Cardamine hirsuta, L. F. C. 7-10,000
„ Africana, var. F. 7,500
Viola Abyssinica, Steud. F. C. 7-1,000
Pittosporum Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 8,500
Polygala tenuicaulis, n. sp. C. 7,000
10 Silene Biafræ, n. sp. C. 8-10,000
Cerastium vulgatum, L. C. 8,000
Stellaria drynarioides, n. sp. C. 7,000
Arenaria Africana, n. sp. C. 7-10,000
Sagina Abyssinica, Hochst. F. C. 8-11,000
Drynaria condata, Willd. C. 7,000
Hypericum angustifolium, Lamk. F. C. 4-10,000
Radiola millegrana, L. C. 7,000
Geranium Emirnense, Hils. and Boj. F. 8,500
Geranium Simense, Hochst. C. 7,000
20 „ favosum, Hochst. C. 7,000
Oxalis corniculata, L. F. C. 7-8,500
Impatiens Sakeriana, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ filicornu, n. sp. F. 4-5,000
Clausena inæqualis, Benth. C. 7-7,500
Brucea antidysenterica, Mill. C. 7-7,500
Gomphia micrantha, n. sp. F. 5,000
Ilex Capensis, S. and H. C. 4-7,500
Vitis cyphopetala, Fres. C. 7,000
Schmidelia Abyssinica, Hochst. C. 7-7,500
30 Adenocarpus Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 7-12,000
Trifolium subrotundum, St. and Hoch. F. 9,000
„ Simense, Fres. F. C. 7-8,500
Indigofera atriceps, n. sp. C. 7,000
Desmodium strangulatum, W. and A. C. 2-7,000
Shuteria Africana, n. sp. C. 7,000
Dalbergia, n. sp. C. 5,000
Rubus apetalus, Poir. F. C. 4-9,000
Alchemilla tenuicaulis, n. sp. F. C. 7-7,500
Pygeum Africanum, n. sp. C. 7-7,500
40 Tillæa alsinoides, n. sp. F. 7,500
„ pharnaceoides, Hochst. C. 7,000
„ pentandra, Royle C. 8,000
Umbilicus pendulinus, D. C. C. 7-10,000
Crassula Mannii, n. sp. C. 6-10,000
Kalanchœ Ægyptiaca, D. C. C. 3-7,000
Mukia, n. sp. F. C. 7,000
Bryonia, n. sp. C. ?
Hydrocotyle, n. sp. F. 7,000
„ Americana, L.? F. 8,500
50 Sanicula Europæa, L. F. C. 4-7,500
Agrocharis melanantha, Hochst. F. C. 7-8,000
Pimpinella oreophila, n. sp. F. C. 10,000
Peucedanum Petitianum, A. R. F. 9-9,500
Anthriscus Africanus, n. sp. C. 4-7,000
Paratropia Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 5-7,000
„ elata, n. sp. C. 7,500
Loranthus oreophilus, Oliv. C. 6-8,000
Baconia montana, n. sp. C. 7,000
Ixora C. 5,000
60 Vignaldia occidentals, n. sp. F. C. 7-9,000
Anthospermum asperuloides, n. sp. F. C. 10-12,000
Galium rotundifolium, L. F. C. 7-12,000
„ aparine, L. F. C. 7-10,000
Scabiosa succisa, L. C. 10,500
Vernonia myriantha, n. sp. F. C. 3-7,000
„ blumeoides, n. sp. C. 4-7,000
„ Mannii, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ Clarenceana, n. sp. F. 7,500-8,500
Stengelia nobilis, n. sp. C. 2-5,000-7,000
„ insignis, n. sp. C. 3-7,000
Adenostemma viscosum, Forst. F. C. 2-8,000
70 Mikania chenopodifolia, Willd. C. 4-7,000
Microglossa densiflora, n. sp. C. 7,000
Dichrocephala latifolia, D. C. C. 7,000
„ chrysanthemifolia, D. C. C. 7,000
„ oblonga, n. sp. F. 10,700
Blumea alata, D. C. C. 7-8,000
Verbesina monticola, n. sp. C. 5-7,000
Telekia Africana, n. sp. C. 7,000
Helichrysum Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 8-13,000
„ fœtidum, Cass. F. C. 4-10,000
80 „ Hochstetteri, Sch. F. C. 7-8,500
„ chrysocoma, Sch. F. C. 7-11,000
„ globosum, Sch. F. C. 7-10,000
„ Biafranum, n. sp. C. 7,000
Gynura vitellina, Bth. F. C. 2-8,500
Senecio Clarenceana, n. sp. F. C. 7-11,000
„ Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 25-7,500
„ Bojeri, D. C. C. 7,000
„ Burtoni, n. sp. C. 8-12,000
Lactuca Capensis, Th. C. 5-7,500
90 „ glandulifera, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
Sonchus angustissimus, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
Anisoramphus hypochæroides, D. C. C. 7-13,500
Wahlenbergia polyclada, n. sp. F. C. 7-8,000
„ arguta, n. sp. F. C. 7-9,000
Cephalostigma Perottetii, A. D. C. C. 7,000
Lobelia columnaris, n. sp. F. C. 7,000
„ acutidens, n. sp. F. 9,000
Leucothoe angustifolia, D. C. F. C. 4-9,000
Blæria spicata, Hochst. F. C. 10-10,700
100 Ericinella Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 4-11,000
Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides, n. sp. F. C. 7-7,500
Mæsa Indica, A. D. C. F. C. 5-7,000
Myrsine melanophlœos, Br. C. 4-7,500
Anthocleista scandens, n. sp. F. 5,000
Nuxia congesta, Br. C. 7-7,500
Sebæa brachyphylla, Griseb. F. C. 7-10,000
Swertia pumila, Hochst. C. 8-10,000
„ Mannii, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
„ Clarenceana, n. sp. F. C. 6-10,700
110 Cynoglossum micranthum, Desf. C. 7-8,000
„ lancifolium, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
Myosotis stricta, Link. F. C. 8-10,000
Limosella aquatica, L. F. 9-10,000
Veronica Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 7-10,700
„ Africana, n. sp. C. 7,000
Sibthorpia Europæa, L. F. C. 7-7,500
Celsia densifolia, n. sp. F. 8,500
Alectra Senegalensis, Roth. C. 7,000
Bartsia Abyssinica, Hochst. C. 7-9,000
120 Sopubia Madagascariensis, Roth. C. 6-7,000
Plectranthus glandulosus, n. sp. F. C. 7,000
„ insignis, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ ramosissimus, n. sp. F. C. 5-7,000
„ decumbens, n. sp. C. 7,000
Coleus glandulosus, n. sp. C. 2,500-7,000
„ tenuicaulis, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ Mannii, n. sp. C. 5-6,000
Pycnostachys Abyssinica, Fres. F. C. 6-7,000
Micromeria punctata, Br. C. 7-10,000
130 Calamintha Simensis, Br. F. C. 7-10,500
Nepeta robusta, n. sp. C. 6-8,000
Stachys aculeolata, n. sp. F. 9,000
Leucas deflexa, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ oligocephala, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
Solanum nigrum, L. C. 7-10,000
„ Indicum, L. F. C. 6-7,000
Discopodium penninervium, Hochst. F. C. 4-7,000
Utricularia orbiculata, Wall. C. 5,000
„ „ n. sp. C. 4-6,000
Plantago palmata, n. sp. F. C. 7-8,000
140 Rumex Abyssinicus, Jacq. C. 4-7,000
„ obtusifolius, L. var. C. 7,000
Polygonum Nepalense, Meism. F. 7,500
Achyranthes argentea, L. C. 7,000
Cyathula cylindrica, Moq. F. C. 7-10,000
Lasiosiphon glaucus, Fres. C. 7-7,500
Peddiea parviflora, n. sp. F. 5,000
Thesium tenuissimum, n. sp. F. C. 8-9,000
Euphorbia ampla, n. sp. F. C. 7-8,500
Phyllanthus, n. sp. C. 7,000
150 Claoxylon Mannii, n. sp. F. 5,000
Parietaria Mauritanica, L. C. F. 7-8,000
„ debilis, Forst. C. ?
Laportea alatipes, n. sp. C. 7,000
Elatostemma monticola, n. sp. C. 7,000
Pilea quadrifolia, A. Rich. C. 7,000
Myrica salicifolia, Hochst. C. 7-8,000
Lecanthus Wightii, Wedd. F. 7,500
Urera „ n. sp. C. 5,000
Peperomia Mannii, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
160 „ monticola, n. sp. C. 8,000
Coccobryon Capense, Kl. C. 7,000
Podocarpus Mannii, n. sp. S. T. ?
