just," followed by a past participle, as--
Acaba de flotarse una sociedad: A company has just been floated.
_Acertar a_, followed by an infinitive, translates "to happen," as--
Acertaron a pasar cuando ella estaba asomada a la ventana: They happened
to pass when she was looking out of the window.
Acerto a ser viernes aquel dia: That day happened to be a Friday.
_Alegrarse de, Celebrar_--"to be glad to," "to rejoice at."
Me alegro mucho de la noticia; Celebro mucho la noticia: I am glad of
the news.
(Before an infinitive _de_ is omitted after "alegrarse," as: Me alegro
decirle: I am glad to tell you.)
_Caber_ (see Lesson XXX) is used figuratively in many locutions--
No cabe en nosotros tal accion: We are not capable of such an action.
No cabe en si de gozo: He is beside himself with joy.
Le cupo el premio gordo: it was his lot or luck to get the chief prize.
No se puede saber lo que le cabra a uno en suerte: One cannot know what
one's lot will be.
Esta tela es de calidad que no cabe mas: This cloth is perfection
itself.
No caber en si: To be puffed up with pride.
=Ir= (to go).
_Pres. Part._, Yendo.[194]
_Pres. Indic._, Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van.
_Pres. Subj._, Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayais, vayan.
_Imper. Mood_, Ve ... vayamos _or_ vamos ...
_Imperf. Indic._, Iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban.
_Past Def. Indic._, Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.
[Footnote 194: No word in Spanish commences with "ie." Hence the change
into "ye."]
=Oir= (to hear).
_Pres. Indic._, Oigo.
Salir (to go out).
_Pres. Indic._, Salgo.
_Pres. Subj._, Salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgais, salgan.
_Imp. Mood_, Sal . . .
_Fut. Indic._, Saldre, saldras, saldra, saldremos, saldreis, saldran.
VOCABULARY.
=arrancar=, to wrench, to squeeze out
=biblioteca=, public library
=codicia=, greed, covetousness
*=darsele a uno de una cosa=, to matter
=desgraciado=, unfortunate
=deslumbrar=, to dazzle
=factura simulada=, pro forma invoice
=fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday
=fomento=, development, encouragement
*=hacer impresion=, to impress
=hacienda=, finance, property
=(no) perdonar nada=, to leave no stone unturned
=proxima=, near, approaching
*=regir=, to rule, to govern, to control
=sacar=, to pull out, to get out
=sin perjuicio de=, excepting
*=tener a su cargo=, to have in charge
*=tener en poco=, to think little of
EXERCISE 1 (81).
Translate into English--
1. El Gobierno en Espana se compone de ocho ministerios.
2. El Ministerio de Estado trata de las relaciones de Espana con los
demas Estados y corresponde al "Foreign Office" ingles.
3. El de Gracia y Justicia tiene a su cargo todos los asuntos relativos
a la Administracion de Justicia y alorden eclesiastico.
4. El de la Guerra que es lo mismo que nuestro "War Office."
5. El de Hacienda, el Ministerio de Marina, el Ministerio de la
Gobernacion (Ministry of the Interior) que vigila y dirige todos los
negocios y asuntos propios del Gobierno y administracion civil del
Estado, asi generales como locales, sin perjuicio de las atribuciones de
los ayuntamientos y Diputaciones provinciales, el Ministerio de Fomento
(Ministry of P. Works) que rige todo lo relative a la agricultura,
industria, comercio, obras, publicas, montes (forests), minas, y
estadisticas.
6. Este corresponde mas o menos al ingles "Board of Trade;" y el
Ministerio de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes que tiene a su cargo
cuanto se refiere a la ensenanza, bellas artes, archivos, bibliotecas, y
museos, y que representa aproximadamente al "Board of Education."
EXERCISE 2 (82).
Translate into Spanish--
1. It is I who shall leave for Paris (saldre para) now that the matter
is arranged.
2. I am going out as I hear somebody calling me.
3. Go, but do not be long.
4. Yesterday you went for a few minutes but it was an hour before you
returned (no volvio antes de).
5. We have just heard of his approaching visit to England.
6. It happened to be on a bank holiday and our offices (oficinas) were
of course closed on that day.
