anteriormente, previously
anunciar, to advertise
apacible, mild
armadura, frame, framing (mach.)
atajo, short cut
buen exito, success
comprometerse, to undertake
edificio, building
empresa, undertaking
experimentar, to experience
grabados (generos), embossed (goods)
hilado, yarn
intentar,*tener intencion, to intend
junto a, coupled with
practico, practical
*proponerse, to have in view
(a) rayas, striped (goods)
recto, straightforward
riqueza, wealth
sencillo, plain
suceder, to succeed, to happen
tenedores, holders (of securities, etc.)
tratar, to conduct (business)
vara, Spanish yard.
EXERCISE 1 (61).
Translate into English--
1. Eran las doce y media del domingo antepasado (before last), apacible
dia, que, aunque estamos en otono, parecia mas dia de primavera, la
Maria me acompanaba, aquella Senora del Peru que ha viajado tanto en la
India y el Japon y cuyo marido y el mio eran tan amigos.
2. Ibamos a casa de la Senora.
3. La Coruna es ciudad de Galicia.
4. Carlos V., Emperador de Alemania es el mismo monarca que reino en
Espana con el titulo de Carlos I desde 1517 a 1551.
5. Luis XIV de Francia no tenia sino cinco anos de edad cuando sucedio a
su padre Luis XIII en 1643.
6. El principio de su reinado fue dirigido por Mazarin, italiano muy
fino (shrewd), y astuto conocedor de los hombres.
7. ?Que dice ese papel?
8. Lista de los accesorios que se dan con cada maquina.
9. Tan ventajosas condiciones no se hallan en ningunas otras Companias
para el seguro de la vida.
10. Tales administradores, valen un tesoro (are worth their weight in
gold); de ellos depende el buen exito de las empresas.
11. Otro dependiente como el Sr. Arboleda no lo hallaran entre mil.
12. Estos cuadritos y rayas cuestan 45 centimos el metro, y estos
mercerizados y grabados valen 40 centimos la vara.
13. ?Que es la vara?
14. Es medida espanola que equivale a =835= milimetros y 9 decimas o
cerca de =33= pulgadas inglesas.
EXERCISE 2 (62).
Translate into Spanish--
1. An "iron framing" is a framing made of iron, but a "steam engine"
(maquina a vapor) is an engine moved by steam.
2. I had the intention of giving more such examples but I believe one is
enough.
3. In the construction of this building the architect had in view both
the beautiful and the practical.
4. Yes, see how (cuan) elegant and at the same time how solid these
columns are!
5. Business conducted through us (por nuestro medio) is different from
the many advertised systems and promised short cuts to wealth which are
dangled before the eyes of the (con que se deslumbra al) public.
6. Our plan is a plain (sencillo), straightforward method of operating
by which we undertake to implicitly carry out (cumplir con) the
instructions of our customers.
7. Our best advice and service are always at your command (a su
disposicion).
8. "Kaffirs" have resorted to (han llegado) a state of idleness
(inercia) coupled with steadily (mas y mas) sagging (aflojados) prices.
9. Holders of spot cotton have again experienced quite a brisk inquiry
(una demanda muy activa) from spinners, who have freely (abundantemente)
covered forward sales (para sus entregas futuras) of yarn.
10. They also took up large lines (grandes cantidades) of cotton
previously contracted for (contratadas).
11. The total turnover (las ventas totales) was not quite as good as
expected.
LESSON XXXII.
(Leccion trigeima segunda.)
THE NOUN.
1. The gender of names of countries, provinces, and towns is according
to their termination (Lesson III), but those ending in _d_ are generally
masculine.
Exceptions are found, the names "ciudad" or "pueblo" being then
understood.
2. Names of trees are masculine, those of fruits are feminine.
EXCEPTIONS--
+--------------------------------+----------------------------+
|La higuera (the fig-tree) |El melocoton (the peach) |
|La palma (the palm-tree) |El alberchigo (the peach) |
|La vina (the vine-tree) |El durazno (the apricot) |
|El datil (the date) |El albaricoque (the apricot)|
|El pistacho (the pistachio-nut) |El mango (the mango) |
|El higo (the fig) | |
+--------------------------------+----------------------------+
And a few more.