Liparis Capensis, Lindl. C. 6-7,000
Bolbophyllum tenuicaule, n. sp. F. 5,000
„ Mannii, n. sp. F. 4-5,000
„ monticolum, n. sp. C. 5,000
„ aurantiacum, n. sp. C. 5-6,000
„ bifarium, n. sp. C. 5,000
„ „ n. sp. C. 5,000
170 Angræcum arcuatum, Lindl. C. 4-6,000
„ „ n. sp. C. 5,000
Polystachys Alpina, Lindl. F. 6,000
„ „ C. 5,000
„ „ C. 5,000
„ „ C. 5,000
„ „ C. 5,000
„ „ C. 5,000
Calanthe corymbosa, n. sp. F. 5,000
Disa alpina, n. sp. C. 7,000
180 Peristylus 3-dentatus, n. sp. C. 7,000
Habenaria debilis, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ attenuata, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ microceras, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ præalta, Lindb. F. 10,000
„ Mannii, n. sp. C. 7,000
Trichonema bubocodium. C. 7-9,000
Geissorhiza alpina, n. sp. C. 9-10,000
Hypoxis villosa, L. C. 7-7,500
Melanthium tenue, n. sp. F. 9,000
190 Commelyna, n. sp.?. C. 7,000
Cyanotis Abyssinica, A. Rich. F. C. 7-9,000
Juncus capitatus, Wieg. C. 7,000
Lugula campestris, L. F. C. 8-10,000
Cyperus elegantulus, Steud. F. 8,500
„ ingratus, Kth. F. C. 6-7,000
„ adœnsis, Hoch. F. 8,500
Kyllingia macrocephala F. C. 7,000
Isolepis capillaris, R. and S. F. C. 8-10,500
„ schœnoides, Kth. F. C. 7-9,000
200 Carex cruciata, var? St. T. ?
„ Wahlenbergiana, Boott. F. 8,000
„ Boryana, Schk. F. 7,500-8,500
„ Æthiopica, Schk. C. 7-10,000
„ Echinochlœ, Kunth. C. 7,000
Panicum Hochstetteri, Steud. C. 7,000
„ acrotrichum, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ monticolum, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ pusillum, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
Isachne refracta, n. sp. C. 7,000
210 Pennisetum riparioides, Hoch.? C. 7-8,000
Vilfa montana, n. sp. C. 7-9,000
Deyeuxia Mannii, n. sp. F. C. 8-13,500
Microchloa setacea, Br. C. 7,000
Deschampsia cæspitosa, P. B. F. C. 9-12,000
Aira caryophyllea, L. C. 7-8,000
„ pictigluma, Steud. C. 9-13,500
Avena lachnantha, Hoch. C. F. 7-9,000
„ Neesii, Steud. C. 7-8,000
Loudetia elegans, Hoch. C. 7,000
220 Danthonia streblochæte, H. C. 8,000
Poa nemoralis, L. F. C. 7-10,000
Kœleria cristata, Pers. C. 8-12,000
Vulpia bromoides, Pal. C. 7-10,000
Festuca Simensis, Hoch. F. C. 7-8,500
„ gigantea, Vill. F. 8,500
„ Schimperiana, A. R. F. C. 8-13,500
Tripogon major, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
Bromus scabridus, n. sp. C. 7-8,000
Brachypodium sylvaticum, Pal. F. 7,000
230 Andropogon distachyus, L. C. 7,000
„ brachyatherus, Hoch.? C. 8,000
„ Mannii, n. sp. F. 8,500-9,000
„ Smithianus, n. sp. C. 7,000
„ pusillus, n. sp. C. 7,000
235 Arundinella elegantula, n. sp. C. 6-7,000
FILICES.
Gleichenia dichotoma S. T. from 7,000
Cyathea, n. sp. St. T. F. C.?
Adiantum Æthiopicum C. 7,000
Lonchitis glabra S. T. C. F. 7,000
Hypolepis pteridioides C. 7,000
Cheilanthes farinosa C. 7-10,000
Pellæa hirsuta C. 7,000
Pteris quadri-aurita C. 7,000
„ flabellata F. 7,000
„ aquilina C. 7,000
Asplenium anisophyllum C. 3-7,000
„ erectum F. C. 3-7,000
„ monanthum F. 8,000
„ protensum F. C. 7,000
„ Serra F. C. 3-7,000
„ furcatum, var. C. 8,000
„ Adiantum-nigrum C. 10,000
„ Abyssinicum F. C. 3-7,000
„ brachypterum C. 3-7,000
„ Filix-fœmina C. 7,000
„ aspidioides F. C. 5-7,000
Aspidium aculeatum F. C. 7-10,000
Nephrodium crini-bulbon S. T. C. 4-7,000
„ filix-mas S. T. 6,000
„ inæquale F. C. 7-10,000
Nephrolepis tuberosa S. T. C. 4-5,000
Polypodium villosissimum St. T. 6,000
„ rugulosum F. 7,000
„ „ n. sp. C. 7,000
„ oppositifolium S. T. 5,000
Pleopeltis lanceolata C. 7,000
„ nuda S. T. F. 3-5,000
Gymnogramme Javanica S. T. F. C. 3-7,000
„ Totta F. C. 1-7,000
„ lanceolata F. C. 3-7,000
Elaphoglossum hybridum F. C. 4-8,000
„ splendens F. C. 5-7,000
Acrostichum sorbifolium F. 5-7,000
Ophioglossum reticulatum F. 10,500
Lycopodium crassum C. 1-5,000
Selaginella, sp.? F. 8,000
„ sp.? S. T. 5,000
APPENDIX IV.
* * * * *
NOTES on certain MAMMALIA, BIRDS, SNAKES, and LANDSHELLS collected on
CAMAROONS MOUNTAINS, by Captain BURTON, H.M. Consul, Fernando Po. By Dr.
G. R. GRAY, and Dr. WM. BAIRD.
(Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1862, p. 180.)
_Crocidura Morio_, sp. nov.
Uniform rather brownish black, rather paler and browner beneath. Teeth
white. Feet very slender, weak. Tail nearly as long as the body and
head, very slender, annulated, covered with very short closely
adpressed hair.
Length of body and head, dry, 2¾ inches; tail, dry, 2 inches.
‘_Mole_ from Camaroons Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of the
sea, January 1862.’
_Sciurus Isabella_, sp. nov.
Yellowish brown, minutely grizzled, with four broad dorsal streaks—the
two central from the crown of the head to the base of the tail, the
side ones from the shoulder only; the underside whitish grey. Tail
slightly annulated.
Length of body and head 7 inches; tail 5 inches.
‘_Squirrel_ from the Camaroons Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of
the sea, January 1862.’
I have great pleasure in naming this beautiful new species after Mrs.
Isabel Burton,—her husband, the discoverer of it, having requested
that any novelty that might be in the list should be so named.
_Anomalurus Beecroftii_, Fraser.
‘A _Flying Squirrel_, shot in the Camaroons Mountains, 7000 feet above
the level of the sea. Colour of the eyes dark grey. January 18, 1862.’
_Mus Maura_, sp. nov.
Fur very soft and silky; above black, slightly marked with brown from
the minute brown tips of the hairs; beneath whitish—the hair of the
underside black, white-tipped. Teeth very narrow, orange. Ears
rounded, moderate. Sides of the nose and edge of the orbits black.
Eyes covered with very short close-pressed hairs. Tail very long,
slender, closely annulated with very slender, very short adpressed
hair.
Length of body and head 4½ inches; tail 5 inches; hind foot very
nearly 1 inch.
‘Camaroons Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of the sea.’
_Euryotis Irrorata_, sp. nov.
‘Rat from the Camaroons Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of the
sea. January 1862.’
I am not certain about this species until I can compare the skull with
those of the other species of the genus from Africa, as they are all
very similar externally.
With these animals was sent the skin of a Chimpanzee without its skull,
but with the bones of the hand and feet enclosed in the skin. This skin
differs from all the other specimens of this species which I have seen,
in being covered with much more abundant and softer fur, and in the fur
of the back being of a brown colour from the large brown tips to the
blackish hair. It would seem to indicate a distinct variety or species,
which may be designated, until we receive better specimens and more
particulars, _Troglodytes vellerosus_.
DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW WEST-AFRICAN BIRDS.
BY DR. G. R. GRAY.
(From the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for Dec. 1862.)
* * * * *
_To the Editors of the ‘Annals of Natural History.’_
GENTLEMEN,
The following descriptions of a few birds, which appear new to the fauna
of West Africa, may interest some of your readers. They were collected
on the Camaroons Mountains, at an elevation of 7000 feet above the level
of the sea. They were sent to Mrs. Isabel Burton, the estimable lady of
the distinguished traveller and Consul, Capt. Burton, and kindly
presented by her to the British Museum.
_Pratincola Salax_.
_Pratincola salax_, Verr., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 307.
_Cossypha Isabellæ_.
Head black, with a shining white mark between the nostril and the
middle above the eye; back olivaceous-black; wings black, each feather
margined with olivaceous; beneath the body rufous-buff, deeper on the
breast; rump and outer tail-feathers deep rufous, with the tips of the
second, third, and fourth feathers, and tip and outer margin of the
first feather, black; the four middle feathers black, with the outer
margin of the fifth near the base deep rufous.
Total length, 6″; wings 2″ 11‴; tarsi, 13‴; bill from gape, 9‴.
This bird is named in compliment to Mrs. Isabel Burton.
_Zosterops (Speirops) melanocephalus_.
Mouse-colour, washed with olivaceous; head sooty black, with a spot on
each side between the nostril and eye; mentum and under wing-coverts
white; beneath the body pale obscure grey, tinged with olivaceous;
quills and tail fuscous-black, the former margined outwardly with
grey. Bill and feet whitish horn-colour.
Total length, 4″ 9‴; wings, 2″ 5‴; tarsi, 9‴; bill from gape, 7‴.
_Trichophorus tephrolæmus_.
Yellowish-olive; head and throat slate-colour, darker on the head;
abdomen yellow; breast, sides, and under tail-coverts olivaceous-
yellow; quills fuscous-black, with outer webs olivaceous, the inner
web margined near the base with buff; tail dull olivaceous, the end of
the outer feather slightly tipped with yellow; bill black; feet
plumbeous.
