Alcock, Sir Rutherford, 4, 15, 129.
Anti-Opium Society, 5, 62, 136, 137.
Baring, Sir Evelyn, 60, 123 ff.
Brereton, _Truth about Opium_, 5, 57, 58, 68, 89, 136.
Canton, Governor of, 32.
Chefoo Convention, 34 ff.
Coalloon, action in Bay of, 17.
De Quincey, 70, 86.
Drain of Silver from China, 13, 23.
Lawson, Sir Wilfrid, 4, 137.
Li Hung Chang, 31, 128, 131.
Lin, 11, 16.
Memorials about Opium to Pekin Government--
Heu Naetze, 12.
Wootingpoo, 24, 30.
Yupochuan, 31.
Missionaries, 5, 97 ff.
Moore, Dr., 42, 43.
Narcotics, 76.
Opium--
Abkari, 52, 56.
Consumption of, in Armenia, 51.
Burmah, 46 ff.
Consumption of, in England, 51, 52.
India, 41 ff.
Turkey, 51.
Duties paid on, 23.
East India Company's trade in, 9.
Edicts against, 9, 12, 13, 15, 21.
Financial aspect of trade, 115 ff.
Forced on China, 91 ff.
Foreign trade, 8 ff.
How consumed, 39.
Imported into China, 27, 28, 57, 84.
Innocuousness of, 39.
Medicinal, 37, 38.
Missionaries _versus_, 82.
Monopoly of, 96, 115 ff.
Mortality from, 64, 70.
Number of Smokers of, 70 ff.
Reasons for Chinese partiality for, 78, 79.
Revenue from, to India, 33.
" " to China, 33.
Tariff on, 33, 38.
Poppy Plant--
Extent of cultivation in China, 31.
" " in India, 54.
Known early in China, 6, 29.
Original _habitat_ of, 6.
Ports opened, 17, 34.
Protective party in China, 11.
Wars--
1840, 2, 17.
1856, 25.
1860, 27.
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 31, 61.
Yeh, 76.
London: Printed by W. H. Allen & Co., 13, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall. S.W.
Footnotes:
[1] April 2, 1883.
[2] The insinuations of Mr. Lock in the _Contemporary_ are simply beneath
contempt.
[3] Soo Sung, a poet of the eleventh century, says the poppy was grown
everywhere.
[4] Com. East Indian Finance 1870, Qu. 5865.
[5] _Ibid._, Qu. 5855.
[6] A.D. 25-220.
[7] In a work on China published 1857.
[8] A fee of one dollar was regularly left by the smugglers with the
commander of the vessel, to be called for by the preventive officer.
[9] Don Sinibaldo, however, attributes this removal to the exactions of
the Portuguese douanier. See p. 6 of his pamphlet on opium.
[10] Capt. Hall's _Nemesis_, p. 113.
[11] _Nemesis_, p. 115.
[12] See _Opium_, a paper by F. C. Danvers, 1881.
[13] One tael silver was nominally equivalent to 1,000 cash; the silver
had now risen to be worth 16,000 cash.
[14] Tang, the Governor of Canton, himself dealt largely in opium. See
_Nemesis_, pp. 84, 113.
[15] A guild of Chinese traders at Canton.
[16] Lord Macartney placidly allowed his interpreter to style him "this
red-bristled barbarian tribute-bearer."
[17] Don Sinibaldo says (p. 8) that opium not being expressly mentioned,
"fait partie des articles non specifies, qui sont tenus de payer un droit
d'entree de cinq pour cent"; but surely this is a mistake.
[18] We can well believe with Capt. Hall that "whatever part the question
arising out of the opium trade may have afterwards borne in the
complication of difficulties, there is little doubt that the first germ of
them all was developed at the moment when the general trade with China
became free."--_Nemesis_, p. 79.
[19] Sir J. Davis, Dec. 21, 1855.
[20] L650,000.
[21] Mr. Lay, in a memorandum dated April 1844, gave it as his opinion
that the difficulty of admitting opium rested only in the thought that it
would be a violation of decorum for His Imperial Majesty to legalize a
thing once so strongly condemned. He therefore advocated a change of name.
[22] Sir G. Bonham, April 10, 1851.
[23] Tael = 6s. 8d.
[24] The French took part in the expedition in order to obtain
satisfaction for the murder of a missionary in 1856, so that in their case
it was strictly a missionary war.
[25] New Kwang, Tangchow, Taiwan (Formosa), Swatow, and Kungchow (Hainan).
[26] Mr. Lay, secretary to Lord Elgin's mission.
