AN INTRODUCTION TO FOUR NEW CHARACTERS, SOME TOUCHES OF PHILOSOPHY, AND
A FEW CAPITAL THOUGHTS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY.
The group which drew my attention was composed of six individuals, two
of which were animals of the genus homo, or what is vulgarly termed
man; and the remainder were of the order primates, and of the class
mammalia; or what in common parlance are called monkeys.
The first were Savoyards, and may be generally described as being
unwashed, ragged, and carnivorous; in color swarthy; in lineaments and
expression avaricious and shrewd; and in appetites voracious. The
latter were of the common species, of the usual size, and of approved
gravity. There were two of each sex; being very equally paired as to
years and external advantages.
The monkeys were all habited with more or less of the ordinary attire
of our modern European civilization; but peculiar care had been taken
with the toilet of the senior of the two males. This individual had on
the coat of a hussar, a cut that would have given a particular part of
his body a more military contour than comported with his real character
were it not for a red petticoat that was made shorter than common;
less, however, with a view to show a pretty foot and ankle than to
leave the nether limbs at liberty to go through with certain
extravagant efforts which the Savoyards were unmercifully exacting from
his natural agility. He wore a Spanish hat, decorated with a few
bedraggled feathers, a white cockade, and a wooden sword. In addition
to the latter, he carried in his hand a small broom.
Observing that my attention was strongly attracted to this party, the
ill-favored Savoyards immediately commenced a series of experiments in
saltation, with the sole view, beyond a question, to profit by my
curiosity. The inoffensive victims of this act of brutal tyranny
submitted with a patience worthy of the profoundest philosophy, meeting
the wishes of their masters with a readiness and dexterity that was
beyond all praise. One swept the earth, another leaped on the back of a
dog, a third threw himself head-over-heels again and again without a
murmur, and the fourth moved gracefully to and fro, like a young girl
in a quadrille. All this might have passed without calling for
particular remark (since, alas! the spectacle is only too common), were
it not for certain eloquent appeals that were made to me through the
eyes by the individual in the hussar jacket. His look was rarely
averted from my face for a moment, and in this way a silent communion
was soon established between us. I observed that his gravity was
indomitable. Nothing could elicit a smile or a change of countenance.
Obedient to the whip of his brutal master, he never refused the
required leap; for minutes at a time his legs and petticoat described
confused circles in the air, appearing to have taken a final leave of
the earth; but, the effort ended, he invariably descended to the ground
with a quiet dignity and composure that showed how little the inward
monkey partook of the antics of the outward animal. Drawing my
companion a little aside, I ventured to suggest a few thoughts to him
on the subject.
“Really, Captain Poke, it appears to me there is great injustice in the
treatment of these poor creatures!” I said. “What right have these two
foul-looking blackguards to seize upon beings much more interesting to
the eye and, I dare say, far more intellectual than themselves, and
cause them to throw their legs about in this extravagant manner, under
the penalty of stripes, and without regard to their feelings or their
convenience? I say, sir, the measure appears to me intolerably
oppressive, and it calls for prompt redress.”
“King!”
“King or subject, it does not alter the moral deformity of the act.
What have these innocent beings done that they should be subjected to
this disgrace? Are they not flesh and blood like ourselves—do they not
approach nearer to our form and, for aught we know to the contrary, to
our reason, than any other animal? and is it tolerable that our nearest
imitations, our very cousins, should be thus dealt by? Are they dogs
that they are treated like dogs?”
“Why, to my notion, Sir John, there isn’t a dog on ’arth that can take
such a summerset. Their flapjacks are quite extraor’nary!”
“Yes, sir, and more than extraordinary; they are oppressive. Place
yourself, Mr. Poke, for a single instant, in the situation of one of
these persons; fancy that you had a hussar jacket squeezed upon your
brawny shoulders, a petticoat placed over your lower extremities, a
Spanish hat with bedraggled feathers set upon your head, a wooden sword
stuck at your side, and a broom put into your hand; and that these two
Savoyards were to menace you with stripes unless you consented to throw
summersets for the amusement of strangers—I only ask you to make the
case your own sir, and then say what course you would take and what you
would do?”
“I would lick both of these young blackguards, Sir John, without
remorse, break the sword and broom over their heads, kick their
sensibilities till they couldn’t see, and take my course for
Stunin’tun, where I belong.”
