Denticete, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 194; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 3.
Odontoceti _or_ Delphinoidea, _Flower_, _l. c._ p. 111.
Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, sometimes deciduous. Palate
without baleen. Head large or moderate, compressed. Tympanic bones two,
dissimilar, separate, becoming united, sunk in a cavity in the base of
the skull. Gullet large.
The suborders in this section have certain relations to each other by
which they may be arranged in two parallel series:—
| A. Nostrils | B. Nostrils
| separate, | united,
| elongated. | transverse.
| |
Teeth only in the lower jaw. Cervical | |
vertebræ often united | Physeteroidea. | Ziphioidea.
Teeth well developed in both jaws. | |
Jaws beaked | Susuoidea. | Delphinoidea.
Division I. _Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging; each covered
with a valve_ (cf. p. 62).
Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA.
Physeteroidea, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 195; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 3.
Physeteridæ (Physeterinæ), _Flower_, _Tr. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi.
p. 113.
Head blunt. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel, or diverging, each covered
with a valve, the right often obliterated. Teeth many in the lower
jaw, fitting into holes in the gums of the upper one. Lachrymal bone
none distinct. “Costal cartilages not ossified. The hinder ribs losing
their tubercular and retaining their capitular articulation with the
vertebræ. The greater number of the cervical vertebræ ankylosed together.
Pterygoid bones thick, produced backwards, meeting in the middle line,
and not involuted to form the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus.
Symphysis of mandible of moderate or excessive length. No functional
teeth in the upper jaw. Mandibular teeth various, often much reduced in
number. Lachrymal bones usually large and distinct. Bones of the skull
raised so as to form an elevated prominence or crest behind the anterior
nares. Orbit of small or moderate size. Pectoral limbs small. Dorsal fin
usually present.”—_Flower._
Family 6. CATODONTIDÆ.
Catodontina, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 387.
Catodontidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3.
Head compressed, truncated in front, very large. Blowers separate,
linear, in front of the upper part of the head. Mouth inferior, linear.
Pectoral fin short, broad, truncate. Dorsal hump rounded. Skull elongate.
Crown concave, surrounded by a high perpendicular wall formed by the
doubled-up maxilla and occipital bones. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas free;
rest of cervical vertebræ united by their bodies and spines into a
consolidated mass.
1. CATODON.
Catodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 386, 387; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 3.
Physeter, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 309.
The atlas vertebra transverse, nearly twice as broad as high; the central
canal subtrigonal, narrow below. Skull nearly one-third the entire
length of the body. Lachrymal bone wanting. The zygomatic process is
formed of the malar bone. Vertebral column rough and rather spongy.
Vertebræ 50: 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 8 lumbar, 24 caudal. The atlas
separate; the other 6 cervical united by their bodies and spines into one
consolidated mass, and sometimes united to the first dorsal vertebra.
The atlas subquadrangular, broader than long. The transverse process
truncated. Upper edge nearly straight, lower slightly curved. Neural
canal triangular, one of the angles directed downwards. The thyro-hyal
triangular, thick in front, thinner behind; the basihyal broad and flat.
The basihyal and thyro-hyal united. The ribs long, all but the first
slender and light. The first rib is short, broad, and very thick near
the lower end. Sternum large, triangular, the apex turned backwards. The
broad front end nearly straight, composed of two large anterior and a
small posterior piece. Pectoral limb small. Scapula higher than broad;
outer surface concave, inner convex. Acromion very large, dilated at the
end. Coracoid large, narrow, and about half the length of the acromion.
Humerus compressed. Radius and ulna not quite so long as the humerus,
often united at the ends and separate in the middle. The carpus wide
and short. The carpal bones six, nearly in a single row. The fingers
five, all well developed, the second, third, and fourth not differing
greatly in length, the fourth the shortest; the first consisting of two,
the second and third of six, the fourth of five, and the fifth of four
joints; the second finger two-thirds the length of the arm-bones.
The skull of the young animal is much shorter and broader than in the
adult (Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. tab. 57).
1. Catodon macrocephalus.
B.M.
Catodon macrocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196 (f. 54), 202,
387; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.
Physeter macrocephalus, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi.
p. 309, tab. 55 to 61, and woodcuts.
Inhab. Tropical seas, accidentally in the temperate ones.
Mr. Flower (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi.) considers _C. australis_, Gray,
_l. c._ p. 206, fig. 55, the same species; and certainly there does not
appear to be any character in the skeleton to divide them.
Maury remarks:—“The Sperm-Whale, according to the result of this chart,
appears never to double the Cape of Good Hope. It doubles Cape Horn.
Since this fish delights in warm water, shall we not expect to find off
Cape Horn an under-current of warm water heavier with its salt?”—_Maury_,
_Whale-Charts_, p. 267.
How far the species indicated range beyond the habitats whence they were
received is yet to be discovered and recorded. No doubt their range is
influenced by many local circumstances (peculiarities in the currents,
and disposition of the food) that are not easily observed or understood.
2. MEGANEURON.
Meganeuron, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 387; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.
The atlas vertebra subcircular, rather broader than high. The central
canal subcircular, in the middle of the body, widened above.
The rest of the animal not known; it is placed in _Catodontidæ_ because
this family is the only one that has the atlas separate from the cervical
vertebræ and of the simple form.
1. Meganeuron Krefftii.
Meganeuron Krefftii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1865, p. 440; _Cat.
Seals & Whales_, p. 388, figs. 94-97; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 4.
Inhab. Australian seas.
Atlas 13 inches wide.
Family 7. PHYSETERIDÆ.
Physeterina, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 390.
Physeteridæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.
Head depressed, rounded in front. Blowers linear (often only the one
on the left side open), at the back of the forehead. Mouth small,
inferior, rounded. Dorsal fin compressed, falcate. Pectoral fin elongate,
falcate. Skull short; crown concave; hinder part of the wall formed by
the maxillaries, and divided, as it were, into two subequal parts by a
central bony ridge, which is more or less twisted towards the right side.
Upper jaw toothless. Atlas and cervical vertebræ all united into a solid
mass.
1. PHYSETER.
Physeter, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 210, 386; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.
Head large, rather depressed in front. Skull ⸺?
Only known from Sibbald’s description, which, like his others, is very
specific; and all his other accounts of animals have been proved to be
correct.
Mr. Flower has no faith in Sibbald’s account of this animal, and says,
“If the Linnæan genus _Physeter_ is to be kept in abeyance until the
rediscovery of Sibbald’s ‘_Balæna macrocephala tripinna_,’ it is to
be feared that it may ultimately disappear altogether from zoological
literature.”—_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 369.
1. Physeter tursio.
Physeter tursio, _Linn._, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 212; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.
Inhab. North Sea, Scotland (_Sibbald_, 1687). Length 52 or 53 feet.
2. KOGIA.
Kogia, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 215, 386, 391; _Flower_,
_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 114.
Head moderate, blunt and high in front; left blower only open. Skull
short and broad; the septum that divides the crown of the skull very
sinuous, folded so as to form a funnel-shaped cavity.
1. Kogia breviceps.
Kogia breviceps, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 217, 391; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 4.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.
Perhaps the next is the same species.
2. Kogia Macleayii.
B.M.
Kogia Macleayii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 391; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.
Physeter simus, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 30, t.
10, 11, 12, 13, ♀ (not skeleton, t. 11. f. 2).
Inhab. Australia, India. Length 10 feet, young.
The difference between _Kogia_ and _Euphysetes_ does not depend on the
sex of the animals. Mr. Krefft described a male, and Professor Owen a
female specimen; the latter mistook the two drawings of the same specimen
for the two sexes, deceived by certain additions surreptitiously made to
Mr. Elliot’s drawings; but the additions, especially the penis, are not
represented on the plates, and the artist (Mr. Willis) says he received
no directions to leave out any part of the drawing, and accurately copied
them. The measurements given in the paper do not agree with those in Mr.
Elliot’s notes made from the living animal; and reference to them would
have prevented all this confusion.
3. EUPHYSETES.
Euphysetes, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 215, 386, 392; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.
Head moderate, blunt and high in front. Skull short and broad. The septum
that divides the cavity of the crown of the skull simple, longitudinal,
only slightly curved.
Vertebræ 51: cervical 7 (all united into one mass), dorsal 14, caudal 40.
Basihyal broad and flat, as in _Catodon_.
1. Euphysetes Grayii.
Euphysetes Grayii, _MacLeay_; _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 218, 392;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.
Physeter simus, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. t. 11. f.
2 (skeleton only).
Inhab. Australia.
Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA.
Susuoidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.
Head beaked. Nostrils longitudinal, each covered with a valve (the right
often obliterated). Teeth in upper and lower jaws, compressed. Crown of
skull covered with a bony arch. Pectoral fin broad, truncate. Fingers 4,
nearly equal, the outer the shortest.
Family 8. PLATANISTIDÆ.
Platanistidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 220; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.
Platanistinæ, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 114.
Head long-beaked. Jaws slender, compressed. Skull—crown covered with the
converging arch and reflexed edges of the maxillaries.