Total length, 7″ 6‴; wings, 3″ 3‴; tarsi, 10‴; bill from gape, 10‴.
Closely allied to _Trichophorus canicapillus_, Hartl.; but the throat
is pale ash-colour.
_Euplectes phœnicomerus_.
Black; rump and wing-coverts pale clear yellow; under wing-coverts
pale rufous-white; thighs pale brown.
Like _E. xanthomelas_; but the yellow on the rump and wings is paler,
and the thighs are pale brown instead of black.
Total length, 5″ 3‴; wings, 2″ 10‴; tarsi, 11‴; bill from gape, 7½‴.
_Ligurnus[151] olivaceus_, Hartl.
_Coccothraustes olivaceus_, Fras., Proc. Z. S. 1842, p. 144.
Adult male yellowish-olivaceous; head and throat deep black; sides and
a narrow band round the neck, rump, and beneath the body bright
orange-yellow; quills black, with the tertials and larger wing-coverts
margined outwardly with bright yellow, and the quills inwardly with
white; tail olivaceous-green, with each feather margined on the sides
and tip with bright yellow; bill orange; feet pale.
The _female_ agrees with Mr. Fraser’s typical specimen, said to have
been obtained at Fernando Po, and which is now deposited in the
British Museum. It is figured in the ‘Zoologica Typica,’ pl. 47, by
Mr. Fraser.
_Young._—Dull olivaceous-green; beneath the body dull olivaceous-
yellow; bill and feet blackish lead-colour.
_Strobilophaga Burtoni_.
Fuscous, varied with pale olivaceous on the sides of the plumes; wing-
coverts fuscous-black, tipped with white; quills and tail fuscous-
black, margined narrowly with yellow; abdomen obscure white, spotted
with fuscous-black down the shaft of some of the feathers; upper
mandible horn-colour, lower mandible white; feet plumbeous.
Total length, 7″; wings, 3″ 6‴; tarsi, 9‴; bill from gape, 8‴.
The formation of this bird agrees in every respect with the genus
_Pinicola_ or _Strobilophaga_. A species of this genus has not
hitherto been recorded as found in Africa.
To these may be added the
_Cosmetornis Burtoni_.
It is very similar to the _Cosmetornis vexillarius_ (Gould), G. R.
Gr., but differs in the white spot at the base of each quill being
narrower, while the white at the tip of the second, third, fourth, and
fifth quills is more prominent and slightly mottled with rufous on the
outer web; the first quill longer than the second, fuscous-black, and
partly margined with rufous on the outer webs; the sixth feather is
rather longer than the fifth, the seventh rather longer than the
latter; both are fuscous-black, slightly mottled with pale rufous,
having the bases of the inner webs white; the eighth is much longer
than the first quill, and fuscous-black, slightly mottled with pale
rufous, the base of the inner web white or pale rufous; the ninth
feather (or, as it has been termed, ‘standard feather’) is the longest
of all, measuring more than 17 in.; it is white at the base of both
inner and outer webs, but passing into pale rufous, or rufous-white
mottled with black, on the outer web, while the inner is only rufous-
white for its entire length from the basal white.
The specimen is in an imperfect state, and only sufficient to afford
the above description so as to distinguish it from the previously
known species. The British Museum is indebted to the liberality of
Capt. Burton, H.M. Consul, who has just sent it with other zoological
specimens, all marked as from Fernando Po, and after whom I have the
pleasure of naming this interesting bird.
Major Burton has also sent to the British Museum a new kind of viper
(_viperidæ_). It is probably scarce, as only a single specimen was sent
in the collection.
Dr. Gunther has thus described it in the _An. and Mag. N. Hist._ 1863,
25, and intends to give a figure of it in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society.
_Pœcilostolus_.
Head thick, broad, covered with strongly keeled scales; body
compressed; tail prehensile, subcaudal shields. Entire.
This genus differs from _Echis_ in its compressed body, prehensile
tail, and bright colours. While _Echis_ is confined to dry sandy
plains, _Pœcilostolus_ inhabits trees and bushes. _Vipera chlorœchis
Schegel_ probably belongs to the same genus.
_Pœcilostolus Burtoni_.
Scales strongly keeled, in nineteen rows; upper row nine, none of
which enter the orbit; rostral shield very low, linear, with other
scale-like shields above. Entirely bright yellow, single scales green.
_Inhab._ Camaroons country.
* * * * *
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM CAMAROONS MOUNTAINS. BY WM.
BAIRD.
1. _Achatina Isabel_, Baird, sp. nov.
Testa cylindracea, fulva, minute undulato-striata et parum decussata,
anfractibus octo, ultima tumida, dimidiam totæ testæ æquante, suturis
impressis, apertura semilunari, parva.
Longitudo, 1⅓ unc.—Latitudo maxima, ½ unc.
Habitat, Montes Camaroons dictæ, in Africa Occidentali.
This shell is covered with an epidermis of a dark fulvous colour, and
its surface is marked by numerous fine longitudinal striæ, which are
most distinct near the suture, are waved and impressed, while at the
same time several indistinct transverse lines run across them, giving
a somewhat decussated appearance. The whirls are eight in number, the
apical ones blunt, the last tumid and about half the length of the
whole shell. The outer lip is thin, and the interior of the semilunar
aperture somewhat purplish. The sutures are distinct, and rather
deeply impressed.
2. _Achatina montana_, Baird, sp. nov.
Testa parva, cylindracea, gracili, olivacea, nitida, prope suturas
undulato-striata, anfractibus octo, ultimo tertiam partem testæ
æquante, suturis impressis, apertura semilunari, parva.
Longitudo, lin. 13.—Lat. max. lin. 3½.
Habitat, Montes Camaroons dictæ, in Africa Occidentali.
This species of Achatina is much more slender and smoother than the
preceding, and is of a darker colour. The apex is blunt, and the last
whirl is much less tumid than the corresponding whirl of _A. Isabel_,
and is shorter, being only about one-third the length of the shell.
The surface is striated, but the striæ are scarcely perceptible except
near the sutures, which are well marked and impressed.
[Footnote 151: _Ligurnus rufobrunneus_.—Rufous-brown, slightly darker
along the shaft of each feather; wings and tail dull brown, margined
with rufous-brown; beneath the body much paler, varied in some places
with darker; bill and feet horn-colour.
Length, 6″; wings, 3″ 5‴; tarsi, 9‴; bill, from gape, 7‴.
This bird has been many years in the collection of the British Museum.
It was brought to this country from Western Africa by Capt. (now Major-
General) Sabine, R.A., and was presented by him to that institution.]
APPENDIX V.
* * * * *
REPORTS AND LETTERS TOUCHING AMBAS BAY.
No. 1.
59 Fenchurch Street, August 15, 1856.
MY LORD,
I take the liberty of enclosing a memorandum on the High Land of
Camaroons, the only position on the West Coast of Africa where immunity
from tropical fever can be attained.
The great change that the suppression of the slave trade will make in
our commercial relations with the Coast of Africa, adds greatly to the
value of this position, as we have no port from Sierra Leone to the
Cape, where, in case of war, a British vessel could find protection.
At present several British merchants have formed establishments at
Fernando Po, as depôts for their trade with the mainland; but they are
merely on sufferance, as the Spanish Government might at any time, by
enforcing their tariff, render it impossible for them to continue.
I have no doubt that, if the British flag were hoisted at Amboises, it
would, in a few years, be the Singapore of Western Africa from its
position and climate.
I have, &c.
(Signed) M. LAIRD.
The Right Hon. the Earl Grey.
No. 2.
_Memorandum on the High Land of Camaroons, in the Bight of Biafra, as a
site for a European Settlement, above the level of Tropical Fever._
1. The physical characteristic of the West Coast of Africa, and the
principal cause of its unhealthiness to Europeans, is its slight
elevation above the level of the sea. From the range of the Atlas to the
Cape of Good Hope, a distance of nearly 6000 miles, with the exception
of the high land of Camaroons, there is no land of sufficient elevation
to secure immunity from the fatal African fever.
2. The high land of the Camaroons is situated at the extreme eastern
point of the Gulf of Guinea, in longitude 8° 50′ E. and latitude 4° N.,
bounded on the W. by the Rio del Rey, and on the E. by the Camaroons
River. The highest peak has an elevation of 13,700 feet; the Rumli and
Qua mountains of great height are visible to the N., but no measurement
of their elevation has yet been made: they all form apparently part of
one great mountain-range stretching into the interior.
3. At the foot of the mountain of Camaroons, which abuts abruptly upon
the sea, is the well-sheltered harbour of Amboises, capable of receiving
the largest vessels, open to the sea-breeze, sheltered on the land side
by nearly perpendicular cliffs of considerable height, and capable of
being made a most complete naval station. The harbour was discovered in
1833, and surveyed by Captain Wm. Allen, R.N., of H.M.’s S.S.
‘Wilberforce,’ in 1842. A full description of it, with views of the
surrounding scenery, is given in Captain Allen’s published narrative of
the Niger Expedition of 1841. The land rises from the cliffs which form
the landward side of the harbour, and attains an elevation of upwards of
5000 feet within five miles of it.
4. This is the only point upon the West Coast of Africa, N. of the Cape
Colony, where a European settlement could be formed above the fever-
level, which is presumed to be 4000 feet above the sea.