3. A masculine article is used with other parts of speech whole
sentences used substantively, as--
Quiero un si o un no claro: I want a clear (decisive) yes or no.
El aprender es util: Learning is useful.
El que lo haya hecho sin consultarme no puede serme de grande gusto:
That he did it without consulting me is certainly not pleasing to me.
A list of principal exceptions to the rule given on Spanish gender by
termination is given in Appendix I.
To the rules for the formation of the plural (Lesson III) we shall add--
1. Family names ending in _z_ unstressed do not change--
Juan Fernandez But--El Sr. Ruiz
Los Senores Fernandez Los Senores Ruices
2. The names of the vowels pluralize in _es_--
Las aes, las ees, las ies, las oes, las ues.
3. Some Latin words used in Spanish, as--Accessit, deficit, fiat,
ultimatum, agnus dei, etc., do not change for the plural,
except--Album--albumes.
For other peculiarities of number see Appendix II. Collective nouns in
Spanish are generally followed by the verb in the singular, as--La gente
piensa: People think.
But after a collective noun, indefinite in its meaning, the verb may
follow in the plural, as--Una cantidad de generos se vendio, _or_
vendieron en subasta: A quantity of goods was or were sold by auction.
N.B.--The tendency of the language is in favour of the singular.
=Poner= (to put, to place).
_Past Part.,_ Puesto.
_Pres. Indic.,_ Pongo.[174]
_Imper. Mood,_ Pon ... poned ...[175]
_Past Def.,_ Puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron.
_Future Indic.,_ Pondre, pondras, pondra, pondremos, pondeis, pondran.
=Querer= (to want a thing or person, to love a person, to be willing).
_Pres. Indic.,_ Quiero, quieres, quiere,--,--, quieren. [176]
_Past Def.,_ Quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron.
_Fut. Indic., _Querre, querras, querra, querremos, querreis, querran.
[Footnote 174: Verbs which are irregular in the Pres. Indic. 1st person
singular only, have the same irregularity in the present subj. all
through.]
[Footnote 175: The 1st person pi. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. of the
Imperative Mood are taken from the Subj. Mood.]
[Footnote 176: Verbs which in the pres. indic. are irregular in the 1st,
2nd and 3rd pers. sing. and 3rd pers. pl. have the same irregularities in
the pres. subj. in the same persons.]
=Saber= (to know).
_Pres. Indic., _Se, . . .
_Pres. Subj., _Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepais, sepan.
_Past Def., _Supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron.
_Fut. Indic., _Sabre, sabras, sabra, sabremos, sabreis, sabran.
VOCABULARY.
=apuro=, straits, embarrassment
=armas blancas=, side arms
=armas de fuego=, fire-arms
=*atravesar=, to traverse, to cross
=campos=, fields
=cierre=, lock-out
=compensar=, to compensate, to make good
=*darse a partido=, to yield, to submit
=disturbio=, disturbance
=enfurecido, furioso=, furious (enfuriated)
=ensenanza=, teaching
=*escarmentar=, to take warning
=fracaso=, failure
=la fuente=, the fountain, source
=fuerza motriz=, motive power
=fundarse en=, to base upon
=huelga=, strike (of workmen)
=huerta=, orchard
=infinidad (una)=, an infinite number
=interior=, interior, inland
=limitar=, to confine, to limit
=mejorar=, to improve
=minero=, miner
=obrero=, workman
=orillas=, banks of a river
=palmera=, date palm
=poblacion=, villa, town
=poliza de seguro=, insurance policy
=prescindir de=, to dispense with
=regadio=, irrigation
=rieles=, rails
=tal cual= (of goods), as they are, as they were
=tomar en consideracion=, to take into consideration, to entertain
=turba=, crowd (motley)
=virtualmente=, practically, virtually
EXERCISE 1 (63).
