FULHAM.
In Faulkner's 'History of Fulham' we learn that the earliest mention of
that village occurs in a grant of the manor by Tyrhtilus Bishop of
Hereford, to Erkenwald Bishop of London, and his successors, about the
year 691; in which grant it is called _Fulanham_. Camden in his
'Britannia' calls it _Fulham_, and derives its name from the Saxon word
_Fulanham_, _Volucrum Domus_, the habitation of birds or place of fowls.
Norden agrees with Camden, and adds, "It may also be taken for _Volucrum
Amnis_, or the river of fowl; for _Ham_ also in many places signifies
_Amnis_, a river, but it is most probable it should be of land fowl,
which usually haunt groves and clusters of trees, whereof in this place
it seemeth hath been plenty." In Somner's and Lye's Saxon dictionaries
it is called Fulanham, or Foulham, supposed from the dirtiness of the
place. The earliest historical event relating to Fulham, is the arrival
of the Danes there in the year 879. On the right hand side as we enter
the village stands Holcrofts' _Hall_ (formerly Holcrofts') built about
1708, which is worthy of mention as belonging to John Laurie, Esq., and
as having been the residence of Sir John Burgoyne, where he gave some
clever dramatic performances, distinguished not only for the considerable
talent displayed by the actors, but remarkable for the scenery and
machinery, considering the limited space, the whole of which was
superintended by the Honourable Mr. Wrottesley, son of Lord Wrottesley,
who afterwards married Miss Burgoyne, an admirable amateur actress: here
it was that the celebrated Madame Vestris died, on the 8th August, 1856,
in her 59th year. During the time she lived there it was called Gore
Lodge. The house has been since tenanted for a short time by Mr. Charles
Mathews and his present wife. Holcroft's Priory, which is opposite, was
built upon the site of Claybrooke House, mentioned by Faulkner. In the
back lane (Burlington Road) Fulham Almshouses are situated, opposite to
Burlington House, formerly Roy's well-known academy, on the ground
attached to which is now a Reformatory School, built about four years
ago. This lane leads to the termination of the King's Road by the Ship
Tavern. The Almshouses were originally built and endowed by Sir W.
Powell, Bart., and were rebuilt in 1793. The old workhouse (built 1774)
still stands on the left-hand side of the High Street. It has been in a
dilapidated condition for many years, and is about to be pulled down.
The Fulham and Hammersmith Union is now in Fulham Fields. Cipriani lived
in a house adjoining the workhouse. Further on in Fulham High Street is
the Golden Lion Inn. There is a tradition that Bishop Bonner resided in
the Old Golden Lion, and that it had a subterranean communication with
the palace. The late Mr. Crofton Croker read the following paper at the
meeting of the British Archaeological Association at Warwick in 1847:--
ON THE PROBABILITY OF THE GOLDEN LION INN, AT FULHAM, HAVING BEEN
FREQUENTED BY SHAKESPEARE ABOUT THE YEARS 1595 AND 1596.
It is certainly extraordinary that of the personal history of a man
whose writings are of so high an order of genius that they may almost
be considered as works of inspiration, we should know so little, and
that conjecture should have to supply so much, as in the biography of
William Shakespeare.
Pilgrims as are we at this moment to the birth-place and the tomb of
the highest name in the literature of this country, we all feel that
we now tread the classic ground of England--ground too rich in
unquestionable memories of Shakespeare, to admit of any feeling of
jealousy in an attempt to connect his fame by circumstantial evidence
with any other locality. I therefore venture to call attention to
the two following entries in the parish records of Fulham, a village
in the county of Middlesex, on the Thames, about four miles west of
London, and where the Bishop of London has a seat.
In an assessment made on the 12th October, 1625, for the relief of
the poor of Fulham side, John Florio, Esq., was rated at six
shillings, for his house in Fulham Street.
And in the same assessment upon the "Northend" of the parish, the
name of Robert Burbage occurs.
Meagre as this appears to be, and wide of the date at which I aim by
thirty years, it is all that I can produce in the shape of novel
documentary evidence for an attempt to connect the name of
Shakespeare with Fulham; the other points which I have to offer in
evidence being admitted facts, although no result has been deduced
from them.