7. We shall be glad if you will kindly instruct (de instrucciones a)
your cashier to pay our account.
8. We have the pleasure of enclosing the pro forma invoices.
9. I am incapable of so much greed.
10. I am sorry to have to tell you that the cargo by the s.s. "Maria"
was lost through the vessel stranding (por haber varado) on (en) the
Spanish coast.
11. Coming back from having seen (a vuelta de haber visto) the machine
working (en funcion) he told us how favourably impressed he had been.
12. He was dazzled by the brilliant prospects set before him.
13. This is nothing to me.
14. There is nothing or very little to be got out of that firm.
15. I have left no stone unturned to squeeze something out of this
unfortunate business but it has been of no avail.
16. He thinks nothing of our work.
LESSON XLII.
(Leccion cuadragesima segunda.)
THE VERB (_contd_.).
_Caer_ has several idiomatic uses--
Este vestido le cae bien: This dress fits her well.
Caer en gracia: To fall into the good graces of one.
La puerta cae a oriente: The door is on the east side.
Ya caigo, ya caigo en ello: Now I understand.
Caerse redondo: To fall flat.
_Dar_--
Dar en el clavo (= acertar): To hit it.
Dar por concedido, dar de barato: To grant for the sake of argument.
Lo doy por bueno: I consider it as good.
Dar los naipes: To deal cards.
Dar la enhorabuena, el pesame, los buenos dias: To congratulate, to
condole with, to wish good day.
Dar la hora: To strike the hour.
Dar en caprichos: To give oneself up to whims.
Dar en un error: To incur an error.
Darse preso: To give oneself up.
Darse al estudio: To apply or devote oneself to study.
Dar a creer: To make believe.
Dar con una persona: To come across a person.
No se me da nada: I do not care a bit.
Ahi me las den todas: I do not care a bit.
Many other idioms are formed with _dar_ for which a good dictionary
should be consulted.
_Dejar de_--to cease from, to omit, to fail to.
Dejemos de hablar: Let us cease talking.
Dejo de hacerme la remesa que me habia prometido: He omitted to send me
the remittance he promised me.
No dejare de ejecutar su orden: I shall not fail to execute your order.
_Echar_ (to throw) forms also many idioms for which the dictionary
should be consulted--
Echar a correr, a reir, etc.: To start running, laughing, etc.
Echar a perder: To spoil, to ruin.
Echar de beber: To pour out drink.
Echar de ver: To perceive, to notice.
Esto se echa de ver: This is obvious.
Echar menos or de menos: To miss, to feel the want of.
Echar la llave, el cerrojo, la tranca: To lock, to bolt, to bar (the
door).
Echar la culpa: To lay the blame.
Echar mano: To lay hold, to lay hands upon.
Echar un cigarillo, un puro: To smoke a cigarette, a cigar.
_Estar_--"to be."
Estar en que: To be of opinion.
Estar por: To be in favour of.
Estar para: To be on the point of.
Estar por hacer: To be yet to be done.
_Faltar_--"to fail," "to be wanting."
Falto a la promesa: He failed to his promise.
Me faltan cinco duros: I am short of five dollars.
N.B.--"Me hacen falta cinco duros" is "I need five dollars."
_Guardarse de_--"to take care" (to guard against).
It carries with it a negative meaning.
Me guardare bien de hacerlo: I shall take care _not_ to do it. ("I shall
take care to do it" would be translated "cuidare de hacerlo.")
_Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, Llegar a ser_, translate the English "to
become," when this is not rendered by turning the English adjective into
a verb, as--
Se hizo todo un ingles: He became quite an Englishman.
Se puso colorado: He became red in the face.
Se volvio loco de contento: He became mad with joy.
Llego a ser famoso: He became famous.
Se enriquecio: He became rich.
_Hacer_ (_or mandar_) _hacer una cosa_--"to have a thing done."
Me hice enviar los bultos: I had the packages sent to me.
Hice escribir una carta: I had a letter written.
_Llevar_--"to carry," "to wear."
Llevar a mal: To take amiss.
Llevarse bien con todos: To get on with everybody.
Llevarse chasco: To be disappointed.
Llevese V. estos valores: Take these securities with you.
