piling hay that would be carried from the field or put into a mow. This
sort of implement was used as early as 1820. The farmer walked behind
the horse-drawn rake and raised the handle when the rake was full; this
caused the double set of teeth to revolve, releasing the hay in a pile
and putting the second set of teeth into position to rake more hay. The
older method involved using small hand rakes and required considerable
time and effort in a very disagreeable task. Gift of New York Historical
Association, Cooperstown, New York.
137. Victor Mowing Machine, 1880. USNM 213356; 1958. A one-horse,
front-cut mowing machine similar to the Buckeye mower. The cutter bar
can be raised and lowered parallel to the ground for desired cutting
heights, and it can be lifted and fastened in an upright position for
transport to and from the field. Mowers cut more rapidly and lower than
did reapers, and thus they used a different gear ratio; however, farmers
sometimes used reapers for mowing. Gift of New York Historical
Association, Cooperstown, New York.
138. Spring-Tooth Hay Rake, late 19th century. USNM 213356; 1958. A
sulky rake with spring teeth designed to jump over obstructions in the
field. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
139. "Railway Horse Power," about 1885. USNM 213356; 1958. A
horse-powered treadmill made chiefly of wood, with metal parts where the
wear would be greatest. It was used to produce power for belt-driven
equipment such as threshers or fanning mills. The machine is set in
motion by putting a horse in the pen and releasing the brake. The weight
of the horse causes the slats to move endlessly, which in turn rotates
the belting wheel. Two-horse treadmills also were used, but such
machines, although portable, worked less efficiently than the
sweep-power machines. This treadmill was made in Vermont. Gift of New
York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York.
[Illustration: Figure 14.--Dog-powered churn, 1881. (Catalog No. 140.)]
140. Dog-Powered Churn, 1881. USNM 213356; 1958. H. M. Childs of Utica,
New York, patented this dog-powered churn in 1871, with improvements
patented in 1881. A dog, tied or strapped into the pen, ran forward and
so moved the slats of the treadmill which in turn rotated a flywheel.
Attached to the flywheel is a pitman rod which raises and lowers a churn
dasher. Devices of this sort had appeared earlier for use in the
farm-dairy industry. The change of direction effected by the pitman rod
caused some loss of energy; in any case, a revolving barrel-churn proved
more efficient in the long run. Gift of New York Historical Association,
Cooperstown, New York.
141. Winnowing Basket, about 1800. USNM 213356; 1958. The winnowing
basket was used to work off the chaff from the threshed grain. When the
grain was tossed into the air, the wind would blow away the chaff and
the grain would fall back into the basket. Sometimes the grain would be
poured from another basket into a winnowing basket, with the wind doing
the winnowing. Gift of New York Historical Association, Cooperstown, New
York.
[Illustration: Figure 15.--Avery Bulldog tractor, about 1919. (Catalog
No. 142.)]
142. Avery Bulldog Tractor, 1919. USNM 222860; 1958. This is one of the
several makes of tractors which set a trend toward lighter tractors
about the time of World War I. It was designed for light field work such
as cultivating but could also be used for belt drive. It developed 5 to
10 horsepower. Sold by Everett Noirot, Freehold, New York.
143. Grain Cradle, about 1870. USNM 230323; 1958. This grain cradle
resembles a scythe, with modification by the addition of a light wooden
frame of four fingers with braces. Gift of Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture.
144. Scythe, about 1840. USNM 230323; 1958. A straight-handled scythe,
probably hand-made, that largely was used for mowing, although it could
be used for reaping grain. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting
Agriculture.
145. Harness Vise, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. This
wooden device could be used to pry open the jaws of a recalcitrant
horse. More often, it held parts of the harness as the saddler worked.
Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
146. Wooden Hand Fork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A wooden
pitchfork for handling hay, straw, and the like. The metal pitchfork
gradually replaced these wooden forks between the middle and end of the
19th century. Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
147. Horse-Drawn Hayfork, late 19th century. USNM 230323; 1959. The fork
was driven into the hay and the handle compressed until it latched. A
rope was attached to the fork, run up over a pully in the barn, and
then down to a horse. In this way the hay could be lifted into the barn.
Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
148. Horse-Drawn Planter, 1856. USNM 230323; 1958. E. C. Fairchild of
Deerfield, Massachusetts, made this planter, which has compartments for
seeds and fertilizer. As the drive-wheel pulled a sliding bar back and
forth, seeds and fertilizer alternately dropped into the ground. The
spacing of seeds and fertilizer could be set by adjusting the metal bar.
Gift of Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture.
149. Fanning Mill, mid 19th century. USNM 230323; 1958. A machine for
winnowing grain after it had been threshed. Grain fed into the machine
landed on vibrating screens which permitted the kernels to fall into the
path of a draft of air which blew off the chaff and debris. The clean
grain fell into a container beneath the mill. The operator turned a
crank which operated both the screens and the fan. Gift of Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Agriculture.
150. Hoe, mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A small hand hoe used for
cultivating. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
151. Tile Knife, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This knife,
resembling a small spade, was used to cut the trench in which tile was
laid. It has a triangular metal cutter at right angles on the right
side, and this gave the trench a straight edge on one side and perhaps
helped keep the trench straight. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
Massachusetts.
152. Hand Hayfork, about 1895. USNM 230322; 1958. Farmers used this
metal fork for pitching hay, straw, and possibly manure. Gift of
Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
153. Grain Sickle, 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This hand tool for
harvesting grain has not changed in design for the last thousand years.
The sickle has a curved blade some 22 inches long. The reaper would grab
a handful of stalks and cut them with the blade. One man could cut up
to an acre of grain by this method. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
Massachusetts.
154. Grafting Knife, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife
especially designed to make the cuts necessary for grafting branches
onto fruit trees. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
155. Manure Fork, possibly 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A typical
manure fork. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
156. Ox Muzzle, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. Threshers used the muzzle
to prevent the ox from stopping to graze while pulling equipment or from
eating the grain while treading on it in a threshing operation. This
muzzle is made of thin strips of wood. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
Massachusetts.
157. Hay Cutter, 20th century. USNM 230322; 1958. A knife made with the
handle and serrated blade as one piece, all of metal. A wooden stock
with a handgrip is fastened to the metal handle. This tool obviously was
intended for cutting very small amounts of hay. Gift of Farmer's Museum,
Hadley, Massachusetts.
158. Narrow Hoe, probably mid 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This is a
typical cultivating hoe. Farmers used hoes of this type for cultivating
crops until the innovation of plows and harrows. Gift of Farmer's
Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
159. Ox Yoke, about 1830. USNM 230322; 1958. This yoke, for a single ox,
probably was used in pulling small agricultural implements such as
cultivating plows. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
160. Grain Flail, about 1840. USNM 230322; 1958. This type flail was
used to beat grain free from unbound bundles of grain scattered about on
the barn floor. The harvesters then threw the straw to one side and
swept up the grain and chaff. The grain then had to be winnowed. Gift of
Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
161. Curd Breaker, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This machine
has a wooden roller with projecting wooden pegs which, when rotated,
broke up cheese curds. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley, Massachusetts.
162. Horse-Drawn Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This
triangular cultivator was used for stirring the soil and removing
foreign vegetable matter. It is adjustable and has five teeth spaced
from 12 to 14 inches apart. Gift of Farmer's Museum, Hadley,
Massachusetts.
163. Ice Saw, late 19th century. USNM 230322; 1958. This steel-bladed
saw cut ice in lakes, ponds, and streams. Gift of Farmer's Museum,
Hadley, Massachusetts.
[Illustration: Figure 16.--Frick portable steam engine of 1877. (Catalog
No. 164.)]
164. Portable Steam Engine, 1877. USNM 211811; 1958. Portable steam
engines provided belting power on farms to run threshing machines,
circular saws, etc. This Frick model steam engine operated regularly
from 1877 to 1949. Gift of Frick Company, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania.
165. Broadcast Seeder, 1930. USNM 230573; 1958. The operator saddles
this implement from his shoulder by means of a strap fastened to the
seed pack. By turning the crank at a normal pace, seeds are scattered
from a spinning disk. The seeder is equipped with a gauge which can be
set to sow prescribed amounts of seed per acre. Gift of Mrs. Arnold
Miles, Washington, D. C.
166. Cigar Formers, about 1885. USNM 230573; 1958. These instruments
consist of two pieces of wood dowelled together with twenty holes that
taper from 7/16 inch to 3/16 inch. The name "Miller Burial and Pliers
Co." is stamped in the wood. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D.