In the High Street of Fulham stands a cleanly-looking brick house,
square in form and newly built, called the Golden Lion, where any
suburban traveller requiring refreshment may be supplied with a mug
of excellent ale and bread and cheese, in a parlour having a sanded
floor, the room, it must be confessed, smelling rather strongly of
tobacco smoke:--
"You may break, you may ruin the vase if you will--
But the scent of the roses will hang round it still;"--
And so it is, to my mind, with the tobacco smoke of the Golden Lion,
which stands upon the site of an old hostelry, or inn, of the Tudor
age, which was pulled down in April, 1836, and was described soon
afterwards in the 'Gentleman's Magazine.' While the work of
destruction [Picture: Ancient tobacco pipe] was going on, a tobacco
pipe of ancient and foreign fashion was found behind the old
wainscot. The stem was a crooked shoot of bamboo, through which a
hole had been bored, and a brass ornamental termination (of an
Elizabethan pattern) formed the head of the pipe.--Why may not this
have been the pipe of that Bishop of London who had risen into
Elizabeth's favour by attending Mary on the scaffold at Fotheringay,
and who, having fallen into disgrace in consequence of a second
marriage at an advanced period of his life, sought, we are told, in
the retirement of his house at Fulham, "to lose his sorrow in a mist
of smoke,"--and actually died there suddenly on the 15th June, 1596,
"while sitting in his chair and smoking tobacco?"
Could this have been the tobacco pipe produced at "Crowner's 'quest"
assembled at the Golden Lion to inquire into the cause of his
lordship's sudden death? It is not even impossible that it may have
been produced there by his son, John Fletcher, whose name is
associated with that of Francis Beaumont in our literature.
Mr. Charles Knight has set the example of an imaginary biography of
Shakespeare, and has brought many probable and some improbable things
together on the subject.--Why, then, has he overlooked the Golden
Lion in Fulham? The name of John Fletcher naturally leads to this
question. At the time of his father's death, he was in his twentieth
year; and who will doubt that, at that period of his life, his
father's (the Bishop's) house was his home. That he may have
resorted to the Golden Lion, and there have met with Shakespeare, is,
therefore, quite as probable as that our great dramatist associated
with Fletcher at the Falcon or the Mermaid, if good cause can only be
shown for Shakespeare's having had as much reason to frequent Fulham
as the Bank-side--or Borough of London.
I have already stated that Florio's house was assessed for the
poor-rate in Fulham Street, on the 12th October, 1625, the year of
Florio's death; and be it remembered that Florio was the translator
of Montaigne's Essays, of which a copy of the original edition,
bearing Shakespeare's very rare autograph, was not very long since
purchased by the British Museum, at what was considered to be a very
large price. When the genuineness of that autograph was keenly
discussed among antiquaries, and the probable date at which the
'Tempest' was written, became a question, no one presumed to deny
that the coincidences between the passage in the 2nd Act of the
'Tempest' where Gonzalo says--
"I' the commonwealth I would by contraries
Execute all things; for _no kind of traffic_
Would I admit; _no name of magistrate_;
Letters should not be known: _riches_, _poverty_,
_And use of service_, none: contract, _succession_;
Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none;
No use of metal, corn or wine or oil;
No occupation; all men idle, all;
And women too; but innocent and pure:
No Sovereignty:"--
is but an echo of the following in Florio's translation of
Montaigne:--
--"It is a nation, would I answer Plato, that hath _no kind of
traffic_, no knowledge of letters, no intelligence of numbers, _no
name of magistrate_, nor of politic superiority; no _use of service_,
of _riches_, or of _poverty_; no _contracts_, no _successions_; no
occupation, but idle, no respect of kindred but common; no apparel,
but natural; no manuring of lands, no use of wine, corn, or metal,"
etc.
* * * * *
There are other coincidences also, free from the very great
difficulty of reconciling satisfactorily printed dates with an
imaginary career--which coincidences are too remarkable to have
escaped the host of ingenious commentators upon the supposed sources
of Shakespeare's information--of his observation what shall I say?
