THEOLOGY AND WHALING
I
During the political upheaval of the eighteenth century, interest
in theology was by no means quiescent, and in the seventeen-forties
the colonies were roused by the religious agitation known as the
Great Awakening. Puritans had fought with equal rancor any dissenter
from their doctrine, were he Antinomian or Anabaptist, Anglican,
Papist, Gortonist, or Quaker; the Pilgrim Independents had soon lost
something of their liberalism; but whatever the particular slant of
opinion, men of the later generations in the vigorous young country
were bound to think for themselves. Jonathan Edwards crystallized the
tenets of the old faith into a flawless theology; Chauncy led the
liberals from doctrines dealing with eternal damnation to something
like Universalism; but George Whitefield, brushing aside contentions
involving the supremacy of the intellect, made that direct appeal
to the heart for which men hungered. He infused fresh warmth into
Calvinism and his adherents were known as the “New Lights,” his
opponents the “Old Lights.” Pulpit, press, and people were stirred
to frenzied interest. Whitefield, preaching up and down the country
with a flame of eloquence and a sympathetic understanding of the poor
and distressed that drew men to him by the thousand, was denounced
as an “itinerant scourge.” As early as 1745, ten of the Cape clergy
arraigned the new method of salvation in terms that betray some
anxiety. “It tends to destroy the usefulness of ministers among
their people, in places where the gospel is settled and faithfully
preached in its purity,” they complain. “That it promotes strife and
contention, a censorious and uncharitable spirit and those numerous
schisms and separations which have already destroyed the peace and
unity, and at this time threaten the subversion of many churches.”
But it was not until 1794 that the first Methodist meeting-house
on the Cape, and the second in the country, was built at Truro.
Provincetown had made the first move toward building, perhaps roused
thereto by the eloquence of one Captain William Humbert, who,
“while lying windbound in Provincetown Harbor,” had improved the
occasion to exhort the towns-people for the good of their souls.
But at Provincetown there was much opposition to the New Lights,
and when the faithful, under cover of night, had landed timber for
the proposed edifice, their enemies promptly reduced it to kindling
wood, and tarred and feathered the minister in effigy. Jesse Lee,
a visiting elder, writes temperately enough of the scene: “I felt
astonished at the conduct of the people, considering that we live in
a free country. However, I expect this will be for the good of the
little society.” A prophecy to be justified: nothing daunted, the
New Lights, in 1795, built their church. “Keeping guard at night and
keeping their weapons by them while at work, in about four months
they erected a chapel with songs of praise.” And in their songs of
praise it is remembered that John Mayo, the Truro man of hairbreadth
escapes in the Peninsula War, once joined to his advantage. With a
companion he had gone to Provincetown with a cargo of clam-bait;
and night-bound there, they were unable to find lodging among the
villagers. To occupy the evening hours before camping out in their
boat, they went to prayer-meeting where they stimulated the singing
with their full rich voices to the great pleasure of the worshippers.
With the result, Rich tells us, that instead of sleeping in the open,
they were “abundantly lodged and breakfasted, and in the morning sold
the balance of their clams to a good market.”
In the meantime Truro, with the coöperation of Wellfleet,
Provincetown, and Eastham, and a money outlay of only eight dollars
for nails, had built the first church. On a Sunday people from twelve
miles north or south flocked to meeting, and those more favorably
situated were happy in being able to attend three services a day.
The Reverend Mr. Snelling, who fostered the faith there for twenty
years, avers that “the congregations were large and the Word ran
and was glorified.” And Rich has preserved for us a picture or two
of the local exhorters. Dodge, who “could make more noise in the
pulpit with less religion, and spoil more Bibles than any man I
ever saw”; another, of gentler spirit, “in a tender, trembling, but
earnest voice, loved to tell what religion had done for him and
persuade others to accept Christ as their Lord and Saviour.” And
another would “force home his rugged reasoning, and vivid personal
experience, with an energy and eloquence that swept like a torrent.
