the bushel; 90 cents for barley
weighing 46 lbs.; 80 cents for barley weighing 45 lbs., and 70 cents for
barley weighing 44 lbs.--and at these figures they much preferred the
heaviest barley.
It is certainly well worth our while, if we raise barley at all, to see
if we cannot manage not only to raise larger crops per acre, but to
produce barley of better quality. And these wonderful experiments of Mr.
Lawes are well worth careful examination and study.
The Squire put on his spectacles and looked at the tables of figures.
“Like everybody else,” said he, “you pick out the big figures, and to
hear you talk, one would think you scientific gentlemen never have any
poor crops, and yet I see that in 1860, there are three different crops
of only 12⅛, 12¼, and 13¼ bushels per acre.”
“Those,” said I, “are the three plots which have grown barley every year
without any manure, and you have selected the worst year of the whole
twenty.”
“Perhaps so,” said the Squire, “but we have got to take the bad with the
good, and I have often heard you say that a good farmer who has his land
rich and clean makes more money in an unfavorable than in a favorable
season. Now, this year 1860, seems to have been an unfavorable one, and
yet your pet manure, superphosphate, only gives an _increase_ of 148
lbs. of barley--or three bushels and 4 lbs. Yet this plot has had a
tremendous dressing of 3½ cwt. of superphosphate yearly since 1852.
I always told you you lost money in buying superphosphate.”
“That depends on what you do with it. I use it for turnips, and
tomatoes, cabbages, lettuce, melons, cucumbers, etc., and would not like
to be without it; but I have never recommended any one to use it on
wheat, barley, oats, Indian corn, or potatoes, except as an experiment.
What I have recommended you to get for barley is, nitrate of soda, and
superphosphate, or Peruvian guano. And you will see that even in this
decidedly unfavorable season, the plot 2_a.a._, dressed with
superphosphate and 275 lbs. of nitrate of soda, produced 2,338 lbs. of
barley, or 48¾ bushels per acre. This is an _increase_ over the
unmanured plots of 33½ bushels per acre, and an _increase_ of 1,872 lbs.
of straw. And the plot dressed with superphosphate and 200 lbs. of salts
of ammonia, gave equally as good results.”
And this, mark you, is the year which the Squire selected as the one
most likely to show that artificial manures did not pay.
“I never knew a man except you,” said the Squire, “who wanted
unfavorable seasons.”
I have never said I wanted unfavorable seasons. I should not dare to say
so, or even to cherish the wish for one moment. But I do say, that when
we have a season so favorable that even poorly worked land will produce
a fair crop, we are almost certain to have prices below the average cost
of production. But when we have an unfavorable season, such crops as
barley, potatoes, and beans, often advance to extravagantly high prices,
and the farmer who has good crops in such a season, gets something like
adequate pay for his patient waiting, and for his efforts to improve his
land.
“That sounds all very well,” said the Squire, “but will it pay to use
these artificial manures?”
I do not wish to wander too much from the point, but would like to
remark before I answer that question, that I am not a special advocate
of artificial manures. I think we can often make manures on our farms
far cheaper than we can buy them. But as the Squire has asked the
question, and as he has selected from Mr. Lawes’ results, the year 1860,
I will meet him on his own ground. He has selected a season specially
unfavorable for the growth of barley. Now, in such an unfavorable year
in this country, barley would be likely to bring, at least, $1.25 per
bushel, and in a favorable season not over 75 cents a bushel.
Mr. Lawes keeps his land _clean_, which is more than can be said of many
barley-growers. And in this unfavorable season of 1860, he gets on his
three unmanured plots an average of 730 lbs. of barley, equal to 15¼
bushels per acre, and not quite 800 lbs. of straw.
Many of our farmers frequently do no better than this. And you must
recollect that in such careful experiments as those of Mr. Lawes and Dr.