[27] Lord Elgin had been instructed by Lord Clarendon to ascertain whether
the Chinese Government would revoke its prohibitions on opium. "Whether,"
says Lord Clarendon, "the legalization would tend to augment the trade may
be doubtful, as it seems now to be carried to the full extent of the
demand in China with the sanction and connivance of the local
authorities."
[28] It was currently reported in North China that this officer received
2,000 taels from English merchants for memorializing the Emperor. The
edict _did_ benefit the foreign trade at first.
[29] Sir Rutherford Alcock, _Nineteenth Century_, Dec. 1881, p. 861.
[30] From sixteen taels at Chinkiang to eighty-four taels at Foochow and
Amoy.
[31] Ichang, Wenchow, Wuhu, and Pakhoi.
[32] Sept. 13, 1876.
[33] Dr. Moore, _The Other Side of the Opium Question_, p. 85.
[34] Sir Rutherford Alcock, _Journal of Society of Arts_, p. 220, b.
[35] Dr. Moore (p. 84) quotes Mr. Gardner's opinion to this effect.
[36] _Times_, Jan. 26, 1881. To the same effect is the evidence of Don
Sinibaldo, who says (p. 3), "On pretend que l'opium produit chez lui une
delicieuse ivresse, un doux sommeil, une vive surexcitation qui deviennent
necessaires a l'existence, et qu'on ne peut obtenir qu'en augmentant
progressivement la dose journaliere. Pour moi, j'ai souvent fume de
l'opium, et je n'ai eprouve rien de semblable; un grand nombre d'Europeens
qui avaient fait la meme epreuve m'ont assure qu'elle avait eu pour eux
les memes resultats que pour moi." Perhaps a remark of Dr. Moore (p. 34)
may explain these statements. He says, "If the opium-pipe is smoked as the
tobacco-pipe is smoked, the effects are very inconsiderable as compared
with the results when the novice has attained to perfection in his
practice"--_i.e._ can pass the smoke through his lungs.
[37] Colonel Tod, in his book on the Rajpoots, draws a strong picture of
the evil effects of opium consumption among them. Of this Sir Henry
Lawrence, in a letter to Sir John Kaye, 1854, says, "There is little, if
any, truth in it."
[38] Comm. on E. I. Finance, 1871, evidence of Sir Cecil Beadon. Dr.
Birdwood, in a letter to the _Times_, Jan. 20, 1882, says: "The Rajpoots,
though they are all from youth upward literally saturated with opium, are
one of the finest, most truthful, and bravest people in the world. The
same may be said of the Sikhs."
[39] _The Other Side of the Opium Question_, pp. 13, 42.
[40] Similarly the Hurkarah, who carries letters and runs messages in
India, provided with a small piece of opium, a bag of rice and a lump of
bread, will perform incredible journeys.--Sir Rutherford Alcock, Paper
before Society of Arts, p. 223.
[41] The extract of hemp drunk as a decoction or swallowed as a drug. See
_Report on Excise in the Punjaub_, 1880-1881, sect. 24.
[42] Moore, p. 90.
[43] A sear = 2 lbs.
[44] See Memorandum by Sir Charles Aitchison, _passim_, especially App. to
Report, p. 13.
[45] Report by Mr. Weidemann, deputy-commissioner in Henzada, in
Parliamentary paper relating to opium in British Burmah, sect. 11.
[46] "British Burmah," an article in the _Times_ for Aug. 20, 1882.
[47] See a note appended to Sir Charles Aitchison's Report by Mr. C.
Bernard, officiating Chief Commissioner in British Burmah.
[48] _Times_, Aug. 20, 1882.
[49] Memorandum, sect. 9.
[50] _Cf._ the havoc wrought by the "blue flame," introduced by Europeans,
among the Red Indians of America.
[51] Memorandum, sect. 4.
[52] Memorandum, sect. 13.
[53] Bringing in a revenue of L175,000.
[54] Dr. Christlieb.
[55] _Confessions of an English Opium-Eater_, p. 5.
[56] Dr. Moore, p. 11, 48, 55.
[57] _Ibid._, p. 56.
[58] July 12, 1883. This has now been further reduced.
[59] Dr. Christlieb says 1,033,000 acres--an obvious exaggeration.
[60] The districts of Indore, Bhopal, &c.
[61] Mr. Storrs Turner himself, the secretary of the Society, allows that
this is a difficult part of the question. See his article in the
_Nineteenth Century_, Feb. 1882.
[62] Mr. Brereton (p. 74) estimates the amount consumed in California
alone to be worth L100,000.