Sometimes when wrought upon with his theme, his heart on fire, his
face aglow, his tall form bent, his long arm outstretched, his
impetuous utterance fairly breaking through his pent-up prison-house,
the Spirit rested like cloven tongues upon the audience.” And there
was fine old Stephen Collins whose “soul basked in the sunshine of
all the privileges of God’s people. He loved the songs of Zion, Lenox
was his favorite: he was the author of _Give Lenox a pull_. His
exhortations were full of fire, his pungent logic carried conviction
to the mind.”
In 1808 Barnstable, as had Provincetown, threatened a Methodist
minister with mob violence. The old Pilgrim faith had tolerated
Quakers; Baptists were established at Harwich in 1756 and at
Barnstable in 1771; but Methodists were held as the great seceders,
and it took them fifty years to soften the asperity of the prejudice
against them. The new century was to end the old homogeneous
theocracy and with it the paramount influence of the clergy. Quaker,
Congregationalist, Baptist, and Methodist worshipped according
to individual temperament, and participated in all civil rights;
“Come-outers” practised ritual despised of aristocrats; camp-meeting
grounds, where the Methodists improved a summer vacation for the
soul’s profit, were established in the groves of Eastham and then at
Yarmouth, when “men of power and deep religious experience,” says
Mr. Rich, “made these green arches tremble with their eloquence.” A
local bard sings, with some particularity:
“We saw great gatherings in a grove,
A grove near Pamet Bay,
Where thousands heard the preached word,
And dozens knelt to pray.”
In 1821, “a Pentecostal year,” during the Great Revival in Wellfleet
and Truro, over four hundred “professed religion,” and two hundred
and thirty-six joined the Methodist church.
As early as 1813 began the Unitarian schism in the orthodox
Congregational churches. A split in the First Parish of Sandwich
served as a test case in the division of “temporalities,” when the
schismatics, being in the majority, were awarded the church estate
and the Old Lights, with the parson, withdrew to form a new parish.
No doubt the people entered upon these new discussions with something
of the gusto they had displayed in past controversies.
And in the meantime the nation was laying the solid foundations of
its future prosperity; the Cape, with its shipping, its fisheries,
and the indomitable spirit of its people, was to recover early in
the struggle to right the chaos that war had induced and that might
have ruined a young state less vigorous in its vitality. And on the
Cape, at least, there was one industry that had been fostered by
embargo and blockade. Settlers there, from the first, by one device
or another had extracted salt from the sea for their use. Cudworth,
friend of the Quakers, was called a “salter” and had set up works at
Scituate which he visited frequently after he removed to Barnstable;
and whether owned by Cudworth or not, Barnstable also had an early
“saltern.” As early as 1624 a man was sent to Plymouth to manufacture
salt by the evaporation of sea-water in these artificial salt-ponds,
a process not favored by Bradford, and though tedious and not too
successful seems to have been followed for more than a century.
During the Revolution, when no salt could be imported, and the
country must rely upon the domestic produce, salt became so scarce
that a bushel sold for eight dollars, and a state bounty of three
shillings a bushel was offered for salt “manufactured within the
State and produced from sea salt.”
Here was a fine promise of reward for ingenuity, and the low dunes of
the north shore of the Cape offered ground made for the enterprise.
Men there “tinkered” and “contrived” and improved one upon the work
of another, until in 1799 Captain John Sears, of Dennis, who had
been early in the field with a device known as “Sears’s Folly,”
patented the perfected machine to obtain pure salt by means of sun
evaporation which was to bring wealth to many of his neighbors. The
industry ran well into the next century when importation became
the cheaper method, and at its height companies from Billingsgate
to Yarmouth employed some two millions of capital in the business.