_Meter bulla_--"to make a noise," "to shout," "to clamour."
_Volver_ (to return, i.e., to come or go again) is used before an
infinitive to denote a repetition of its action--
Volver a decir: To say again.
Decir otra vez: To say again.
Decir de nuevo: To say again.
VOCABULARY.
=abonar=, to speak for a person, to recommend
=actas=, deeds (writings)
=amen de=, besides
=apenas=, barely, scarcely
*=arrepentirse=, to repent
=bergantin=, brig
=concluir un trato=, to strike a bargain
=contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner
=conveniente para=, becoming
=cregueelas=, osnaburgs
=crespones=, crepons
*=dar cuenta=, to report
=destajista=, contractor
=discutir=, to discuss
=dobladillo de ojo (con)=, hemstitched
=empenar=, to engage
=en regla=, in order
=escrito=, writing (_n._), letter
*=exponerse a=, to expose oneself to, to encounter
=fidedigno=, trustworthy
=fracasar=, to fall through
=goleta=, schooner
=hundimiento=, subsidence
=panuelos de luto=, black-bordered handkerchiefs
*=poner pleito=, to bring an action
=posicion=, position, standing
*=probar fortuna=, to try one's luck
=proceder= (_n_.), proceeding, behaviour
=redactar=, to draw up (deeds), to write out
=repulgados, dobladillados=, hemmed
=suelo=, ground, soil
=telas rizadas=, crimps
=vencer=, to win, to fall due
EXERCISE 1 (83).
Translate into English--
1. En contestacion a su estimada carta pesanos (we are sorry) deberles
notificar que hasta ahora no hemos podido dar con los crespones que nos
han pedido.
2. Obra en nuestro poder su apreciable del 3 del que rige con orden para
cregueelas, panuelos de algodon de luto, dobladillados (_or_ repulgados)
y panuelos de lino con dobladillo de ojo, y no dejaremos de darles
cuenta detallada de lo que hayamos hecho, en nuestro proximo escrito.
3. El destajista echo a construir pero abandono la obra a medio hacer.
4. Estamos en que se arrepintio de su contrato y nuestros Directores
estan por ponerle pleito.
5. Escriben de Brasil que les hace falta un contramaestre de filatura.
6. Conozco a un joven que deberia ser competente pero me guardare de
empenarle sin obtener informes fidedignos que le abonen.
7. De resultas de un hundimiento en el suelo sufrio danos de importancia
el cuerpo del edificio amen de haberse caido la chimenea.
8. La goleta y el bergantin temen exponerse al fuerte viento.
EXERCISE 2 (84).
Translate into Spanish--
1. He wants to make us believe that the price at which he sold them
barely covers his cost.
2. I do not care whether he gains or loses; I have ceased to take an
interest in his affairs.
3. Now I understand, and I shall not fail to take care not to do it in
future.
4. He started laughing, and there the matter ended (asi se acabo la
cosa).
5. He was on the point of striking a bargain with him, but it fell
through at the last moment and now everything is to be discussed again.
6. He failed to present himself at the creditors' meeting, and he has
therefore forfeited (perdido) his right of opposition (de oponerse).
7. He became very cautious after the experience he had.
8. He became very rich by his fortunate deals (especulaciones) in
railway shares.
9. The bill falls due on the 15th inst.
10. This proceeding is not becoming a firm of your standing.
11. The deeds are not in order: please do not take amiss my requesting
you to have them drawn up again.
12. I expected to see him, but I was disappointed.
13. Do not clamour so much, and try your luck again.
LESSON XLIII.
(Leccion cuadragesima tercera.)
THE VERB (_contd._).
The English verbs "shall," "will," "should," "would," "may," "might,"
when used as auxiliary verbs (viz., as mere signs of the future tense,
conditional or subjunctive moods respectively) are rendered by the
corresponding terminations of the Spanish verb[195]--
I shall go: Ire.
Thou wilt go: Iras.
We should go: Iriamos.
You would go: Vs. irian.
I hope he may succeed: Deseo que tenga buen exito.
I wished he might come: Deseaba que viniese.