“Yes, sir, this might do with the Savoyards, who are young and feeble—”
“’Twouldn’t alter the case much if two of these Frenchmen were in their
places,” put in the Captain, glaring wolfishly about him. “To be plain
with you, Sir John Goldencalf, being human, I’d submit to no such
monkey tricks.”
“Do not use the term reproachfully, Mr. Poke, I entreat of you. We call
these animals monkeys, it is true; but we do not know what they call
themselves. Man is merely an animal, and you must very well know—”
“Harkee, Sir John,” interrupted the Captain, “I’m no botanist, and do
not pretend to more schooling than a sealer has need of for finding his
way about the ’arth; but as for a man’s being an animal, I just wish to
ask you, now, if in your judgment a hog is also an animal?”
“Beyond a doubt—and fleas, and toads, and sea-serpents, and lizards,
and water-devils—we are all neither more nor less than animals.”
“Well, if a hog is an animal, I am willing to allow the relationship;
for in the course of my experience, which is not small, I have met with
men that you might have mistaken for hogs, in everything but the
bristles, the snout, and the tail. I’ll never deny what I’ve seen with
my own eyes, though I suffer for it; and therefore I admit that, hogs
being animals, it is more than likely that some men must be animals
too.”
“We call these interesting beings monkeys; but how do we know that they
do not return the compliment, and call us, in their own particular
dialect, something quite as offensive? It would become our species to
manifest a more equitable and philosophical spirit, and to consider
these interesting strangers as an unfortunate family which has fallen
into the hands of brutes, and which is in every way entitled to our
commiseration and our active interference. Hitherto I have never
sufficiently stimulated my sympathies for the animal world by any
investment in quadrupeds; but it is my intention to write to-morrow to
my English agent to purchase a pack of hounds and a suitable stud of
horses; and by way of quickening so laudable a resolution, I shall
forthwith make propositions to the Savoyards for the speedy
emancipation of this family of amiable foreigners. The slave-trade is
an innocent pastime compared to the cruel oppression that the gentleman
in the Spanish hat, in particular, is compelled to endure.”
“King!”
“He may be a king, sure enough, in his own country, Captain Poke; a
fact that would add tenfold agony to his unmerited sufferings.”
Hereupon I proceeded without more ado to open a negotiation with the
Savoyards. The judicious application of a few Napoleons soon brought
about a happy understanding between the contracting parties, when the
Savoyards transferred to my hands the strings which confined their
vassals, as the formal and usual acknowledgment of the right of
ownership. Committing the three others to the keeping of Mr. Poke, I
led the individual in the hussar jacket a little on one side, and
raising my hat to show that I was superior to the vulgar feelings of
feudal superiority, I addressed him briefly in the following words:
“Although I have ostensibly bought the right which these Savoyards
professed to have in your person and services, I seize an early
occasion to inform you that virtually you are now free. As we are among
a people accustomed to see your race in subjection, however, it may not
be prudent to proclaim the nature of the present transaction, lest
there might be some further conspiracies against your natural rights.
We will retire to my hotel forthwith, therefore, where your future
happiness shall be the subject of our more mature and of our united
deliberations.”
The respectable stranger in the hussar jacket heard me with inimitable
gravity and self-command until, in the warmth of feeling, I raised an
arm in earnest gesticulation, when, most probably overcome by the
emotions of delight that were naturally awakened in his bosom by this
sudden change in his fortune, he threw three summersets, or flapjacks,
as Captain Poke had quaintly designated his evolutions, in such rapid
succession as to render it for a moment a matter of doubt whether
nature had placed his head or his heels uppermost.
Making a sign for Captain Poke to follow, I now took my way directly to
the Rue de Rivoli. We were attended by a constantly increasing crowd
until the gate of the hotel was fairly entered; and glad was I to see
my charge safely housed, for there were abundant indications of another
design upon their rights in the taunts and ridicule of the living mass
that rolled up as it were upon our heels. On reaching my own
apartments, a courier who had been waiting my return, and who had just
arrived express from England, put a packet into my hands, stating that
it came from my principal English agent. Hasty orders were given to
attend to the comfort and wants of Captain Poke and the strangers
(orders that were in no danger of being neglected, since Sir John
Goldencalf, with the reputed annual revenue of three millions of
francs, had unlimited credit with all the inhabitants of the hotel);
and I hurried into my cabinet and sat down to the eager perusal of the
different communications.
Alas! there was not a line from Anna! The obdurate girl still trifled
with my misery; and in revenge I entertained a momentary resolution of
adopting the notions of Mahmoud, in order to qualify myself to set up a
harem.