Many an old sea-dog, also, ran “salt-works” for his private profit,
and the dunes of the inner bay were dotted with groups of the
surprising peaked-roof structures on stilts that had the look of
Polynesian villages. These roofs capped shallow vats into which the
water was pumped by tiny windmills. A simple mechanism borrowed from
ship-lore that could be worked by the turn of a hand swung a roof
back to expose the vat to the sun, and into place again to protect it
from rain and dew. Provincetown made the salt for its fish-curing,
and it is said that the crescent shore of the harbor was lined for
miles with the whirring windmills. Not many years ago a few of the
picturesque little buildings and their mills could still be seen on
the dunes; but before the mid-eighteen hundreds, the business, as
such, was at an end.
II
The First Comers, after they had established their farms, quickly
turned to the sea for the profit there was in it: for since Cabot’s
voyages, and before, men had known of the riches that lay there,
and the earliest history of the Atlantic coast is that of its rival
fisheries. Cabot encouraged English fishermen by report of “soles
above a yard in length and a great abundance of that kind which the
savages call baccalos or codfish.” France exploited the Newfoundland
fisheries, and by 1600 fully ten thousand men were employed catching,
curing, and transporting the fish: one old Frenchman boasted that he
had made forty voyages to the Banks. Holland pushed into the trade to
such effect that men said Amsterdam was built on herring bones and
Dutchmen made of pickled herring. The law of the road, at sea, was
a hard law, and fishermen fought out their quarrels there without
benefit of clergy. In 1621, when the Fortune made her landfall and
Nauset Indians warned Plymouth of a strange boat rounding the Cape,
it was because of the suspicion that it might be a Frenchman bent
upon mischief. The Old Colony was to bear no small part in England’s
game of edging out competitors on the sea. Plymouth was quick to
estimate the value of those rich fishing-grounds in the lee of Cape
Cod, where Gosnold’s chronicler Brereton was “persuaded that in the
months of March, April, and May there is better fishing and in as
great plenty as in Newfoundland,” and, as we have seen, used the
revenue therefrom for the maintenance of a free school. Until well
up to the middle of the next century the catching of mackerel, bass,
cod, and herring, duly regulated, was conducted from shore by seines,
weirs, pounds, and “fykes.” And then men put to sea for voyages to
the Banks, and prospered. And in 1850, when codfishing was at its
height, more than half the capital invested in it by Massachusetts
came from the Cape. The deep-sea voyaging of the clipper ship era
has been dead these sixty years, but still fishermen from the Cape,
though in smaller numbers now, join up for a cruise to the Banks.
They are more frequently swarthy newcomers from Cape Verde and the
Azores than the English stock of the early nineteenth century when
the Reverend Mr. Damon, of Truro, surveying with delight the arrival
of a fleet of four or five hundred mackerel schooners, cautiously
modified his emotion and exclaimed: “I should think there must be
seventy-five vessels! I never saw such a beautiful sight!” And it was
good Mr. Damon, perplexed in his petition for fair winds, whether men
should be sailing north or south, who thus trimmed ship: “We pray
thee, O Lord, that thou wilt watch over our mariners that go down
to do business upon the mighty deep, keep them in the hollow of thy
hand; and we pray thee that thou wilt send a side-wind, so that their
vessels may pass and repass.”
[Illustration: THE FISH-HOUSE]
Mr. Rich gives a lively description of the old fishing days, when
“all Yankees fished with hand-lines from the vessel.” “The model
fisherman keeps his craft snug and taut. He has tested her temper
and strength through storm and calm. He will defend her sea-going
and fast-sailing almost with his life. A larger fleet and finer
manœuvring have never been seen than in a fleet of fishermen.