Its advantages are:—A good open harbour, accessible at all times to
ships of the largest class, and easily descended.
A rapid ascent to a temperate climate, where tropical fever could not
propagate itself.
A small and peaceable native population, confined to the low grounds.
A central position for all the trading ports from Whydah to Camaroons,
being within 100 miles of the Niger, Bonny, and Calabar Rivers, where
the bulk of the palm-oil trade is carried on.
In case of war, a settlement at this point would command the embouchures
of all the rivers in the Bight of Biafra, and be a key to the only
entrance into the continent that seems practicable by land.
5. From the twentieth parallel of south latitude to ten north, and for
an average breadth of 25° of longitude, covering a space of nearly
3,000,000 square miles, lies the _terra incognita_ of Africa: to the
modern as well as to the ancient world, the sources of the Nile, the
Sharry, and the Congo, and the countries which for centuries have given
out their people as slaves, are unknown; the deadly climate of the low
ground has proved the impassable barrier to discovery.
It is possible that, from Camaroons, an expedition might reach in safety
the elevated plateaus of Central Africa, and fill up the void that now
appears in maps.
6. From the fifth parallel of north latitude to the Sahara and the
plateau of Abyssinia in the east, the depression of the African
continent is very remarkable. The Niger, with its course of 3500 miles,
is only 1600 feet at its source above the level of the sea, and no
travellers have recorded any mountains or even hills of considerable
elevation; the highest seen on the Niger did not exceed 1500 feet.
South of the fifth parallel a very different state of things exists, and
there is strong presumptive evidence that a continuous tract of elevated
land runs from Camaroons to the Indian Ocean, extending S. to the limits
of Cape Colony. The late discoveries made by travellers from the Cape
prove that, as far as the twentieth parallel, Europeans are perfectly
safe in the centre of the continent, while descending on the same
parallel to the coast is eminently dangerous. The discovery of a snowy
range, if correct, on the East Coast, close to the Equator, a latitude
at which the limit of perpetual snow exceeds 18,000 feet, and the high
land which abuts upon the Atlantic at Camaroons, all tend to show that
the southern division of the continent will, when explored, offer a
marked contrast in its physical development to the northern, and
probably contains vast stores of mineral wealth. Copper ore finds its
way in small quantities now to the coast.
7. It is not to be expected that Europeans would settle at Camaroons to
grow tropical produce—they will naturally prefer a healthy tropical
country for that purpose; nor will Africans. The climate of the low
ground does not injure them. Its advantages will be appreciated by the
merchant, who could transact his business at the port during the day,
and sleep in pure air at night. This, with its safe harbour, will make
it the centre of a great trade, and, by the naval service, who could
always command a temperate climate for their invalids, without leaving
the station. A hospital above the fever-level would be the means of
saving many valuable lives annually.
The great value of this position to this country is undoubtedly its
extraordinary adaptation for a penal settlement. Supposing, by that
labour, a good road made to the superior land from the port, European
prisoners might be kept there in perfect security; any attempt to escape
would be defeated by the climate. They would displace no native
population, for that is confined to the low ground. They would be
completely isolated, and governed with greater ease than convict
stations surrounded by white settlers. Employment could be found to any
extent in cutting timber, making roads, and raising their own
provisions.
As long as they remained in the high land they would be safe; the
penalty for leaving it would be levied by nature herself. Ground could
be allotted to the well behaved, and the great source of depravity would
be removed by allowing intermarriage with the native women. A mixed race
would be the result, which experience has found to be the most efficient
way of improving mankind. As long as transportation continues, and the
difficulty of finding a practical substitute for it is generally
acknowledged, there is no part of the world where a convict can be
placed with less injury to his fellow-creatures, and with greater chance
of reformation for himself.
* * * * *
No. 3.
_Rev. Mr. Saker to Mr. Consul Hutchison._
Clarence, Fernando Po, June 30, 1858.
SIR,
The bay of Amboises we entered at 11 A.M., at its N.E. angle; we
found an interior bay hidden from a great part of the principal
anchorage, and its entrance not distinguished without a very near
approach. The heavy headland that defends the great bay from S.W.
storms, continues of the same elevation, and runs into the bay, forming
its S.E. side, and terminates in a precipitous hill, shutting in the
inner bay. Rocks run out from this point in the line of high land, and
extend many yards towards the mainland, thereby narrowing the entrance
to the bay.
On these rocks the surf beats heavily at times. On the mainland, too, a
line of rocks extends in a direction to meet those spoken of above,
thereby narrowing the entrance still more. These last rocks form a
natural pier, on which may be built at small cost a platform for landing
goods, &c. On the inner side of the pier, coal-ships and steam-vessels
may be brought, and discharge or receive coal without delay or damage.
Coals may be conveyed from the pier in carriages on an iron tramway into
the sheds on the beach. The clear entrance to this inner bay is about
half a mile wide, with five and six fathoms water. The shores of this
bay are one continued line of sand, varying at low water from 50 to 100
yards in width, covered entirely with a tide which rises 9 feet on full
and change. The water lies placid on the beach, and boats and small
vessels can be brought to it at all seasons for examination and repair.
This beach is covered by a level bank of two miles’ extent, on which may
be built stores for coal and merchandize, sheds for artificers of all
sorts, and slips for boatbuilding, &c.
The rocky pier forms the N.W. end of this bay, and from that point
begins the N.E. shore of the greater bay, rocky and elevated. Beginning
at the pier-end, a low table-land extends along the beach. Here can be
built a town of large extent, open to the pure sea-breeze by day, and
the mountain-air at night. This table-land is broken, at 330 yards from
the pier, by a stream of pure water from the mountains, here finding its
outlet into the sea. Two other streams of fresh water empty themselves
in the inner bay, but the one first named might be conveyed by pipe to
the pier-head.
A harbour equal to Amboises Bay, a locality so healthy, and a position
for opening a trade with the interior tribes on this mountain-range of
Central Africa, does not exist. The supposed want of a safe landing has
alone prevented it being brought into notice.
In this place we seek to establish a home for our friends, who are, in
effect, expelled from Clarence. There are great difficulties in the way,
but with the aid of our friends in England, especially with the
countenance and support of our Government, we shall overcome them all.
The work before us, besides forming a home for our friends, is the
following:—To establish at the foot of the mountain of Camaroons an
English colony, to be the foundation of an English city. To make that
colony the centre of religious enlightenment, civilization, and
commerce, to be a barrier to slavery, oppression, and cruelty. To
succeed we need first the lawful possession of a tract of land. This I
have limited to our immediate wants; but we need more for expansion and
security. We need that the whole mountain seaboard be the lawful
possession of the British crown.
Her Majesty is now the acknowledged sovereign, but an honourable
purchase from the present chief, who has been raised to authority by
English officers, would prevent all future disputes.
This would be readily effected, and the purchase of an uninhabited
wilderness, as the greater portion is, would be but a trifle. We need
that H.M.’s Government sanction and sustain the effort by making this
English colony and bay their local depôt. And the naval officers would
be but too glad to make this exchange; as a sanitarium, and as a point
of supply of provisions, Clarence cannot be compared to it.
The countenance and support of H.M.’s Government is so essential that,
without it, I fear we shall fail; and I do trust that the objects we
seek to accomplish will commend this effort to the favourable notice of
H.M.’s Government and the Admiralty.
I have, &c.,
(Signed) ALFRED SAKER.
APPENDIX VI.
* * * * *
OBSERVATIONS OF TEMPERATURE BELOW AND UPON THE CAMAROONS MOUNTAINS, KEPT
BY M. GUSTAV MANN, GOVERNMENT BOTANIST, WEST AFRICA, AND SELIM AGA,
BETWEEN THE 6TH DECEMBER, 1861, AND THE 24TH FEBRUARY, 1862.
The instruments used were two Bath Thermometers, Negretti and Zambra,
London (patent, Nos. 1064 and 1063, graduated to 110° and 180° Fah.),
suspended near camp with a south-westerly aspect: one,—the first of the
double observation—in the sun; the other, the second, in the shade; both
3½ feet above the ground. The maximum and minimum were Nos. 2697 and
1764 of Messrs. Negretti and Zambra. In the minimum the alcohol was at
first red; it presently paled to a dull straw yellow. In the remarks I
have used a small pocket thermometer (Fah.) by Messrs. Cary, London.
The correction for No. 1064 (sun therm.) is at 32° − 0·1
„ „ at 42° − 0·1
„ „ at 52° − 0·1
„ „ at 62° + 0·1
„ „ at 72° + 0·1
„ „ at 82° correct.
„ „ at 92° − 0·2
The correction for No. 1063 (shade therm.) is at 32° − 0·1
„ „ at 42° − 0·4
„ „ at 52° − 0·5
„ „ at 62° correct.
„ „ at 72° − 0·4
„ „ at 82° − 0·4
„ „ at 92° − 0·4
The maximum and minimum are correct.
[D.: DATE
MAX.R: MAX. SELF REGIST.
MIN.R: MIN. SELF REGIST.]
