"A good wit will make use of any thing: I will turn diseases
to commodity."--KING HENRY IV.
[Sidenote: FIFTEEN MONTHS OF FRUITLESS ENDEAVOR.]
We were constantly trying to escape. During the last fifteen months of
our imprisonment, I think there was no day when we had not some plan
which we hoped soon to put in execution. We were always talking and
theorizing about the subject.
Indeed, we theorized too much. We magnified obstacles. We gave our
keepers credit for greater shrewdness and closer observation than
they were capable of. We would not start until all things combined to
promise success. Therefore, as the slow months wore away, again and
again we saw men of less capacity, but greater daring, escape by modes
which had appeared to us utterly chimerical and impracticable.
Fortune, too, persistently baffled us. At the vital moment when
freedom seemed just within our grasp, some unforeseen obstacle always
intervened to foil our plans. Still, assuming a confidence we did not
feel, we daily promised each other to persist until we gained our
liberty or lost our lives. After the malignity which the Richmond
authorities had manifested toward us, escape seemed a thousand-fold
preferable to release by exchange.
I should hardly dare to estimate the combined length of tunnels in
which we were concerned; they were always discovered, usually on the
eve of completion. My associate was wont to declare that we should
never escape in that way, unless we constructed an underground road to
Knoxville--two hundred miles as the bird flies!
Even if we passed the prison walls, the chance of reaching our lines
seemed almost hopeless. We were in the heart of the Confederacy.
During the ten months we spent in Salisbury, at least seventy persons
escaped; but nearly all were brought back, though a few were shot in
the mountains. We knew of only five who had reached the North.
[Sidenote: A FEARFUL JOURNEY IN PROSPECT.]
"Junius," certain to see the gloomy side of every picture, frequently
said: "To walk the same distance in Ohio or Massachusetts, where we
could travel by daylight upon public thoroughfares, stop at each
village for rest and refreshments, and sleep in warm beds every night,
we should consider a severe hardship. Think of this terrible tramp
of two hundred miles, by night, in mid-winter, over two ranges of
mountains, creeping stealthily through the enemy's country, weak,
hungry, shelterless! Can any of us live to accomplish it?"
When at last we did essay it, the journey proved nearly twice as long
and infinitely severer than even he had conceived.
Among the officers of the prison, were three stanch Union men--a
lieutenant, a surgeon, and Lieutenant John R. Welborn. They were our
devoted friends. Their homes, families, and interests, were in the
South. Attempting to escape, they were likely to be captured and
imprisoned. Remaining, they must enter the army in some capacity,
and they preferred wearing swords to carrying muskets. Hundreds of
Loyalists were in the same predicament, and adopted the same course.
[Sidenote: A FRIENDLY CONFEDERATE OFFICER.]
These gentlemen were of service to us in a thousand ways. They supplied
us with money, books, and provisions; bore messages between us and
other friends in the village; and kept us constantly advised of
military and political events known to the officials, but concealed
from the public.
Lieutenant Welborn came to the garrison only about a month before our
departure. He belonged to a secret organization known as the Sons of
America, instituted expressly to assist Union men, whether prisoners or
refugees, in escaping to the North. Its members were bound, by solemn
oath, to aid brothers in distress. They recognized each other by the
signs, grips, and passwords, common to all secret societies.
We soon discovered that Welborn was not only of the Order, but a very
earnest and self-sacrificing member. He was singularly daring. At our
first stolen interview he said: "You shall be out very soon, at all
hazards." Had he been detected in aiding us, it would have cost him his
life; but he was quite ready to peril it.
Beyond the inner line of sentinels, which was much the more difficult
one to pass, stood a Rebel hospital, where all medicines for the
garrison were stored. When we were placed in charge of the Union
hospitals, Mr. Davis was furnished with a pass to go out for medical
supplies. It was the inflexible rule of the prison that all persons
having such passes should give paroles not to escape. Davis would
have assumed no such obligation. But in the confusion incident to the
great influx of prisoners of war, and because it was the business of
several Rebel officers--the Commandant, the Medical Director, and the
Post-Adjutant--instead of the duty of one man to see it done, he was
never asked for the parole.