Sometimes three or four hundred sail, from forty to perhaps one
hundred and forty tons, all sea-going, well equipped and well-manned,
haul aft their sheets in a freshening breeze to reach a windward
harbor. Codfishing on the Banks was considered tough work. The boy
who could graduate from that school with full honors, could take care
of himself; fight his own battles. It was kill or cure; few, however,
were killed; he was sure to come home hale and hearty.” But sometimes
the fare ran short on a long cruise, and the staple bean soup grew
thin. “What in creation are you doing?” a skipper asked a little
Dutch sailor who was peeling off his jacket as he surveyed the scanty
meal. “Tive for the bean, by Cot,” answered Dutchy. “Going to the
Grand Bank meant leaving home in April for a three to five months’
trip, with no communication till the return. It meant besides the
usual sea casualties, to be shut up in the fog, exposed to icebergs
and cut off from the world as if alone on the planet. Do not imagine,
however, that these men felt they were prisoners, or even dreamed
of being unhappy. It was their business and they were more happy
and content than the average working-man I have met on land. Day by
day, and week by week, a more cheerful company, kind, pleasant and
accommodating, it would be hard to find. Saturday night was a happy
hour. At sunset the lines were snugly coiled, the decks washed, and
a single watch set for twenty-four hours. Sunday was a day of rest.
The bright, unfaltering star that never set or dimmed, that robbed
the voyage of half its discomforts and terrors, was going home. How
pleasant the anticipation, how glad the welcome, how lavish the
store!”
Mackerel-fishing was a separate art acquired in its perfection by
the progression of many devices. Here, again, we quote from Rich.
“Laying-to, or a square dead drift, throwing bait freely, coying the
fish, was found the most successful. By this way, with a moderate
breeze, a school could sometimes be kept around a vessel for hours.
As many as one hundred and fifty wash barrels have been caught
by hook and line at a single drift. A fleet of hundreds of sail,
laying-to and beating up to the windward to keep on the school is a
fine marine picture. ‘High-line’ is the highest degree conferred
in this school. It outranks all others. The fishermen of Truro were
among the first to follow the mackerel business and Truro has had a
remarkable succession of leading or lucky skippers.” It is a delight
to read Mr. Rich’s history, and we must repeat two of his stories of
“fisherman’s luck.”
A certain Captain Ryder was one of a large fleet of fishermen that
were lying wind-bound in Hampton Roads. The young captain, in the
face of probability, determined to try for a breeze outside. There
he took “a fairish wind so he could slant along and saw no more land
nor sky till he struck the shore in Portland Harbor. Here he had
quick despatch as vessels were scarce,” and returned to Hampton Roads
to find the fleet weather-bound as he had left them, waiting still
for fair conditions to put to sea. Another Truro fisherman, who had
the name of making fortunate voyages, once shipped a seaman with the
opposite reputation. “I hear, skipper, you’ve shipped Uncle Wiff,”
protested one of the crew. “I won’t go with him. He’s a ‘Jonas.’ You
won’t make a dollar.” “I’ve told Uncle Wiff he may go, and go he
shall, make or break, whether you go or not,” returned the cap’n. The
result justified his courage. “We made that year the best voyage I
ever made,” he was pleased to recall, “and Uncle Wiff was one of the
best men I ever saw.” The comment of Mr. Rich is sufficient: “Lucky
men are most always bold, brave men; and fortune favors the brave.”
Whaling was a business distinct: the great seasport, to ordinary
fishing as a lion-hunt to a partridge-shoot. Early in the
seventeenth century Purchas, in his “Pilgrimage” wrote a brave epic
of the whale that must have roused many a stay-at-home to hunger
for adventure: “I might here recreate your wearied eyes with a
hunting spectacle of the greatest chase which nature yieldeth; I
mean the killing of a whale.” Freeman says that the method thereof
was but “slightly altered during upwards of two centuries.” Here,
substantially, is Purchas: “When they espy him on the top of the
water, they row toward him in a shallop, in which the harpooneer
stands ready with both hands to dart his harping iron, to which is
fastened a line of such length, that the whale may carry it down
with him; coming up again they again strike him with lances made for
the purpose about twelve feet long, and thus they hold him in such
pursuit, till after streams of water, and next of blood, cast up
into the air and water, he at length yieldeth his slain carcass to
the conquerors.” “The proportions of this huge leviathan deserves
description,” chants Purchas. “His head is the third part of him,
his mouth (O, hellish wide!) sixteen feet in the opening, and yet
out of that belly of hell yielding much to the ornaments of our
women’s backs. This great head hath little eyes like apples and a
little throat not greater than for a man’s fist to enter. They are
swallow-tailed, the extremes being twenty feet distant.” He labors
for accuracy: “The ordinary length of a whale is sixty feet, and not
so huge as Olaus hath written, who also maketh the moose as big as an
elephant.”