+--+----------+---------+----------+--------+-----+-----+--------------+
|D.| 6 A.M. | NOON. | 6 P.M. | WIND. |MAX.R|MIN.R| REMARKS. |
+--+----------+---------+----------+--------+-----+-----+--------------+
| | ° ′| ° ′| ° ′ | | ° ′| ° ′| |
|Dec. 61. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ | 84 50| 75 50}| | | |M. Mann |
| |{ | | }| | | |landed at |
| |{ | | }| | | |Victoria. |
| 6|{ | | }| |84 50| |Base of the |
| |{ | | }| | | |mountain. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cloudy day, |
| |{ | | }| | | |strong |
| |{ | 96 | 77 }| | | |sea-breeze. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 70 50| 85 50| 80 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| 7|{ | | }| |86 |71 50|Do. |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| |{ 72 50| 104 | 80 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 74 | 85 | 80 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| 8|{ | | }| |86 |73 |Do. |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| |{ 74 50| 105 | 81 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 71 50| 84 | 74 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Warm and |
| 9|{ | | }| |85 25|72 |sunny. |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| |{ 73 | 85 50| 75 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 67 50| 84 | 82 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
|10|{ | | }| |85 75|67 50|Do. |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| |{ 69 | 95 | 82 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 70 50| 83 75| 82 }| | | |Do. Heavy |
| |{ | | }| | | |thunderstorm, |
|11|{ | | }| |86 50|70 50|without wind, |
| |{ | | }| | | |at night |
| |{ 71 50| 94 | 82 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 71 | 85 50| 80 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |First half of |
|12|{ | | }| |85 25|70 50|day cloudy, |
| |{ | | }| | | |then clear. |
| |{ 71 50| 98 | 81 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 72 75| | 72 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |At Bosumbo. |
|13|{ | | }| | |72 |Warm, clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |day. |
| |{ 73 | | 73 75}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 67 50| 78 25| 72 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
|14|{ | | }| |79 50|66 50|At ditto. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Rain. |
| |{ 69 | 85 25| 73 25}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 65 50| | 65 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
|15|{ | | }| | |65 |At Mapanya. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Sunny day. |
| |{ 66 50| | 69 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 59 50| 76 75| 65 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
|16|{ | | }| |72 50|59 50|At do. Clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |and sunny. |
| |{ 60 50| 78 50| 69 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 60 50| | }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |On mountain. |
|17|{ | | }| | |61 |Hazy, smoky, |
| |{ | | }| | | |and misty. |
| |{ 62 | | }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|18| Dies non.| | | | | |On ditto. |
| | | | | | | |Cloudy as |
| | | | | | | |usual. At |
| | | | | | | |Victoria |
| | | | | | | |fine, clear, |
| | | | | | | |and warm. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ | 77 50| 64 75}| | | |Began by |
| |{ | | }| | | |march up the |
|19|{ | | }| Sea- | | |mountain to |
| |{ | | }|breeze. | | |Mapanya. |
| |{ | 75 | 68 75}| | | |Clear and hot.|
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | [152] | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 60 | 75 | 69 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |At Mapanya. |
|20|{ | | }| | | |Fine clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |day. |
| |{ 63 | 75 | 71 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 62 25| 78 | }| | | |Left Mapanya; |
| |{ | | }| | | |reached Ridge |
|21|{ | | }| | | |Camp. Hot |
| |{ | | }| | | |day; cold |
| |{ 62 | 76 25| }| | | |night. |
| | | | | | | | |
|22| 68 | | 50 | E. | |40 |Ascended |
| | | | | | | |hill. At 8·30 |
| | | | | | | |Therm. 80°. |
| | | | | | | |Wet day. Cold |
| | | | | | | |wind from E. |
| | | | | | | |At 4·45 P.M. |
| | | | | | | |Therm. 60°. |
| | | | | | | | |
|23| 48 | | | S.W. | | |At 8 A.M. |
| | | | | | | |mist from |
| | | | | | | |S.W., Ther. |
| | | | | | | |68°. At 10 |
| | | | | | | |A.M., in |
| | | | | | | |sun, 92°; |
| | | | | | | |shade, 85°. |
| | | | | | | |At 11 A.M., |
| | | | | | | |cloud and |
| | | | | | | |wind, 72°. At |
| | | | | | | |noon, sun and |
| | | | | | | |cloud, 84°. |
| | | | | | | |At 1 P.M., |
| | | | | | | |misty, in sun |
| | | | | | | |91°. At 4 |
| | | | | | | |P.M., in the |
| | | | | | | |forest, 66°. |
| | | | | | | |Night very |
| | | | | | | |pleasant. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 53 | 63 50| 55 66}| | | |Cloud at 8 |
| |{ | | }| | | |A.M. On Mount |
| |{ | | }| | | |Helen, Therm. |
| |{ | | }| N. & | | |at 8·30 A.M., |
|24|{ | | }| N.E. | | |57° 5′-58° |
| |{ | | }|Strong. | | |5′, a few |
| |{ | | }| | | |feet below. |
| |{ | | }| | | |At 11 A.M., |
| |{ | | }| | | |in camp, |
| |{ 53 25| 60 75| 55 66}| | | |Therm. 66°. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 50| 61 | 53 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
|25|{ | | }| | | |Very fine day.|
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| |{ 51 50| 60 25| 55 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 | | 54 }| | | |At 2 P.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |very thick |
|26|{ | | }| N.E. & | | |mist from W. |
| |{ | | }| | | |like rain. |
| |{ 52 | | 55 }| | | |Carried off |
| |{ | | }| | | |by N.E. wind. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 48 | 66 50| 54 }| | | |At 5·30 A.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Therm. 48°, |
|27|{ | | }| N.E. | | |very little |
| |{ | | }| | | |dew. On Mount |
| |{ 48 50| 66 75| 54 75}| | | |Isabel at 5 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M., 40°. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 50| 61 50| 52 }| | | |At 3 P.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |few drops of |
| |{ | | }| | | |rain. Wet and |
|28|{ | | }| N.E. & | | |misty day. At |
| |{ | | }| | | |night Venus |
| |{ | | }| | | |veiled. Cold |
| |{ 49 50| 60 50| 53 50}| | | |night. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 50| 60 | 53 }| | | |Misty morn |
| |{ | | }| | | |and day. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Threatened |
| |{ | | }| | | |rain, none |
| |{ | | }| | | |came. Loud |
|29|{ | | }| Do. |64 |49 |thunder at |
| |{ | | }| | | |night from W. |
| |{ | | }| | | |and S., but |
| |{ | | }| | | |below gusts |
| |{ | | }| | | |of wind. Cold |
| |{ 50 50| 60 | 54 }| | | |at times. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 75| | 56 50}| | | |Cold, raw |
| |{ | | }| | | |morning, 54° |
| |{ | | }| | | |at 8 A.M. Raw |
| |{ | | }| | | |and misty |
| |{ | | }| | | |till noon, |
|30|{ | | }| N., W. |63 50|49 75|then hot sun. |
| |{ | | }| & E. | | |Heavy cloud |
| |{ | | }| | | |in W.; kind |
| |{ | | }| | | |of Harmattan |
| |{ | | }| | | |day. Wind |
| |{ | | }| | | |from all |
| |{ | | }| | | |quarters. |
| |{ 51 | | 56 50}| | | |Clouds torn |
| | | | | | | |to pieces. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | 60 | 57 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Very cold |
|31|{ | | }| E.S. & |61 |49 75|wind all |
| |{ | | }| S.W. | | |night. |
| |{ 49 75| 60 | 58 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Jan. 62. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 50| | 58 25}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cold morning. |
| 1|{ | | }| N.E. & |66 50|49 75|Normal day. |
| |{ | | }| S.W. | | |Misty day. |
| |{ 50 50| | 58 75}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 52 | 60 75| 56 25}| | | |Thunder in |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Day |
| |{ | | }| | | |cool, misty |
| 2|{ | | }| S.W. & | |52 |and still. |
| |{ | | }| N.E. | | |Even. fine, |
| |{ | | }| | | |warm, and |
| |{ 52 75| 60 75| 56 25}| | | |windless.[153]|
| | | | | | | | |
| 3| 49 | 61 | 54 | Do. | | |Hazy morn. |
| | | | | | | |Dry hazy |
| | | | | | | |noon. At 2 |
| | | | | | | |P.M. misty, |
| | | | | | | |and a few |
| | | | | | | |drops of |
| | | | | | | |rain. Warm |
| | | | | | | |and clear at |
| | | | | | | |3 P.M. Misty |
| | | | | | | |even. This |
| | | | | | | |and the next |
| | | | | | | |day’s obs. |
| | | | | | | |are with 1064 |
| | | | | | | |Therm. placed |
| | | | | | | |in sun. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | 1 P.M. | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| 4| 48 50| 66 | 55 25 | Do. | | |Misty morn. |
| | | | | | | |and even. |
| | | | | | | |Clear noon. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 47 | | 57 }| Do. | | |Cool, clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Day |
| |{ | | }| | | |misty. Fine |
| 5|{ | | }| | | |and windless |
| |{ | | }| | | |evening. At |
| |{ | | }| | | |3·40 P.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |little rain |
| |{ 47 | | 57 }| | | |from W. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | 64 | 55 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| 6|{ | | }| Do. |72 5|45 |Fine, clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |day. |
