Gustavus Adolphus
When Gustavus Adolphus took his solemn farewell of the Swedish council
he confided himself to the protection of the Almighty. His last words,
"I bid you all a heartfelt farewell, perhaps forever; perhaps we see
each other for the last time," brought tears to the eyes of all present.
After a moment's silence the King closed with a fervent prayer.
The King embarked at once. After a long and stormy passage he landed,
July 4, 1630, just a hundred years after the reading of the Augsburg
Confession, upon the little island of Ruden. As soon as he had landed he
fell upon his knees in earnest prayer. To his followers, who were moved
to tears by his fervor, he said: "The more prayer, the surer victory;
for he who prays often has already half striven and gained the victory."
Thereupon, taking spade in hand, and while the disembarkation was going
on, he helped half of the landed troops in throwing up defences, while
the rest stood guard under arms. Notwithstanding the meagreness of his
supplies, he maintained strict discipline, and his soldiers were
forbidden under penalty of death to break into houses or to annoy or rob
any one. His little army of fifteen thousand men presented a strong
contrast with the robber bands of that time, who fought only where there
was a chance of booty and dissoluteness. At the outset the Swedes were
derided and called "starvelings" and "bigots," but they were full soon
recognized as warriors to be feared. Even at the imperial court they
were looked upon with contempt when the landing was announced, but the
court soon learned its mistake.
Gustavus Adolphus suddenly appeared before Stettin. Pomerania, like
Brandenburg, had been devastated by the Imperialists. Bogislav
Fourteenth, Duke of Pomerania, yielded to the inevitable and made a
treaty with Gustavus Adolphus, whose army at the close of the year 1630
had been increased to thirty thousand men by accessions from Sweden and
by deserters from the enemy. At the beginning of the year 1631 a treaty
was made between Sweden and France, for the increasing power of the
Emperor had long displeased France. In Germany about this time the Duke
of Saxe-Weimar, the Landgrave Ludwig Wilhelm of Hesse-Cassel, and the
city of Magdeburg declared for Gustavus Adolphus. The Imperialists
retreated before him. He attacked Frankfort and took the city by storm.
Not a single combatant was spared, because Tilly, at the capture of
Neubrandenburg, had killed two thousand Swedes in violation of the rules
of warfare. Gustavus Adolphus next appeared before Berlin and ordered
the Elector to declare whether he would close a treaty with him, like
the princes named above, or be his enemy. The Swedish party in Berlin,
to which the Electoress and her mother belonged, besides most of the
councillors (among them Pruckmann and Von Burgsdorf, whose acquaintance
we have made at Letzlingen) exerted themselves to the utmost to induce
the Elector to make the treaty; but it came to nought. Gustavus Adolphus
meanwhile received word from Magdeburg that it was besieged by Tilly,
and that it depended upon him to relieve the city. But this master of
war knew that in spite of all calculations and the utmost courage a
retreat might be necessary if he did not occupy strong positions, so as
not to be cut off from his base of operations. Gustavus Adolphus desired
the concession of the fortresses of Spandau and Custrin. The Elector
consented, but upon condition that the fortresses should be given back
immediately after the raising of the siege.
Gustavus Adolphus now advanced toward the Elbe, sent ambassadors to the
Elector of Saxony, and asked of him the surrender of Wittenberg that he
might have free passage of the Elbe. The Elector hesitated while the
danger to Magdeburg steadily increased. Suddenly came the dreadful news
that Magdeburg had fallen. Of its thirty-five thousand citizens, thirty
thousand were put to death by Tilly's hordes, and after a few days in
the place of a flourishing city only a heap of ruins was left, from
which the smoke of the fires which had been kindled rose to heaven.
The news of the fall of Magdeburg deeply pained the King, but his
courage did not waver in the least.