Gilbert, great pains would be taken to get all the barley that grew on
the land. With us, barley is cut with a reaper, and admirable as our
machines are, it is not an easy matter to cut a light, spindling crop of
barley perfectly clean. Then, in pitching the crop and drawing it in,
more or less barley is scattered, and even after we have been over the
field two or three times with a steel-tooth rake, there is still
considerable barley left on the ground. I think we may safely assume
that at least as much barley is left on the ground as we usually
sow--say two bushels per acre. And so, instead of having 15¼ bushels per
acre, as Mr. Lawes had, we should only harvest 13¼ bushels.
Of all our ordinary farm crops, barley is attended with the least labor
and expense. We usually sow it after corn or potatoes. On such strong
land as that of Mr. Lawes, we ought to plow the land in the autumn and
again in the spring, or at least stir up the land thoroughly with a two
or three-horse cultivator or gang-plow.
Let us say that the cost of plowing, harrowing, drilling, and rolling,
is $5.00 per acre. Seed, $2.00. Harvesting, $2.00. Threshing, 6 cents a
bushel.
Receipts:
13¼ bushels barley @ 1.25 $16.57
800 lbs. of straw @ $4. per ton 1.60
------
Putting in and harvesting the crop $9.00
Threshing 13¼ bushels @ 6c .80 9.80
------
Rent and profit per acre $ 8.37
“That is a better showing than I expected,” said the Squire, “and as
barley occupies the land only a few months, and as we sow wheat after
it, we cannot expect large profits.”
“Very well,” said I, “Now let us take the crop, this same unfavorable
year, on plot 2_a.a._, dressed with superphosphate and nitrate of soda.”
The expense of plowing, harrowing, drilling, rolling, seed, and
harvesting, would be about the same, or we will say $2.00 an acre more
for extra labor in harvesting. And we will allow two bushels per acre
for scatterings--though there is nothing like as much barley left on the
ground when we have a good crop, as when we have a poor crop. But I want
to be liberal.
The yield on plot 2_a.a._, was 48¾ bushels per acre, and 2,715 lbs. of
straw.
Receipts:
46¾ bushels @ $1.25 $58.43
2,715 lbs. straw @ $4. per ton 5.43
------
$63.86
Putting in the crop and harvesting $11.00
Threshing 46¾ bushels @ 6 c 2.80
275 lbs. nitrate of soda @ 4 c 11.00
392 lbs. superphosphate @ 2 c 7.84
------
$32.64
------
Rent and profit $31.22
In ordinary farm practice, I feel sure we can do better than this.
Growing barley year after year on the same land, is not the most
economical way of getting the full value of the manure. There is much
nitrogen and phosphoric acid left in the land, which barley or even
wheat does not seem capable of taking up, but which would probably be of
great benefit to the clover.
MANURE AND ROTATION OF CROPS.
The old notion that there is any real chemical necessity for a rotation
of crops is unfounded. Wheat can be grown after wheat, and barley after
barley, and corn after corn, provided we use the necessary manures and
get the soil clean and in the right mechanical condition.
“What, then, do we gain by a rotation?” asked the Deacon.
Much every way. A good rotation enables us to clean the land. We can put
in different crops at different seasons.
“So we could,” broke in the Deacon, “if we sowed wheat after wheat,
barley after barley, and corn after corn.”
True, but if we sowed winter-wheat after winter-wheat, there would not
be time enough to clean the land.
“Just as much as when we sow wheat after oats, or peas, or barley.”
“True again, Deacon,” I replied, “but we are supposed to have cleaned
the land while it was in corn the previous year. I say supposed, because
in point of fact, many of our farmers do not half clean their land while
it is in corn. It is the weak spot in our agriculture. If our land was
as clean as it should be to start with, there is no rotation so
convenient in this section, as corn the first year, barley, peas, or
oats the second year, followed by winter-wheat seeded down. But to carry
out this rotation to the best advantage we need artificial manures.”
“But will they pay?” asks the Deacon.
“They will pay well, provided we can get them at a fair price and get
fair prices for our produce. If we could get a good superphosphate made
from Charleston phosphates for 1½ cent per lb., and nitrate of soda for
3½ or 4 cents per lb., and the German potash-salts for ¾ cent per lb.,
and could get on the average $1.25 per bushel for barley, and $1.75 for
good white wheat, we could use these manures to great advantage.”