The letters were from a variety of correspondents, embracing many of
those who were entrusted with the care of my interests in very opposite
quarters of the world. Half an hour before I had been dying to open
more intimate relations with the interesting strangers; but my thoughts
instantly took a new direction, and I soon found that the painful
sentiments I had entertained touching their welfare and happiness were
quite lost in the newly awakened interests that lay before me. It is in
this simple manner, no doubt, that the system to which I am a convert
effects no small part of its own great purposes. No sooner does any one
interest grow painful by excess than a new claim arises to divert the
thoughts, a new demand is made on the sensibilities; and by lowering
our affections from the intensity of selfishness to the more bland and
equable feeling of impartiality, forms that just and generous condition
of the mind at which the political economists aim when they dilate on
the glories and advantages of their favorite theory of the social
stake.
In this happy frame of mind I fell to reading the letters with avidity
and with the godlike determination to reverence Providence and to do
justice. Fiat justitia ruat coelum!
The first epistle was from the agent of the principal West India
estate. He acquainted me with the fact that all hopes from the expected
crop were destroyed by a hurricane, and he begged that I would furnish
the means necessary to carry on the affairs of the plantation until
another season might repair the loss. Priding myself on punctuality as
a man of business, before I broke another seal a letter was written to
a banker in London requesting him to supply the necessary credits, and
to notify the agents in the West Indies of the circumstance. As he was
a member of parliament, I seized the occasion also to press upon him
the necessity of government’s introducing some early measure for the
protection of the sugar-growers, a most meritorious class of his
fellow-subjects, and one whose exposures and actual losses called
loudly for relief of this nature. As I closed the letter I could not
help dwelling with complacency on the zeal and promptitude with which I
had acted—the certain proof of the usefulness of the theory of
investments.
The second communication was from the manager of an East India
property, that very happily came with its offering to fill the vacuum
left by the failure of the crops just mentioned. Sugar was likely to be
a drug in the peninsula, and my correspondent stated that the cost of
transportation being so much greater than from the other colonies, this
advantage would be entirely lost unless government did something to
restore the East Indian to his natural equality. I enclosed this letter
in one to my Lord Say and Do, who was in the ministry, asking him in
the most laconic and pointed terms whether it were possible for the
empire to prosper when one portion of it was left in possession of
exclusive advantages, to the prejudice of all the others? As this
question was put with a truly British spirit, I hope it had some
tendency to open the eyes of his majesty’s ministers; for much was
shortly after said, both in the journals and in parliament, on the
necessity of protecting our East Indian fellow-subjects, and of doing
natural justice by establishing the national prosperity on the only
firm basis, that of free trade.
The next letter was from the acting partner of a large manufacturing
house to which I had advanced quite half the capital, in order to enter
into a sympathetic communion with the cotton-spinners. The writer
complained heavily of the import duty on the raw material, made some
poignant allusions to the increasing competition on the continent and
in America, and pretty clearly intimated that the lord of the manor of
Householder ought to make himself felt by the administration in a
question of so much magnitude to the nation. On this hint I spake. I
sat down on the spot and wrote a long letter to my friend Lord Pledge,
in which I pointed out to him the danger that threatened our political
economy; that we were imitating the false theories of the Americans
(the countrymen of Captain Poke), that trade was clearly never so
prosperous as when it was the most successful, that success depended on
effort, and effort was the most efficient when the least encumbered,
and in short that as it was self-evident a man would jump farther
without being in foot-irons, or strike harder without being
hand-cuffed, so it was equally apparent that a merchant would make a
better bargain for himself when he could have things all his own way
than when his enterprise and industry were shackled by the impertinent
and selfish interposition of the interests of others. In conclusion
there was an eloquent description of the demoralizing consequences of
smuggling, and a pungent attack on the tendencies of taxation in
general. I have written and said some good things in my time, as
several of my dependents have sworn to me in a way that even my natural
modesty cannot repudiate; but I shall be excused for the weakness if I
now add that I believe this letter to Lord Pledge contained some as
clever points as anything I remember in their way; the last paragraph
in particular being positively the neatest and the best turned moral I
ever produced.