[Footnote 195: "Shall," "should," "will," "would," are also rendered by
the Subjunctive Mood when according to the Spanish rules the verb should
be Subjunctive. Example--
It is (was) possible that he will (would) have to work late:
Es (era) posible que tenga (tuviese) que trabajar tarde.]
When they are used as principal verbs they are translated by _Deber_
(shall, should), _Querer_ (will and would), and _Poder_ (may and might),
as--
You shall go: V. debe ir.
You may speak: V. puede hablar.
I will not buy more: No quiero comprar mas.
You should accept our terms: Vs. deberian[196] aceptar nuestras
condiciones.
We would willingly see that done: Quisieramos mucho verlo hacer.
[Footnote 196: The Imperfect Indicative _debia, podia, queria,_ is often
used for "deberia," "podria," and "querria." This occurs also with other
verbs, colloquially: Yo se lo daba si estuviese aqui _for_ Yo selo daria
si estuviese aqui.]
"Can" is translated by the pres. or future of _Poder_--
I can do it now: Puedo hacerlo ahora.
I can do it next month: Puedo _or_ Podre hacerlo el mes proximo.
"Could" is translated by the imperfect indicative or the conditional
mood of _Poder_--
I did it whenever I could: Lo hacia siempre que podia.
I could do it if I had the necessary means: Podria hacerlo si tuviese
los medics necesarios.
"Would," meaning "used to," is, of course, translated by the imperfect
indicative--
When he was in Paris he would sit in the cafes for hours: Cuando estaba
en Paris se pasaba horas enteras en los cafes.
"Should he do," etc., is translated "if he should do," etc. (si lo
hiciese).[197]
"If I were to go" is translated "if I went" (si fuese).
[Footnote 197: After _si_ (if--Conditional) the verb is present
indicative or imperfect subjunctive (see Lesson XXIV).]
"Can" is translated by _saber_ when the faculty expressed is the result
of _learning_, as--
Can you play the piano? ?Sabe V. tocar el pianoforte?
"To be to," "to have to" are translated by _Tener que, Haber de_ or
_Deber_ (see Lesson XXVII), as--
Who is to write out that invoice? ?Quien ha de (debe) escribir aquella
factura?
I have to be very careful: He de ser muy cuidadoso.
I shall have to work hard: Tendro que trabajar fuerte.
"Let" as a principal verb is translated by _dejar_ or _permitir;_ as an
auxiliary it corresponds to the Spanish imperative mood--
Let him speak: Dejele V. hablar, or Permitale V. que hable.
Let him ask for it and we shall give it to him: Pidalo (_or_ que lo
pida) y se lo daremos.
"To let (or hire) a house"--"alquilar (una casa)"--I have let my house:
He alquilado mi casa.
VOCABULARY.
=abogar por=, to plead for
=acoger=, to receive
=agasajar=, to welcome
=apurar=, to clear up, to investigate
=arrancar=, to wrench, to pull out, also to date from
*=atender a=, to attend
=clases nocturnas=, evening classes
=condiciones=, terms
*=convenir en=, to agree, to acquiesce
=cruzados=, twills[198]
=culpado=, at fault
*=despedir=, to dismiss
=destenido=, faded
=detallado=, detailed, circumstantial
=estrenar=, to use or wear a thing for the first time
=estrenarse=, to commence, to make a start
=farditos=, trusses[199]
=fiados, book debts
=el idioma, la lengua=, language
=malversar=, to embezzle
=nansus=, nainsooks
=negociado=, division (Gov. Office)
=oportunidad=,, opportunity, chance
=pagare=, promissory note, bill
=parte=, report
=perfeccionar=, to perfect
=por poder=, per pro
=tiro, largura=, length
=tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase
[Footnote 198: Also Aterlizados, asargados, diagonales.]
[Footnote 199: Small bales.]
EXERCISE 1 (85).
Translate into English--
1. Quiso acogerme generosamente en su casa, en donde fui atendido y
agasajado durante el tiempo de mi estancia en X.
2. Le agradeceria de veras una orden pues aun no me he estrenado hoy, y
V. deberia darmela pues me la tiene prometida.
3. Los cruzados y los nansus se han puesto en farditos y estos se han
empacado cada cuatro en un fardo.
4. Avisamos a Vs. el envio por correo, de cortes (cuttings) de toda la
serie y observaran que son telas de muy buena vista (very sightly) y se
pueden pedir en cualquier tiro.