“Nothing like barn-yard manure,” says the Deacon.
No doubt on that point, provided it is good manure. Barn-yard manure,
whether rich or poor, contains all the elements of plant-food, but there
is a great difference between rich and poor manure. The rich manure
contains twice or three times as much nitrogen and phosphoric acid as
ordinary or poor manure. And this is the reason why artificial manures
are valuable in proportion to the nitrogen and phosphoric acid that they
contain in an available condition. When we use two or three hundred
pounds per acre of a good artificial manure we in effect, directly or
indirectly, convert poor manure into rich manure. There is manure in our
soil, but it is poor. There is manure in our barn-yard, but it is poor
also. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid will make these manures rich. This is
the reason why a few pounds of a good artificial manure will produce as
great an effect as tons of common manure. Depend upon it, the coming
farmer will avail himself of the discoveries of science, and will use
more artificial fertilizers.
But whether we use artificial fertilizers or farm-yard manure, we shall
not get the full effect of the manures unless we adopt a judicious
rotation of crops.
When we sow wheat after wheat, or barley after barley, or oats after
oats, we certainly do not get the full effect of the manures used. Mr.
Lawes’ experiments afford conclusive evidence on this point. You will
recollect that in 1846, one of the plots of wheat (10_b_), which had
received a liberal dressing of salts of ammonia the year previous, was
left without manure, and the yield of wheat on this plot was no greater
than on the plot which was continuously unmanured. In other words, _the
ammonia which was left in the soil from the previous year, had no effect
on the wheat_.
The following table shows the amount of nitrogen furnished by the
manure, and the amount recovered in the crop, when wheat is grown after
wheat for a series of years, and also when barley is grown after barley,
and oats after oats.
Table Showing the Amount of Nitrogen Recovered, and Not Recovered, in
Increase of Produce, for 100 Supplied in Manure.
----+-----------------------------------------+---------------------
| | For 100 Nitrogen
P | | in Manure
l | Manures Per Acre, Per Annum. +----------+----------
o | |Recovered |Not Rec’d
t | | in | in
s | |Increase. |Increase.
----+-----------------------------------------+----------+----------
Wheat--20 Years, 1852-1871.
----+-----------------------------------------+----------+----------
6 |Mixed Mineral Manure and 200 lbs. | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 41 lbs. Nitrogen) | 32.4 | 67.6
7 |Mixed Mineral Manure and 400 lbs. | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 82 lbs. Nitrogen) | 32.9 | 67.1
8 |Mixed Mineral Manure and 600 lbs. | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 123 lbs. Nitrogen) | 31.5 | 68.5
16 |Mixed Mineral Manure and 800 lbs.[1] | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 164 lbs. Nitrogen) | 28.5 | 71.5
9A |Mixed Mineral Manure and 550 lbs.[2] | |
| Nitrate Soda (= 82 lbs. Nitrogen) | 45.3 | 54.7
2 |14 tons Farmyard-Manure every year. | 14.6 | 85.4
----+-----------------------------------------+----------+----------
Barley--20 Years, 1852-1871.
----+-----------------------------------------+----------+----------
4A |Mixed Mineral Manure and 200 lbs. | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 41 lbs. Nitrogen) | 48.1 | 51.9
| | |
4AA|Mixed Mineral Manure and 400 lbs. | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 82 lbs. Nitrogen) | 49.8 | 50.2
| 6 years, 1852-’57 | |
|Mixed Mineral Manure and 200 lbs. | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 41 lbs. Nitrogen) | |
| 10 years, 1858-’67 | |
|Mixed Mineral Manure and 275 lbs. | |
| Nitrate Soda (= 41 lbs. Nitrogen) | |
| 4 years, 1868-’71 | |
| | |
4C |Mixed Mineral Manure and 2000 lbs. | |
| Rape-cake (= 95 lbs. Nitrogen) | 36.3 | 63.7
| 6 years, 1852-’57 | |
|Mixed Mineral Manure and 1000 lbs. | |
| Rape-cake (= 47.5 lbs. Nitrogen) | |
| 14 years, 1858-’71 | |
| | |
7 |14 tons Farmyard-Manure every year. | 10.7 | 89.3
----+-----------------------------------------+----------+----------
Oats--3 Years, 1869-1871.