“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular
articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical
vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode of
arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long and narrow;
both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. Symphysis of mandible
very long, exceeding half the length of the entire ramus. Orbit very
small. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large.
Dorsal fin rudimentary. Maxillary bones supporting large bony incurved
crests. No cingulum or tubercle at the base of the crown of the teeth.
Pectoral fins truncated. Visual organs rudimentary. External respiratory
aperture longitudinal, linear.”—_Flower._
1. PLATANISTA.
Platanista, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 221; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 4.
Vertebræ 51: cervical 7, all separate; dorsal 11; lumbar 8; caudal 25.
1. Platanista gangetica.
Platanista gangetica, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 223; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p 4.
Inhab. India, Ganges.
2. Platanista Indi.
Platanista Indi, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 224; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.
Inhab. India, Indus.
Division II. _Nostrils both united into a single central transverse or
crescent-shaped blower on the back of the crown_ (cf. p. 57).
Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.
Delphinoidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.
Nostrils two, united into a single central transverse or crescentic
blower on the back of the crown. Teeth in both jaws, permanent, or rarely
deciduous by age. Pectoral fin lanceolate, ovate, or truncated. Head
generally beaked. Dorsal fin falcate or wanting. Skull beaked; maxillary
bone spread out over the orbit.
I. _Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side. Fingers
elongate, longer than the arm-bones, unequal; the second and third much
the longest; the rest short. Forearm-bones close together, only separated
by a straight line. Carpal bones moderate, 5 or 7_ (cf. p. 85).
A. _Pectoral fin on the side of the body. Second and third fingers of six
or eight phalanges_ (cf. p. 82).
Family 9. INIIDÆ.
Iniidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 226; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 4.
Platanistidæ (Iniinæ), _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi.
p. 114.
Fluviatile. Head beaked; beak bristly. Teeth in the jaws, rugulose,
crowns with an internal lobe; permanent. Pectoral fin large, elongate,
subfalcate. Back keeled behind, without any dorsal fin. Skull—jaw
compressed; symphysis of lower jaw elongate, extending for more than half
its length. Overlooking the form of the blower, Mr. Flower places this
genus with Platanistidæ.
Vertebræ 41. C. 7. D. 13. L. 3. C. 18. The smallest number of any
Cetacean known.
“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular
articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical
vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode of
arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long and narrow,
both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. Symphysis of mandible
very long, exceeding half the length of the entire ramus. Orbit very
small. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large.
Dorsal fin rudimentary.”—_Flower._
“Maxillary crests absent, or very slightly developed. Many of the teeth
with a complete cingulum or a distinct tubercle at the base of the crown.
Pectoral fin ovate, obtusely pointed.”—_Flower._
1. INIA.
Inia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 226; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4;
_Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87.
Cervical vertebræ free: the first with an inferior posterior process,
bifid at the end; lateral processes very short: the second with a strong
dorsal process. Dorsal vertebræ with very high dorsal processes. Scapula
very high, with very long acromion and coracoid processes. The arm-bone
short. Forearms thick and short, scarcely so long as the upper arm-bone.
Metacarpal bones seven, imbedded in cartilage. The second and third
fingers very long, with six phalanges; the first finger very short, of
two phalanges; the fourth strong, short, about as long as the first two
phalanges of the third finger, of four phalanges; the fifth finger very
short, slender, of three phalanges. The breast-bone ovate, scutate,
notched in front.
1. Inia Geoffroyii.
Inia Geoffroyii, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 226, 393; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 4; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87, t. 25,
26, 27 (skeleton).
Delphinus amazonicus, _Spix_, _Reise in Brasil._ t. iii. pp.
1119 and 1113, fig. 34 (bad).
Inia Geoffrensis, _D’Orbigny_, _in Ann. Mus. Paris_, vol. iii.
p. 23; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. xxxii.
Inhab. Brazil, river Amazon.
“The number of the teeth in the different specimens of _Inia_ examined
shows a considerable range of variation, presuming that they all belong
to one species. In the one now described there are R. 26, L. 26 / R.
25, L. 27 = 104. The larger specimen in the British Museum, from Ega,
has 28-28/26-27 = 109, and also two minute rudimentary teeth in the gum
behind the last in the left maxilla. In the smaller skull from the same
place there are 29-26/28-27 = 110. In the skull in the Paris Museum,
brought by D’Orbigny, there are, according to Gervais, 33-33/33-33 =
132; but in the type specimen in the same museum, taken from Lisbon, the
number is given by De Bainville as 26-26/26-26 = 104. In the Berlin skull
the teeth are 34-32/33-32 = 131. Von Martius, in his diagnosis of the
species, gives 28-28/29-29 = 114.”—_Flower._
Family 10. DELPHINIDÆ.
Delphinidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 228, 393; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 113.
Head beaked. Teeth in both jaws, conical or compressed, permanent,
without any internal lobe, occupying nearly the whole length of the jaws.
Back rounded, with a falcate dorsal fin; rarely absent. Skull with the
maxilla expanded over the orbit, and more or less turned up on the edges.
“Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitular
articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of the
vertebræ by the tubercle. Anterior (2-6) cervical, in most, ankylosed
together. Pterygoid bones short, thin, involuted to form, with a process
of the palatine bone, the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus.
Numerous teeth in both jaws (_Monodon_ excepted), sometimes deciduous.
Symphysis of mandible short or moderate, never exceeding one-third the
length of the ramus. Bones of the skull not raised into a distinct crest
behind the anterior nares. Orbit of moderate size. Lachrymal bones not
distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs varying much in form and size.
Dorsal fin usually present.”—_Flower._
Tribe I. _STENONINA._
Stenonina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.
Head beaked, teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, slender,
compressed. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw elongate.
1. STENO.
Steno, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, pp. 230, 232, 393, 394;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.
Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis of the
lower jaw long. Marine and fluviatile. “Pectoral fin moderately long,
triangular, obtusely pointed at the end. First digit short, without any
bony phalange; the second with six, the third five, the fourth two,
and the fifth one phalange. The carpal bones all separated by broad
cartilages. Scapula oblique, truncated at the posterior angle. Acromion
broad, and coracoid rather small.”—_Flower._
a. _Skull large, solid; the beak compressed, high._
* _Teeth large, conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin
of the jaw._
1. Steno frontatus.
B.M.
Steno frontatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 233. n. 3; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 5, t. 21. f. 7, 8.
Beak of the skull short; the front part thick, high, and blunt. Teeth
24·24, large, two in an inch.
Inhab. Indian Ocean.
2. Steno compressus.
B.M.
Steno compressus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 233. n. 4; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 5, t. 27.
Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, attenuated in front. Teeth 26·26,
large, two in an inch (Zool. E. & T. t. 27).
Inhab. South Sea.
_Steno rostratus_ appears to belong to this section.
** _Teeth three in an inch._
3. Steno chinensis.
Delphinus chinensis, _Osbeck’s China_; _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._
p. 266.
Delphinus sinenis, _Desmarest_, _Mam._ p. 514; _Flower_,
_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vii. p. 151, t. 17, 18 (skeleton).
Vertebræ 51:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 10. C. 22.
Inhab. China, Canton (_Osbeck_), Formosa (_Swinhoe_).
b. _Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated, about
four or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw._
* _Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute in
front. Teeth four in an inch._
4. Steno capensis.
B.M.
Steno capensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 394. n. 4**; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.
5. Steno lentiginosus.
B.M.
Steno lentiginosus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 394. n. 4**; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 5. f.
2, 3.
Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). Skull, B.M.
1. Steno roseiventris, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 233. no. 2.
Inhab. Moluccas. Skull not seen by me.
** _Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute in
front. Teeth five in an inch. Flesh-coloured. Fluviatile._ Tucuxa.
6. Steno tucuxi.
B.M.
Steno tucuxi, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 236, 394; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. Brazil, river Amazons, 1500 miles from the sea (_Bates_).
See also _S. (?) fluviatilis_ and _S. (?) pallidus_, Gray, _l. c._ p.
237; same locality, if distinct.
*** _Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly
compressed on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch._ Stenella.
7. Steno attenuatus.
B.M.
Steno attenuatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 235, 395; _Syn. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. India.
The beak of the skull flattened (Zool. E. & T. t. 28).
This section is nearly intermediate between _Steno_ and _Clymenia_.
8. Steno fuscus.
B.M.
Steno fuscus, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 26. f.
1.
Only known from a fœtus in spirits.
2. Steno? brevimanus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 236.
Inhab. Banda, Singapore. Teeth 36/36.
3. Steno? coronatus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 238.
Inhab. Spitzbergen (_Fréminville_). Not seen since 1806, and no remains
of it in any museum.
4. Steno? rostratus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 238.
Dauphin de Breda, _Cuvier_, _Oss. Foss._ vol v. p. 400.
Inhab. North Sea.
2. SOTALIA.
Sotalia, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 393, 401; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 6.
Dorsal fin distinct. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-cavity.