C.
167. Manure Forks, about 1895. USNM 230573; 1958. Two steel manure
forks. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D. C.
168. Wooden Hayfork, 19th century. USNM 230573; 1958. A typical wooden
hayfork of the 19th century. Gift of Mrs. Arnold Miles, Washington, D.
C.
169. Model of Manning Mower, 1831. USNM 230438; 1959. William Manning of
Plainfield, New Jersey, invented this mower in 1831. The cutter bar,
suggestive of Hussey's, has triangular knives which vibrate over long
fingers. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
170. Model of Bailey Mower, 1822. USNM 230438; 1959. This mower,
invented in 1822 by Jeremiah Bailey of Pennsylvania, has a rotating disk
that serves as the cutter. The cutting disk, which can be raised to
avoid obstacles, is geared from the axle. Constructed by Office of
Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
171. Model of Gallic Reaper, first century A.D. USNM 230438; 1959. This
is a model of a reaper as described in use in Gaul in the first and
second centuries A.D. A donkey or an ox pushed the reaper through the
grain; the heads of the grain were ripped off by the blade and fell into
the box. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
172. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1833. USNM 230438; 1959. The first Hussey
reapers were crude two-wheel mowers with a platform attached to the rear
right side of the machine. The sickle or cutter bar was made of a series
of triangular knives riveted to a flat bar that oscillated back and
forth between guard teeth. The action was initiated by means of a gear
mounted on the main axle. The raker stands on the platform to remove the
cut grain. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
173. Model of Hussey Reaper, 1850. USNM 230438; 1959. This is a
one-eighth scale model of the Hussey reapers built between 1845 and
1850. Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
174. Model of Bell Reaper, 1828. USNM 230438; 1959. On this machine a
reel pressed the grain against the cutters and made it fall back on an
apron. The apron could be set to run in either direction to deposit the
cut grain at the side, out of the way of the machine on the next trip
around. The reaper was invented by the Reverend Patrick Bell, Carmyllie,
Scotland. The model was constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian
Institution.
175. Models of Landis Eclipse Thresher, 1907. USNM 230438; 1957.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
176. Model of New England Strong Plow, about 1780. USNM 230438; 1959.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
177. Model of Mahlon Smith Plow, about 1825-1840. USNM 230438; 1959.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
178. Check Row Corn Planter, about 1870. USNM 230441; 1959. This machine
planted two rows at a time and required two men to operate. One man
drove the horses and the other operated a lever for dropping the corn at
the point desired. Patents for "check" row planters were issued in 1853,
1855, and 1857. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New Knoxville, Ohio.
179. One-Row Hand "Corn Jobber," mid 19th century. USNM 230441; 1959.
Seed corn is released by means of a lever. Gift of Clayton Kanter, New
Knoxville, Ohio.
180. Wide Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 230574; 1959. Farmers in
the western part of the United States in the 1840s used this type of
plow to cultivate corn. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
[Illustration: Figure 17.--Double-shovel plow. (Catalog No. 181.)]
181. Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This plow, with
shovels placed in a staggered position, was commonly used for
cross-plowing or cultivating. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
182. Double-Shovel Plow, about 1850. USNM 230574; 1959. This
double-shovel plow has the shovels placed opposite one another. Gift of
John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
183. A-Frame Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This
triangular harrow has wooden beams with 22 ten-inch iron spikes driven
through them. This type of harrow pulverized and leveled plowed land,
covered the seed, and cultivated between rows of corn. Triangular
harrows worked better than square types because the triangles had
greater strength on newly cleared land. Gift of John Offenbacker,
Sidney, Ohio.
184. Trolley Carrier for Hayfork, about 1875. USNM 230574; 1959. This
steel trolley carrier supported a one-horse hayfork. A pulley attached
to the trolley carrier lifted and lowered the hayfork. The first trolley
carriers for hayforks were invented by J. E. Porter of Ottawa, Illinois,
in 1869 and 1872. They were made of wood and iron. The first steel
carriers were patented by Jacob Ney, Canton, Ohio, and (in 1886) by P.