----+-----------------------------------------+----------+----------
4 |Mixed Mineral Manure and 400 lbs. | |
| Ammonia-salts (= 82 lbs. Nitrogen) | 51.9 | 48.1
6 |Mixed Mineral Manure and 550 lbs. | |
| Nitrate Soda (= 82 lbs. Nitrogen) | 50.4 | 49.6
----+-----------------------------------------+----------+----------
[Note 1: 13 years only, 1852-1864.]
[Note 2: 475 lbs. Nitrate = 71 lbs. Nitrogen in 1852; 275 lbs.
= 41 lbs. Nitrogen in 1853 and 1854; 550 lbs. = 82 lbs. Nitrogen
each year afterwards.]
It is not necessary to make any comments on this table. It speaks for
itself; but it does not tell half the story. For instance, in the case
of wheat and barley, it gives the average result for 20 years. It shows
that when 100 lbs. of nitrogen in a soluble and available form, are
applied to wheat, about 68 lbs. are _left in the soil_. But you must
recollect that 100 lbs. was applied again the next year, and no account
is taken of the 68 lbs. left in the soil--and so on for 20 years. In
other words, on plot 8, for instance, 2,460 lbs. of nitrogen have been
applied, and only 775 lbs. have been recovered in the total produce of
grain, straw, and chaff, and 1,685 lbs. have been left in the soil.
Mr. Lawes estimates, from several analyses, that his farm-yard manure
contains 0.637 per cent of nitrogen, 2.76 per cent of mineral matter,
and 27.24 per cent of organic matter, and 70 per cent of water.
According to this, the plot dressed with 14 tons of manure every year,
for 20 years, has received 3,995 lbs. of nitrogen, of which 583¼ lbs.
were recovered in the produce, and 3,411¾ lbs. were left in the soil.
In the case of barley, 3,995 lbs. of nitrogen was applied during the 20
years to the plot dressed with farm-yard manure, of which 427½ lbs. were
recovered in the crop, and 3,567½ lbs. left in the soil.
“I see,” said the Deacon, “that barley gets less of the goodness out of
farm-yard manure than wheat, but that it gets more out of the salts of
ammonia and nitrate of soda. How do you account for that?”
“I suppose, because the manure for wheat was applied in the autumn, and
the rains of winter and spring dissolved more of the plant-food than
would be the case if the manure was applied in the spring. If the manure
had been applied on the surface, instead of plowing it under, I believe
the effect would have been still more in favor of the autumn-manuring.”
When the nitrogen is in an available condition, spring barley can take
up and utilize a larger proportion of the nitrogen than winter wheat.
Neither the wheat nor the barley can get at and take up half what is
applied, and this, notwithstanding the fact that a heavy dew or a slight
rain furnishes water enough on an acre to dissolve a liberal dressing of
nitrate of soda or sulphate and muriate of ammonia. The truth is, the
soil is very conservative. It does not, fortunately for us, yield up all
its plant-food in a year.
We have seen that when wheat or barley is dressed with soluble
ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda, a considerable amount of the nitrogen
is left in the soil--and yet this nitrogen is of comparatively little
benefit to the succeeding crops of wheat or barley, while a fresh
dressing of ammonia-salts or nitrate of soda is of great benefit to the
crop.
In other words, when wheat is sown after wheat, or barley after barley,
we do not get half the benefit from the manure which it is theoretically
capable of producing.
Now, the question is, whether by a judicious rotation of crops, we can
avoid this great loss of manure?
There was a time when it was thought that the growth of turnips enriched
the soil. I have heard it said, again and again, that the reason English
farmers grow larger crops of wheat and barley than we do, is because
they grow so many acres of turnips.