A few days later, the prison authorities gave similar passes to
"Junius" and to Captain Thomas E. Wolfe, of Connecticut, master of
a merchant-vessel, who had been a prisoner nearly as long as we. We
attempted to convince them, through several deluded Rebel _attachés_,
that it was essential to the proper conduct of the medical department
that I too should be supplied with a pass. Doubtless we should have
succeeded in time, had not an incident occurred to hasten our movements.
On Sunday, December 18th, we learned that General Bradley T. Johnson,
of Maryland, had arrived, and on the following day would supersede
Major Gee as Commandant of the prison. Johnson was a soldier who knew
how business should be done, and would doubtless put a stop to this
loose arrangement about passes. Not a moment was to be lost, and we
determined to escape that very night.
I engaged several prisoners, without informing them for what purpose,
in copying from my hospital books the names of the dead. I felt that,
to relieve friends at home, we ought to make an effort to carry through
this information, as long as there was the slightest possibility of
success.
[Sidenote: EFFECTS OF HUNGER AND COLD.]
My own books only contained the names of prisoners who died in the
hospitals. "Out-door patients"--those deceased in their own quarters,
or in no quarters whatever, were recorded in a separate book, by the
Rebel clerk in the outside hospital. I dared not send to him for their
names on Sunday, lest it should excite his suspicion. But the list
from my own records was appalling. It comprised over fourteen hundred
prisoners deceased within sixty days, and showed that they were now
dying at the rate of thirteen per cent. a month on the entire number--a
rate of mortality which would depopulate any city in the world in
forty-eight hours, and send the people flying in all directions, as
from a pestilence! Yet when those prisoners came there, they were young
and vigorous, like our soldiers generally in the field. There was not a
sick or wounded man among them. It was a fearful revelation of the work
which cold and starvation had done.
When I put on extra under-clothing for the possible journey, it was
without conscious expectation--almost without any hope whatever--of
success. I had assumed the same garments for the same purpose, at
the very least, thirty times before, within fifteen months, only to
be disappointed; and that was enough to dampen the most sanguine
temperament.
We believed that our attempt, if detected, would be made the excuse for
treating us with peculiar rigor. But, in the event of discovery, we
were likely to be sent back to our own quarters for the night, and not
ironed or confined in a cell until the next morning.
[Sidenote: ANOTHER PLAN IN RESERVE.]
Lieutenant Welborn was on duty that day. We made him privy to our plan.
He agreed, if it proved unsuccessful, to smuggle in muskets for us; and
we proposed to wrap ourselves in gray blankets, slouch our hats down
over our eyes, and pass out at midnight, as Rebel soldiers, when he
relieved the guard. Once in the camp, he could conduct us outside.
On that Sunday evening, half an hour before dark (the latest moment at
which the guards could be passed, even by authorized persons, without
the countersign), Messrs. Browne, Wolfe, and Davis, went outside, as if
to order their medical supplies for the sick prisoners. As they passed
in and out a dozen times a day, and their faces were quite familiar
to the sentinels, they were not compelled to show their passes, and
"Junius" left his behind with me.
[Sidenote: STOPPED BY THE SENTINEL.]
A few minutes later, taking a long box filled with bottles in which
the medicines were usually brought, and giving it to a little lad who
assisted me in my hospital duties, I started to follow them.
As if in great haste, we walked rapidly toward the fence, while,
leaning against trees or standing in the hospital doors, half a dozen
friends looked on to see how the plan worked. When we reached the gate,
I took the box from the boy, and said to him, of course for the benefit
of the sentinel:
"I am going outside to get these bottles filled. I shall be back in
about fifteen minutes, and want you to remain right here, to take them
and distribute them among the hospitals. Do not go away, now."