Translate into English--
1. La palmera., el pistacho, y la higuera crecen en Andalucia pero los
datiles, los pistachos y los higos que se venden en el mercado ingles
provienen principalmente de Berberia, de Grecia y Esmirna (Smyrna).
2. En los recientes disturbios en la provincia de Champana muchas vinas
se han destruido por las turbas enfurecidas.
3. Expliqueme V. el como y el cuando del asunto (all about the affair) y
luego (then) considerare yo el pro y el contra.
4. A mi no me importa el que diran (what people will say).
5. La industria del hierro es una de las principales fuentes de riqueza
del Reino Unido.
6. Las maquinas de toda especie, los buques de vapor, los rieles de
ferrocarriles, las herramientas mecanicas y agricolas, las armas
blancas y de fuego y una infinidad de otros objetos se deben a esa
industria.
7. En el norte de Espana, especialmente en Bilbao se trabaja el hierro
en grande escala.
8. El rio que atraviesa dicha poblacion presta (gives) fuerza motriz a
varias fabricas situadas en sus orillas, y sirve tambien al regadio de
los campos y huertas.
9. Escarmentados por el fracaso de la huelga de los mineros, los obreros
hiladores se dieron a partido admitiendo las condiciones ofrecidas por
los patronos, evitando asi el cierre.
10. Patronos y obreros deberian trabajar armoniosamente y fundados en la
justicia; el capital y el trabajo no pueden prescindir el uno del otro.
EXERCISE 2 (64).
Translate into Spanish--
1. The steamer ran aground on the Spanish coast but the crew were saved.
2. People are apt to forget (se olvida facilmente de) the teachings of
history (historia).
3. His action has put me in a serious embarrassment.
4. I put it as a condition that the bills be drawn against delivery of
B/L and insurance policy.
5. They placed all their trust in their agent.
6. I do not mean to say that they wanted to deceive him.
7. When prices improve we shall be willing (estaremos dispuestos) to
sell.
8. I do not know what effect this had on the market.
9. If I knew, I should be able to act accordingly (de conformidad).
10. I do not think he knows (_subj._) what suits him best.
11. The Directors are not in the least (absolutamente) disposed to
launch upon (lanzarse a) a large foreign trade, so that the operations
of the concern (compania _or_ casa) remain confined practically to the
inland market.
12. We received a claim on our last shipment but we refused to
(rehusamos de) entertain it as the goods were jobs (generos imperfectos)
and were sold as they were with all faults (imperfecciones).
13. We are sorry our customers should have suffered any loss, but we
cannot make it good, and we shall stand our ground (insistiremos en
eso).
LESSON XXXIII.
(Leccion trigesima tercera.)
AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE TERMINATIONS
(see also Appendix IV).
Examples in English--
Ball, balloon
Book, booklet
Lad, laddie
Man, manikin
These terminations are frequent in Spanish, especially the diminutive.
_On_ (_m._), _ona_ (_f._)[177] denote augmentation, as--
Libro, book
Libron, large book
[Footnote 177: Feminine nouns, however, generally take =on= and become
masculine, as--
Un mujeron: A tall woman.
Except when ambiguity might arise, as:
Un muchachon: A tall or big boy Una muchachona: A tall or big girl.]
_ito_ (_m._), _ita_ (_f._), _ico_ (_m._), _ica_ (_f._)
Denote diminution (to which an idea of endearment is always attached
which is natural in Spanish when speaking of little objects in the
ordinary way.)
If for any reason disparagement or insignificance is suggested then
_illo, illa, uelo, uela_, are used instead.
Other terminations less used are _azo, acho, onazo, achon, ote, astro,
aco_, and a few others (augmentative, suggesting (generally)
disparagement); _ete, in, ino, itito, itico, itillo_, and a few others
(diminutive). If a noun ends in a vowel, this is elided[178] before
adding the termination.