[63] Mr. Acheson, in a memorandum to the Custom inspectorate from Canton,
says it amounts to 5,000 piculs.
[64] This, however, does not fairly represent the difference, as Indian
opium yields twenty per cent. more extract.
[65] Brereton, p. 139.
[66] Financial Statement, 1882, sect. 172.
[67] The Right Hon. J. Whittaker Ellis.
[68] Dr. Christlieb, a German professor, says 400,000; but Dr. Medhurst, a
medical man resident for years in China, with all his life-long experience
and knowledge would not even hazard a conjecture as to the annual
death-rate. Dr. Lockhart says, "It is impossible to say what is the number
of such victims either among the higher or lower classes." _Ait Varius,
negat Scaurus. Utri creditis, Quirites?_
[69] Don Sinibaldo (p. 11). To prohibit opium, he says, because some
people kill themselves with it, is as bad as if we prohibited razors
because some people cut their throats with them. He also says that he
considers the number of deaths by opium in China to be less in proportion
than the number of deaths self-inflicted by firearms in France--_i.e._
that they do not number 3,500 in all.
[70] Swinhoe's _Campaign of 1860_, p. 248.
[71] Dr. Ayres, _Friend of China_, 1878, p. 217.
[72] Comm. on E. I. Finance, Q. 5980. Mr. Winchester says: "I should say
the balance was in favour of the relief given by the stimulant over the
actual misery created by its abuse." Also Dr. Moore, p. 86.
[73] Dr. Ayres, _Friend of China_, 1878, p. 217.
[74] Dr. Myers, _Health of Takow_, p. 8. A recent article in the Times,
from a Singapore correspondent, fully bears this out. He says that all
allow the Chinese of the Straits Settlements to be the _finest specimens
of their race_, and yet these very Chinese, a million in number, smoke
12,000 chests of opium a year; and the deaths from opium registered in the
annual medical report were last year _five_.
[75] Mr. Brereton (p. 8) says: "I have known numbers, certainly not less
than 500 in all, who have smoked opium from their earliest days, young
men, middle-aged, and men of advanced years, some of them probably
excessive smokers; but I have never observed any symptoms of decay in one
of them." Again: "I have tried to find the victims of the dreadful drug,
but have never succeeded."
[76] From a letter to the _London and China Telegraph_, June 19, 1882.
[77] The estimate of one million given in a preceding note includes the
Chinese population of the neighbouring islands and of Cochin China.
[78] Dr. Myers: "It is surprising how few among the hard-working class
indulge to excess; and case after case will be met with, even in the
lowest ranks of life, of men who have smoked regularly from ten to twenty
or thirty years, and show little or no signs of mental or physical
deterioration."
[79] Dr. Myers, _Health of Takow_, p. 10.
[80] Correspondent to _North China Herald_. See Brereton, p. 135.
[81] Of this the Indian Government is only responsible for 40,000 chests.
The rest is Malwa opium.
[82] It may be said that those who smoke _Indian_ opium are the richer
classes, and therefore more prone to excess; but, on the other hand, the
native drug is more deleterious.
[83] _Health of Takow_, p. 6.
[84] _Ibid._, p. 5.
[85] Mr. Cooper's coolies carried him twenty miles a day for months.
[86] Coleridge.
[87] Aug. 19, 1882.
[88] "Most remarkable for industry and usefulness."--Sir F. Halliday.
[89] See Johnston's _Chemistry of Common Life_.
[90] "Stimulants are weak narcotics: narcotics are strong
stimulants."--_Modern Thought_, Aug. 1882.
[91] Sir George Birdwood calls this the greatest temperance triumph of any
age or nation.
[92] It has only recently been discovered that the aborigines of Australia
also have a narcotic of their own, which has qualities akin to opium and
tobacco.
[93] Capt. Hall's _Nemesis_.
[94] _Opium Question Solved_, p. 15. _Cf._ Sir Charles Trevelyan, Comm. on
E. I. Finance, Qu. 1532-40.
[95] And in this connection it might occur to us that if, in the wake of
our civilization, instead of the "blue ruin" which we gave him, we had
brought to the Red Indian the marvellous gift of opium, "that noble race
and brave" would not have "passed away," but be still surviving to smoke
the calumet of peace with the divine opium in the bowl.
[96] Parliamentary Papers 1842-56, No. 26.
[97] Letter to Sir W. Parker, 1843. He adds that "personally he had not
been able to discover a _single_ instance of its decidedly bad effects."
[98] _China and the Chinese._
[99] "No one," says Mr. Gardner, "is maddened by smoking opium to crimes
of violence, nor does the habit of smoking increase the criminal returns
or swell the number of prison inmates."