The lad, understanding the matter perfectly, replied, "Yes, sir;" and I
attempted to pass the sentinel by mere assurance.
I had learned long before how far a man may go, even in captivity, by
sheer, native impudence--by moving straight on, without hesitation,
with a confident look, just as if he had a right to go, and no one had
any right to question him. Several times, as already related, I saw
captives, who had procured citizens' clothes, thus walk past the guards
in broad daylight, out of Rebel prisons.
I think I could have done it on this occasion, but for the fact that it
had been tried successfully twice or thrice, and the guards severely
punished. The sentinel stopped me with his musket, demanding:
"Have you a pass, sir?"
"Certainly, I have a pass," I replied, with all the indignation I could
assume. "Have you not seen it often enough to know by this time?"
Apparently a little confounded, he replied, modestly:
[Sidenote: "EXCUSE ME FOR DETAINING YOU."]
"Probably I have; but they are very strict with us, and I was not quite
sure."
I gave to him this genuine pass belonging to my associate:
HEAD-QUARTERS CONFEDERATE STATES MILITARY PRISON, }
SALISBURY, N. C., _December 5, 1864_. }
Junius H. Browne, Citizen, has permission to pass the inner
gate of the Prison, to assist in carrying medicines to the
Military Prison Hospitals, until further orders.
J. A. FUQUA,
Captain and Assistant-Commandant of Post.
We had speculated for a long time about my using a spurious pass, and
my two comrades prepared several with a skill and exactness which
proved that, if their talents had been turned in that direction, they
might have made first-class forgers. But we finally decided that the
veritable pass was better, because, if the guard had any doubt about
it, I could tell him to send it into head-quarters for examination. The
answer returned would of course be that it was genuine.
But it was not submitted to any such inspection. The sentinel spelled
it out slowly, then folded and returned it to me, saying:
"That pass is all right. I know Captain Fuqua's handwriting.
Go on, sir; excuse me for detaining you."
I thought him excusable under the circumstances, and walked out. My
great fear was that, during the half hour which must elapse before I
could go outside the garrison, I might encounter some Rebel officer or
_attaché_ who knew me.
[Sidenote: ENCOUNTERING REBEL ACQUAINTANCES.]
Before I had taken ten steps, I saw, sauntering to and fro on the
piazza of the head-quarters building, a deserter from our service,
named Davidson, who recognized and bowed to me. I thought he would
not betray me, but was still fearful of it. I went on, and a few
yards farther, coming toward me in that narrow lane, where it was
impossible to avoid him, I saw the one Rebel officer who knew me better
than any other, and who frequently came into my quarters--Lieutenant
Stockton, the Post-Adjutant. Observing him in the distance, I thought
I recognized in him that old ill-fortune which had so long and
steadfastly baffled us. But I had the satisfaction of knowing that
my associates were on the look-out from a window and, if they saw
me involved in any trouble, would at once pass the outer gate, if
possible, and make good their own escape.
When we met, I bade Stockton good-evening, and talked for a few minutes
upon the weather, or some other subject in which I did not feel any
very profound interest. Then he passed into head-quarters, and I went
on. Yet a few yards farther, I encountered a third Rebel, named Smith,
who knew me well, and whose quarters, inside the garrison, were within
fifty feet of my own. There were not half a dozen Confederates about
the prison who were familiar with me; but it seemed as if at this
moment they were coming together in a grand convention.
Not daring to enter the Rebel hospital, where I was certain to be
recognized, I laid down my box of medicines behind a door, and sought
shelter in a little outbuilding. While I remained there, waiting for
the blessed darkness, I constantly expected to see a sergeant, with a
file of soldiers, come to take me back into the yard; but none came. It
was rare good fortune. Stockton, Smith, and Davidson, all knew, if they
had their wits about them, that I had no more right there than in the
village itself. I suppose their thoughtlessness must have been caused
by the peculiarly honest and business-like look of that medicine-box!