“So I have often heard,” said the Deacon, “and I supposed the broad
turnip leaves absorbed nitrogen from the atmosphere.”
There is no evidence that leaves have any such power; while there are
many facts which point in an opposite direction. The following
experiments of Lawes and Gilbert seem to show that the mere growth of
turnips does not enrich land for grain crops.
Turnips were grown on the same land, year after year, for ten years. The
land was then plowed and sown to barley for three years. The following
table gives the results:
Three Years of Barley After Ten Years of Turnips.
------------------------------------+----------------------------
|Produce of Barley per Acre.
Particulars of Manures, etc. +------+------+------+-------
| 1853.| 1854.| 1855.|Average
| | | |3 years
------------------------------------+------+------+------+-------
| bush.| bush.| bush.| bush.
Hoos-Field-- | | | |
Barley, without manure, after 3 | 26 | 35⅛ | 34⅛ | 31⅜
corn-crops | | | |
Barn-Field-- | | | |
Barley, after 10 yrs. Turnips | | | |
manured as under-- | | | |
1.--Mineral manures (last 8 years) | 20½ | 19½ | 20 | 20
2.--Mineral manures (8 yrs.); | | | |
Ammonia-salts (6 yrs.). | 23⅛ | 21¼ | 21¾ | 22
3.--Mineral manures (8 yrs.); | | | |
Rape-cake (6 yrs.) | 28¾ | 24⅝ | 23⅛ | 25¾
4.--Mineral manures (8 yrs.); | | | |
Ammonia-salts and Rape-cake | | | |
(6 yrs.) | 29⅛ | 23¾ | 23¾ | 25⅝
5.--Mineral manures (8 yrs.); | | | |
Ammonia-salts, for Barley, 1854 |(20½) | 52⅜ | 26⅝ | 39½
6.--Mineral manures (8 yrs.); | | | |
Ammonia-salts, for Barley, | | | |
’54 and ’55 |(20½) | 54⅞ | 49⅜ | 47⅝
------------------------------------+------+------+------+-------
The yield of barley after turnips is less than it is after grain crops,
and it is evident that this is due to a lack of available nitrogen in
the soil. In other words, the turnips leave _less_ available nitrogen in
the soil than grain crops.
After alluding to the facts given in the foregoing table, Messrs. Lawes
and Gilbert say:
“There is evidence of another kind that may be cited as showing that it
was of available nitrogen that the turnips had rendered the soil so
deficient for the after-growth of barley. It may be assumed that, on the
average, between 25 and 30 lbs. of nitrogen would be annually removed
from the Rothamsted soil by wheat or barley grown year after year
without nitrogenous manure. But it is estimated that from the
mineral-manured turnip-plots there were, over the 10 years, more than 50
lbs. of nitrogen per acre per annum removed. As, however, on some of the
plots, small quantities of ammonia-salts or rape-cake were applied in
the first two years of the ten of turnips, it is, perhaps, more to the
purpose to take the average over the last 8 years of turnips only; and
this would show about 45 lbs. of nitrogen removed per acre per annum. An
immaterial proportion of this might be due to the small amounts of
nitrogenous manures applied in the first two years. Still, it may be
assumed that about 1½ time as much nitrogen was removed from the land
for 8, if not for 10 years, in succession, as would have been taken in
an equal number of crops of wheat or barley grown without nitrogenous
manure. No wonder, then, that considerably less barley has been grown in
3 years after a series of mineral-manured turnip-crops, than was
obtained in another field after a less number of corn-crops.
“The results obtained in Barn-field afford a striking illustration of
the dependence of the turnip-plant on a supply of available nitrogen
within the soil, and of its comparatively great power of exhausting it.
They are also perfectly consistent with those in Hoos-field, in showing
that mineral manures will not yield fair crops of barley, unless there
be, within the soil, a liberal supply of available nitrogen. The results
obtained under such very different conditions in the two fields are, in
fact, strikingly mutually confirmatory.”