Letter fourth was from the steward of the Householder estate. He spoke
of the difficulty of getting the rents; a difficulty that he imputed
altogether to the low price of corn. He said that it would soon be
necessary to relet certain farms; and he feared that the unthinking cry
against the corn-laws would affect the conditions. It was incumbent on
the landed interest to keep an eye on the popular tendencies as
respected this subject, for any material variation from the present
system would lower the rental of all the grain-growing counties in
England thirty per cent, at least at a blow. He concluded with a very
hard rap at the agrarians, a party that was just coming a little into
notice in Great Britain, and by a very ingenious turn, in which he
completely demonstrated that the protection of the landlord and the
support of the Protestant religion were indissolubly connected. There
was also a vigorous appeal to the common sense of the subject on the
danger to be apprehended by the people from themselves; which he
treated in a way that, a little more expanded, would have made a
delightful homily on the rights of man.
I believe I meditated on the contents of this letter fully an hour. Its
writer, John Dobbs, was as worthy and upright a fellow as ever
breathed; and I could not but admire the surprising knowledge of men
which shone through every line he had indited. Something must be done
it was clear; and at length I determined to take the bull by the horns
and to address Mr. Huskisson at once, as the shortest way of coming at
the evil. He was the political sponsor for all the new notions on the
subject of our foreign mercantile policy; and by laying before him in a
strong point of view the fatal consequences of carrying his system to
extremes, I hoped something might yet be done for the owners of real
estate, the bones and sinews of the land.
I shall just add in this place that Mr. Huskisson sent me a very polite
and a very statesman-like reply, in which he disclaimed any intention
of meddling improperly with British interests in any way; that taxation
was necessary to our system, and of course every nation was the best
judge of its own means and resources; but that he merely aimed at the
establishment of just and generous principles, by which nations that
had no occasion for British measures should not unhandsomely resort to
them; and that certain external truths should stand, like so many
well-constructed tubs, each on its own bottom. I must say I was pleased
with this attention from a man generally reputed as clever as Mr.
Huskisson, and from that time I became a convert to most of his
opinions.
The next communication that I opened was from the overseer of the
estate in Louisiana, who informed me that the general aspect of things
in that quarter of the world was favorable, but the smallpox had found
its way among the negroes, and the business of the plantation would
immediately require the services of fifteen able-bodied men, with the
usual sprinkling of women and children. He added that the laws of
America prohibited the further importation of blacks from any country
without the limits of the Union, but that there was a very pretty and
profitable internal trade in the article, and that the supply might be
obtained in sufficient season either from the Carolinas, Virginia, or
Maryland. He admitted, however, that there was some choice between the
different stocks of these several States, and that some discretion
might be necessary in making the selection. The negro of the Carolinas
was the most used to the cotton-field, had less occasion for clothes,
and it had been proved by experiment could be fattened on red herrings;
while, on the other hand, the negro farther north had the highest
instinct, could sometimes reason, and that he had even been known to
preach when he had got as high up as Philadelphia. He much affected,
also, bacon and poultry. Perhaps it might be well to purchase samples
of lots from all the different stocks in market.
In reply I assented to the latter idea, suggesting the expediency of
getting one or two of the higher castes from the north; I had no
objection to preaching provided they preached work; but I cautioned the
overseer particularly against schismatics. Preaching, in the abstract,
could do no harm; all depending on doctrine.
This advice was given as the result of much earnest observation. Those
European states that had the most obstinately resisted the introduction
of letters, I had recently had occasion to remark were changing their
systems, and were about to act on the principle of causing “fire to
fight fire.” They were fast having recourse to school-books, using no
other precaution than the simple expedient of writing them themselves.
By this ingenious invention poison was converted into food, and truths
of all classes were at once put above the dangers of disputations and
heresies.
Having disposed of the Louisianian, I very gladly turned to the opening
of the sixth seal. The letter was from the efficient trustee of a
company to whose funds I had largely contributed by way of making an
investment in charity. It had struck me, a short time previously to
quitting home, that interests positive as most of those I had embarked
in had a tendency to render the spirit worldly; and I saw no other
check to such an evil than by seeking for some association with the
saints, in order to set up a balance against the dangerous propensity.
A lucky occasion offered through the wants of the
Philo-African-anti-compulsion-free-labor Society, whose meritorious
efforts were about to cease for the want of the great
charity-power—gold. A draft for five thousand pounds had obtained me
the honor of being advertised as a shareholder and a patron; and, I
know not why!—but it certainly caused me to inquire into the results
with far more interest than I had ever before felt in any similar
institution. Perhaps this benevolent anxiety arose from that principle
in our nature which induces us to look after whatever has been our own
as long as any part of it can be seen.