Teeth slender, conical. Palate flat behind. Pectoral fin ovate, obliquely
truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-bones. Carpal bones
small. Scapula broad. Acromion broad.
Vertebræ 55:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 14. C. 22.
Scarcely distinct from _Steno_.
1. Sotalia guianensis.
Sotalia guianensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 401; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 6.
Tursio guianensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 257.
Delphinus guianensis, _Van Beneden_, _Mém. Acad. Brux._ p. 27,
t. 2 (skeleton), tom. xvi. tab. 2. figs. 1 and 2.
Inhab. British Guiana.
Teeth 28 or 29. Pectoral fin very broad: fingers five; the index the
longest, the thumb and little finger the least developed. The caudal
vertebræ very strong. The first two of the cervical vertebræ united, the
five others separate. Sternum in three pieces.
Tribe II. DELPHININA.
Delphinina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.
Head beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, longer than the
brain-cavity, depressed, broad, shelving on the sides. Nasal triangle
short. Symphysis of the lower jaw very short, sloping. Dorsal fin
subcentral, rarely wanting.
a. _Beak elongate. Palate with a deep groove on each side behind._
3. DELPHINUS.
Delphinus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 230, 239, 393; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.
Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small, slender, five or six in
an inch. Fingers elongate, unequal; the second much the longest, 8- or
9-jointed; third elongate, about three-fourths the length; the rest short.
Fœtus and tongue figured, t. 26. f. 2 of Synops. Whales and Dolph.
* _Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth 55/55 or 56/56._
1. Delphinus longirostris.
B.M.
Delphinus longirostris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 241. no. 2; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. Southern Ocean; Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Malabar.
** _Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth
45/45 to 50/50._
2. Delphinus delphis.
B.M.
Delphinus delphis, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 242 (n. 3), 396;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Reinhardt_, _Vidensk. Meddel._
1866, t. 1.
Black, sides grey, beneath white.
Inhab. North Sea; North Atlantic; Mediterranean.
Vertebræ 75:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 24. C. 31.
3. Delphinus Moorei.
Delphinus Moorei, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 396, fig. 99; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. South Atlantic.
4. Delphinus major.
B.M.
Delphinus major, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 396; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. ⸺?
5. Delphinus Walkeri.
Delphinus Walkeri, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 397, fig. 100; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. South Atlantic.
Burmeister (‘Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,’ i. p. 306) erroneously considers
it a synonym of _D. microps_, which is a _Clymenia_.
6. Delphinus Janira.
B.M.
Delphinus Janira, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 245, 398; _Zool. Ereb. &
Terror_, t. 23; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 23.
Inhab. Newfoundland.
7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus.
B.M.
Delphinus fulvifasciatus, _Pucheran_, _Voy. Dumont d’Urville,
Mamm._ t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skull); _Gray_, _Cat. Seals
& Whales_, p. 252.
Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.
8. Delphinus obliquidens.
Delphinus obliquidens, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._
1869, p. 12.
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.
Philad._ 1865, p. 177.
Inhab. North Pacific. Bottle-nose.
9. Delphinus pomeegra.
B.M.
Delphinus pomeegra, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 6. f. 3,
t. 8; _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.
Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_) Skull, Brit. Mus.
10. Delphinus Forsteri.
Delphinus Forsteri, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t.
24 (copied from _Forster’s drawing_).
Skull not known.
b. _Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove._
4. CLYMENIA.
Clymene, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 249; _P. Z. S._
1864, p. 237, 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal triangle
moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin falcate; hand larger than
the forearm-bones. Skull elongate, slender; brain-case spherical; beak
slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case; intermaxillaries convex.
Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch. The symphysis of the lower
jaw short. The blowers are moderate.
* _Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in an
inch._ Micropia.
1. Clymenia stenorhyncha.
B.M.
Clymene stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Delphinus stenorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 396. n. 1*.
Delphinus microps, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 240.
** _Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the
brain-cavity. Teeth six in an inch._ Euphrosyne.
2. Clymenia microps.
B.M.
Clymene microps, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia microps, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Delphinus microps, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 240, 395; _Zool.
Ereb. & Ter._ t. 25.
Inhab. Coast of Brazil.
3. Clymenia Alope.
B.M.
Clymene Alope, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia Alope, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 32.
Delphinus Alope, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 252, 399.
Inhab. Cape Horn.
4. Clymenia Styx.
B.M.
Delphinus Styx, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 250.
Clymenia Styx, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 21.
Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific.
5. Clymenia Euphrosyne.
B.M.
Clymene Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t.
22 & t. 31.
Delphinus Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 251; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 22.
Inhab. North Sea.
*** _Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case.
Teeth large, four in an inch._ Gadamu.
6. Clymenia gadamu.
B.M.
Clymenia gadamu, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Delphinus gadamu, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 3
(animal), & t. 4 (skull).
Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). Two skulls, Brit. Mus.
**** _Beak of the skull once and a half or once and one-third the length
of the brain-case. Teeth five or six in an inch._ Clymenia.
7. Clymenia normalis.
B.M.
Clymene normalis, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.
Clymenia normalis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Delphinus Clymene, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 249.
Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case, and as
long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth 40, nearly six
in an inch.
***** _Beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain-case,
and as long as twice and a half the width at the notch. Teeth five in an
inch._
8. Clymenia Doris.
B.M.
Tursio Doris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 255; _Zool. Ereb. & Ter._ t.
20.
Clymenia Doris, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 20.
Clymene Doris, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.
9. Clymenia euphrosynoides.
B.M.
Clymenia euphrosynoides, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Delphinus Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _l. c._ t. 31 (skull); _Owen_,
_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 8. f. 5.
****** _Beak of the skull once and one-third the length of the brain-case,
and as long as twice and one-third the width at the notch. Teeth five
in an inch._
10. Clymenia dorides.
B.M.
Tursio dorides, _Gray_, _Cat. S. &. W._ p. 400.
Clymene dorides, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215.
Clymenia dorides, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Inhab. ⸺?
******* _Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the length of the brain-case,
and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth five or
six in an inch. The aperture of the blower large._
11. Clymenia obscura. (Fig. 3.)
B.M.
Tursio obscurus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 264, 400; _Zool. E.
& T._ t. 16.
Clymene obscura, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 147,
fig. 1.
Clymenia obscura, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 16
(skull).
Inhab. South Pacific.
[Illustration: Pterygoid bones and hinder nasal opening of skull.
Fig. 3. _Clymenia obscura._
Fig. 4. _Clymenia similis._]
12. Clymenia similis. (Fig. 4.)
B.M.
Clymene similis, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 147, fig. 2.
Clymenia similis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Skull like _C. obscura_, but palate contracted behind; side of pterygoid
bone keeled.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.
******** ⸺?
13. Clymenia crotaphiscus.
Clymenia crotaphiscus, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._
1865, p. 13.
Supraoccipital rounded in profile; diameter of temporal fossa shorter
than the preorbital process; beak very flat, two and a half times the
breadth at notch; a keel in front of the nasal meatus.
Inhab. Unknown.
14. Clymenia esthenops.
Clymenia esthenops, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._ 1865,
p. 12.
Outline from foramen to crest curved; cranium rounded; temporal fossa
much longer than the postorbital process; width of the muzzle at notch
two and a half times or less in the length.
Inhab. Unknown.
_Var._ Width of muzzle at notch nearly three times in the length;
triangle long.
Inhab. Unknown.
5. DELPHINAPTERUS.
Delphinapterus, _Gray_, _Cat, Seals & Whales,_ p, 276; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Dorsal fin none.
Bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular.
1. Delphinapterus Peronii.
Delphinapterus Peronii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 276; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 6, t. 15 (animal).
Inhab. South Atlantic, New Guinea.
c. _Beak short, thick. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove._
6. TURSIO.
Tursio, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 254, 400; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.
_Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case, conical,
convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high. The skull large, thick,
heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity._ The beak rather longer than the
brain-case, broad, conical, stout, shelving on the sides. Teeth large,
22/22 or 22/25. The blower large. Nasal triangle produced considerably
before the notch.
[Illustration: Fig. 5. Skull of _Tursio truncatus_ (♂), adult.
Fig. 6. Under surface of the upper jaw, showing the worn surface.]
Vertebræ 62:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 17. C. 25.
Second finger very long; third shorter. Breast-bone formed of three
pieces, linear, dilated in front.
1. Tursio truncatus. (Figs. 5 & 6.)
B.M.
Tursio truncatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 258, 400. no. 6; _P. Z.
S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 561, figs. 1, 2; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 6, (D. tursio) t. 10. f. 1.
Tursiops tursio, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 34. figs. 3-9.
Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean. Coast of France and Cette (_Gervais_).
2. Tursio erebennus.
Delphinus erebennus, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._
Delphinus tursio, _Cope_, _l. c._ 1865, p. 199.
Teeth. 23/22; premaxillaries forming an elevated rounded ridge.
Inhab. Philadelphia.
3. Tursio Metis.
B.M.