| |{ 49 | 63 | 55 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 48 | 70 | 54 }| | | |Day changing. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Sun and mist |
| |{ | | }| | | |alternately. |
| 7|{ | | }| Do. | | |Clouds heavy |
| |{ | | }| | | |in W. From |
| |{ | | }| | | |3 P.M. till |
| |{ | | }| | | |night clear |
| |{ 51 75| 64 75| 53 50}| | | |and light. |
| | | | | | | |Night cold. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 | 83 | 58 }| | | |Fine clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Raw |
| 8|{ | | }| Do. | | |cloudy day. |
| |{ | | }| | | |In afternoon |
| |{ 51 | 68 25| 56 50}| | | |hot sun. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Beautiful |
| |{ | | }| | | |even. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 50| 59 25| 55 }| | | |Clear morn. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Heavy mist. |
| |{ | | }| | | |At 11 A.M. |
| 9|{ | | }| Do. | | |few drops of |
| |{ | | }| | | |rain (2nd |
| |{ | | }| | | |time). Raw |
| |{ 50 | 58 75| 55 50}| | | |and cold. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Weather seems |
| |{ | | }| | | |breaking. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 74| | 55 25}| | | |At 5·30 A.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |47°. Heavy |
| |{ | | }| | | |thunder and |
| |{ | | }| | | |lightning at |
| |{ | | }| | | |night almost |
|10|{ | | }| Do. | |41 |overhead. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Morn. clear. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Mist at 10. |
| |{ | | }| | | |All night |
| |{ | | }| | | |thunder and |
| |{ 50 68| | 55 50}| | | |clouds from |
| |{ | | }| | | |S.W. came |
| |{ | | }| | | |overhead. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 5·30 A.M.| |6·30 P.M. | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|11| 47 | 58 | 52 |No wind.| | |Morn. cool |
| | | | | | | |and clear. |
| | | | | | | |Mist at 10 |
| | | | | | | |A.M. Thunder |
| | | | | | | |and lightning |
| | | | | | | |in S.W. At |
| | | | | | | |4 P.M. mild |
| | | | | | | |and pleasant. |
| | | | | | | |Cold night. |
| | | | | | | |Therm. 1064. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 47 | 68 | 55 }| | | |Very fine |
| |{ | | }| | | |still morn. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Thunder |
| |{ | | }| Land- | | |below. Cold |
|12|{ | | }| breeze | | |mists at 10 |
| |{ | | }| N.E. | | |A.M. till 3 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M.; warmer |
| |{ | | }| | | |after noon. |
| |{ 47 50| 61 | 55 50}| | | |Cold, clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |night. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | 57 75| 54 }| | | |Splendid |
| |{ | | }| | | |morning. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cool, clear, |
|13|{ | | }| N.E. & | | |and still. |
| |{ | | }| S.W. | | |Raw mist 11 |
| |{ | | }| | | |A.M. to 2 |
| |{ 47 | 57 25| 54 50}| | | |P.M. Still |
| |{ | | }| | | |warm even. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | 68 | 54 25}| | | |Morn hazy and |
| |{ | | }| | | |still. Mist |
| |{ | | }| | | |10 A.M. to 4 |
|14|{ | | }| Do. | | |P.M. At noon |
| |{ | | }| | | |few drops of |
| |{ | | }| | | |rain. Fine |
| |{ 51 50| 65 50| 54 75}| | | |clear even. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Bright stars. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 48 | 64 | 56 50}| | | |N. wind about |
| |{ | | }| | | |dawn; W. till |
| |{ | | }| | | |10 A.M., |
| |{ | | }| | | |then S.E. |
| |{ | | }| | | |sea-breeze. |
|15|{ | | }| N.W. & | | |Meridian obs. |
| |{ | | }| S.W. | | |taken at 1 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M. Mist |
| |{ | | }| | | |condensed by |
| |{ | | }| | | |cold. Dull, |
| |{ | | }| | | |but still |
| |{ 50 | 61 50| 57 }| | | |even. Cold |
| |{ | | }| | | |night; gusty |
| |{ | | }| | | |near morn. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 51 50| 62 | 56 }| | | |Misty day. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Very calm in |
|16|{ | | }| N.E. & | | |even. Fine |
| |{ | | }| S.W. | | |night. Clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |moon. Heavy |
| |{ 53 | 61 | 56 }| | | |dew. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 5 A.M. |1·30 P.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | 59? 50| 52 75}| | | |Thunder in |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Dull, |
| |{ | | }| | | |misty day. |
|17|{ | | }| Do. | | |In even. |
| |{ | | }| | | |clouds. Stars |
| |{ | | }| | | |obscured. |
| |{ 50 | 58 50| 53 75}| | | |Meridian obs. |
| |{ | | }| | | |at 1·30 P.M. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 25| 70 50| 55 }| | | |Morn. Thun., |
| |{ | | }| | | |dry and fine. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Wind S.W. at |
| |{ | | }| | | |8 A.M. Fine |
|18|{ | | }| Do. | | |clear view of |
| |{ | | }| | | |sea at 5·45 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M. Leaves |
| |{ | | }| | | |falling. |
| |{ 50 | 65 75| 55 50}| | | |Swarms of |
| |{ | | }| | | |swifts. Hawks |
| |{ | | }| | | |cry at night. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 5 A.M. |1·30 P.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 51 50| 75 | 55 50}| | | |First heavy |
| |{ | | }| all | | |storm. See |
|19|{ | | }| round | | |diary. |
| |{ | | }|compass.| | |Meridional |
| |{ | | }| | | |observation |
| |{ 52 75| 66 50| 55 50}| | | |at 1·30 P.M. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 | 67 50| 59 50}| | | |Fine clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Ditto |
| |{ | | }| | | |day. Sharp |
| |{ | | }| | | |cold S.E. |
|20|{ | | }| S.E. | | |wind till |
| |{ | | }| | | |night. At 4 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M. hot sun. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Little mist. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Clear moon. |
| |{ 51 | 70 75| 58 50}| | | |Bees swarming |
| |{ | | }| | | |from east to |
| |{ | | }| | | |west. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 7 A.M. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 51 | 66 50| 53 }| | | |Morn. obs. at |
| |{ | | }| | | |7 A.M. Fine, |
| |{ | | }| | | |clear. Wind |
| |{ | | }| | | |less. Italian |
| |{ | | }| | | |weather. At 7 |
| |{ | | }| | | |A.M. thunder |
|21|{ | | }| N.E. & | | |from N.W. At |
| |{ | | }| S.W. | | |10 A.M. very |
| |{ | | }| | | |heavy mist. 2 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M. distant |
| |{ | | }| | | |thunder clap |
| |{ | | }| | | |from N.W. |
| |{ 52 | 65 50| 53 50}| | | |At 3 P.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |few drops |
| |{ | | }| | | |of rain. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Clearer in |
| |{ | | }| | | |even. Night |
| |{ | | }| | | |thunder from |
| |{ | | }| | | |W. by N.W. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Bees still |
| |{ | | }| | | |swarming. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 50| 52 50| 54 }| | | |Bad thunder |
| |{ | | }| | | |storm. See |
|22|{ | | }| N.E. | | |diary. |
| |{ | | }| etc. | | |Snow seen |
| |{ 52 | 52 50| 54 }| | | |from below |
| |{ | | }| | | |mountains. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 5 A.M. |45m. P.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 50| 59 53| 50 }| | | |Morn. obs. |
| |{ | | }| | | |at 5 A.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Fine, clear, |
| |{ | | }| | | |and cold |
| |{ | | }| | | |till 10 A.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Then mist |
|23|{ | | }| N.E. & | | |from every |
| |{ | | }| S.W. | | |direction. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Thunder |
| |{ | | }| | | |westward, 3 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M. Therm. |
| |{ | | }| | | |on ground |
| |{ 51 50| 58 54| }| | | |near Calvo |
| |{ | | }| | | |Crater, in |
| |{ | | }| | | |sun, 82°, |
| |{ | | }| | | |when mist |
| |{ | | }| | | |came over, |
| |{ | | }| | | |74°. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 4 A.M.| 2 P.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 | 65 | 55 }| | | |Morn. obs. 4 |
| |{ | | }| | | |A.M. Noon, |
| |{ | | }| | | |2 P.M. Dull |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Little |
| |{ | | }| | | |Camaroons |
| |{ | | }| | | |clearly seen. |
|24|{ | | }| E. | | |Heavy mist |
| |{ | | }|strong. | | |from below. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cold, and |
| |{ | | }| | | |hot sun. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Threatened |
| |{ 50 50| 62 25| 54 75}| | | |rain, but |
| |{ | | }| | | |none fell. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Calm even. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Heavy thunder |
| |{ | | }| | | |at night. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | 30 P.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 48 | 72 | 53 75}| | | |Clear morn. |
| | | | | | | |Misty day and |
|25|{ | | }| N.E. & | | |even. Thunder |
| | | | | S.W. | | |and lightning |
| | | | | | | |below. Fine |
| |{ 49 | 69 50| 54 }| | | |cool night. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | 5·30 A.M.| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | 65 | 53 50}| | | |Thunder all |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Day |
| |{ | | }| | | |misty and |
|26|{ | | }| W. & | | |fine by |
