_Of their_ GOVERNMENT, _&c._
EVERY separate body of Indians is divided into bands or tribes; which
band or tribe forms a little community with the nation to which it
belongs. As the nation has some particular symbol by which it is
distinguished from others, so each tribe has a badge from which it is
denominated: as that of the Eagle, the Panther, the Tiger, the Buffalo,
&c. &c. One band of the Naudowessie is represented by a Snake, another a
Tortoise, a third a Squirrel, a fourth a Wolf, and a fifth a Buffalo.
Throughout every nation they particularize themselves in the same
manner, and the meanest person among them will remember his lineal
descent, and distinguish himself by his respective family.
Did not many circumstances tend to confute the supposition, I should be
almost induced to conclude from this distinction of tribes, and the
particular attachment of the Indians to them, that they derive their
origin, as some have asserted, from the Israelites.
Besides this, every nation distinguish themselves by the manner of
constructing their tents or huts. And so well versed are all the Indians
in this distinction, that though there appears to be no difference on
the nicest observation made by an European, yet they will immediately
discover, from the position of a pole left in the ground, what nation
has encamped on the spot many months before.
Every band has a chief who is termed the Great Chief or the chief
Warrior; and who is chosen in consideration of his experience in war,
and of his approved valour, to direct their military operations, and to
regulate all concerns belonging to that department. But this chief is
not considered as the head of the state; besides the great warrior who
is elected for his warlike qualifications, there is another who enjoys a
pre-eminence as his hereditary right, and has the more immediate
management of their civil affairs. This chief might with greater
propriety be denominated the Sachem; whose assent is necessary in all
conveyances and treaties, to which he affixes the mark of the tribe or
nation.
Though these two are considered as the heads of the band, and the latter
is usually denominated their king, yet the Indians are sensible of
neither civil or military subordination. As every one of them entertains
a high opinion of his consequence, and is extremely tenacious of his
liberty, all injunctions that carry with them the appearance of a
positive command, are instantly rejected with scorn.
On this account, it is seldom that their leaders are so indiscreet as to
give out any of their orders in a peremptory stile; a bare hint from a
chief that he thinks such a thing necessary to be done, instantly
arouses an emulation among the inferior ranks, and it is immediately
executed with great alacrity. By this method the disgustful part of the
command is evaded, and an authority that falls little short of absolute
sway instituted in its room.
Among the Indians no visible form of government is established; they
allow of no such distinction as magistrate and subject, every one
appearing to enjoy an independence that cannot be controlled. The object
of government among them is rather foreign than domestic, for their
attention seems more to be employed in preserving such an union among
the members of their tribe as will enable them to watch the motions of
their enemies, and to act against them with concert and vigour, than to
maintain interior order by any public regulations. If a scheme that
appears to be of service to the community is proposed by the chief,
every one is at liberty to chuse whether he will assist in carrying it
on; for they have no compulsory laws that lay them under any
restrictions. If violence is committed, or blood is shed, the right of
revenging these misdemeanours are left to the family of the injured; the
chiefs assume neither the power of inflicting or moderating the
punishment.
Some nations, where the dignity is hereditary, limit the succession to
the female line. On the death of a chief, his sister’s son sometimes
succeeds him in preference to his own son; and if he happens to have no
sister, the nearest female relation assumes the dignity. This accounts
for a woman being at the head of the Winnebagoe nation, which, before I
was acquainted with their laws, appeared strange to me.
Each family has a right to appoint one of its chiefs to be an assistant
to the principal chief, who watches over the interest of his family, and
without whose consent nothing of a public nature can be carried into
execution. These are generally chosen for their ability in speaking; and
such only are permitted to make orations in their councils and general
assemblies.
In this body, with the hereditary chief at its head, the supreme
authority appears to be lodged; as by its determination every
transaction relative to their hunting, to their making war or peace, and
to all their public concerns are regulated. Next to these, the body of
warriors, which comprehends all that are able to bear arms, hold their
rank. This division has sometimes at its head the chief of the nation,
if he has signalized himself by any renowned action, if not, some chief
that has rendered himself famous.
In their councils which are held by the foregoing members, every affair
of consequence is debated; and no enterprize of the least moment
undertaken, unless it there meets with the general approbation of the
chiefs. They commonly assemble in a hut or tent appropriated to this
purpose, and being seated in a circle on the ground, the eldest chief
rises and makes a speech; when he has concluded, another gets up; and
thus they all speak, if necessary, by turns.
On this occasion their language is nervous, and their manner of
expression, emphatical. Their style is adorned with images, comparisons,
and strong metaphors, and is equal in allegories to that of any of the
eastern nations. In all their set speeches they express themselves with
much vehemence, but in common discourse according to our usual method of
speech.
The young men are suffered to be present at the councils, though they
are not allowed to make a speech till they are regularly admitted: they
however listen with great attention, and to shew that they both
understand, and approve of the resolutions taken by the assembled
chiefs, they frequently exclaim, “That is right.” “That is good.”
The customary mode among all the ranks of expressing their assent, and
which they repeat at the end of almost every period, is by uttering a
kind of forcible aspiration, which sounds like an union of the letters
OAH.