Tursio Metis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 256. no. 3; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 18; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 362; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 18.
Inhab. West Africa.
4. Tursio Cymodoce.
B.M.
Tursio Cymodoce, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 257. no. 4; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 19; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 7, t. 19.
Inhab. River Uragua. Mus. Buenos Ayres.
5. Tursio abusalam.
Tursio abusalam, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 261. no. 7.
Tursiops aduncus, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 34. figs. 1 & 2.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_Gervais_); Red Sea (_Ehrenberg_).
Rather larger than _Tursiops tursio_. Teeth acute.
6. Tursio Eurynome.
B.M.
Tursio Eurynome, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 261. no. 8; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 17; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 7, t. 17.
Inhab. South Sea; India?, Bay of Bengal.
7. Tursio catalania.
B.M.
Tursio catalania, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 262. no. 10; _P. Z. S._
1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.
Inhab. North-west coast of Australia.
These skulls are all very much alike.
7. EUTROPIA.
Eutropia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 262; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.
Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case. Skull
depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind the notch. The
beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather longer than the
length of the brain-case; the intermaxillaries flat, rather broad. Teeth
small, slender, five or six in an inch.
The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of _Phocæna_,
_Neomeris_, _Beluga_, and _Monodon_ in the bending down of the sides.
1. Eutropia Dickiei.
B.M.
Eutropia Dickiei, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 34.
Tursio Eutropia, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1862, p. 145; _Cat. S. &
W._ p. 262, no. 9.
Inhab. South Pacific Ocean, Chili.
2. Eutropia Heavisidii.
B.M.
Eutropia Heavisidii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.
Tursio Heavisidii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 263.
Cephalorhynchus Heavisidii, _Gervais_, _Ost. Cét._ tab. 36.
fig. 1 (skull).
Inhab. Cape seas.
Vertebræ 65:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 15. C. 30.
The _D. cephalorhynchus_ of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of the
skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus.
See _Stigmatias_ (_Amblyodon_), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866,
p. 294.
Tribe III. LAGENORHYNCHINA.
Lagenorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 267; _Gervais_,
_Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36.
Lagenorhynchina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.
Head attenuated, beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull as long as the
length of the brain-case, broad, flat above, edges slightly reflexed and
bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate. Symphysis of the
lower jaw short.
8. ELECTRA.
Electra, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 268; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 7.
The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of the
notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of the notch.
* _Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length of
the brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those of the lower jaw
rather larger._
1. Electra obtusa.
B.M.
Lagenorhynchus Electra, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 268; _P. Z. S._
1866, p. 216; _Zool. E. & T._ t. 13.
Electra obtusa, _Gray_, _Synopsis of Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t.
13 (skull).
Beak tapering, rounded in front.
Inhab. ⸺?
2. Electra Asia.
B.M.
Lagenorhynchus Asia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 269. no. 3; _Zool. E. &
T._ t. 14; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ tab. 36. fig. 6.
Electra Asia, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 14
(skull).
Beak attenuated, acute in front.
Inhab. ⸺?
3. Electra fusiformis.
B.M.
Electra fusiformis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.
Delphinus fusiformis, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 5. f.
1, t. 7 (skull).
Beak broad, and rounded in front.
Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). B.M.
4. Electra acuta.
Electra acuta, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.
Lagenorhynchus acutus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 270. no. 4.
Delphinus Eschrichti, _Poelman_, _Ac. Roy. Belgique_, 1864,
vol. xvii. t. 1.
Inhab. North Sea.
According to Schlegel’s figure of the skull, it should be arranged in
this section.
5. Electra breviceps.
Lagenorhynchus breviceps, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ tab. 36.
fig. 3.
Inhab. ⸺?
** _Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-cavity.
Teeth small, five or six in an inch._
6. Electra clancula.
B.M.
Electra clancula, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 35.
Lagenorhynchus clanculus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 271. no. 5;
_Hector_, _Trans. New-Zealand Instit._ 1870, p. 27.
Beak of the skull broad behind, once and three-fourths the width of the
notch in length. Teeth five in an inch.
Inhab. South Pacific Ocean.
In the Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, a complete skeleton.
ft. in.
Total length 5 1·0
Cervical vertebræ seven, anchylosed 0 1·3
Dorsals fourteen 0 11·5
Lumbar and caudal forty-eight, thirty-four of which have processes, and
may be considered lumbars.
in.
Skull:—
Length, total 14·0
Length of beak 7·5
Width at notch 3·5
Width at orbits 6·0
Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole 2·7
Width at middle of beak 2·5
Height of occiput 5·7
Length of flappers 12·0
Scapula, transverse diameter 4·5
Scapula, longitudinal diameter 6·5
This specimen was harpooned outside Wellington Harbour, and appears to be
the common Dolphin of the coast.
Lower jaws of two others.
7. Electra crucigera.
Lagenorhynchus cruciger, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36.
fig. 3.
8. Electra thicolea.
B.M.
Electra thicolea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 36.
Lagenorhynchus thicolea, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 271. no. 7.
Beak of the skull narrow behind, twice as long as the width at the notch.
Teeth small, six in an inch.
Inhab. West coast of North America.
9. FERESA.
Orca (Feresa), _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 77.
The beak of the skull from the notch rather shorter than from the notch
to the condyle, depressed, flat above, gradually tapering in front; the
width at the notch two-thirds of the entire length of the beak. Lower jaw
slender, narrow and thin in front, teeth not reaching the notch.
This reexamination has convinced me, and also, I believe, Mr. Flower,
that the skull described under the name of _Orca intermedia_ belongs to
a very small species, and is not “the skull of a very young individual,
probably of one of the large species,” as Mr. Flower supposed, apparently
from the examination of the figure (see Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 425).
Indeed, when the animal is known, I should not be at all astonished if
it should prove to be a species of _Electra_ rather than of _Orca_, or
perhaps a new genus.
This skull has many resemblances to those of some of the species of
_Electra_; the teeth are much smaller than those of _Orca_.
1. Feresa intermedia.
B.M.
Orca intermedia, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; _Zool.
Erebus and Terror_, p. 34, tab. 8 (skull); _P. Z. S._ 1870, p.
77.
Inhab. ⸺?
This is the skull of a full-grown animal, and yet it is not so large as
the skull of a newly born specimen of _Orca_. Mr. Flower, judging from
the figure, believed it to be the skull of a very young animal; but on
examining the skull along with me he became satisfied, from the solidity
and definite form of the bones, that it is the skull of a full-grown
though not aged specimen.
10. LEUCOPLEURUS.
Leucopleurus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 216; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 7.
Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the edge in
front of the notch, narrow behind, as long as, or slightly longer than,
the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch.
Teeth small, five in an inch. First and second cervical vertebræ united
by their bodies, third and fourth by the spinous processes.
Vertebræ 81:—C. 7. D. 15. L. and C. 59.
1. Leucopleurus arcticus.
B.M.
Leucopleurus arcticus, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7,
t. 6. f. 3-5 (fœtus), t. 12 (skull), t. 26. f. 3 (tongue).
Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 273. no.
9; _Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 36. fig. 4.
Beak of the skull twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth small,
five in an inch.
Inhab. North Sea.
11. LAGENORHYNCHUS.
Lagenorhynchus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 216; _Cat. S. & W._
p. 272; _Synops. Whales &. Dolph._ p. 7.
Beak of the skull rather flat above, bent up on the edges in front of the
notch, deep, broad behind, rather shorter than the length of brain-case.
Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch, large, three in an inch. First
and second cervical vertebræ united by their bodies; the third, fourth,
fifth, sixth, and seventh free.
Vertebræ 88:—C. 7. D. 14. L. and C. 67.
1. Lagenorhynchus albirostris.
B.M.
Lagenorhynchus albirostris, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 272. no.
8; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8, t. 10. f. 2, t. 11 (skull);
_Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36. fig. 5.
The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at the notch.
Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth.
Tribe IV. _PSEUDORCAINA._
Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of
the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity.
12. PSEUDORCA.
Pseudorca, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8.
Head rounded, convex; body moderate; dorsal fin moderate, in the centre
of the back; arm-bones very short and thick, the humerus rather the
shortest.
Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute,
permanent. Pectoral fin falcate. Arm-bone short, broad. Metacarpal
bones five, close together. Fingers very unequal, second and third much
longer than the rest, six- or seven-jointed; first finger very short,
two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather longer than the
first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of the upper jaw
nearly to the notch; of the lower jaw rather shorter. Lower jaw strong.
Symphysis short, about as long as the space occupied by the first four
teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple.
Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 9. C. 24.
The first to the sixth cervical vertebræ united by their bodies and
dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, with large coracoid and acromion
processes, which are much nearer together than usual.
* _Beak blunt, truncated in front._ Pseudorca.
1. Pseudorca crassidens.
Pseudorca crassidens, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 290. no. 1;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t.
50. f. 7-17.
Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad, rather
tapering on the sides, truncated in front; teeth 8.
Inhab. North Sea.