[Footnote 178: If a noun ends in _n_ (except proper names like "Juan")
or _r, ito, ico, illo, uelo_, change into =cito, cico, cillo, zuelo=. If
a noun of one syllable ends in a consonant, or a noun of two syllables
ends in _e_ or _io_, or contains a diphthong, _ito, ico_, etc., change
into =ecito, ecico=, etc. If a noun of one syllable ends in a vowel,
_ito, ico_, etc., become =ececito, ececico=, etc. Other slight changes
occur also.]
The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations have no determinate
meaning: they are vague and indefinite and consequently when preciseness
is required we must use the adjectives "grande," "pequeno," etc. (which
can be employed conjointly with the terminations), as--
Me dio dos librones gruesos y tres libritos delgados: He gave me two
heavy big books and three small ones.
Students should use the terminations _on_ and _ito_ but no others until
they become familiar with them with reading, as they cannot be used
indiscriminately with all nouns.
The termination _azo_ serves also to indicate an injury or explosion
from a weapon, as--
Un sablazo (a sabre-cut)
Un punetazo (a blow with the fist)
Un navajazo (a stab with a knife)
Un canonazo (a cannon-shot)
With some weapons some other terminations are used--
Una cuchillada (same as navajazo)
Una paliza (a thrashing with a stick)
=Traer= (to bring).
_Pres. Part._, Trayendo (_i_ unstressed between two vowels always
changes into _y_).
_Pres. Indic._, Traigo.
_Past Def._, Traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron.
VOCABULARY.
=actitud=, actitude
=agiotista=, stock-jobber
=alejarse=, to go away
=aludir a=, to allude, to hint
=apurado de dinero=, short of money
=apurar=, to purify, to exhaust
=calcular=, to calculate, to reckon
=callar=, to keep silent, to omit speaking
=cambiar=, to change, to alter
=consignar=, to consign, to record
=contrato social=, articles of partnership
=cordoban=, morocco leather
=despacio=, slowly
=despreciable=, despicable
=dinero efectivo=, cash
=discutir=, to discuss
=especulacion=, speculation, venture
=garrote=, cudgel, stick
=*impedir=, to hinder, to preclude
=ladron=, thief
=(el) matiz=, shade
=*mover=, to move, to actuate
=mozalbete=, beardless youth
=*quebrantamiento=, breakage, break down
=reflejo=, reflection
=*seguir=, to pursue
=sin ton ni son=, without rhyme or reason
=sombrero de copa=, silk hat
=vejete=, diminutive old man
=vocablo=, vocable, word
EXERCISE 1 (65).
Translate into English--
1. El agiotista que V. ve alli, aquel hombron con el sombrerote de copa,
ha hecho un fortunazo en sus especulaciones bursatiles (stock exchange
speculations).
2. Aquel vejete que le acompana con ese mozalbete su hijo me ha vendido
una partidilla de Cordoban muy baratita.
3. Librazo, libraco, librote, libracho son todos variaciones de "libro,"
como tambien librito, librillo, libreto, librete, libretin, librejo que
son sus formas diminutivas.
4. Libreta es diminutive de "libra"; se usa tambien por pan de una
libra; "libreto" es el de una opera; el cuadernito de papel de fumar es
"librillo."
5. Estas graduaciones o matices del sentido se deben aprender con la
practica y se deben usar naturalmente sin afectacion como reflejo del
profundo conocimiento de la lengua, y no copiados de un diccionario "sin
ton ni son" como se dice en espanol.
6. Por ejemplo, "librazo, libracho, y librote" se refieren mas al
aspecto del libro. "Libracos" mas a los despreciables por su contenido.
7. Tambien se debe notar que algunas terminaciones convienen a ciertos
vocablos y a otros no, por ejemplo hay "libraco" y "pajarraco" pero esta
terminacion no puede tomarla el sustantivo "hombre."
8. En fin con lo dicho y con lo consignado en el apendice IV el
estudiante tiene bastante por ahora.
9. Con la Republica en Portugal acabadita de proclamar, nos vemos
apuradillos de dinero pues los clientes portugueses van despacito en sus
remesas.
