[Footnote 1: Diego Duran, _Historia de las Indias de Nueva España_,
Tom. I, p. 233; and compare Geronimo de Mendieta, _Historia
Eclesiastica Indiana_, Lib. II, cap. 31.]
[Footnote 2: Sahagun, _Historia de Nueva España_, Lib. VIII, cap.
26.]
[Footnote 3: Sahagun, _Historia de Nueva España_, Lib. III, cap. 8.]
[Footnote 4: _Cuicoyan_, from _cuica_, song, and the place-ending
_yan_, which is added to the impersonal form of the verb, in this
instance, _cuicoa_. Mr. Bancroft entirely misapprehends Tezozomoc's
words about these establishments, and gives an erroneous rendering of
the term. See his _Native Races of the Pacific Coast_, Vol. II, p.
290, and Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 18.]
[Footnote 5: Juan de Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. VI, cap.
43.]
[Footnote 6: Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. XVII, cap. 3.
Didacus Valades, who was in Mexico about 1550, writes of the natives:
"Habent instrumenta musica permulta in quibus semulatione quadam se
exercent." _Rhetorica Christiana_, Pars. IV, cap. 24.]
[Footnote 7: Descriptions are given by Edward Mühlenpfordt, _Die
Republik Mexico_, Bd. I, pp. 250-52 (Hannover, 1844).]
[Footnote 8: Molina translates _piqui_, "crear ô plasmar Dios alguna
cosa de nuevo." _Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana_, s.v.]
[Footnote 9: Sahagun, _Historia de Nueva España_, Lib. X, cap. 8.]
[Footnote 10: Boturini, _Idea de una Nueva Historia General_, p. 97.]
[Footnote 11: Clavigero, _Storia antica di Messico_, Lib. VII, p.
175.]
[Footnote 12: Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. X, cap. 34.]
[Footnote 13: Duran, _Hist. de la Indias de Nueva España_, Tom. I, p.
233.]
[Footnote 14: Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 64.]
[Footnote 15: Ixtlilxochitl, _Historia Chichimeca_, cap. 47.]
[Footnote 16: Boturini, _Idea de una Nueva Historia General_, p. 90.]
[Footnote 17: Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 53.]
[Footnote 18: See Sahagun, _Historia de Neuva España_, Lib. IV, chap.
17, and Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 64.]
[Footnote 19: _Cuitlaxoteyotl_, from _cuitatl_, mierda;
_tecuilhuicuicatl_, from _tecuilhuaztli_, sello, _tecuilonti_, el que
lo haze a otro, pecando contra natura. Molina, _Vocabulario_.]
[Footnote 20: William A. Hammond, _The Disease of the Scythians
(morbus feminarum) and Certain Analogous Conditions_, in the
_American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry_, 1882.]
[Footnote 21: _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 2.]
[Footnote 22: On this subject the reader may consult Parades,
_Compendio del Arte de la Lengua Mexicana_, pp. 5, 6, and Sandoval,
_Arte de la Lengua Mexicana_, pp. 60, 61. Tapia Zenteno whose _Arte
Novissima de la Lengua Mexicana_ was published in 1753, rejects
altogether the saltillo, and says its invention is of no use except
to make students work harder! (pp. 3, 4.) The vowels with saltillo,
he maintains, are simply to be pronounced with a slight aspiration.
Nevertheless, the late writers continue to employ and describe the
saltillo, as Chimalpopoca, _Epitome á Modo Facil de aprender el
Idioma Nahuatl_, p. 6. (Mexico, 1869.)]
[Footnote 23: _Arte Novissima de la Lengua Mexicana_, pp. 3, 4.]
[Footnote 24: Duran, _Historia de Nueva España_, Tom. I, p. 230.]
[Footnote 25: The singer who began the song was called _cuicaito_,
"the speaker of the song."]
[Footnote 26: The most satisfactory description of these concerts is
that given by Geronimo de Mendieta, _Historia Eclesiastica Indiana_,
Lib. II, cap. 31. I have taken some particulars from Boturini and
Sahagun.]
[Footnote 27: Literally, "the broken drum," from _tlapana_, to break,
as they say _tlapanhuimetzli_, half moon. It is described by
Tezozomoc as "un atambor bajo." _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 53.]
[Footnote 28: From _yollotl_, heart, and _pi_, to tear out. The
instrument is mentioned by Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 48. On
the Yopico, and its ceremonies, see Sahagun, _Historia de Nueva
España_, Lib. II, cap. 1, and Appendix.]
[Footnote 29: Simeon, however, thinks the name arose from the growing
and swelling of the sound of the instrument (notes to Jourdanet's
translation of Sahagun, p. 28). Mr. H.H. Bancroft gives the
astonishing translation of teponaztli, "wing of stone vapor!"
(_Native Races of the Pacific States_, Vol. II, p. 293.) Brasseur
traced the word to a Maya-Quiche root, _tep_. In both Nahuatl and
Maya this syllable is the radicle of various words meaning to
increase, enlarge, to grow strong or great, etc.]
[Footnote 30: Sahagun, _Hist. de Nueva España_, Lib. II, cap. 27.]
[Footnote 31: See _The Güegüence, a Comedy ballet in the Nahuatl
Spanish dialect of Nicaragua_, Introd., p. 29. (Philadelphia, 1883.)]
[Footnote 32: Theodor Baker, _Ueber die Musik der Nord-Amerikanischen
Wilden._, pp. 51-53. (Leipzig, 1882.)]
