ANDERSON, J. E.
1969 _The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists._ National
Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
BASS, WILLIAM M.
1971 Personal Communication.
BASS, WILLIAM M.
1961 1960 Excavations at the Leary Site, Richardson County,
Nebraska 25RH1. _Plains Anthropologist_, 6: 31, 201-202.
BRAY, ROBERT T.
1961a The Missouri Indian Tribe in Archaeology and History.
_Missouri Historical Review_, LV: 3, 213-225. Columbia.
1961b The Flynn Cemetery: An Orr Focus Oneota Burial Site in
Allamakee County, Iowa. _Journal of the Iowa Archaeological
Society_, 10: 4, 15-25.
BROTHWELL, DON R.
1963 _Digging Up Bones._ British Museum, London.
HENNING, DALE R.
1970 Development and Interrelationships of Oneota Culture in the
Lower Missouri River Valley. _The Missouri Archaeologist_,
Vol. 32, Whole Volume. Columbia.
KROGMAN, WILTON M.
1962 _The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine._ Charles C.
Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
MCKERN, THOMAS W. AND T. D. STEWART
1957 _Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males._ Technical
Report EP-45, Quartermaster Research and Development Center,
U.S. Army, Natick, Massachusetts.
MORSE, DAN
1969 _Ancient Disease in the Midwest._ Reports of Investigations
No. 15, Illinois State Museum.
MYERS, JUDY A. AND WILLIAM M. BASS
n.d. An Analysis of the Human Skeletal Material from Some Oneota
Sites. Unpublished Manuscript.
TROTTER, MILDRED AND GOLDEN C. GLESER
1958 A Re-evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on
Measurements of Stature During Life and of Long Bones After
Death. _American Journal of Physical Anthropology_, 16: 1,
79-124. Philadelphia.
PHILLIPS, P., J. A. FORD AND J. B. GRIFFIN
1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial
Valley, 1940-1947. _Papers of the Peabody Museum of American
Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University_, Vol. XXV.
Cambridge.
RADIN, PAUL
1923 _The Winnebago Tribe._ Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX I
SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UTLAUT SITE
by
Kevin Hart and Clark Larsen
The following paper reports the osteological data on the burials from
the Utlaut site. The authors are indebted to Dr. William M. Bass,
formerly of the University of Kansas, now Chairman, Department of
Anthropology, University of Tennessee, for his encouragement and
criticisms on this paper, and especially for his training while Visiting
Professor of Anthropology at Kansas State University in the Spring,
1971. He is, of course, not responsible for any errors on our part.
_Burial 1_
Sex: Male
Age: 35⁺
Stature: 5′8″ ± 1.28″ (173.46 cm ± 3.24 cm)
Burial One is a middle aged male in good condition, represented by an
almost complete skeleton. Of the major bones, only the left radius,
right ulna and left clavicle are absent, along with the second cervical,
four thoracic and one lumbar vertebra. Except for eight phalanges of the
hand, all of the hand and feet bones are also missing.
The sex of the individual is based on several factors. First, the width
of the femur head is 46 mm., within the male range according to Krogman
(1962:143-146). The skull is characterized by heavy brow ridges, blunt
upper edges of the eye orbits, and a general overall ruggedness
indicating a male. The pelvis, however, does have a wider than usual
sciatic notch for a male.
Despite some erosion, the pubic symphyses show a breakdown of the
symphyseal rim and face indicating an age of 38⁺ (McKern and
Stewart:83). Endocranial suture closure is complete, suggesting an
approximate age of at least 40. Thirdly, toothwear on the remaining
molars seem to follow the pattern in Brothwell (1963:69) for the 35-45
age group.
The Stature was calculated using the formula 1.22 (Femur and Tibia) +
70.37 ± 3.24 (Trotter and Gleser 1958:120).
Both the tibiae (Fig. 11) and fibulae show evidence of inflammation of
the Periosteum (Periostitis), similar to cases noted in Morse
(1969:108). In addition, one lumbar vertebra has an anomalous growth on
it, and the chin of the individual protrudes abnormally. The hole in the
skull shown in the burial picture is the result of an accident in the
excavation.
[Illustration: Figure 11. Tibiae from Burial 1, 23SA162W, showing
evidence of periostitis.]
Resting on and around the knees of Burial One were a number of whole
bones and bone fragments of at least three other individuals.
_Sex_ _Age_ _Stature_
Male 30⁺ ——
—— 30⁺ ——
—— —— ——
These bones were laid in a haphazard manner. Most of the larger post
cranial bones are represented by fragments from two separate
individuals, but there are parts of three left femora present and
possibly four. The poor condition of the fourth femur fragment left the
side in doubt. The skull fragments are from at least two different
persons. Mixed in with these human bones are two tibia fragments from a
deer.
A skull fragment from one individual shows heavy muscle marking on the
occipital region, and a fairly large mastoid process, suggesting a male.
There are insufficient pieces of skull from the other individual or
individuals for any judgment on their sex. The pieces of innominate are
also fragmentary, although it appears that one acetabulum is rather
large, possibly indicating a large femur head. While the long bones from
all the individuals seem large, all the femur and humerus heads are
missing, preventing any measurements for sex. All the long bones are
broken.