** _Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front._ Neoorca.
2. Pseudorca meridionalis.
B.M.
Pseudorca meridionalis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 291. no. 2, figs.
58, 59; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr.
Cét._ t. 50.
Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and rounded in
front. Teeth 8.
Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.
13. ORCAELLA.
Orcaella, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 285; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p.
7.
Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin moderate,
more or less behind the middle of the back; the pectoral fin broad.
Skull:—brain-case subglobular; beak very short, two-thirds the length
of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermaxillary half as wide as
beak. Teeth small, conical, 12·12 / 12·12 or 14·14 / 14·14.
1. Orcaella brevirostris.
B.M.
Orcaella brevirostris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 285; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 7; _Anderson’s Icon. ined._ (animal and skull).
Phocæna brevirostris, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 9.
Globiocephalus indicus (part.), _Blyth_.
Black; body stout; dorsal fin subcentral.
Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (_Dr. Anderson_); Madras (_Elliot_).
2. Orcaella fluminalis.
Orcaella fluminalis, _Anderson’s MS. & Icon. ined._
Dolphin of the Irawady, _Anderson_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, pp. 220,
544.
“Body slender, dirty white; dorsal fin more posterior.”
Inhab. River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 miles from the sea
(_Dr. Anderson_).
Tribe V. PHOCÆNINA.
Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Triangle in
front of the blower convex. Teeth compressed.
14. PHOCÆNA.
Phocæna, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 301; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small
spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed,
truncate.
Vertebræ 64 to 66:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 44 to 46.
1. Phocæna communis.
Phocæna communis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 302; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
Var.? Phocæna tuberculifera, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 304.
Inhab. North Sea.
1. Phocæna brachycium, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil._ 1865,
p. 6; 1869, p. 28.
Inhab. Harbour of Salem.
2. Phocæna vomerina, _Gill_, _Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad._ 1865;
_Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad._ 1869, p. 13.
Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise.
15. ACANTHODELPHIS.
Acanthodelphis, _Gray_, _l. c._ 304; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 8.
Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back, in front
of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the front edge
of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled tubercles. Teeth
compressed, front one rather conical.
1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis.
Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 304; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 8.
Phocæna spinipinnis, _Burmeister_, _Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres_,
vol. i. t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull).
Inhab. Coast of Brazil.
16. NEOMERIS.
Neomeris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 306; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p.
8.
Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly notched in
the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate. The blade bone
triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion process. The forearm-bones
close together, linear. Metacarpal bones five, large. The hand rather
large; the second and third fingers elongate, nearly equal, as long as
the arm-bones, the fourth finger shorter, the first shorter, and the
fifth very short.
Vertebræ 63:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 43.
1. Neomeris phocænoides.
Neomeris phocænoides, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 306; _Synops, Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
“Delphinapterus molagan,” _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p.
24, a name given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s!
Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan.
Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed figure of
the skull, the dorsal vertebræ, the chest-bone, and the fore limb of this
animal.
B. _Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third
fingers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges_ (cf. p. 63).
Family 11. GRAMPIDÆ.
Head rounded; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical; of upper jaw early
deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short symphysis.
Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back. Pectoral fins
ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral expansions horizontal,
rather thickened and bent up over the orbit and slightly dilated and
bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries dilated, swollen in front of
the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebræ and dorsal processes
united. The arm-bones short. Two middle fingers elongated, subequal, of
eight or nine phalanges; the other fingers very short, of two or three
phalanges. The breast-bone single, broad in front.
1. GRAMPUS.
Grampus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 230, 295, 393; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.
† _Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the
vomer. Bladebone triangular, the height about two-thirds the width. Beak
of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its length._
1. Grampus Rissoanus.
Grampus Rissoanus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 298;
_Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 54. figs. 1-6; _Murie_, _Journ.
Anat. & Physiol._ 1870, v. p. 129, t. 5 (good).
Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the front;
intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the height
three-fourths the width.
Inhab. Nice.
2. Grampus Cuvieri.
B.M.
Grampus Cuvieri, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 295, fig. 60; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.
Grampus griseus, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 54. figs. 1-6.
Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire.
†† _Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad._
3. Grampus Richardsonii.
Grampus Richardsonii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 299; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.
Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ.
Globiocephalidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 313; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both jaws,
cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the tooth-line.
Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body;
fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of cervical vertebræ
united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular, with large coracoid
and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short. Metacarpal bones in
cartilage. The two middle fingers very long, of twelve to ten joints;
the rest of the fingers short, of three or four phalanges; index finger
short, slender, four-jointed; ring-finger shorter, three-jointed; little
finger very short, of one phalange. Breast-bone of three separate pierced
pieces; the hinder one narrow.
1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS.
Globiocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 313; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
Skull:—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth
cervical vertebræ anchylosed into one mass, seventh free.
Vertebræ 58 or 59:—C. 7. D. 11. L. and C. 40 or 41.
* _Black, with a white streak beneath._
1. Globiocephalus svineval.
B.M.
Globiocephalus svineval, _Gray_, _l. c._ 314; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale.
1. Globiocephalus melas, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 51.
Delphinus globiceps, _Risso_, _Europe Mérid._ vol. iii. f. 1.
Inhab. Mediterranean.
2. Globiocephalus affinis, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 317.
Inhab. North Sea.
3. Globiocephalus intermedius, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 318.
Globiocephalus, n. sp., _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil._
1865, p. 7.
Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above.
4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 320.
Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope.
5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis.
Globiocephalus intermedius, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t.
(skull).
Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p.
319.
Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris.
2. Globiocephalus Grayi.
Globiocephalus Grayi, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1868,
i. p. 52, t. 2. f. 2, 3; _Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres_; _Gray_,
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.
Inhab. Buenos Ayres.
** _Black, or only slightly paler beneath._
3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus.
B.M.
Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 320; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 9; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 52. f. 4;
_Hector_, _Trans. New-Zealand Instit._ 1870, p. 38.
Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (_Gervais_).
“Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand, one in
longitudinal section; one lower jaw; six cervical, four lumbar, thirteen
caudal vertebræ; two scapulæ; two hyoids. Both skulls are of the same
dimensions:—
inches.
“Length 26
Length of nose 15
Length of tooth-series 8
Length of lower jaw 15
(This is of a different individual.)
Width at notch 11
Width at orbit 17
Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole 7·5
Width at middle of nose 9·5
Height of occiput 14
Scapula, transverse diameter 15
Scapula, longitudinal diameter 12
“Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high.
“Sternum 10 × 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches long.
“The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an arch of
5 inches.
“The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The compound
cervicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical diameter of
foramen magnum 2½ inches. Conjoined length of the four lumbers 8 inches;
height, including spinous processes, 8·5 inches. Caudal apparatus,
of thirteen segments, 16 inches; two of these are anchylosed. Teeth
9-9/8-8”.—_Hector._
6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. N. S. Philad._
1869, p. 11.
Black above and below.
Inhab. North Pacific.
7. Globiocephalus australis.
Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney.
8. Globiocephalus indicus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 322.
Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish.
9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323.
Inhab. Japan.
10. Globiocephalus chinensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323.
Inhab. China.
11. Globiocephalus sibo, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323 (_sub_ G.
Sieboldii).
Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot behind the
dorsal fin.
2. SPHÆROCEPHALUS.
Sphærocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.
Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong, of nearly
the same width the greater part of its length.
1. Sphærocephalus incrassatus.
B.M.
Sphærocephalus incrassatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 324, figs. 63 &
64; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.
Inhab. British Channel, Bridport.
II. _Pectoral fin broad, rounded or truncated at the end; hand shorter
than the arm-bones; second finger the longest, the rest gradually
shorter; phalanges of the second finger six or eight_ (cf. p. 63).
Family 13. ORCADÆ.
Orca, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 278; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin falcate. Skull heavy; wings of
sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of the blowers flat.
Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short. Teeth large.
[Illustration: Fig. 7.
_Orca stenorhyncha._]
[Illustration: Fig. 8.
_Orca capensis._]
[Illustration: Fig. 9.
_Orca stenorhyncha._]
[Illustration: Fig. 10.
_Orca capensis._]
Vertebræ 51 or 52:—C. 7. D. 11 or 12. L. and C. 33.
The first three cervical vertebræ united into one mass by their bodies
and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral fin broad and
rounded at the end. “Carpal bone single, in a large mass of cartilage.”
1. ORCA.
Orca, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 70.
Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length as
from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three-fifths of
the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull slightly concave.
Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on the sides, very thick and
solid in front.
A. _The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow._
Gladiator.
1. Orca stenorhyncha. (Figs. 7 & 9.)
B.M.
Orca stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3
(skull).
Orca gladiator, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 279.
Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from the English
coast. B.M.
Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front; but
the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens.
The examination of the four skulls of _Orca_ found on the English coast
show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much more
attenuated beak than the other.
B. _Beak of the skull spatulate; sides of the hinder half nearly
parallel, of the front half arched and converging; end rounded, middle
rather wider than at the notch._ Orca.
2. Orca capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.)
B.M.
