Velar a los muertos: To watch over the dead.
Vengarse de una ofensa: To avenge an insult.
Vengarse en el ofensor: To avenge oneself on the offender.
Venir a casa: To come home.
Ver de hacer algo: To try and do something.
Vestir a la moda: To dress in the fashion.
Vestir de mascara: To dress in fancy dress.
Vestirse de pano: To dress in cloth.
Vivir a su gusto: To live after one's taste.
CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR AND AUXILIARY VERBS
The Simple tenses only are given--Compound tenses are formed with the
verb "haber" followed by the past participle.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Infinitive | | | | |
| Mood. | Hablar | Temer | Partir | Tener |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Pres. Part. | Hablando | Temiendo | Partiendo | Teniendo |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Past Part. | Hablado | Temido | Partido | Tenido |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Indic. Pres. | Hablo | Temo | Parto | Tengo |
| | Hablas | Temes | Partes | Tienes |
| | Habla | Teme | Parte | Tiene |
| | Hablamos | Tememos | Partimos | Tenemos |
| | Hablais | Temeis | Partis | Teneis |
| | Hablan | Temen | Parten | Tienen |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Indic. Imperf. | Hablaba | Temia | Partia | Tenia |
| | Hablabas | Temias | Partias | Tenias |
| | Hablaba | Temia | Partia | Tenia |
| | Hablabamos | Temiamos | Partiamos | Teniamos |
| | Hablabais | Temiais | Partiais | Teniais |
| | Hablaban | Temian | Partian | Tenian |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|Past Def. | Hable | Temi | Parti | Tuve |
| | Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste | Tuviste |
| | Hablo | Temio | Partio | Tuvo |
| | Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos | Tuvimos |
| | Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis | Tuvisteis |
| | Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron | Tuvieron |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Future | Hablare | Temere | Partire | Tendre |
| | Hablaras | Temeras | Partiras | Tendras |
| | Hablara | Temera | Partira | Tendra |
| | Hablaremos | Temeremos | Partiremos | Tendremos |
| | Hablareis | Temereis | Partireis | Tendreis |
| | Hablaran | Temeran | Partiran | Tendran |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Conditional. | Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | Tendria |
| | Hablarias | Temerias | Partirias | Tendrias |
| | Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | Tendria |
| | Hablariamos| Temeriamos | Partiriamos | Tendriamos |
| | Hablariais | Temeriais | Partiriais | Tendriais |
| | Hablarian | Temerian | Partirian | Tendrian |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Pres. | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga |
| | Hables | Temas | Partas | Tengas |
| | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga |
| | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos |
| | Hableis | Temais | Partais | Tengais |
| | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Imperf. | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese |
|(1st form) | Hablases | Temieses | Partieses | Tuvieses |
| | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese |
| | Hablasemos | Temiesemos | Partiesemos | Tuviesemos |
| | Hablaseis | Temieseis | Partieseis | Tuvieseis |
| | Hablasen | Temiesen | Partiesen | Tuviesen |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Imperf. | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera |
|(2nd form) | Hablaras | Temieras | Partieras | Tuvieras |
| | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera |
| | Hablaramos | Temieramos | Partieramos | Tuvieramos |
| | Hablarais | Temierais | Partierais | Tuvierais |
| | Hablaran | Temieran | Partieran | Tuvieran |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Future. | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere |
| | Hablares | Temieres | Partieres | Tuvieres |
| | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere |
| | Hablaremos | Temieremos | Partieremos | Tuvieremos |
| | Hablareis | Temiereis | Partiereis | Tuviereis |
| | Hablaren | Temieren | Partieren | Tuvieren |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Imperative. | Habla | Teme | Parte | Ten |
| | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga |
| | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos |
| | Hablad | Temed | Partid | Tened |
| | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Auxiliary Verbs
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Infinitive | | | |
| Mood. | Haber | Ser | Estar |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Pres. Part. | Habiendo | Siendo | Estando |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Past Part. | Habido | Sido | Estado |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Indic. Pres. | He | Soy | Estoy |