[100] Dr. Pereira, _Materia Medica_. Dr. Andrew Clarke estimated on one
occasion that seven-tenths of the patients in St. Bartholomew's Hospital
owed their ill-health to alcohol.
[101] Dr. Tanner's _Practice of Medicine_. Dr. Moore. For an interesting
comparison between opium and alcohol, we may refer our readers to De
Quincey's _Confessions of an Opium Eater_.
[102] Twenty-five drops of laudanum = 1 grain of opium [therefore] 8,000
drops = 320 grains; but Dr. Myers tells us that 2 grains of opium
swallowed = 1 mace (58 grains) smoked, so that De Quincey took what was
equivalent to 160 _mace_ smoked.
[103] Theodore Gautier maintains that "the love of the ideal is so innate
in man that he attempts, as far as he can, to relax the ties which bind
body to soul; and as the means of being in an ecstatic state are not in
the power of all, one drinks for gaiety, another smokes for forgetfulness,
a third devours momentary madness."
[104] It is indeed said of Ennius that he sought inspiration in the
flowing bowl; that he never
"Nisi potus ad arma
Exsiluit dicenda."--_Hor._
But then, as Praed says, "poets tell confounded lies," and this may be one
of them. Coleridge, in later times, is said to have sought the same
inspiration from opium; and poems like "Kubla Khan" testify that he found
it.
[105] Enough, as Mr. Brereton says, to form a devil's punchbowl huge
enough for all the population of the British Isles to swim in at the same
time.
[106] Dr. Norman Kerr in a paper read at the Social Science Congress.
[107] "Any serious attempt to check the evil must originate with the
people themselves," said the Chinese Commissioners to Sir Thomas Wade.
[108] To chastise the insolent barbarian, as Lord Palmerston put it to his
electors at Tiverton.
[109] A similar proposal to establish a Russian protectorate over the
members of the Greek Church in Turkey is thus spoken of by Lord Clarendon:
"No sovereign, having a due regard for his own dignity and independence,
could admit proposals which conferred upon a foreign and more powerful
sovereign a right of protection over his own subjects."
[110] pp. 35-37.
[111] From the latest Parliamentary Paper, containing the correspondence
between the Indian and English Governments on the subject of the
negotiations with China, it appears (sects. 43-50) that neither the
British nor Indian Government has any objection to the ratification of the
Chefoo Convention. The _difficulty is to get the other Powers to agree_.
[112] Sir Evelyn Baring. Financial Statement on India for 1882.
[113] A late medical missionary.
[114] Brereton, p. 50. It appears, however, that there are 6,000
Christians already in Japan, the result of fourteen years' preaching.
[115] Intense dislike to foreigners and foreign intercourse was an
ever-present reason for condemning a drug which, more than anything else,
kept the gates of the empire ajar to the "foreign devils."--_Opium
Question Solved._
[116] Comm. on E. I. Finance 1871, Q. 5831.
[117] The same who has lately been in correspondence with the leaders of
the Anti-Opium League.
[118] Comm. on E. I. Finance, Q. 5834.
[119] _Ibid._, Q. 5817.
[120] _Story of the Fuh-kien Mission_, p. 188.
[121] Capt. Hall, _Nemesis_, p. 375.
[122] _Story of the Fuh-kien Mission_, p. 252.
[123] _Times_, Aug. 22, 1882.
[124] _Times_, Aug. 22, 1882.
[125] _Times_, Aug. 22, 1882.
[126] Brereton, p. 68.
[127] See minute by Sir William Muir, Feb. 1868.
[128] Speech at Newcastle, 1880.
[129] Malwa bears a duty of 650, but the consistence of Malwa chest is
90-95, of Bengal 70-75.
[130] Owing to bad crops the revenue from opium _has_ considerably
diminished in the last two years, but the present (1884) crop promises
exceedingly well.
[131] 1882.
[132] Consul Medhurst, 1872.
[133] Sir Rutherford Alcock's paper before the Society of Arts, p. 225.
[134] Justin McCarthy, _History of Our Own Times_, vol. i., p. 181.
[135] Parliamentary Paper, 1882.
[136] The organ of the Society.
[137] Sir Wilfrid Lawson on the Egyptian War.
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
Footnote marker [52] does not appear in the original text. The placement
is a best guess based on the spacing of the text.
In footnote 102, the symbol representing "therefore" has been replaced by
[therefore].
Punctuation has been corrected without note.
The following misprints have been corrected:
"potitical" corrected to "political" (page 52)
"are are" corrected to "are" (page 59)