Orca capensis, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; P. Z. S.
1870, p. 71, figs. 2 & 4.
Delphinus orca, _Owen_.
Grampus gladiator, _Smith_, _South-African Zool._ p. 126.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_Viney_, B.M.; _Villette_, Mus. Coll. Surg. no.
1139); Seychelles Islands (_Swinburne Ward_).
In the Cape specimen the intermaxillaries are nearly of the same width in
the whole of their length; in the Seychelles skull they are contracted in
the greater part of their length, and rather dilated in front.
Mr. Swinburne Ward has kindly sent a very beautiful skull of a “Killer”
taken in the sea near the Seychelle Islands.
To determine this skull I have been induced to compare the skulls of the
genus in the British Museum, which it is very necessary to do from time
to time, as specimens gradually accumulate, and often arrive when I am
occupied on other subjects, and consequently are put aside for future
examination.
In this examination I have observed that in the ‘Catalogue of Seals and
Whales’ I have confounded with the skull described under the name of
_Orca capensis_ one from the North Pacific, the former being the true
_Orca capensis_, and the skull now received from the Seychelles Islands
being of the same species.
The skull figured in the ‘Zoology of the Erebus and Terror’ under the
name of _O. capensis_ is from a specimen received from the Zoological
Society, to which it was presented by Capt. Delville, who said he
obtained it in the North Pacific (?). It is quite a different species,
for which I propose the name of _Orca pacifica_. I doubt its being from
the _North_ Pacific, as I believe there is a skull of the same species
in the Paris Museum, collected by M. Eydoux, and said to have come from
Chili.
3. Orca africana.
Orca gladiator, var. australis, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t.
47. f. 2.
Inhab. Algoa Bay.
Skull much smaller, 24 inches long.
4. Orca latirostris.
B.M.
Orca latirostris, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 76.
Orca gladiator, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 48. f. 2, 3.
Delphinus orca, _Cuv._ _Oss. Foss._ v. tab. 22. fig. 4 (skull).
The skull very similar to that of the Cape species, but much smaller;
but the beak is rather narrower, the intermaxillaries moderately broad,
slightly dilated in front.
Inhab. North Sea.
An adult skull from the coast of Essex (361 _a_), and another without the
lower jaw, are in the British Museum.
These skulls of the smaller British, or, rather, European _Orca_ are
distinguishable from those of _O. gladiator_ by the smaller size and
the broader, rounder nose—and from the skulls of the Cape-of-Good-Hope
species by being of a much smaller species, and having a depressed crown
of the head.
I believe the skull figured under the name of _Delphinus orca_ by Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. vol. v. tab. 22. figs. 3, 4, represents this species, from the
form of the beak and the narrowness of the occiput: this figure has been
copied by various British and other authors.
1. Orca gladiator, var. arcticus (O. Eschrichtii), _Gervais_,
_Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 47. fig. 3.
Inhab. Faroe Islands.
2. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t.
47. f. 4.
Orca gladiator, _Gervais_, _l. c._ t. 48. f. 1.
Inhab. the Atlantic.
Skull about 40 inches long.
3. Orca gladiator, var. europæus, _Van Beneden & Gervais_,
_Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 47. f. 5.
Delphinus orca, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléont. Française_, t.
37. f. 3, 4.
Inhab. Mediterranean, Cette.
Skull about 22 inches long. It is about the same size as the _Orca_ from
Algoa Bay; but the brain-cavity is rather broader and the beak is not so
acute in front.
Gervais, in the ‘Zoology and Paleontology of France,’ figures the skull
of a young _Delphinus orca_, taken on the coast of Cette, which is now
in the Museum of Paris. It appears to belong to this species; or it
may be that the _Orca_ of the Mediterranean does not grow to the usual
size; or, again, it may be of a different species; for the skull is only
fifty-eight centimetres long and thirty broad.
5. Orca magellanica.
Orca magellanica, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist._ ser.
3. xviii. p. 101, t. 9. f. 5; _An. Mus. Publ. de Buenos Ayres_,
i. p. 373, tab. 22; _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _P.
Z. S._ 1870, p. 76.
Inhab. Patagonia. Mus. Buenos Ayres.
This species, according to the figure, is very like _Orca latirostris_.
6. Orca tasmanica.
Orca gladiator, var. australis, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t.
47. fig. 1.
Inhab. Tasmania. Skull about 32 inches long.
7. Orca rectipinna.
Orca rectipinna, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1869,
p. 12.
No white spot behind eye.
Inhab. California.
8. Orca atra.
Orca ater, _Cope_, _l. c._ 1869, p. 12.
Black above and below, with white spot behind eye.
Inhab. Oregon, Aleutian Islands.
The following are the measurements of the different skulls of the genus
in the collection of the British Museum; they were carefully taken with
calipers by Mr. Edward Gerrard.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| _O. intermedia._|
| _O. pacifica._| |
| _O. latirostris._| | |
| _O. capensis._| | | |
| _O. stenorhyncha._| | | | |
+---------------------+---------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
| | 361 | 361 | 1065 | 361 | 1065 | 362 |
| | _b_. | _c_. |_b_, _c_.| _a_. | _a_. | _a_. |
| |in. |in. | in. |in. |in. |in. |
| | lin.| lin.| lin.| lin.| lin.| lin.|
|Length from end of | | | | | | |
| nasal to centre of | | | | | | |
| occipital condyle | 35 0 | 37 0 | 39 0 | 33 0 | 36 6 | 14 0 |
|Length | | | | | | |
| of nose | 17 6 | 18 6 | 22 6 | 17 0 | 18 0 | 7 0 |
| of tooth-line | 13 6 | 14 0 | 16 0 | 13 0 | 14 6 | 4 9 |
| of lower jaw | 27 6 | 30 0 | 31 0 | 26 0 | 29 6 | 11 3 |
|Breadth | | | | | | |
| at the notch | 10 6 | 11 0 | 12 0 | 10 0 | 12 6 | 4 9 |
| at the orbit | 18 0 | 19 6 | 20 0 | 18 0 | 21 0 | 8 6 |
| at temple above | 18 0 | 19 6 | 20 0 | 18 0 | 20 0 | 9 0 |
| at middle of beak | 9 0 | 10 0 | 11 0 | 9 6 | 10 0 | 3 6 |
| at intermaxillaries| 3 3 | 3 3 | 4 6 | 3 3 | 3 6 | 0 9 |
+---------------------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
2. OPHYSIA.
Ophysia, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 76; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.
Skull:—beak from the notch before the orbit the same length as from the
notch to the condyle; width at the notch two-thirds the entire length
of the beak. Intermaxillaries very narrow, slightly dilated in front;
brain-cavity broad; occiput deeply concave. Lower jaw very broad on the
sides, very thick and solid in front.
1. Ophysia pacifica.
B.M.
Ophysia pacifica, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 76.
Delphinus globiceps, _Grant_, _P. Z. S._ 1833, p. 65.
Delphinus orca, _Eydoux_, _Mus. Paris_.
Orca capensis, _Gray_, _Zool. Ereb. & Terr._ p. 34, tab. 9, not
_Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t.
48. fig. 1.
Orca (Ophysia) capensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p.
8, tab. 9 (skull).
Inhab. North Pacific (_Capt. Delville, R.N._).
Skull, from the Zoological Society’s collection.
Family 14. BELUGIDÆ.
Beluginæ, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 115.
Head rounded in front. Teeth in both jaws more or less early deciduous,
rarely wanting or, rather, not developed. Back without any dorsal fin.
Pectoral fin small, ovate. Skull with the lateral expansion of the
maxilla over the orbit, and the side of the beak, shelving downwards.
Fingers short; index and middle fingers nearly the same length, the rest
rather shorter; phalanges 2, 5, 6, 4, 3. Cervical vertebræ generally
free; the second with a large dorsal process.
“The Narwhal and the _Beluga_ appear to separate themselves from all
the rest, by certain well-marked structural conditions, especially the
characters of the cervical vertebræ. As these two animals are in almost
every part of their skeleton nearly identical, even to the number of
the vertebræ and phalanges, I am disposed to look upon the exceptional
dentition of the former as an aberration of secondary importance, and to
unite the two genera into a distinct subfamily, placing it next to the
Platanistidæ.”—_Flower_, _l. c._ p. 114.
1. BELUGA.
Beluga, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 231, 306, 393; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.
Lateral wing of the maxilla over the orbit shelving downward. Teeth
conical in both jaws, early deciduous. Male without any spiral horn-like
tooth. Fingers short. Metacarpal bones surrounded with cartilage.
Bladebone with large coracoid and acromion processes. Second cervical
vertebra with a large dorsal process.
Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. and C. 33.
1. Beluga catodon.
B.M.
Beluga catodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 307, fig. 61; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 9, tab. 29. f. 3 (tongue).
Delphinus canadensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ t. 5
(head false, with beak).
Beluga albicans, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 44. f. 1-5.
Delphinapterus, _Lucas_, _Vidensk. Selsk. Skr._ Række 5, Band
ix. tab. 8 (skull and teeth, showing how they are worn).