| |{ | | }| S.E. | | |turns. Clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |even. Thunder |
| |{ 49 | 62 50| 54 }| | | |and lightning |
| |{ | | }| | | |at night. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | |2·30 P.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 48 50| 80 50| 43 }| | | |Slept on |
| |{ | | }| | | |Mount Isabel. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Morn. cold, |
| |{ | | }| | | |dear. Mists |
| |{ | | }| | | |at 10 A.M. |
|27|{ | | }| Do. | | |Heavy clouds |
| |{ | | }| | | |from E. |
| |{ | | }| | | |At 4 P.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |therm. 45°. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Rain-drops at |
| |{ 49 50| 78 | 43 }| | | |2 P.M. Heavy |
| |{ | | }| | | |dew. At 5·50 |
| |{ | | }| | | |P.M. 45° and |
| |{ | | }| | | |44°. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | 11 A.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 39 75| 51 50| 41 50}| | | |Morn. and |
| |{ | | }| | | |even. obs. |
| |{ | | }| | | |in Isabel |
| |{ | | }| | | |and Saker’s |
| |{ | | }| | | |Camp. Noon |
|28|{ | | }| Do. | | |on mountain. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Dull red |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. Cold, |
| |{ | | }| | | |and few |
| |{ 40 | 51 50| 41 50}| | | |clouds at |
| |{ | | }| | | |sunrise. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Slept at |
| |{ | | }| | | |Saker’s Camp. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 39 | 80 | 42 }| | | |Hoar frost |
| |{ | | }| | | |in morn. At |
| |{ | | }| | | |2 A.M. 37°. |
|29|{ | | }| Do. | | |Grey and |
| |{ | | }| | | |cold. Sun |
| |{ | | }| | | |not visible |
| |{ 39 | 60 | 42 }| | | |till high |
| |{ | | }| | | |up. Slept at |
| |{ | | }| | | |Saker’s Camp. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 36 | | }| | | |Hoar frost on |
| |{ | | }| | | |clothes. At 2 |
| |{ | | }| | | |A.M. 32° 50′. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Bad thunder |
| |{ | | }| | | |from S.W. A |
| |{ | | }| | | |vile day, |
| |{ | | }| | | |with rain |
| |{ | | }| | | |and hail. |
|30|{ | | }| Do. | | |Descended |
| |{ | | }| | | |to Mann’s |
| |{ | | }| | | |Spring. |
| |{ | | }| | | |See diary. |
| |{ | | }| | | |New moon, |
| |{ | | }| | | |bad omen. |
| |{ | | }| | | |M. Mann’s |
| |{ 36 | | }| | | |maximum |
| |{ | | }| | | |on summit |
| |{ | | }| | | |of Albert |
| |{ | | }| | | |Crater, 55°., |
| |{ | | }| | | |minimum 27°. |
| |{ | | }| | | |At time of |
| |{ | | }| | | |inspection |
| | | | | | | |35°. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 52 | 75 | 57 }| | | |Left Mann’s |
| |{ | | }| | | |Spring, and |
| |{ | | }| | | |began the |
|31|{ | | }| Do. | | |descent. At |
| |{ | | }| | | |sunrise next |
| |{ | | }| | | |morning, |
| |{ 53 | 67 | 58 }| | | |therm. 46°. |
| |
| I then left the mountain, and soon found myself in an atmosphere |
| of 80° F. |
| |
|M. MANN. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
|Feb. 62. | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | | 56 50}| | | |Clear in |
| |{ | | }| | | |morn. and |
| 1|{ | | }| N.E. | | |noon. Even. |
| |{ | | }| | | |very strong |
| |{ 50 5| | 57 50}| | | |wind. Max. |
| | | | | | | |71°. Min. 50°.|
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 48 | | 56 }| | | |Morn. clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |and still. |
| |{ | | }| | | |8 A.M. |
| |{ | | }| | | |wind rose. |
| 2|{ | | }| Do. | | |Thunder. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |afternoon. |
| |{ 49 75| | 57 }| | | |Max. 71°. |
| |{ | | | | | |Min. 48°. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 51 50| | 55 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cloudy and |
| 3|{ | | }| Do. | | |warm. Max. |
| |{ | | }| | | |71°. Min. 50°.|
| |{ 53 | | 56 25}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 | | 52 }| | | |Wind light. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Sunny and |
| 4|{ | | }| Do. | | |cloudy by |
| |{ | | }| | | |turns. Max. |
| |{ 52 | | 54 }| | | |69°. Min. 49°.|
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 51 | | 53 }| | | |Calm. Morn. |
| |{ | | }| | | |and even. |
| 5|{ | | }| Do. | | |clear. Cloudy |
| |{ | | }| | | |at midday. |
| |{ 52 | | 54 }| | | |Max. 66°. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Min. 48°. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 52 | 68 | 54 }| |68 50|48 |Wind light. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Distant |
| 6|{ | | }| Do. | | |thunder from |
| |{ | | }| | | |sea. Cloudy |
| |{ 53 | 65 | 54 50}| | | |and sunny day |
| |{ | | }| | | |by turns. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 49 | 84 | 52 50}| |63 50|49 | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Wind light. |
| 7|{ | | }| Do. | | |Sunny and |
| |{ | | }| | | |cloudy by |
| |{ 50 | 72 75| 54 25}| | | |turns. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | 1 P.M. | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 50| 61 50| 51 50}| | | |Morn. clear |
| |{ | | }| | | |and calm. Day |
| 8|{ | | }| Do. |63 50|49 |and even. |
| |{ | | }| | | |cloudy. |
| |{ 52 50| 60 | 53 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 52 | 69 | 58 25}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
| 9|{ | | }| Do. |68 |48 |Strong wind. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cloudy. |
| |{ 52 50| 68 50| 59 25}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 50 50| 73 50| 59 }| | | |Sunny and |
| |{ | | }| | | |warm. Very |
| |{ | | }| | | |pleasant. |
|10|{ | | }| Do. |72 50|51 |Even. clear. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Thunderstorm |
| |{ | | }| | | |and rain at |
| |{ 52 50| 85 | 58 50}| | | |night. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 51 | 59 50| 54 50}| | | |Foggy till |
| |{ | | }| | | |3·0 P.M. Then |
|11|{ | | }| N.E. |67 75|49 |two hours |
| |{ | | }| | | |sun. After |
| |{ 52 25| 60 | 55 50}| | | |5 P.M. sky |
| |{ | | }| | | |covered. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 52 | 62 | 52 50}| | | |Rain and calm |
| |{ | | }| | | |in morn. |
|12|{ | | }| Do. |64 |90 |Clear and |
| |{ | | }| | | |calm day. |
| |{ 52 50| 62 | 53 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 51 | | }| | | |Clear morn. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Calm and |
|13|{ | | }| Do. | |48 50|covered sky |
| |{ | | }| | | |in day. |
| |{ 52 50| | }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ | 64 | 60 }| | | |M. Mann |
| |{ | | }| | | |travelled to |
| |{ | | }| | | |Ridge Camp |
|14|{ | | }| all |69 | |this day. At |
| |{ | | }| round. | | |5 A.M. heavy |
| |{ | | }| | | |tornado. |
| |{ | 64 50| 60 50}| | | |Cloudy and |
| |{ | | }| | | |rainy day. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 63 25| 67 | 65 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cloudy day. |
|15|{ | | }| Do. |69 |60 |Dry at Ridge |
| |{ | | }| | | |Camp. |
| |{ 64 | 67 50| 66 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 64 | 66 | 62 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
|16|{ | | }| Do. |67 50|63 50|Ridge Camp. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Rain all day. |
| |{ 64 50| 66 75| 63 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 63 | 67 | 67 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | | |
|17|{ | | }| Do. |71 50|61 |Day warm and |
| |{ | | }| | | |sunny. |
| |{ 63 | 69 50| 67 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 64 | | 80 }| | |63 |Descended to |
| |{ | | }| | | |Victoria, |
|18|{ | | }| Sea- | | |where even. |
| |{ | | }|breeze. | | |obs. taken. |
| |{ 64 | | 81 50}| | |R.C. |Day sunny and |
| | | | | | | |warm. |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 73 50| 75 | 73 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| Sea- | | | |
|19|{ | | }| breeze |78 50|70 50|Rainy day. |
| |{ | | }|(strong)| | | |
| |{ 74 25| 75 50| 74 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 66 | 88 50| 78 50}| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Day sunny and |
|20|{ | | }| Do. |87 |67 |cloudy. Warm |
| |{ | | }| | | |and dry. |
| |{ 67 50| 87 | 80 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | |30m. P.M.| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 69 | 100 | 81 }| | | 50| |
| |{ | | }| Sea- | | | |
|21|{ | | }| breeze |90 |69 |Sunny and |
| |{ | | }|strong. | | |warm. |
| |{ 70 | 90 | 82 }| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 73 | 95 | 79 }| | | | |
| |{ | | }| | | |Morn. sunny. |
|22|{ | | }| Do. |88 50|72 |Afternoon |
| |{ | | }| | | |cloudy. |
| |{ 73 | 85 25| 79 50}| | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| |{ 70 75| 100 | 80 }| | | |Day warm |
| |{ | | }| | | |and sunny. |
|23|{ | | }| Do. |90 |71 |Thunder in |
| |{ | | }| | | |the mountains |
| |{ 71 75| 86 50| 81 }| | | |at noon. |
| |{ | | }| | | |Cloudy for |
| |{ | | }| | | |1h. 30m. |
| | | | | | | | |
|24| 74 50| | | | |73 |M. Mann left |
| | | | | | | |Victoria on |
| | | | | | | |his way to |
| | | | | | | |Camaroons. |
+--+----------+---------+----------+--------+-----+-----+--------------+
[Footnote 152: Our camp below Earthwork Crater was in a thorough
draught, the top of the forest conducting the wind. The prevalent were
the N.E., which is almost constant in the upper regions, and is in fact
the land-breeze rushing from the cold hills to the sea. During the day
we had S.W. or sea-breezes, which brought up clouds.]