The coincidence between passages in Daniel's "Civil Warres,"
published in 1595, and passages in Shakespeare's Richard II., induce
Mr. Charles Knight to observe that "We"--thereby meaning
himself--"have looked at this poem with some care, and we cannot
avoid coming to the conclusion that, with reference to parts of the
conduct of the story, and in a few modes of expression, each of which
differs from the general narrative and the particular language of the
chroniclers, there are similarities betwixt Shakespeare and Daniel
which would lead to the conclusion either that the poem of Daniel was
known to Shakespeare, or the play of Shakespeare was known to
Daniel."
This position is, indeed, established by Mr. Knight, who arrives
satisfactorily enough for his own conclusion, that of fixing the date
of the composition of Shakespeare's play to 1597; adding, candidly
enough, that "the exact date is really of very little importance; and
we should not have dwelt upon it had it not been pleasant to trace
resemblances between contemporary poets, who were themselves personal
friends."
Now, with regard to dates, and the disputed dates of the composition
of the 'Tempest,' it is important to ascertain who John Florio and
Samuel Daniel were.
We know that Florio was the Italian scholar of his day, and the Court
favourite. We know that Daniel, whose name is now scarcely popularly
remembered, was helped into the office of poet-laureat by his
connection with Florio as his brother-in-law, by Florio's
recommendations to be the successor of "that poor poet, Edmund
Spenser." Here, at once, by admitting Shakespeare's personal
intimacy with Florio and Daniel, with his knowledge of their
writings, there can be no question; and supposing that he had seen
Florio's translation of Montaigne in MS., much difficulty about dates
is got rid of, and we can account for Shakespeare's acquaintance with
Italian literature.
And allow me to add to this the fact noticed by Mr. Collier, in his
memoirs of the principal actors in the plays of Shakespeare, printed
for the Shakespeare Society, that Shakespeare's fellow-player, Henry
Condell, did some time sojourn at Fulham; for a tract printed in
1625, entitled 'The Runaway's Answer to a book "A Rod for Runaways,"'
in reply to a pamphlet published by Decker, is inscribed "to our much
respected and very worthy friend, Mr. H. Condell, at his country
house at Fulham." Again, couple with the name of Condell that of
Burbadge, in 1625, at Fulham; is not the association most
extraordinary, although there is no further agreement in the
Christian name than the first letter, Robert being that in the Fulham
assessment of poor-rates, Richard that of Shakespeare's fellow-actor.
The family name of Burbadge, however, belongs not to Middlesex, but
to Warwickshire. Alas! for the credit sake of 'Robert Burbadge, of
Northend, Fulham,' in the place in the poor-rate assessment of 1625,
where the sum should have been inserted, there is a blank; although
twenty-two of his neighbours at North End are contributors of sums
varying from 6s. 8d. to 1s.
Joshua Sylvester, who was born in 1563 or 1564, and died in 1618,
thus describes the village of North End, Fulham, where his uncle
Plumbe resided, and he (Sylvester) formed the attachment which is the
subject of his poem:--
I was wont (for my disport)
Often in the summer season,
To a Village to resort
Famous for the rathe ripe peason,
Where beneath a _Plumb_-tree shade
Many pleasant walks I made.
And Norden, whom we consider as the father of English topography,
dates the address "to all courteous gentlemen," prefixed to his
account of Middlesex and Hertfordshire, from his "poore home, near
Fulham, 4th November, 1596."
Here, then, we have a mass of facts, which render it impossible for
us to doubt that the Golden Lion, Fulham, must have been, according
to the custom of the times, frequented by Florio and his
brother-in-law Daniel; by Fletcher; by Henry Condell, Shakespeare's
fellow-player; by some one of the name of Burbadge; by Joshua
Sylvester, and John Norden, about the years 1595 and 1596. Is there
not, then, every reasonable presumption that our immortal Shakespeare
was also a member of this clique?
[Picture: Fireplaces in the old Golden Lion]
On the pulling down of the Old Inn by Mr. Powell, the panelling was
purchased by Mr. Street, of Brewer Street, and was afterwards sold to
Lord Ellenborough, for the fitting up of his Lordship's residence,
Southam House, Cheltenham.
Fulham High Street, which extends from the London Road to Church Row,
appears to have been denominated Bear Street, and is called in the more
ancient parish books Fulham Street. The direct approach to Fulham Church
is by Church Row, which branches off to the right of the High Street. On
the left of the churchyard entrance is the Vicarage. The present vicar
is the Rev. R. G. Baker. Opposite the vicarage is a piece of ground,
which was consecrated in 1843 by Bishop Blomfield, who is buried there.