Inhab. North Sea, mouths of rivers.
1. Beluga rhinodon, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._
1865, p. 5, 1869, p. 13, fig. 1.
Inhab. Arctic seas.
2. Beluga declivis, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._
1865, p. 5, 1869, p. 14.
Inhab. Arctic seas.
3. Beluga angustata, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._
1869, p. 20, figs. 2 & 3.
Beluga concreta, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._ 1865,
p. 5.
Inhab. Arctic seas.
These are probably varieties of _B. catodon_, showing that the attachment
of the cervical vertebræ, the number of ribs, and the form of the
acromion are liable to vary.
4. Beluga canadensis, _Wyman_, _Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist._
1865.
Inhab. Canada.
I believe it to be the same as the former.
2. Beluga Kingii.
Beluga Kingii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 309; _Synops. Whales
&. Dolph._ p. 9, t. 7.
Inhab. Australia.
2. MONODON.
Monodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 231, 310; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.
Monoceros, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 393.
Lateral expansion over the orbit shelving down. Teeth in both jaws very
early deciduous. Male with one, rarely two, very long, projecting, spiral
tusks in the left side of the upper jaw. Cervical vertebræ:—first free,
thin; second and third united by the spinal processes. Bladebone with
large coracoid and acromion processes. Fingers short.
Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 11. L. 6. C. 26.
“In the skeleton of two males in the Museum of the College of Surgeons,
the bodies of the second and third cervical vertebræ are firmly
united.”—_Flower._
1. Monodon monoceros.
B.M.
Monodon monoceros, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 311; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 44. f. 6-9.
Inhab. North Sea.
Family 15. PONTOPORIADÆ.
Head long-beaked. Beak slender, smooth. Nostrils on the nape,
crescent-shaped. Teeth in both jaws permanent, conical, with a swollen
ring round the base. Dorsal fin short, trigonal. Pectoral fin short,
truncated. Fingers 5, nearly equal; the thumb very short, of one joint;
the index finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter to the little
finger. Bladebone broad, with two ridges. Skull long-beaked, the beak
compressed. Lower jaws united together nearly to the base. Cartilages of
ribs ossified.
Vertebræ 42:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 7. C. 18.
1. PONTOPORIA.
Pontoporia, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 230, 231 & 393; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87;
_Burmeister_, _An. Mus. P. Buenos Ayres_, p. 389.
Stenodelphis, _Gervais_, 1847.
Beak of the skull high, compressed. Symphysis of the lower jaw very long.
1. Pontoporia Blainvillii.
B.M.
Pontoporia Blainvillii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 231; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 5, t. 29 (skull); _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._
vi. p. 106, t. 28 (skull); _Burmeister_, _An. Mus. P. Buenos
Ayres_, i. p. 387, tab. 23 (animal), tab. 25 & 26 (skeleton).
Inhab. South Atlantic, Monte Video.
The animal figured by Gervais as _Delphinus (Stenodelphis) Blainvillii_
(Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 23) differs from Burmeister’s figure in having an
elongated subfalcate pectoral fin, and a higher dorsal, and a broad white
streak, commencing from the blower and extending down the back to near
the tail. If this is not a figure of the animal seen at sea, which I
suspect it must be, it must be a different species.
Suborder VI. ZIPHIOIDEA.
Ziphiidæ, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 326.
Ziphioidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.
Head beaked. Nostrils two, united into a single transverse or
crescent-like blower on the centre of the back of the crown. Teeth only
in the front or sides of the lower jaw, fitting into pits in the upper
one. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin ovate, small, low down on the
side of the body: fingers short, 4- or 5-jointed; second and third the
longest; fourth rather shorter; first and fifth rather short. Cervical
vertebræ more or less united into one mass.
Family 16. HYPEROODONTIDÆ.
Hyperoodontina, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 327.
Hyperoodontidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.
Blower lunate. Beak of the skull with a high crest on each side above,
formed by the elevation of the maxillary bones in front of the blower.
Teeth 2 or 4, in front of the lower jaw, conical. Cervical vertebræ
united into one mass.
1. HYPEROODON.
Hyperoodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 328; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.
Beak of the skull bent downwards: crest of the back of the beak
sharp-edged, above as high as the occiput.
Vertebræ 44 or 45:—C. 7 (all united into one solid mass). D. 9. L. 10. C.
18 or 19.
1. Hyperoodon butzkopf.
B.M.
Hyperoodon butzkopf, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 330; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9, t. 3.
Hyperoodon rostratum, _Reinhardt_, _in Eschricht’s Vid. Selsk._
v. t. 7 (male fœtus and skeleton); _Gray_, _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ t. 3. f. 1-4.
Inhab. North Sea.
1. Hyperoodon semijunctus, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad._ 1865, p. 15 (280), 1869, p. 21.
Inhab. Charlestown Harbour.
Most likely a variety of _H. butzkopf_.
2. LAGENOCETUS.
Lagenocetus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 336; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.
Beak of the skull straight, erect, very large, flattened, higher than the
occiput.
1. Lagenocetus latifrons.
B.M.
Lagenocetus latifrons, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 339; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 9.
Hyperoodon latifrons, _Gray_, _Zool. Ereb. & Ter._ t. 24;
_Reinhardt_, _in Eschricht’s Vidensk. Selsk. Skr._ v. t. 6
(skull).
Inhab. North Sea.
“Plate 6 represents the skull of a male of _Hyperoodon latifrons_ (Gray),
from the Färöer, of which the complete skeleton, 25 feet long, is
preserved in the University’s Museum.
“Eschricht believed, as is known, that _H. latifrons_ was established on
a very old male of the common Dögling, _Hyperoodon rostratus_; but Gray’s
species must now be regarded as well grounded.
“Plate 7 represents the male (fœtus) of the common _H. rostratus_. All
figures of half the natural size.”—_Reinhardt._
Family 17. EPIODONTIDÆ.
Epiodontina, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 327.
Epiodontidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.
Blower lunate. Skull:—beak simple; maxillaries not dilated above;
intermaxillaries enlarged behind, forming a more or less deep cavity
round the nostrils. Teeth 2 or 4 in front of the lower jaw, conical or
cylindrical. Cervical vertebræ:—first, second, and third united into one
mass, which is produced and truncated above; the rest thin, free.
1. EPIODON.
Epiodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 340; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 10.
Skull:—vomer simple, small; intermaxillaries elevated, and forming a
moderately deep, well-marked basin round the nostrils. Fingers 5; carpal
bones 6; phalanges 2, 3, 4, 3, 3. Sternal bones separate from the front,
lanceolate. Vertebra 42; the “front caudal with chevron bones. First four
cervical vertebræ united by their bodies into one mass” (Ostéog. Cét. t.
22. f. 4).
1. Epiodon Desmarestii.
Epiodon Desmarestii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 341; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 10.
Ziphius aresques, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cétac._ t. 21. f. 1-4.
Ziphius decavirostris (de Z. aresques), _Gervais_, _Ostéog.
Cét._ t. 22. f. 4-11.
Ziphius cavirostris, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléon. Française_,
t. 38. f. 1, t. 39, f. 2-7.
Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean, Hérault.
2. Epiodon australis.
Ziphiorrhynchus cryptodon, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._
1866. xvii. p. 94, t. 3.
Epiodon cryptodon, _Burm._, _l. c._ p. 303, t. 6; _Gray_,
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10.
Delphinorhynchus australis, _Burmeister_, _Zeitsch. Nat._ vol.
xxvi. 1865, p. 262; _An. Mus. Buenos Ayres_, t. 15-21.
Ziphius de Buenos Ayres, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 31. f. 5.
Inhab. Buenos Ayres.
Vertebræ 49: cervical 7, dorsal 10, lumbar 12, caudal 20.
2. PETRORHYNCHUS.
Petrorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 327, 342; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 10.
Skull trigonal. Vomer swollen, forming a large, elongated tubercle
between the callous intermaxillaries. Intermaxillaries forming a deep
basin round the nostrils.
1. Petrorhynchus mediterraneus.
Ziphius cavirostris, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléon. Franç._ t.
38. f. 2, t. 39. f. 1.
Ziphius du Canton Gironde, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21. fig. 6.
Ziphius fos. des Bouches du Rhône, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21. f. 7.
Ziphius de Corse, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21. figs. 8, 9.
Inhab. Mediterranean.
2. Petrorhynchus capensis.
B.M.
Petrorhynchus capensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 346, figs. 67, 68;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10.
Ziphius indicus, _Van Beneden_; _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 346,
fig. 69.
Ziphius du Cap-de-Bonne-Espérance, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t.
21. f. 10.
Ziphius de la mer des Indes, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 21.
f. 11-13.
Inhab. South Sea. Cape sea (_H. Layard_).
Though M. van Beneden’s figure (copied in Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 347. f.
69) is so unlike the figure of _Petrorhynchus capensis_ in the Cat. Seals
& Whales, pp. 344 & 345. figs. 67 & 68, yet the cast of the beak of M.
van Beneden’s specimen resembles the latter figure and our specimen.