In 1620 the leviathan was familiar enough to Cape Cod Bay to
forestall any necessity of hunting him in the far seas. The schools
of mackerel and cod there made rich feeding for the whales which not
infrequently met their death when greed tolled them to shoal waters
and they were left high and dry by the receding tides. Then Indians
or whites made their kill, and the rights in these “drift-whales”
were a fruitful source of trouble. In 1662 the agents of Yarmouth
had appeared at court “to debate and have determined a difference
about whales”; and in 1690 an order was passed “to prevent contests
and suits by whale-killers.” But contests there were between one
man and another, and town and province, as evidenced in 1693 by a
dispute with a county sheriff who had seized two whales for the
Crown; and in 1705 by a letter from William Clapp to “Squier” Dudley,
of Boston, a better testimony to Clapp’s business enterprise than
to his scholarship. “I have liveed hear at the Cap this 4 year,”
wrote Clapp, “and I have very often every year sien that her Maiesty
has been very much wronged of har dues by these country people.”
And he would be willing to remedy the evil “if your honor see case
to precure a commishon of his Exalency for me with in strocktions
I shall by the help of god be very faithful in my ofes.” And that
Clapp got his appointment is shown by the Governor’s endorsement on
his letter: “Commission for William Clapp, Lt. at the Cape. Warrant
to prize drift whales, a water baylif.” But the towns were tenacious
of their rights, and usually assured the parson’s salary from their
profit. Mr. Cotton of Yarmouth looked there for his forty pounds a
year; Mr. Avery of Truro, for his larger stipend; and some of the
whaling-profits were also used for school maintenance.
Waiting for stranded drift-whale ill-suited the spirit of the
pioneers at Cape Cod, and soon duly commissioned watchers gave notice
when a whale spouted in the bay, and men put off in small boats to
give chase. It is said that a “Dutchman” from Long Island, Lopez by
name, taught Barnstable men the art of killing, and that Lieutenant
John Gorham, who made a tidy fortune out of the business and whose
son was to use his whaleboat fleet to good advantage in the French
wars, “first fixt out with old Lopez a whaling in ye year about
1680.” Ten years later Nantucket sent to Cape Cod for Ichabod Paddock
“to instruct them in the best manner of killing whales and extracting
their oil.” At Yarmouth a tract of land was set off as “Whaling
Grounds,” where a lookout was kept and the crews lodged ready to put
off at the instant’s alarm. Cotton Mather comments upon a great kill
there of a whale fifty-five feet long. “A cart upon wheels might have
gone into the mouth of it. So does the good God here give the people
to suck the sea.” And as late as 1843 a monster whale was captured
near Provincetown by a small “pink-stern” schooner. Its estimated
value in oil and bone was ten thousand dollars, of which, owing to
lack of facility in the salvage, only a small part was realized.
The Indians, who were particularly expert in the art, were always
employed largely both in bay and deep-water whaling; and they, too,
were jealous of their shore rights. In 1757 the Indians of Eastham
and Harwich complained to the General Court of the encroachment of
whites, especially on “a certain neck or beach in or near Eastham
called Billingsgate Point or Island, the place most convenient
for the whale-fishery in the whole county, and always before so
improved.” And it is noted that “certain inhabitants of Harwich” were
prosecuted for such “whale fishery at Billingsgate.”