A. Myer, Ashland, Ohio. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
185. Riding Disk Cultivator, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. This
cultivator has two sections, each with three 15-inch disk wheels spaced
5-3/4 inches apart. It has handgrip levers for making cutting
adjustments. This machine worked best on ground between row crops. Gift
of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
186. Singletree, late 19th and early 20th centuries. USNM 230574; 1959.
This singletree is made of wood. The trace chains of the team of horses
could be attached to the hooks on the singletree. Gift of John
Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
187. Doubletree, late 19th century to early 20th century. USNM 230574;
1959. A doubletree made of wood. The doubletree served as a lever on
which to mount two singletrees. This arrangement distributed equally the
pull of a load between two horses. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
Ohio.
188. Singletree, late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959. The trace chains
of two horses are attached to this home-made, wooden singletree. The
tongue of a machine would be hooked to the center of the tree. Gift of
John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
189. Grain Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. This three-tine iron
fork was used to move bundled grain. Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney,
Ohio.
190. One-Row, Hand "Corn Jobber," late 19th century. USNM 230574; 1959.
Gift of John Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
191. Double-Harpoon Hay Fork, about 1870. USNM 230574; 1959. S. E.
Harris patented this double-harpoon, iron hayfork in 1867. Gift of John
Offenbacker, Sidney, Ohio.
192. Ground Hog Thresher, about 1830. USNM 230579; 1959. This early
thresher did not separate the grain from the chaff. Grain fed into the
trough passed into a compartment with a rotating iron cylinder filled
with finger-like projections which broke the grain into its component
parts. A fanning basket then separated the grain from the chaff.
Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
193. Sweep Horse Power, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This type
of horse power operated by the horse pulling a shaft in a circular
motion that set iron gears into motion. The gears connected to a pulley
for operating grain threshers, flour mills, saws, and the like.
Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
194. Marker Sled, possibly late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
wooden sled marked rows for future planting. The sled could mark three
rows approximately 34 inches apart. Purchased from George Rhoades,
Greenville, Ohio.
195. Large Hand Rake, late 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. Made
entirely of wood. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
196. Jointed, Wooden Harrow, mid 19th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
two-sectioned, rectangular wooden harrow has five wooden beams per
section, each section having 18 rounded teeth. Very primitive. Purchased
from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
197. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230579; 1959. This
cultivator has individual levers for setting each set of teeth and
contains a neck yoke, singletree, and guard shields. This type of
cultivator improved on the one-horse type, which required harrowing one
side of a row at a time. A variety of teeth could be used on this
machine. Purchased from George Rhoades, Greenville, Ohio.
198. Double A-Frame Harrow, 19th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This
wooden, triangular harrow has iron teeth driven through the beams.
Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
199. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230580; 1959. This
riding-type cultivator has two sections with three teeth each. It
differs from most wheeled cultivators by having iron bars for setting
teeth depth, with one lever to elevate and lower the teeth. It has a
neck yoke and a singletree. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
200. Flop-Over Hayrake, about 1895. USNM 230580; 1959. A flop-over rake
used as early as 1820. Purchased from Ruth Brown, Sardinia, Ohio.
201. Side Hill Plow, late 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. One of
several types of plows used for plowing along hillsides. The moldboard
and share could rotate on a horizontal axis. At the end of each furrow
the farmer could reverse it and hook in position so that the plow cast
each furrow in the same direction. Purchased from Albert Knecht,
Lancaster, Ohio.
202. Grain Drill, about 1850. USNM 230581; 1959. This drill was made by
the Eagle Machine Company of Lancaster, Ohio. It has a double bar,
singletree, neck yoke, one grain compartment with eight grain boots, and
a packing wheel for each boot. It sowed eight rows at a time, 6 inches
apart. Drills of this type became popular in the 1850s. Purchased from
Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
203. Wheeled Cultivator, about 1860. USNM 230581; 1959. This
walking-type cultivator, divided into two sections, has three plow teeth
per section with guard shields attached. The name J. Deere is printed on
the toolbox. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
[Illustration: Figure 18.--Flop-over hayrake, mid 19th century. (Catalog
No. 204.)]
204. Flop-Over Hayrake, mid 19th century. USNM 230581; 1959. Wooden,
horse-drawn rake which the farmer could flop over to empty as he walked
behind it. Purchased from Albert Knecht, Lancaster, Ohio.