Family 18. ZIPHIIDÆ.
Ziphiina, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 327, 348.
Ziphiidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10.
Skull beaked. Maxillaries not dilated above. Intermaxillaries linear,
rather swollen on the sides of the nostrils. Teeth on the sides of the
lower jaw compressed. Cervical vertebræ more or less united into a
consolidated mass.
* _Symphysis of the lower jaw produced behind the teeth._
1. BERARDIUS.
Berardius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 348; _Synops. Whales. &
Dolph._ p. 10.
Teeth 2·2, in the front of the sides of the lower jaw, conical,
compressed. Lower jaw gradually tapering in front. Symphysis moderately
long, as far from the hinder tooth as from the tip.
1. Berardius arnuxi.
Berardius arnuxi, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 348, fig. 70; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 10; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 23 (skull).
Inhab. New Zealand.
“Skull and lower jaw, a cervical vertebra, scapula, hyoid, paddles, and
pelvic bones of one individual.
“Single tooth of another individual, weight 206 grains.
in.
“Length of head 23½
Length of nose 17
Length of dental groove 7
Length of lower jaw 19
Width at notch 5½
Width at orbits 9½
Width of intermaxillary at blow-holes 4½
Width of nose 2
Height of occiput 9½
“One small tooth imbedded close to the tip of lower jaw on left side, 1
inch high, weight 38⅘ grains, irregular triangular shape.
“This is the skull of a young animal. A groove containing a strong
ligament connecting the muscle of the forehead with the snout is deeply
imbedded in the intermaxillary groove. The snout is described as long and
flexible. Atlas and axis anchylosed. Length of cervical vertebræ 3⁷⁄₁₀
inches. Scapula, longitudinal diameter 10 inches, transverse diameter 6
inches. Paddles, length 14 inches, width 3½ inches. Hyoid arch 5½ × 4
inches high. Pelvic bones 2½ inches.
“The specimen was cast on the beach on the west coast, and prepared by
Dr. Knox.”—_Hector._
“Your _Berardius_ proves to be quite different from the first one we got,
both in the dentition and form of the skull. We have had several good
papers on it from Dr. Knox. He has made a beautiful preparation, showing
that the tooth does not pass through the gum.”—_Dr. Hector_, letter dated
30th October, 1870.
“A fine specimen of _Berardius arnuxi_ has been cast ashore on the coast
of Canterbury, New Zealand. It was made into a skeleton, which is now in
the museum at Canterbury. The skeleton is complete, only wanting one of
the pelvic bones. It was 30 feet long, and a young animal; not a single
epiphysis is anchylosed. The cervical vertebræ, which, in the old animal
evidently form a compact mass, are still partly free; the first three
vertebræ (including the atlas) anchylosed, and of these the first two
completely, and of the second and third the neural arches are as yet not
completely united into one bone. It has ten ribs.”—_Julius Haast._
The animal was 30 feet 6 inches long.
Deep velvet-black, belly greyish, tail with two falcate lobes 6½ feet
broad. The pectoral fins are little above the middle of the body, 17
inches broad and 19 inches long, of a triangular form. Dorsal fin small,
falcate, not very far from the chin (?). “The animal has the power of
protruding the four teeth at will.” They live on cephalopods. The stomach
contained about a half-bushel of the horny beaks of the _Octopus_, which
were nearly all the same size. It was evidently a young animal, as all
the disk-like epiphyses of the vertebræ are still separate, as was the
case with the limb-bones.
The seven cervical vertebræ were beginning to coalesce; the first three
are already anchylosed, the first two completely, and the second and
third only partially, as the neural arches and transverse processes are
not yet united in one bone. It has ten dorsal vertebræ; the lumbar and
caudal vertebræ were not observed. (Dr. Haast, Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Oct. 1870.)
** _Symphysis of the lower jaw to or nearly to the teeth._
2. ZIPHIUS.
Ziphius, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 348; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 10.
Micropteron, _Flower_, _l. c._ p. 328.
Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth of the male
large, short, compressed, truncated at the end; of female small, curved.
Lower jaw often with sundry rudimentary teeth, gradually tapering in
front; symphysis elongate, and reaching to the middle of the teeth in the
male, and beyond it in the female. Cervical vertebræ free. Scapula with
large coracoid and acromion processes.
Vertebræ 46:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 10. C. 19.
“_Micropteron_: cervical vertebræ all united in one solid
mass.”—_Flower_, _l. c._ p. 328.
1. Ziphius Sowerbiensis.
B.M.
Ziphius Sowerbiensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 350, fig. 71; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 10, tab. 5. f. 3, 4 (skull).
Mesoplodon Sowerbiensis, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 22 & 23
(skull and ear-bone); _Van Beneden_, _Mém. de l’Acad. Brux._
vol. x. t. 3.
Dioplodon Sowerbiensis, _Gervais_, _Zool. et Paléont.
Française_, t. 30. f. 1.
Inhab. British Channel. Irish Sea.
3. DOLICHODON.
Dolichodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 353; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 10.
Teeth 2, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Teeth (of male)
very long, strap-shaped, produced, arched obliquely, truncated at the
end, with a conical process on the front of the terminal edge. Lower jaw
weak, very slender in front. Symphysis elongate.
1. Dolichodon Layardii.
B.M.
Ziphius Layardii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 353, fig. 72.
Dolichodon Layardii, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 10.
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_H. Layard_).
4. NEOZIPHIUS.
Teeth 2, in the front of the lower jaw, with a compressed, short,
triangular crown. Lower jaw strong, rather narrow in the middle, and
suddenly tapering in front of the tooth. Symphysis to the back edge of
the teeth.
1. Neoziphius europæus.
Dioplodon europæus, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 24 (skull).
Inhab. Mediterranean.
5. DIOPLODON.
Dioplodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 327, 355; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 10.
Teeth 2 or 4, conical, in the middle of the sides of the lower jaw. Lower
jaw broad behind, suddenly contracted in front. Symphysis moderate, not
reaching halfway to the teeth.
1. Dioplodon sechellensis.
Ziphius sechellensis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ t. 6.
f. 1, 2 (skull).
Dioplodon sechellensis, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 355; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 10, t. 5. f. 4; _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1870,
vi. p. 343, fig. (skeleton); _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 25
(skull).
Dioplodon densirostris, _Gervais_, _Zool. Paléont. Franç._ t.
43. f. 3-6.
[Illustration: Fig. 11.
_Dioplodon sechellensis._]
Inhab. Seychelles. Mus. Paris. Lord Howe’s Island (_Krefft_).
The form of the lower jaw gives a very peculiar appearance to the
skeleton. The cervical vertebræ are united together by their bodies and
large dorsal spines, the latter forming a thick conical process. The
bodies of the dorsal vertebræ are very small, enlarging in size towards
the tail; they are thirty-six in number. The four terminal caudal ones
are very small, forming a kind of cylindrical process. There are eight
chevron bones. The thoracic cavity is small. There are twelve ribs on
each side. The dorsal processes of the first eighteen vertebræ have an
anterior basal process, which becomes gradually smaller.
Upper arm-bone very slender, slightly curved; the lower arm-bones
moderate, straight, parallel to each other, and rather longer than the
upper arm-bone. The ribs very broad at the upper end, and gradually
tapering towards the chest, where they are nearly cylindrical.
“The total length of the skeleton, without cartilage, is 14 feet 8
inches; the head measures 2 feet 5½ inches in length, and the lower
jaw 2 feet 3 inches in length. The first three cervical vertebræ are
anchylosed; the next one is more or less free; and the remaining three
are anchylosed again. The dorsals are ten in number, the last bearing a
short rib 8 inches in length. Five of these ribs are jointed direct to
the sternum; the following two meet the cartilage of the fifth rib.
“The sternum is composed of four pieces, 20 inches long, with a width of
between 5 and 7 inches. It is not yet sufficiently cleaned to enable me
to have it photographed; this, however, will be done as soon as possible,
and copies forwarded to the Society. The lumbars number twenty, the last
nine having V-bones attached. The fifth lumbar is 17½ inches high, 4
inches wide at the top, and 11¾ inches at the base, including the side
processes. The eleventh lumbar is the widest, being 4¾ inches at the top.
The caudals probably amounted to 13; but five of these are missing; the
basal one is very small, about the size of a pea; and as it was firmly
attached to the second last, there can be no mistake about it.
“The head is 2 feet 5½ inches long and 14 inches across at the widest
part; the lower jaw 2 feet 3 inches long and 6¼ inches high behind the
tooth. The left tooth measures 6 inches in length, 3⅜ inches in width,
and is 1¾ inch thick [not well represented in the figure]. The space
between the teeth measures 7¼ inches. The limbs are very imperfect; all
the smaller bones are missing; and there is only a part of one scapula. I
did not find the pelvic bones.
“This animal was captured about a year ago, near Lord Howe’s
Island.”—_Krefft_, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 426.
THE END.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
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