5. Les aconsejamos no tarden en colocar sus pedidos para lo que
necesiten.
6. Este negocio tomara mucho vuelo con el tiempo (in time).
7. Arrancan de muchos anos los abuses que se cometen en ese Negociado.
8. Se han malversado cantidades de importancia.
9. El Ministro esta ocupado en apurar los hechos, estando decidido a
castigar severamente a los que resultaran culpados.
EXERCISE 2 (86).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I shall make out a list of my book debts.
2. You would break (faltaria a) your word if you did not plead for him.
3. He should explain his conduct, otherwise he will be dismissed.
4. We shall oblige (contentar) him, but it must be under certain
conditions.
5. He is sending me to the Court (Tribunal) that I may watch (seguir)
that interesting case (proceso).
6. He sent his nephew here that he might learn our business methods
(metodos comerciales) and perfect his knowledge of the English language.
7. You may see for yourself (V. mismo) that the state of the market will
not justify (no justifica) buying (el comprar) at present.
8. They might be a little easier in their dealings.
9. Can you claim an indemnity for non-fulfilment of contract?
10. They could square up the account by signing[200] promissory notes at
4 and 6 months' time.
11. They ought to forewarn their agents.
12. He would insist on saying we were in the wrong.
13. Should they acquiesce to the terms of the arrangements, we authorise
you to sign it per pro.
14. Had he known the cloth was faded he would not have taken receipt of
(admitido) the bale.
15. Mr. Gomez is to visit the Estate (terreno) and send a circumstancial
report.
16. I shall let him attend (asistir a) the evening classes at the
Manchester School of Technology.
17. It is only fair that (es muy justo que) he should have a chance of
mastering (aprender a fondo) the art of spinning and weaving.
18. If he would only devote (si a lo menos dedicase) his attention (to
it).
[Footnote 200: See page 162.]
LESSON XLIV.
(Leccion cuadragesima cuarta.)
THE ADVERB.
The natural position of the adverb is after the verb, as--
El convendria de muy buena gana: He would willingly consent.
But a great liberty is allowed in this respect, as--
Seguramente firmaria el endoso: He would certainly sign the endorsement.
Siempre se lo voy repitiendo: I keep always repeating it to him.
_Mucho_ is the only adverb which does not generally admit of "very" for
the superlative; it takes _isimo_ instead. However "muy mucho" is found,
especially when used jocularly.
To the adverbs given in Lesson XXVIII we add the following adverbs and
adverbial locutions--
A la noche (at night)
A manos llenas (profusely)
A ojos cegarritas (blindly)
A ojos vistas (obviously)
A pie juntillas (firmly)
A rienda suelta (recklessly)
A todo escape (at full speed)
Ayer tarde _or_ por la tarde (yesterday evening)
Cuanto antes (as soon as possible)
De buena, mala gana (willingly, unwillingly)
De buenas a buenas (willingly)
De buenas a primeras (at first sight, straight away)
De hoy en quince (to-day fortnight)
Hoy hace quince dias (just a fortnight ago)
De proposito (on purpose)
De tiempo en tiempo (from time to time)
Dia si, y otro no (every other day)
Manana por la manana (to-morrow morning)
Nunca jamas (never--emphatic)
Para siempre jamas (for ever and ever)
Pasado manana (the day after to-morrow)
Por mal (bien) que (however badly (well))
Por poco (nearly, but for little)
Tal cual vez (once in a while)
EXAMPLES--
Nunca jamas en la vida he hecho esto: _Never_ in my life have I done
this.
Por poco se rompio la cabeza: He nearly broke his head.
Por mal que le salga: Badly as it may turn out for him.
Adverbs ending in _mente_ are often substituted by _con_ with a noun,
as--
Con lujo--lujosamente (luxuriantly).
Con dificultad--dificilmente (with difficulty).
This, of course, is found also in English but is more frequently done in
Spanish.
_Recientemente_ is generally abbreviated into _recien_ before a past
participle, as--
El recien llegado (the newly arrived).
El recien venido (the newly arrived).
El recien nacido (the new born).