The age determination is based on the presence of completely closed
endocranial sutures on the skull fragments of two persons, suggesting a
mature age. Although suture closure is not a good criterion for age
(McKern and Stewart 1957:37), a more accurate age estimate is not
possible because of the absence of pubic symphyses and teeth.
Stature could not be determined because of the broken condition of the
long bones.
_Burial 2_
There are at least two individuals represented in this burial.
_Sex_ _Age_ _Stature_
Male 28-35 5′9.3″ (175.9 cm ± 3.24 cm)
—— 3-6 ——
The adult bones associated with this burial included the upper portion
of a skull, right and left femur, right and left tibia, two fibula
fragments, a first sacral vertebra, and fragments of both the right and
left innominates. The child is represented by a left parietal. Several
of the skull fragments as well as the right femur and sacral vertebra of
the adult showed evidence of burning. Most of the skeletal material is
fragmentary and in poor condition.
The age of the adult is based on cranial suture closure. The sutures
endocranially are closing, but ectocranially the sutures are still quite
distinctive and have not yet begun to close. This indicates an age of 28
to 35 years. However, some authorities feel this is not a good criterion
for aging (McKern and Stewart 1957:37).
The sex is based on morphological characteristics of the cranial
material. The skull contained large frontal sinuses and heavy muscle
markings, indicative of the male sex (Krogman 1962:112-152).
Stature was based on the formula for Mongoloids given by Trotter and
Gleser (1958:120) for the femur plus the tibia. Using the left femur
plus the tibia the stature estimation was calculated to be 5′9.3″ with a
range from 5′8″ to 5′10.6″ (175.9 cm ± 3.24 cm). This stature is also
indicative of the male sex.
Age of the child is determined by the thickness and size of the left
parietal. This indicated an age of probably not younger than three and
not older than six.
_Burial 3_
Age: 10-12
This child’s burial consisted of the major portion of an articulated
skull, a mandible, a left scapula, right and left tibia, right and left
femur, right and left innominates, two rib fragments, and two lumbar
vertebrae. The condition of this burial is poor with all the bones being
in various stages of fragmentation.
The age of this individual is based on tooth eruption and wear. The
adult second molars are fully erupted and show no wear. The adult second
premolars are in the process of erupting, indicating an age of 10-12
(Brothwell 1963:59).
Skull deformation is quite noticeable. It is flattened both anteriorly
and posteriorly, particularly in the frontal and occipital regions. This
deformation is probably due to pressure applied to the head of the
infant through binding to a flat structure, such as a cradle board (Fig.
12).
All mandibular teeth are present with no caries or tartar. The adult
second premolars are quite late in erupting. As previously indicated the
skull is mostly articulated, but is in poor condition. Parts of the
frontal and occipital are missing.
_Burial 4_
Sex: Indeterminate
Age: Child
Stature: Indeterminate
Burial four is the remains of one individual: a child, in poor
condition. The remaining bones are fragments from the right femur, tibia
and fibula, and from the left tibia. In addition, there were also
several unidentifiable pieces. The size and condition of the fragments
make any specific judgment as to sex, age, or stature impossible other
than to say the individual was rather young. No anomalies or pathologies
were evident.
[Illustration: Figure 12. Right and left profiles of the skull from
Burial 3, 23SA162W, showing skull deformation.]
_Burial 6_
Age: 19-25
Sex: Male
Stature: 5′8.6″ ± 1.3″ (174.2 cm ± 3.24 cm)
Most of the bones of this burial are present with the exception of the
majority of the hand phalanges, carpal and tarsal bones, one lumbar
vertebra, and the coccygeal vertebrae. The condition of the bones is
fair.
The age of this individual is based on the fact that the basilar suture
has just closed and the sacral vertebrae have not completely fused. The
sutures have not yet begun to close, and all of the epiphyses of the
long boxes have united, suggesting an age range of 19 to 25.
Sex determination is based on morphological and anthropometric
characteristics of both the post-cranial and cranial skeleton. The
diameter of the femur head is 46 mm, well within the male range (Krogman
1962:143-146). The innominates showed narrow pubic portions and
sub-pubic angles. The skull has distinctive muscle markings, large
mastoid processes, heavy brow ridges, and a square chin, all of which
are characteristically male.
The stature estimation was calculated from the length of the left femur
and tibia, using Trotter and Gleser’s formula for Mongoloids (Trotter
and Gleser 1958:120). It was calculated to be 5′8.6″ with a range from
5′7.3″ to 5′9.9″ (1.74 cm ± 3.24 cm). As indicated in Table 2, this
individual was hyperbrachycranic or very broad headed. As in Burial 3,
lambdoidal flattening was quite noticeable, probably a result of
pressure of a cradle board.
Due to the poor condition of the material from the Utlaut site,
anatomical comparisons other than male stature are not possible. Table 3
gives the stature comparisons of the Iowa-Nebraska Oneota material, and
they suggest that for height of males, the Utlaut population are most
similar to the males at the Leary site in Nebraska.
Table 1
Post-cranial Measurements (in millimeters) and Indices for
Skeletal Material from The Utlaut Site, 23SA162W
Burial 1 Burial 2 Burial 6
R L R L R L
Femur
Maximum morphological length 451 455 — 485 — 454
A-P diameter midshaft 31 31.5 — — — 27.5
Transverse diameter midshaft 26 27.5 — — — 24
Maximum diameter of head — 46 — — — 46