| | Has | Eres | Estas |
| | Ha | Es | Esta |
| | Hemos | Somos | Estamos |
| | Habeis | Sois | Estais |
| | Han | Son | Estan |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Indic. Imperf. | Habia | Era | Estaba |
| | Habias | Eras | Estabas |
| | Habia | Era | Estaba |
| | Habiamos | Eramos | Estabamos |
| | Habiais | Erais | Estabais |
| | Habian | Eran | Estaban |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Past Def. | Hube | Fui | Estuve |
| | Hubiste | Fuiste | Estuviste |
| | Hubo | Fue | Estuvo |
| | Hubimos | Fuimos | Estuvimos |
| | Hubisteis | Fuisteis | Estuvisteis |
| | Hubieron | Fueron | Estuvieron |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Future | Habre | Sere | Estare |
| | Habras | Seras | Estaras |
| | Habra | Sera | Estara |
| | Habremos | Seremos | Estaremos |
| | Habreis | Sereis | Estareis |
| | Habran | Seran | Estaran |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Conditional. | Habria | Seria | Estaria |
| | Habrias | Serias | Estarias |
| | Habria | Seria | Estaria |
| | Habriamos | Seriamos | Estariamos |
| | Habriais | Seriais | Estariais |
| | Habrian | Serian | Estarian |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Pres. | Haya | Sea | Este |
| | Hayas | Seas | Estes |
| | Haya | Sea | Este |
| | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos |
| | Hayais | Seais | Esteis |
| | Hayan | Sean | Esten |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Imperf. | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese |
| (1st form) | Hubieses | Fueses | Estuvieses |
| | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese |
| | Hubiesemos | Fuesemos | Estuviesemos |
| | Hubieseis | Fueseis | Estuvieseis |
| | Hubiesen | Fuesen | Estuviesen |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Imperf. | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera |
| (2nd form) | Hubieras | Fueras | Estuvieras |
| | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera |
| | Hubieramos | Fueramos | Estuvieramos |
| | Hubierais | Fuerais | Estuvierais |
| | Hubieran | Fueran | Estivieran |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Subj. Future | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere |
| | Hubieres | Fueres | Estuvieres |
| | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere |
| | Hubieremos | Fueremos | Estuvieremos |
| | Hubiereis | Fuereis | Estuviereis |
| | Hubieren | Fueren | Estuvieren |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Imperative | He | Se | Esta |
| | Haya | Sea | Este |
| | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos |
| | Hayed | Sed | Estad |
| | Hayan | Sean | Esten |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "SER" AND "ESTAR" (for easy reference).
Ser is used--
i. To form the Passive Voice.
ii. To denote an inherent quality.
Estar is used--
i. To denote state in locality, viz., "to be" in a place.
ii. To denote condition (as opposed to inherent quality).
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.
Use Ser--
i. Before a noun (even if an adjective or an article intervenes).
ii. When "to be" is used impersonally.
iii. When "to be" denotes possession.
iv. Before _pobre_, _rico_, _felis_, and _infeliz_.
=APPENDIX VI=
PRINCIPAL VERBS, THE LAST ROOT VOWEL OF WHICH CHANGES INTO A DIPHTHONG
WHEN THE STRESS OF THE VOICE FALLS ON IT, AS---
=Pensar= (to think).
_Pres. Ind._, Pienso, piensas, piensa,--,--, piensan.
_Pres. Subj._, Piense, pienses, piense,--,--, piensen.
_Imperative_, Piensa, piense,--,--, piensen.
=Entender= (to understand).
_Pres. Ind._, Entiendo, entiendes, entiende,--,--, entienden.
_Pres. Subj._, Entienda, entiendas, entienda,--,--, entiendan.
_Imperative_, Entiende, entienda,--,--, entiendan.
=Sentir= (to feel).
_Pres. Ind._, Siento, sientes, siente,--,--, sienten.
_Pres. Subj._, Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos,[217] sintais,[217]
sientan.
_Imperative_, Siente, sienta, sintamos,[217]--, sientan.
=Acordar= (to agree).
_Pres. Ind._, Acuerdo, acuerdas, acuerda,--,--, acuerdan.
_Pres. Subj._, Acuerde, acuerdes, acuerde,--,--, acuerden.
_Imperative_, Acuerda, acuerde,--,--, acuerden.
=Mover= (to move).
_Pres. Ind._, Muevo, mueves, mueve,--,--, mueven.
_Pres. Subj._, Mueva, muevas, mueva,--,--, muevan.
_Imperative_, Mueve, mueva,--,--, muevan.
=Dormir= (to sleep).[216]
_Pres. Ind._, Duermo, duermes, duerme,--,--, duermen.
_Pres. Subj._, Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos,[217] durmais,[217]
duerman.
_Imperative_, Duerme, duerma, durmamos,[217]--, duerman.
[Footnote 216: _Morir_ (to die) is the only verb conjugated like
_Dormir_; but past part. _Muerto_.]
[Footnote 217: Notice the additional irregularities.]