The principal trustee of the Philo-African-anti-compulsion-free-labor
Society now wrote to state that some of the speculations which had gone
pari passu with the charity had been successful, and that the
shareholders were, by the fundamental provisions of the association,
entitled to a dividend, but—how often that awkward word stands between
the cup and the lip!—BUT that he was of opinion the establishment of a
new factory near a point where the slavers most resorted, and where
gold-dust and palm-oil were also to be had in the greatest quantities,
and consequently at the lowest prices, would equally benefit trade and
philanthropy; that by a judicious application of our means these two
interests might be made to see-saw very cleverly, as cause and effect,
effect and cause; that the black man would be spared an incalculable
amount of misery, the white man a grievous burden of sin, and the
particular agents of so manifest a good might quite reasonably
calculate on making at the very least forty per cent. per annum on
their money besides having all their souls saved in the bargain. Of
course I assented to a proposition so reasonable in itself, and which
offered benefits so plausible!
The next epistle was from the head of a great commercial house in Spain
in which I had taken some shares, and whose interests had been
temporarily deranged by the throes of the people in their efforts to
obtain redress for real or imaginary wrongs. My correspondent showed a
proper indignation on the occasion, and was not sparing in his language
whenever he was called to speak of popular tumults. “What do the
wretches wish?” he asked with much point—“Our lives as well as our
property? Ah! my dear sir, this bitter fact impresses us all (by us he
meant the mercantile interests) with the importance of strong
executives. Where should we have been but for the bayonets of the king?
or what would have become of our altars, our firesides, and our
persons, had it not pleased God to grant us a monarch indomitable in
will, brave in spirit, and quick in action?” I wrote a proper answer of
congratulation and turned to the next epistle, which was the last of
the communications.
The eighth letter was from the acting head of another commercial house
in New York, United States of America, or the country of Captain Poke,
where it would seem the president by a decided exercise of his
authority had drawn upon himself the execrations of a large portion of
the commercial interests of the country; since the effect of the
measure, right or wrong, as a legitimate consequence or not, by hook or
by crook, had been to render money scarce. There is no man so keen in
his philippics, so acute in discovering and so prompt in analyzing
facts, so animated in his philosophy, and so eloquent in his
complaints, as your debtor when money unexpectedly gets to be scarce.
Credit, comfort, bones, sinews, marrow and all appear to depend on the
result; and it is no wonder that, under so lively impressions, men who
have hitherto been content to jog on in the regular and quiet habits of
barter, should suddenly start up into logicians, politicians, aye, or
even into magicians. Such had been the case with my present
correspondent, who seemed to know and to care as little in general of
the polity of his own country as if he had never been in it, but who
now was ready to split hairs with a metaphysician, and who could not
have written more complacently of the constitution if he had even read
it. My limits will not allow an insertion of the whole letter, but one
or two of its sentences shall be given. “Is it tolerable, my dear sir,”
he went on to say, “that the executive of ANY country, I will not say
merely of our own, should possess, or exercise, even admitting that he
does possess them, such unheard of powers? Our condition is worse than
that of the Mussulmans, who in losing their money usually lose their
heads, and are left in a happy insensibility to their sufferings: but,
alas! there is an end of the much boasted liberty of America! The
executive has swallowed up all the other branches of the government,
and the next thing will be to swallow up us. Our altars, our firesides,
and our persons will shortly be invaded; and I much fear that my next
letter will be received by you long after all correspondence shall be
prohibited, every means of communication cut off, and we ourselves
shall be precluded from writing, by being chained like beasts of burden
to the car of a bloody tyrant.” Then followed as pretty a string of
epithets as I remember to have heard from the mouth of the veriest
shrew at Billingsgate.
I could not but admire the virtue of the “social-stake system,” which
kept men so sensibly alive to all their rights, let them live where
they would, or under what form of government, which was so admirably
suited to sustain truth and render us just. In reply I sent back
epithet for epithet, echoed all the groans of my correspondent, and
railed as became a man who was connected with a losing concern.
This closed my correspondence for the present, and I arose wearied with
my labors, and yet greatly rejoicing in their fruits. It was now late,
but excitement prevented sleep; and before retiring for the night I
could not help looking in upon my guests. Captain Poke had gone to a
room in another part of the hotel, but the family of amiable strangers
were fast asleep in the antechamber. They had supped heartily as I was
assured, and were now indulging in a happy but temporary oblivion—to
use an improved expression—of all their wrongs. Satisfied with this
state of things, I now sought my own pillow, or, according to a
favorite phrase of Mr. Noah Poke, I also “turned in.”