Upon this recent addition to the burial-ground formerly stood Miss
Batsford's seminary for young gentlemen. There are several curious old
monuments in the church, which have been described and engraved by
Faulkner, to whose work the curious reader may be referred. In the
churchyard are the tombs and monuments of several of the old bishops of
London--Compton, Robinson, Hayter, Gibson, Terrick, Lowth, Sherlock, and
Randolph.
The grave of that distinguished author and brilliant wit, Theodore Hook,
is immediately opposite the chancel window. The stone bears the plain
inscription "Theodore Edward Hook, died 24th August, 1841, in the
fifty-third year of his age."
[Picture: Old entrance to Pryor's Bank, 1844] {188b}
Leaving the church by the other entrance, we are in Church Lane. The
first house opposite the gate of the churchyard is Pryor's Bank, to which
a separate chapter of our little volume is devoted, so that we can pass
on immediately to the next house, Thames Bank, the present residence of
Mr. Baylis, whose well-known taste will no doubt soon change its present
aspect. Granville Sharp's {188a} House stood opposite. It was pulled
down about twenty-five years ago. John's Place (erected 1844) is on the
site.
Next to Thames Bank, formerly stood Egmont Villa, the residence of
Theodore Hook, and the house in which he died, now pulled down, the back
of which, is shown in the annexed sketch. This house, though of the
smallest dimensions, was fitted up with much good taste. [Picture: Back
of Egmont Villa] There was a small boudoir on the side of the
drawing-room, which was very rich in articles of virtu, more especially
in some remarkably fine carvings, attributed to Cellini, Brustolini, and
others. These were left to Hook by his brother, the late Dean of
Worcester. As an improvisatore, Hook was unapproachable. In regard to
his literary merits, let the following suffice, taken from the late Mr.
Barham's life of Hook, published in 1848:--
"There can be no need," says the Editor, "at this day to enter upon
any lengthened criticism of Theodore Hook's merits as a novelist;
they have been discussed over and over again, with little variety of
opinion, by every reviewer of the kingdom. Indeed, both his faults
and his excellencies lie on the surface, and are obvious and patent
to the most superficial reader; his fables, for the most part ill
knit and insufficient, disappoint as they are unfolded; repetitions
and omissions are frequent: in short, a general want of care and
finish is observable throughout, which must be attributed to the
hurry in which he was compelled to write, arising from the
multiplicity and distracting nature of his engagements. His tendency
to caricature was innate; but even this would probably have been in a
great measure repressed, had he allowed himself sufficient time for
correction: while, on the contrary, in detached scenes, which sprang
up as pictures in his mind, replete with comic circumstance, in
brilliant dialogue and portraiture of character, not to mention those
flashes of sound wisdom with which ever and anon his pages are
lighted up, his wit and genius had fair play, revelling and rioting
in fun, and achieving on the spur of the moment those lasting
triumphs which cast into the shade the minor and mechanical blemishes
to which we have adverted."
Hook was a successful dramatist, and an extensive journalist. Of his
novels, 'Gilbert Gurney' may be considered to be the most remarkable.
Hook's furniture was sold by George Robins, in September, 1841. In 1855
the aqueduct was erected by the Chelsea Water Works Company, for
conveying the water from Kingston-upon-Thames to the metropolis, and it
was necessary that the contractor, Mr. Brotherhood, should get possession
of Egmont Villa, to enable them to erect the tower on the Fulham side.
Here the piles and timbers of the old Bishop's Ferry, used for the
conveyance of passengers across the river from Putney to Fulham, before
the old bridge was built, were discovered. It was subsequently
considered desirable to pull the villa down; and there now remains no
trace of the house in which Hook lived and died, and which stood within a
few paces of his grave. Bowack mentions that Robert Limpany, Esq.,
"whose estate was so considerable in the parish that he was commonly
called the Lord of Fulham," resided in a neat house in Church Lane. He
died at the age of ninety-four. Beyond the Pryor's Bank on the right, is
the Bishop's Walk, which runs along the side of the Thames for some
little distance, and from hence a view of the Bishop's Palace is
obtained. This palace has been from a very early period the summer
residence of the Bishops of London. The land consists of about 37 acres,
and the whole is surrounded by a moat, over which are two bridges.