Principal Verbs conjugated like "Pensar"--
Acertar (to hit the mark)
Acrecentar (to increase)
Alentar (to encourage)
Apretar (to squeeze)
Arrendar (to lease, to hire)
Asentarse (to sit down)
Aterrar (to pull down)
Atravesar (to cross)
Calentar (to warm)
Cegar (to blind)
Cerrar (to shut, to close)
Comendar (to commend)
Comenzar (to begin)
Confesar (to confess)
Desmembrar (to dismember)
Despertar (to awake)
Empedrar (to pave)
Empezar (to begin)
Encerrar (to shut in)
Enmendar (to correct)
Gobernar (to govern)
Manifestar (to manifest)
Mentar (to mention)
Negar (to deny)
Plegar (to fold)
Quebrar (to break)
Recomendar (to recommend)
Reventar (to burst)
Temblar (to tremble)
Tentar (to tempt, to attempt)
Tropezar (to stumble)
Principal Verbs conjugated like "Entender"--
Ascender (to go up)
Atender (to attend)
Condescender (to condescend)
Contender (to contend)
Defender (to defend)
Descender (to descend)
Encender (to light)
Extender (to extend)
Perder (to lose)
Tender (to stretch)
Verter (to shed, to spill)
Principal Verbs conjugated like "Sentir"--
Adherir[218] (to adhere)
Adquirir[218] (to acquire)
Advertir[218] (to notice, to warn)
Arrepentirse (to repent)
Asentir (to assent)
Consentir (to consent)
Erguir (to erect, to raise)
Hervir (to boil)
Mentir (to lie)
[Footnote 218: And all in _erir, irir, ertir_.]
Principal Verbs conjugated like "Acordar"--
Acostarse (to go to bed)
Almorzar (to breakfast)
Apostar (to bet)
Aprobar (to approve)
Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)
Colgar (to hang)
Consolar (to comfort)
Contar (to relate)
Costar (to cost)
Encontrar (to meet)
Forzar (to force)
Hollar (to tread)
Mostrar (to show)
Poblar (to people)
Probar (to prove)
Recordar (to remind, to remember)
Renovar (to renew)
Rodar (to roll)
Rogar (to pray)
Soldar (to solder)
Soltar (to loosen)
Sonar (to sound)
Sonar (to dream)
Tostar (to toast)
Trocar (to exchange, to barter)
Volar (to fly)
Principal Verbs conjugated like "Mover"--
Absolver (_And all in _olver_) (to absolve)
Cocer (to bake, to cook)
Demoler (to demolish)
Doler (to ache)
Moler (to grind)
Morder (to bite)
Oler (to smell)[219]
[Footnote 219: _Huelo_, etc., (because no words begin with _ue_).]
Promover (to promote)
Soler (to be accustomed)
Torcer (to twist)
LIST OF PRINCIPAL VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE "PEDIR"--
Cenir (And all in _enir_) (to gird)
Competir (to compete)
Concebir (to conceive)
Corregir (to correct)
Derretir (to melt)
Elegir (to elect, to select)
Embestir (to run down, to assail)
Freir (to fry)
Gemir (to moan)
Impedir (to prevent)
Medir (to measure)
Regir (to rule, to govern)
Reir (to laugh)
Repetir (to repeat)
Seguir (to follow)
Servir (to serve)
Vestir (to dress, to clothe)
END
==================================================
Transcriber's note: The edition of this book that
was used to produce the document is as follows:
==================================================
PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR
BY
C. A. TOLEDANO
LATE LECTURER IN THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER; EXTERNAL EXAMINER,
UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM; H.M. ASSISTANT INSPECTOR FOR SPANISH; SPANISH
MASTER AT THE MANCHESTER MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER
ATHENAEUM, ETC.
_SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED_
LONDON
SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., 1 AMEN CORNER, E. C. BATH, NEW YORK AND
MELBOURNE _UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME_
2s 6d net
=PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL FRENCH GRAMMAR=. By F.W.M DRAPER, M A. (Cantab.),
_Licencie es Lettres_.
=ITALIAN=. By LUIGI RICCI, AND =GERMAN=. By JETHRO BITHELL
=KEY TO COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR=
In crown 8vo, cloth, 66 pp, 2s. net.
For Complete List of Pitman's Language Text-books, see Catalogue
contained at the end of this book.
PRINTED BY SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD, LONDON, BATH, NEW YORK AND
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A MI SENOR PADRE,
--LO QUE PUEDO _Reprinted_, 1917