10. Callandito se vino el ladronzuelo y se alejo sin ser visto.
11. Cuchilladas, pistolazos, revolveradas, y aun garrotazos son raros en
Inglaterra; el Ingles se bate a punetazo limpio (with his fist) cuando
es de la hampa (a rough), y cuando es caballero no se bate aunque si
llega el caso es muy capaz de dar muy buena cuenta de si.
EXERCISE 2 (66).
Translate into Spanish--
1. If you cannot command (no puede disponer de) cash, we shall have to
alter our price lists as our prices will have to be reckoned on a
different basis; they will be a little dearer.
2. I am bound to say that there is some very strong opinion on this side
(de este lado) against the course your Government intends to pursue in
the matter.
3. The situation has been complicated by the breakdown of the
arrangement we had made with our carriers (agentes de transporte).
4. I believe that the reason actuating Mr. Melero's attitude (mueve al
Sr. M. en su) towards us, a reason which he hinted more than once in his
correspondence, is that his articles of partnership with his friends in
Rosario preclude him from entertaining (tomar en consideracion) any new
ventures.
5. At the monthly meeting of the Council of the Chamber of Commerce
(Consejo de la Camara de Comercio) the Japanese tariff was discussed on
a (tras) communication from the Board of Trade ("Board of Trade,"
Ministerio de Comercio).
LESSON XXXIV.
(Leccion trigesima cuarta.)
THE ADJECTIVE.
The position of qualifying adjectives is generally after the noun,
especially
1. Those denoting physical qualities, as--
Un hombre ciego: A blind man.
Una mesa redonda: A round table.
Pano negro: Black cloth.
2. Those denoting nationality, as--
Quincalla inglesa: British hardware.
3. Those derived from verbs, as--
Mercancia averiada: Damaged goods.
The above rule is subject to many exceptions for the sake of euphony or
to give more than the ordinary prominence to the adjective or the noun;
however, the following rule will be found a reliable general one, and it
is in fact the informing principle of all special rules given in the
various grammars--
An adjective used as an epithet should precede the noun; if used as a
distinguishing word it should follow.
By an adjective used as an epithet, we mean one calling to mind a
quality known (or supposed) to belong to the noun, as--
No perdio el aliento el valiente general: The brave general did not lose
courage.
By a distinguishing word we mean one used to indicate the quality of a
noun as compared with another of the same species, as--
Quiero comprar maquinaria barata: I wish to buy cheap machinery.
The Partitive Adjectives "some" and "any" are left out in translation
when they do not convey the idea of limited quantity. When they do,
"algun," "un poco de" (_sing._), "algunos" and "unos" (_pl._) are used.
"Un poco de" and "unos" convey the idea of a more limited quantity or
number than "alguno" and "algunos."
The following few examples are calculated to make it clear as regards
the various shades of meaning--
?Tiene V. alfombras? Have you any carpets?
Tengo algun azucar para vender: I have some sugar to sell.
?Quiere V. un poco de papel? Will you have some paper?
Yo tengo algunas obligaciones: I have some debentures.
He recibido algunos cigarros, le reservare unas cajas de los mejores: I
received some cigars; I shall reserve for you some boxes of the best
quality.
One adjective preceding two or more nouns agrees in gender and number
with the first only, as--
La nueva caldera y accesorios gusto (_or_ gustaron) mucho al cliente:
The new boiler and accessories pleased the customer very much.
N.B.--If a verb intervenes the adjective is generally plural, and in
case of different genders is pl. masc., as--
Adjuntos remitimos factura y conocimiento: Enclosed we send invoice and
bill of lading.
When the adjective follows two or more nouns, it is put in the plural,
as--
El trigo y el maiz estan sostenidos: Wheat and maize are firm.
If the nouns are of different genders, the adjective is pl. masc., as--
El encaje y las guarniciones han salido caros: The lace and trimmings
came out dear.
EXCEPTION--
When all the several nouns preceding the adjective are in the plural,
and all referring to things (not persons), the adjective _may_ be made
to agree in gender with the noun last mentioned, as--
Los tornillos y las tuercas estan bien ajustados (_or_ ajustadas): The
screws and nuts are well adjusted. It is better to avoid this
construction
(1) By saying "las tuercas y los tornillos estan bien ajustados."
