"In the old days before winter had come into the land, the beasts and
the birds, the fishes, and even the insects, all had one language. They
could speak the speech of the Red Men and they all lived together in
peace and friendship.
"In those days, there was no killing and no war. But after winter had
come upon the land, the Red Men learned to kill the wild folk and to use
their flesh for food and their skins for wigwams and for clothing.
"At first this was bad enough, but after men had learned to use bows and
arrows, spears, knives, and hooks, it was still worse. They became more
and more cruel. They delighted to slaughter even creatures for which
they had no use. Out of heedlessness, they trod upon the worms and the
frogs, and killed them without caring for the pain and suffering which
they caused. At last the animals made up their minds to try to find out
some means to check the slaughter of the wild kindreds.
"The bears were the first to meet in council. After much talk, they
decided to begin war at once against the human race.
"'What weapons shall we use against them?' asked one of the bears.
"'Why,' answered another, 'the same that they use; bows and arrows, of
course.'
"'But how shall we make them?' asked one bear.
"'Oh, that is easy,' said another. 'I'll show you how to do it. You know
I lived for a long time in one of their villages.'
"So this bear got a piece of ashwood and a string, some straight reeds
and pieces of flint, and made a bow and some arrows.
"The White Bear, who was chief of the council, stepped out to make a
trial of the bow. He pulled back the string and let the arrow fly, but
his long claws caught the string and spoiled the shot.
[Illustration: THE TESTING OF THE BOW]
"Seeing this, one of the bears proposed to cut off his own claws and
make another trial. This was done and the arrow went straight to the
mark.
"Now all the bears were ready to cut off their claws that they might
practice with the bow and arrow. But their chief, the old White Bear,
was wise.
"'No,' said he, 'let us not cut off our claws. If we do, we shall not be
able to climb trees or to tear our food to pieces, and we shall all
starve together. It is better to trust to the teeth and claws that the
Master of Life has given us. Man's weapons are not for us.'
"All the bears agreed to this, and the council broke up without any plan
for dealing with their cruel enemies.
* * * * *
"The deer were the next to hold a council. Each one had some story to
tell about the cruelty of men. Each one had lost his father or his
mother, his wife or his children, his brother or his sister.
"After much talk, their chief, Little Deer, spoke. 'It is a law,' said
he, 'among all the kindreds that each may kill to supply his needs. The
men folk need our flesh to eat and our skins for clothing.
[Illustration]
"'But there is another law. It is that no one shall kill cruelly or
needlessly. Upon such as do so, let us send pains and aches. Let us make
their joints swell and become stiff, so that they cannot follow us and
kill us. Besides, let us make another law, that when a hunter kills one
of the deer family, he must pray to the spirit of the deer for pardon.
If he has killed to supply his needs and without cruelty, he shall be
pardoned. If not, he shall become a helpless cripple.'
"The deer people all agreed to this and sent word to the nearest Indian
village, to tell the hunters about the new law.
"Since that time every Indian hunter is careful to pray to the spirit of
the deer which he has killed.
* * * * *
"Next the fishes and the snakes held a council. Each one had complaints
to make against the cruelty of men. After much talk, A-tos-sa the chief
of the snakes spoke.
"'We of the snake kindred,' said he, 'will afflict men with diseases of
their nerves. They shall tremble and shake when there is nothing to be
afraid of. And when they draw the bow-strings, their arrows shall go
wide of the mark by reason of the unsteadiness of eye and hand. And we
will send upon them in their sleep evil dreams. The ghosts of the snakes
which they have needlessly killed shall twine about them, with fearful
fangs, ready to pierce their flesh, and the cold sweat of terror shall
ooze from their skin, and they shall awake with cries and tremblings.'
"After him the chief of the fishes spoke.
"'We,' said he, 'will afflict men with diseases of the stomach. In their
sleep, they shall dream of eating raw or decayed fish and their
appetites shall pass from them.'
"These plans were agreed upon, and the council of the fishes and the
snakes broke up.
* * * * *
"After this, the smaller animals, the birds and the insects, gathered
themselves together in a common council. Here, too, all were bitter
against the useless cruelty of mankind. After all complaints had been
heard, Am-wee-soo the Wasp addressed the council.
"'Each creature,' said he, 'has the right to live. Our cruel enemies
deprive us of our lives which they cannot restore. It is just that they
shall be punished. We, the wasps, the bees, and the flies, will send
upon men boils and wasting fevers, which shall sap their strength and
bring them to their graves.'
"'And we,' said Da-hin-da the Bull Frog, 'will afflict men with colds
and coughs, which shall make them weak and short of breath.'
"'We, the birds,' declared E-kes-ke the Blue Jay, 'will afflict them
with sores and diseases of the skin.'
"And so it went on. Each of the tribes of the wild folk agreed to
afflict mankind with some sort of sickness.
"A-bal-ka the Chipmunk alone spoke in favor of the men. But he had
hardly said ten words, before the others became so enraged that they
fell upon and drove him from the council. He barely escaped with his
life.
"And as it was, Up-wee-kis the Lynx fastened his claws on A-bal-ka's
neck and tore four gashes the length of his back. You can see the marks
to this day. That is the way the chipmunk got his black stripes."