Following the course of the Bishop's Walk, we come to the road leading to
Craven Cottage, originally built by the Margravine of Anspach, when
Countess of Craven, and since altered and improved by Walsh Porter, who
occasionally resided in it till his death in 1809. Craven Cottage was
considered the prettiest specimen of cottage architecture then existing.
The three principal reception-rooms were equally remarkable for their
structure, as well as their furniture. The centre, or principal saloon,
supported by large palm-trees of considerable size, exceedingly well
executed, with their drooping foliage at the top, supporting the cornice
and architraves of the room. The other decorations were in corresponding
taste. The furniture comprised a lion's skin for a hearth-rug, for a
sofa the back of a tiger, the supports of the tables in most instances
were four twisted serpents or hydras: in fact, the whole of the
decorations of the room were of a character perfectly unique and uniform
in their style. This room led to a large Gothic dining-room of very
considerable dimensions, and on the front of the former apartment was a
very large oval rustic balcony, opposed to which was a large,
half-circular library, that became more celebrated afterwards as the room
in which the highly-gifted and talented author of 'Pelham' wrote some of
his most celebrated works.
Craven Cottage was the residence of the Right Hon. Sir E. Bulwer-Lytton,
from whom it passed to Mr. Baylis, now of Thames Bank, who parted with it
to Sir Ralph Howard, its present occupant, who removed the door shown in
the annexed cut, through which the library is seen.
[Picture: Door of Egyptian Hall at Craven Cottage]
Returning to Church Lane, we come out at the bridge, built in 1729, and
close to which is Willow Bank, the late residence of Mr. Delafield and
General Conyers. The Ferry belonged to the See of London, and it was
necessary that the consent of the Bishops should be had, for the erection
of the bridge and consequent destruction of their Ferry; it was,
therefore, stipulated for the right of themselves, their families, and
all their dependents, that they should pass over the bridge toll free,
which right exists at the present time; and passengers are often very
much astonished at hearing the exclamation of "Bishop!" shouted out by
the stentorian lungs of bricklayers, carpenters, or others, who may be
going to the palace, that being the pass-word for the privilege of going
over. The architect of the bridge was the eminent surgeon, W. Cheselden,
who died in 1752, and is buried in the graveyard attached to Chelsea
Hospital. His tomb is close to the railings of the new road, leading
from Sloane Street to the Suspension Bridge at Chelsea. Cheselden was
for many years, surgeon of Chelsea Hospital.
[Picture: The Swan Tavern]
Standing by the Ferry is the Swan Tavern, a characteristic old house,
with a garden attached, looking on to the river, and scarcely altered in
any of its features since Chatelaine published his views of "The most
agreeable Prospects near London," about 1740. It is a good specimen of a
waterside inn, and appears to have been erected about the time of William
III.
At the foot of the bridge is 'The Eight Bells' public-house, where the
Fulham omnibuses leave for London.
[Picture: Approach to Putney Bridge]
Bridge Street brings us to the point at which we turned off at the
termination of the High Street, and on the right-hand side as we look
towards London is Church Street (formerly Windsor Street, according to
Faulkner), leading up to the Ship Tavern, and thence into the King's
Road.
The Charity School is in Church Street. This building was erected in
1811.
Retracing our steps towards London, we come to the George at Walham
Green, which turns off to the left. The church stands on the right hand
side. Opposite Walham House, near the church, is North End Lodge, the
residence of the late Mr. Albert Smith, and where he died on the 23rd
May, 1860. As novelist, dramatist, and lecturer, he had achieved
considerable reputation; and his unexpected death, at the early age of
forty-four, brought to a sudden close the most popular monologue
entertainment of this, or of any, time. Mr. Smith was an amusing writer
and a most genial companion, and was ever ready to assist a professional
brother in the hour of need. Against the brick wall, close to the gate
of North End Lodge, is a slab with the inscription "From Hyde Park
Corner, 3 miles 17 yards." We are now in North End, where there are many
houses of interest which deserve attention; we will therefore go out of
the direct road and return to London by way of North End.