[Footnote 153: M. Mann left on Jan. 2nd for the crater, taking his
maximum and minimum thermometers. He returned the 4th Jan., and on the
10th Jan. he left for Victoria, returning on the 25th Jan.]
APPENDIX VII.
* * * * *
HYPSOMETRICAL TABLE OF STATIONS BETWEEN VICTORIA BAY AND CAMAROONS
MOUNTAINS.
M. MANN’S instrument is a B. P. (Fah.) by Negretti and Zambra (no
number). At sea-level, before starting, his readings were:—
212° ·4 }
}
„ ·5 }
}
„ ·4 } Temperature 77° (Fah.).
}
„ ·3 }
}
„ ·3 }
The mean was assumed at 212°·4.
In the evening a series of five readings gave a mean of 212°·3. Temp.
88°·50 (Fah.).
On return to Victoria Bay (Feb. 23rd) five readings gave a mean of
212°·1. Temp. 82°·50 (Fah.).
The medium of M. Mann’s instrument was therefore assumed at 212° + ·3.
The observations were corrected accordingly, and have been marked (M).
Mr. Saker had a French aneroid. I, one by Messrs. Cary, Strand, London,
an expensive and most carelessly made article, whose hand could not even
be screwed round for correction.
My B. P. was the zeometer, a new hypsometric apparatus made by Messrs.
Casella, of 23 Hatton Garden, London. It answered tolerably, but, as has
appeared, the cup was injured during the descent of the mountain on the
27th Dec. 1861, after which the glass tube was used in the ordinary way.
Its observations are marked (B).
The average temperature has been assumed at 78°·5, and the calculations
have been made by Mr. George, of the Royal Geographical Society.
OBSERVATIONS.
-------+---------------------------+---------------------+------------
Date. | Station. | Observation. | Altitude.
-------+---------------------------+---------------------+------------
1861 | | |
| | |
Dec. 14|Bosumbo | 210°·1 (M). Temp. |1055 feet.
| |71°. Mean of two Obs.|
| | |
Dec. 19|Bosumbo |29°·6 Aneroid. Temp. |
| | 78°. |
| | |
Dec. 15|Mapanya |28°·2 Aneroid. Temp. |
| | 79°. |
| | |
Dec. 15|Mapanya | 207°·3 (M). Temp. |2610 „
| | 66°. Morn. |
| | |
Dec. 15|Mapanya | 207°·2 (M). Temp. |2683 „
| | 73°. Even. |
| | |
Dec. 21|Ridge Camp |27°·2 Aneroid. Temp. |
| | 68°. |
| | |
1862 | | |
| | |
Feb. 1 |Fern Gate |204° (B). Temp. 80°. |4535 „
| | |
1861 | | |
| | |
Dec. 23|Black Crater |199° (M). Temp. 63°. |7328 „
| | |
Dec. 24|Mann’s Spring | 198°·7 (M). Temp. |7466 „
| | 58°. |
| | |
Dec. 24|Mann’s Spring | 199°·2 (M). Temp. |7221 „
| | 63°. |
| | |
Dec. 25|Mann’s Spring |200° (B). Temp. 65°. |6762 „
| | |
1862 | | |
| | |
Jan. 27|Foot of Mount Helen |198° (B). Temp. 66°. |7932 „
| | |
1861 | | |
| | |
Dec. 24|Top of Mount Helen | 195°·7 (M). Mean |9223 „
| | of five Obs. Temp. |
| | 58°·50. |
| | |
Dec. 24|Top of Mount Helen | 195°·4 (B). Temp. |9383 „
| | 57°. |
| | |
Dec. 27|Below Earthwork Crater | 24°·15 Aneroid. |Not worth
| | |calculating.
| | |
Dec. 27|Above Earthwork Crater . | 23°·850 Aneroid. |Ditto.
| | |
1862 | | |
| | |
Jan. 28|Crater of Mount Isabel | 193°·9 (M). Mean of |10,187 „
| |five Read. Temp. 50°.|
| | |
Jan. 28|Summit of Mount Isabel | 193°·4 (B). Temp. |10,590 „
| | 60°. |
| | |
Jan. 28|Camp Saker |193° (B). Temp. 48°. |10,595 „
| | |
Jan. 28|Foot of Victoria Mountain | 193°·5 (B). Temp. |10,530 „
| | 60°. |
| | |
Jan. 30|Foot of Mount Hooker | 192°·7 (M). Temp. |10,875 „
| | 48°. |
| | |
Jan. 30|Summit of Mount Hooker | 191°·2 (M). Temp. |11,725 „
| | 45°. |
| | |
Jan. 14|Victoria Crater |188°. Temp. 58° Obs. |13,806 „
| | by Mr. Saker. |
| | |
Jan. 30|Summit of Victoria Mountain| 189°·7 (B). Temp. |12,696 „
| | 51°. |
| | |
Jan. 29|Summit of Albert Crater | 189°·5 (B). Temp. |12,948 „
| | 62°. |
| | |
Jan. 29|Highest Point of Albert | 189°·2 (B). Temp. |13,129 „
|Mountain | 62°. |
-------+---------------------------+---------------------+------------
In assuming 78°·50 (Fah.) as the mean temperature at sea-level, I have
been obliged, for want of other comparison, to adopt the mean of M.
Mann’s observations.
Before leaving Victoria Bay, he made, between the 6th and 12th of
December, 1861, a series of thirteen maximum and minimum observations,
whose mean is 79°.
After returning to Victoria Bay, he made five maximum and six minimum
observations between the 19th and the 24th February, and their mean is
78°.
My friend Major Noeli, of the Spanish artillery, supplied me at Fernando
Po with the following table. It will be seen that the mean of December,
January, and February, 1859-60, are also 78°·50 (Fah.).
OBSERVATIONS OF TEMPERATURE BY MAJOR NOELI, H.C.M.’S ARMY, AT FERNANDO
PO, 1859-1860.
Observations taken at 6 a.m., 8 a.m., 10 a.m., noon when possible, 3
p.m., 10 p.m.
Place:—Room facing N.E., and about 100 feet above sea-level.
----------+-----------------+----------+------------------------------
| Thermometer. |Barometer.|
Date. +----+-----+------+----------+ Remarks.
|Max.|Min. |Mean. | Mean. |
----------+----+-----+------+----------+------------------------------
Sep. 1859.|81·0|69·0 |75·44 | 29·66 |Only taken during last half
| | | | |month. Twelve days’ heavy
| | | | |rain. Frequent fresh breezes
| | | | |when there was no rain.
| | | | |
Oct. „ |83·5|70·0 |76·40 | 29·65 |Nine days’ rain. Sea-breezes
| | | | |when no rain.
| | | | |
Nov. „ |85·0|70·0 |78·05 | 29·61 |Sixteen days’ rain (less
| | | | |copious and shorter), chiefly
| | | | |in early morn. Five mild
| | | | |tornados. Frequent breezes.
| | | | |
Dec. „ |86·0|69·0 |78·90 | 29·59 |9 A.M. 26th. Tornado and
| | | | |rain. Another rainy day, fine
| | | | |drops. Frequent breezes.
| | | | |
Jan. 1860.|86·5|67·5 |77·87 | 29·59 |One rainy day. Frequent
| | | | |breezes. Harmattan. Great
| | | | |heat on calm days.
| | | | |
Feb. „ |88·0|69·0 |78·73 | 29·54 |One day’s rain. Various
| | | | |tornados. Sometimes no
| | | | |sea-breeze till 3 P.M. Great
| | | | |heat. Therm. 88° only one day.
----------+----+-----+------+----------+
Mean of 6 |85° |69°·1|77°·56| 29·612 |
months. | | | | |
----------+----+-----+------+----------+------------------------------
At Fernando Po the barometric wave is at its highest at 9·10 a.m. and
9·10 p.m., and at its lowest at 3·4 a.m. and 3·4 p.m.
THE END.
LONDON. PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET
AND CHARING CROSS.
Transcriber's note:
Page v, in Contents changed: "[Appendix] V." to: "IV.", and inserted
"V. REPORTS AND LETTERS TOUCHING AMBAS BAY — 286"
Page 38, Changed: "to Dr. Baikei’s Niger expedition" to: "Baikie’s"
Page 46, Changed: "supplies from the mainand" to: "mainland"
Page 77, Changed: "_Mormida lucida Benthami_" to: "_Morinda_"
Page 82, Changed: "attire of the Fernadian Bube" to: "Fernandian"
Page 83, Changed: "a form now well-nigh obselete" to: "obsolete"
Page 89, Changed: "were ascepiadæ, gardeniaceæ" to: "asclepiadæ"
Page 139, Changed: "along a crater brenched on the S.E. side" to:
"breached"
Page 239, Changed: "it was usless for me to speak" to: "useless"
Page 257, Changed: "a rule or law, called Diburnbe" to: "Dibumbe"
Page 270, Changed: "Sagnia Abyssinica, Hochst." to: "Sagina"
Page 271, Changed: "Senicula Europæa, L." to: "Sanicula"
Page 272, Changed: "[Lactuca] glanduligera, n. sp." to: "glandulifera"
Page 272, Changed: "Anisoraniphus hyperhæroides" to: "Anisoramphus
hypochæroides"
Page 275, Changed: "[Carex] Echnochlœ, Kunth." to: "Echinochlœ"
Page 277, Changed: "Selagenella" to: "Selaginella"