205. Wheeled Cultivator, early 20th century. USNM 230575; 1959. This
McCormick Deering, wheeled cultivator has one lever for lowering and
elevating the plow teeth and two levers for setting the depth of the
plow teeth. Gift of Mrs. Lucy F. Robinson, Chandlersville, Ohio.
206. Grubbing Hoe, about 1920. USNM 230576; 1959. This narrow grubbing
hoe resembles a pick. It broke up soil and removed obstructions such as
roots and shrubs. Gift of Mrs. Harley Climpson, Bethesda, Maryland.
207. Model of 18th-Century American Mower. USNM 230437; 1959. A copy of
a model reaper on display at the American Philosophical Society,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Purchased from Mrs. L. C. Eichner, Clifton,
New Jersey.
208. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230572; 1959. A stamped zigzag ribbon
between two twisted wires. Gift of Don Holst, Washington, D. C.
209. Barbed Wire, about 1890. USNM 230577; 1959. A stamped, ribbon-type
wire with barbs on one edge and with the ribbon twisted. Gift of John
Blake, Washington, D. C.
210. Narrow Hoe, date unknown. USNM 230578; 1959. Blade from a
socket-type hoe. The words "Bedsteel Oil Tempered" are stamped on the
blade. Gift of James W. Rutherford, Springfield, Ohio.
211. Wallis Tractor, 1919. USNM 230439; 1959. A Model K Wallis tractor
of a series made from 1919 to 1924. It succeeded the 1913 Wallis Cub and
the 1916 Wallis Cub, Jr. Gift of Massey-Ferguson, Inc., Racine,
Wisconsin.
212. Single-Shovel Plow, about 1840. USNM 240816; 1959. This type of
shovel plow cultivated corn in the western part of the country in the
1840s. This specimen resembles a row-buster for opening rows to plant
seed, etc. Gift of Andrew W. Frye, Woodstock, Virginia.
213. Fiddle-Bow Broadcast Seeder, late 19th century. USNM 240745; 1959.
The operator saddled the seeder on his shoulder by means of a strap
fastened to the seed sack. Sliding the bow back and forth caused the
seeds to be broadcast from a spinning disk. A gauge on the seeder could
be set to sow a prescribed amount of seeds per acre. Gift of Benjamin
Lambert, Woodstock, Virginia.
214. Grain Riddle, mid 19th century. 1959. Sieve for sifting grain.
Constructed by Office of Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
215. Broad Hoe, mid 19th century. 1959. Constructed by Office of
Exhibits, Smithsonian Institution.
216. Miniature Plow, late 19th century to early 20th century. 1959. This
plow, made entirely of steel, was found in Alexandria, Virginia.
217. Mattock, 19th century. USNM 230440; 1960. This is an implement for
grubbing and digging. Gift of Veikko Jarvis, Negaune, Michigan.
218. Fodder Cutter, 1872. 1960. This hand-cranked machine could cut all
kinds of fodder--hay, straw, and corn stalks--with ease and rapidity.
Called the "Improved Baldwins American," it was patented in 1867 and
1872. Gift of Thomas W. Bein, Bethesda, Maryland.
219. Oliver Chilled Plow, 20th century. 1960. Steel share, moldboard,
and coulter, with wooden beam, frame, and handles. Gift of Oliver
Corporation, South Bend, Indiana.
[Illustration: Figure 19.--Hart-Parr tractor of 1903, the third in line
of the first commercial tractors. (Catalog No. 220.)]
220. Hart-Parr Tractor, 1903. USNM 230442; 1960. The third internal
combustion tractor built by the company founded earlier by Charles
Hart and Charles Parr. The Hart-Parr tractor could pull gangs of plows
or drive large threshers. Oil circulating through the pipes in the
square stack cooled the engine. Gift of Oliver Corporation, South Bend,
Indiana.
221. Corn Grinder, about 1890. USNM 233465; 1960. This iron corn grinder
has "#17" printed on the grease caps of the axle. Gift of Walter A.
Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
222. Cider Mill and Press, late 19th or early 20th century. USNM 234465;
1960. This wooden-frame mill has iron parts, with a feeder-trough and
two tubes for draining the apple cider. It was operated by means of a
hand crank. Gift of Walter A. Hitchcock, Warrenton, Virginia.
223. Model of John Deere Plow, 1960. Received in 1961. An example of a
typical plow of the 1960s. Gift of John Deere Company, Moline, Illinois.