_Aqui, aca, alli, alla._
_Aqui_ and _alli_ are more circumscribed than _aca_ and _alla_--
Venga aca cuando necesite algo: Come here when you want anything.
Alla, en su tierra esto se hace: There in your country this is done.
Aqui estoy y aqui me quedo: Here I am, and here I remain.
Ponga este paquete alli: Put this packet there.
_Ahi_--there (near the person spoken to[201]) also means your city, your
country, there (in correspondence).
[Footnote 201: Rule not strictly observed.]
Si los precios ahi son razonables podra hacerse mucho negocio: If prices
over there are reasonable, a large business can be done.
_Por ahi_ = about.
?Cuantos habia? ?40? Por ahi: How many were there? 40? About that
number.
_No_ is used often redundantly--
Mejor es sufrir que no hacer sufrir: It is better to suffer than to make
others suffer.
Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano[202]: I am afraid he will arrive
too early.
[Footnote 202: This sentence is ambiguous, because it might mean the
opposite: Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano sino demasiado tarde.
The tone of the voice must be relied upon or a different construction
must be used.]
=Venir (to come)=.
_Pres. Part., _Viniendo.
_Pres. Indic., _Vengo, vienes, viene,--,--, vienen.
_Pres. Subj., _Venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengais, vengan.
_Imper. Mood, _Ven ...
_Past Def., _Vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron.
_Fut. Indic., _Vendre, vendras, vendra, vendremos, vendreis, vendran;
VOCABULARY.
=a ciegas, a ojos cegarritas=, blindly
=agotar=, to drain, to exhaust
=al amor de=, near, beside
=aparentar=, to appear
=basto=, common, inferior, coarse
=de bien a mejor=, better and better
=cabal=, upright, just
=de cabo a rabo=, from top to bottom rom end to end
=el efectivo=, the cash, the money
=en efectivo, en metalico=, in cash
=enterarse=, to get to know
=escuchar=, to listen
=esquela=, note
=etiqueta=, rotulo, ticket, label
=hombre llano=, sincere, rough-and-ready man
=loza=, crockery
=medida=, measurement
=medrar=, to prosper
*=ponerse a sus anchas=, to make oneself comfortable
=porcelana=, china
=quebranto=, mishap, misfortune, loss
*=salir en=, to come up to
=silla=, chair
=solicitado=, sought after
=un si es no es=, just a trifle
*=venir a menos=, to come down in the world, to decline
=vidriado=, glassware
EXERCISE 1 (87).
Translate into English--
1. Desde nuestra ultima revista no se puede decir que haya habido mucha
variacion en nuestro mercado aunque se nota algo mas de firmeza y los
precios aparentan ser un si es no es mas caros.
2. Siempre solicitados los generos bastos a precios baratos.
3. Entregue la esquela al anciano senor quien, sentado al amor del
fuego, la leyo de cabo a rabo y, como hombre llano que es me dijo de
buenas a primeras que no queriendo obrar a ciegas, daria su contestacion
en un par (couple) de dias.
4. ?Sabia V. que la casa Fernandez habia venido tan a menos?
5. No, no me habia enterado, la tuve siempre por casa fabricante de
loza, porcelana, y vidriado, cuyos negocios iban de bien a mejor.
6. Medraron al principio pero ya han decaido mucho.
7. Lo siento de veras. Es muy de deplorar porque el Sr. Fernandez es
hombre muy cabal.
8. Invirtio una porcion de dinero en el ferrocarril aereo (overhead) de
N.; eso tambien le causo algun quebranto.
9. Pobrecito, no le faltaba mas (that was the last stroke).
10. iQue[203] barato es esto!
[Footnote 203: Que before an adjective = how. (Cuan can also be used.)]
EXERCISE 2 (88).
Translate into Spanish--
1. I would gladly accede to your request if it were in my power.
2. We are always impressing upon (llamando la atencion de) our
warehousemen the importance of marking the measurement on the tickets.
3. Besides being loose (fugitives) colours they are not half so (nada
tan) bright as they should be.
4. They advertise profusely and from time to time they issue new
illustrated catalogues.
5. Soon (cuanto antes) they will start (principiaran a) issuing them in
foreign languages.
6. I never saw a better kept set of books (libros).