[Footnote 33: _Omitl_, bone, _chicahuac_, strong. A specimen made of
the bone of a fossil elephant is possessed by Señor A. Chavero, of
Mexico. See Tezozomoc, _Cronica Mexicana_, cap. 55, and the note of
Orozco y Berra to that passage in the Mexican edition. Also Sahagun,
_Hist. de Nueva España_, Lib. VIII, cap. 20, who likewise describes
most of the instruments referred to in this section.]
[Footnote 34: H.T. Cresson, _On Aztec Music_, in the _Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia_, 1883.]
[Footnote 35: Sahagun, _Historia de Nueva España_, Lib. II,
Appendice.]
[Footnote 36: Duran, _Historia de las Indias de Nueva España_, Tom.
I, p. 233.]
[Footnote 37: Boturini, _Idea de una Nueva Historia General_,
Appendice, p. 95.]
[Footnote 38: Echevarria, _Historia del Origen de las Gentes de Nueva
España_, Discurso Preliminar.]
[Footnote 39: Clavigero, _Storia Antica di Messico_, Lib. VII, p.
175.]
[Footnote 40: "Ihre Sprachen sind überreich an doppelsinnigen
Ausdrücken die sie absichtlich anwenden um ihre Gedanken zu
verbergen. Geistliche haben mir versichert, dass sie obgleich der
Aztekischen Sprache vollständig mächtig, oft den wahren Sinn einer
Beichte nicht zu verstehen vermochten, weil die Beichtende sich in
räthselhafter und metaphorreicher Weise auszudrücken pflegten."
Carlos von Gagern, _Charakteristik der Indianischen Bevölkerung
Mexico's_, p. 17 (in the _Mit. der Geog. Gesell._, Wien. 1837).]
[Footnote 41: Carochi's translations are not quite literal. The
following notes will explain the compounds:--
1. _Tlauitl_, red ochre, _quecholli_, a bird so called, _aztatl_, a
heron, _ehualtia_, reverential of _ehua_, to rise up; hence, "It (or
he) shone like a noble red-winged heron rising in flight."
2. _Ayauitl_, mist; _coçamalotl_, rainbow; _tonameyotl_, shining,
brightness; _ti_, connective; _mani_, substantive verb. "The
brightness of the rain bow is there." There is no conjunction "and";
Father Carochi seems to have carelessly taken _ayauh_, which is the
form of _ayauitl_ in composition, for the conjunction _auh_, and.
Each of the lines given is a detached fragment, without connection
with the others.
3. _xiuitl_, something blue or green; _coyolli_, bells;
_tzitzilicaliztli_, tinkling. "The golden drum's
turquoise-bell-tinkling."
4. _xiuhtic_, blue or green; _tlapalli_, red; _cuiloa_, to paint or
write; _amoxtli_, book; _manca_, imperf. of _mani_. "There was a book
painted in red and green." 5. _chalchiuhuitl_, the jade; _cozcatl_,
a jewel; _mecatl_, a string; _totoma_, frequentative of _toma_, to
unfold, unwind. "I unwind my song like a string of precious jewels."]
[Footnote 42: See above, page 10]
[Footnote 43: _On the Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing, with
special reference to American Archeology_. By D. G. Brinton, in
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, for October,
1886.]
[Footnote 44: This fact is mentioned by Lord Kingsborough in his
great work on Mexico, Vol. VI, p. 533.]
[Footnote 45: It is described in the _Anales del Museo Nacional_,
Tom. III, p. 262.]
[Footnote 46: Echevarria's words are "los pongo en su idioma." _Hist.
del Origen de las Gentes que poblaron la Nueva España, Discurso
Preliminar_, in Kingsborough's _Mexico_, Vol. VIII.]
[Footnote 47: See his _Tezcuco en los Ultimas Tiempos de sus Antiguos
Reyes_. Parte IV (Mexico, 1826).]
[Footnote 48: See the description of this fragment of Boturini by
Señor Alfredo Chavero in the _Anales del Museo Nacional_, Tom. III,
p. 242.]
[Footnote 49: M. Aubin, _Notice sur une Collection d'Antiquités
Mexicaines_, pp. 8, 9. (Paris, 1851.)]
[Footnote 50: Printed very incorrectly in Lord Kingsborough's edition
of Ixtlilxochitl's _Relaciones Historicas_ (Rel. X, Kingsborough,
_Antiquities of Mexico_, Vol. IX, p. 454).]
[Footnote 51: See Sahagun, _Historia de Nueva España_, Lib. II,
Appendix.]
[Footnote 52: Bustamente puts the number of the songs of
Nezahualcoyotl at eighty, of which he could find only one extant, and
this, as I understand his words, in Spanish only. See his _Tezcuco en
los Tiempos de sus Antiguous Reyes_, p. 253 (Mexico, 1826). When
Alexander von Humboldt visited Mexico he sought in vain for any
fragment of the songs of the royal bard. _Vues lies Cordillères_,
etc., Tom. II, p. 391.]
[Footnote 53: _Tardes Americanas_, pp. 90-94. (Mexico, 1778.)]
[Footnote 54: Torquemada, _Monarquia Indiana_, Lib. II, cap. 45. The
word _huehuetitlan_, seems to be a misprint for _ahuehuetitlan_, from
_ahuehuetl_, with the ligature _ti_, and the postposition _tlan_,
literally "among the cypresses."]
[Footnote 55: _Op. cit._ Tom. I, p. 795.]
[Footnote 56: _Grammatica del Idioma Mexicano_, p. 180. (Mexico,
1880.)