It was in Wellfleet Harbor that the Pilgrims had seen Indians at
a kill of blackfish, and named it “Grampus Bay.” These blackfish,
only less valuable for oil than whales, down to recent times were
occasionally beached in great shoals on the Cape, and the stench of
the rotting carcases carried for miles. Mr. Rich tells of a Truro
captain who, as he drove his cows to pasture one fine morning,
descried on the shore as he took a squint seaward seventy-five
huge fish, which before nightfall he had sold for nineteen hundred
dollars. And in 1874, over fourteen hundred, the largest school ever
known, were stranded at Truro and cut up to twenty-seven thousand
gallons of oil. Even boys were adept at the game; and one urchin,
having prevented several great fish from escaping to deep water,
fought one with hatchet and knife, made his kill, and was discovered
deftly stripping it of blubber. It was in 1834, as ill chance would
have it on a Sabbath, that a vast school of blackfish was beached at
Truro. Here was temptation for the devout that was to divide, in the
eyes of all men, the sheep from the goats. Many fishermen happened
to be offshore; the news reached the churches at the close of morning
service. It is said honors were even as to Sabbath-breakers from
church-goers and seamen. But one young sailor, though he was no
“professor,” refused to take part in the chase because, forsooth,
his father had kept sacred the day. He was a conservative by nature,
and winter after winter studied his sums in a tattered old book. “My
father and grandfather cyphered out of that arithmetic,” was his
retort for criticism. “I should think it divilish strange if I can’t.”
From hunting the whale offshore in small boats, Cape seamen, when
the prey grew more wary, pursued it to the farthest reaches of the
ocean, and brought back prosperity to the home ports. Wellfleet was
a great whaling town; Truro also, and Provincetown. Then the bulk of
the business went to the islands to the southward and to New Bedford.
Captain Jesse Holbrook of Truro, who killed fifty-four sperm whales
on one voyage, was employed for twelve years by a London company to
teach English lads his art, and it was two Truro captains, on the
advice of an English admiral stationed at Boston, who were the first
to go whaling about the Falkland Islands. Captain William Handy, of
Sandwich, was another famous whaling-captain during and after the
Revolution, sailing from New Bedford and also from Dunkirk by some
engagement made with Napoleon. On one such voyage he and a single
companion, both unarmed, had a desperate encounter with a huge polar
bear where they had landed on an icy shore; the ice bore up them and
not the bear, or even their courage would have availed them little in
the unequal conflict. Captain Handy retired to become a shipbuilder,
but was impoverished by “the French spoliations,” as well as from
the War of 1812, and at the age of sixty returned to the sea to make
good his fortune and “to show the boys how to take whales,” when
“he accomplished in fifteen months a most successful cruise to the
admiration of all.” In 1771 no less than seventy-four vessels had
been engaged in such ventures; and Mr. Osborn, the versatile Eastham
parson who taught his people how to use peat, celebrated their
prowess on the sea in a whaling-song that opened with appropriate
detail:
“When Spring returns with western gales,
And gentle breezes sweep
The ruffling seas, we spread our sails
To plow the wat’ry deep;
For killing northern whale prepar’d.
Our nimble boats on board
With craft and rum (our chief regard)
And good provision stor’d;
Cape Cod, our dearest, native land,
We leave astern, and lose
Its sinking cliffs and lessening sands
Whilst Zephyr gently blows.”
But it is Edmund Burke, in the British Commons, with the _magno modo_
of the time but commendable accuracy, who pronounced the panegyric
of the New England whalers: “While we follow them among the tumbling
mountains of ice, penetrating into the deepest recesses of Hudson
Bay; while we are looking for them beneath the Arctic circle, we
hear that they have pierced into the opposite region of Polar cold,
that they are at the Antipodes, and engaged under the frozen Serpent
of the South. Falkland Island, which seemed too remote and romantic
an object for the grasp of natural ambition, is but a stage and
resting-place in the progress of their victorious industry. While
some of them draw the line and strike the harpoon on the coast of
Africa, others run the longitude and pursue the gigantic game along
the shores of Brazil.”