(2) By using an adjective having the same termination for masculine and
feminine.
(3) By giving a different turn to the sentence, as: "Son de buen ajuste".
Adjectives that qualify the fem. _nada_ (nothing) are always used in the
masculine--
Nada bueno espero de el: I expect nothing good from him.
Adjectives referring to titles of individuals are placed in the gender
of the persons bearing those titles, as--
V. (contraction of Vuestra Merced) es muy buen amigo: You are a very
good friend.
Adjectives of colour derived from a noun, as "violeta" (violet), "rosa"
(pink), "chocolate" (chocolate), etc., do not take the mark of the
plural, the words "color de" being understood before them, as--
Guantes crema: Cream gloves.
=Valer= (to be worth).
_Pres. Indic._, Valgo.
_Fut. Indic._, Valdre, valdras, valdra, valdremos, valdreis, valdran.
_Imper. Mood_, Val _or_ vale....
VOCABULARY.
=aceite=, oil
=aflojar=, to slacken
=ajuste de averia=, average adjustment
=almacenes fiscales=, bonded ware houses
=carne en salmuera=, pickled beef
=comarca=, region
=conceder=, to grant, to allow
=cosecha=, crop, harvest
=cueros=, hides
=exiguo=, small, insignificant, slender
=incluir=, to include, to enclose
=incluso=, included
=incluyendo=, including
=integro=, upright, integer, whole
=interino=, interim
=juicioso=, sensible
=linones, olanes=, lawns
=manteca de puerco, lardo=, lard
=pieles=, skins
=productos accesorios=, by-products
=sebo=, tallow
=tarjeta=, card
=tasajo=, jerked beef
=tierno=, tender
=viajante=, commercial traveller[179]
[Footnote 179: Traveller (passenger, tourist)--Viajero.]
EXERCISE 1 (67).
Translate into English--
1. Beneficas lluvias han caido en toda la comarca, y las tiernas plantas
prometen abundante cosecha si siguen favorables las condiciones
climatologicas (climatic).
2. Las compras baratas no resultan siempre lo que se llama "gangas"
(bargains) pues es necesario tambien que sean de calidad conveniente y
adecuada para el mercado a que se las destine.
3. He recibido una consignacion de carne en salmuera, lenguas en latas
(canned tongues), tasajo, sebo, margarina, manteca de puerco (_or_
lardo), y productos accesorios que espero poder colocar bien.
4. Me enviaron tambien un poco de aceite de margarina, heces de sebo
(tallow greaves), hueso molido (bone-meal) y tripas de buey (ox casings)
baratas.
5. ?Ha vendido V. algo de estas?
6. No, pero he vendido un poco de sebo.
7. ? No ha recibido V. cueros y pieles?
8. No, estos no pertenecen a mi ramo de negocios (line of business).
9. Ha entrado mucho te este mes en los almacenes fiscales y ademas algun
cafe de Costa Rica.
10. La magnifica coleccion de muestras y tarjetas para reclamo
(advertisement) que nos trajo ese viajante nos han gustado muchisimo.
11. El ajuste de averia y el cheque por la indemnizacion concedida van
inclusos.
12. Tanto los provechos como las perdidas son exiguos (_or_ exiguas).
13. No hay nada (de) extraordinario en que afloje el mercado.
14. V. es hombre integro y su Senora es mujer juiciosa.
15. Le tomare algunas piezas de prueba de estos linones rosa y crema
pero nada de estos estampados chocolate.
EXERCISE 2 (68).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We have to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed letter of the 1st
inst., which brought us L640 on L. & Sons, payable August 10th.
2. Carried forward (a la vuelta). Brought forward (de la vuelta).
3. Brown sugars have been rather brisk for some time (desde algun
tiempo).
4. The manufacturer has discontinued making the old article.
5. The Directors of the Z Company announce an interim (provisorio)
dividend for the first six months of the current year at the rate of 10
per cent. per annum.