GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES.
The gas and gasoline engines (they are exactly the same except that one
generates the gas it needs from gasoline, while the other takes common
illuminating gas, the use of gas or gasoline being interchangeable on
the same engine by readjustment of some of the parts) are operated on
a principle entirely different from steam. While they are arranged
very much as a steam engine, the power is given by an explosion of gas
mixed with air in the cylinder. Instead of being a steady pressure
like that furnished by steam, it is a sudden pressure given to one end
of the piston usually once in four strokes or two revolutions, one
stroke being required to draw the gasoline in, the second to compress
it, the third to receive the effect of the explosion (this is the only
power stroke), the fourth to push out the burned gases preparatory to
admitting a new charge. The fact that force is given the cylinder at
such wide intervals makes it necessary to have an extra heavy flywheel
to keep the engine steady, and the double cylinder engine which
can give a stroke at least every revolution is still better and is
indispensable when the flywheel cannot be above a certain weight.
For small horsepowers, such as are required for pumping, feed grinding,
churning, etc., the gas engine is so much more convenient and so
very much cheaper in operation than the small steam engine that it
is safe to say that within a very few years the gas engine will have
completely displaced the small steam engine. In fact, the discovery of
the gas engine permits the same economies for the small engine that the
progress in steam engineering has made possible for the large steam
engine. As yet the gas engine has made little or no progress against
the large steam plant, with its Corliss engine, its triple expansion,
its condenser, and all the other appliances which are not practicable
with the small engine.
COMPARISON OF STEAM AND GAS ENGINES.
The following points prepared by an experienced farm engine
manufacturer will show clearly the advantages of the gas engine over
the steam engine for general use about a farm:
In the first place, the farmer uses power, as a rule, at short
intervals, and also uses small power. Should he install a steam engine
and wish power for an hour or two, it would be necessary for him to
start a fire under the boiler and get up steam before he could start
the engine. This would take at least an hour. At the end of the run
he would have a good fire and good steam pressure, but no use for it,
and would have to let the fire die out and the pressure run down. This
involves a great waste of water, time and fuel. With a gasoline engine
he is always ready and can start to work within a few minutes after
he makes up his mind to do so, and he does not have to anticipate
his wants in the power line for half a day. Aside from this, in some
states, notably Ohio, the law compels any person operating an engine
above ten horsepower to carry a steam engineer’s license. This does not
apply to a gasoline engine.
Again, the gasoline engine is as portable as a traction engine, and can
be applied to all the uses of a traction engine and to general farm
use all the rest of the year. At little expense it can be fitted up to
hoist hay, to pump water, to husk and shell corn, to saw wood, and even
by recent inventions to plowing. It is as good about a farm as an extra
man and a team of horses.
A gasoline engine can be run on a pint of gasoline per hour for
each horsepower, and as soon as the work is done there is no more
consumption of fuel and the engine can be left without fear, except for
draining off the water in the water jacket in cold weather. A steam
engine for farm use would require at least four pounds of coal per
horsepower per hour, and in the majority of cases it would be twice
that, taking into consideration the amount of fuel necessary to start
the fire and that left unburned after the farmer is through with his
power. If you know the cost of crude gasoline at your point and the
cost of coal, you can easily figure the exact economy of a gasoline
engine for your use. To the economy of fuel question may be added the
labor or cost of pumping or hauling water.
The only point wherein a farmer might find it advantageous to have a
steam plant would be where he is running a dairy and wished steam and
hot water for cleansing his creamery machinery. This can be largely
overcome by using the water from the jackets which can be kept at
a temperature of about 175 degrees, and if a higher temperature is
needed he can heat it with the exhaust from the engine. The time will
certainly come soon when no farmer will consider himself up to date
until he has a gasoline engine.
Some persons unaccustomed to gasoline may wonder if a gasoline engine
is as safe as a steam engine. The fact is, they are very much safer,
and do not require a skilled engineer to run them. The gasoline tank is
usually placed outside the building, where the danger from an explosion
is reduced to a minimum. The only danger that may be encountered is in
starting the engine, filling the supply tank when a burner near at hand
is in flame, etc. Once a gasoline engine is started and is supplied
with gasoline, it may be left entirely alone without care for hours at
a time without danger and without adjustment.
With a steam engine there is always danger, unless a highly skilled man
is watching the engine every moment. If the water gets a little low he
is liable to have an explosion; if it gets a little too high he may
knock out a cylinder head in his engine; the fire must be fed every few
minutes; the grates cleaned. There is always something to be done about
a steam engine.
So here is another point of great saving in a gasoline engine, namely,
the saving of one man’s time. The man who runs the gasoline engine may
give nearly all his time to other work, such as feeding a corn-sheller,
a fodder chopper, or the like.
Kerosene may also be used in the same way with a special type of gas
engine.
The amounts of fuel required of the different kinds possible in a gas
engine are compared as follows by Roper:
Illuminating gas, 17 to 20 cubic feet per horsepower per hour.
Pittsburg natural gas, as low as 11 cubic feet.
74° gasoline, known as stove gasoline, one-tenth of a gallon.
Refined petroleum, one-tenth of a gallon.
If a gas producing plant using coal supplies the gas, one pound of coal
per horsepower per hour is sufficient on a large engine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GAS OR GASOLINE ENGINE.
The gas engine consists of a cylinder and piston, piston rod,
cross-head, connecting rod, crank and flywheel, very similar to those
used in the steam engine.
There is a gas valve, an exhaust valve, and in connection with the gas
valve a self-acting air valve. The gas valve and the exhaust valve
are operated by lever arm or cam worked from the main shaft, arranged
by spiral gear or the like so that it gets one movement for each two
revolutions of the main shaft. Such an engine is called “four cycle”
(meaning one power stroke to each four strokes of the piston), and
works as follows:
As the piston moves forward the air and fuel valves are simultaneously
opened and closed, starting to open just as the piston starts forward
and closing just as the piston completes its forward stroke. Gas and
air are simultaneously sucked into the cylinder, by this movement.
As the cylinder returns it compresses the charge taken in during the
forward stroke until it again reaches back center. The mixture in the
Otto engine is compressed to about 70 pounds per square inch. Ignition
then takes place, causing the mixture to explode and giving the force
from which the power is derived. As the crank again reaches its forward
center the piston uncovers a port which allows the greater part of
the burnt gases to escape. As the piston comes back, the exhaust
valve is opened, enabling the piston to sweep out the remainder of the
burnt gases. By the time the crank is on the back center the exhaust
valve is closed and the engine is ready to take another charge, having
completed two revolutions or four strokes. The side shaft which
performs the functions of opening and closing the valves, getting its
motion in the Columbus engine by a pair of spiral gears, makes but one
revolution to two of the crank shaft.
[Illustration: FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO.’S GASOLINE ENGINE.
A is engine cylinder. H is gasoline supply tank located outside of
building and under ground. I is air-suction pipe. E is gasoline pump.
O is suction pipe from gasoline tank. N is pipe from pump E leading to
reservoir P. Q is igniter tube. R is chimney surrounding tube. T is
tank supplying Bunsen burner for heating tube.]
Gas engines are governed in various ways. One method is to attach a
ball governor similar to the Waters on the steam engine. When the speed
is too high, the balls go out, and a valve is closed or partly closed,
cutting off the fuel supply. Since the engine takes in fuel only once
in four strokes, the governing cannot be so close as on the steam
engine, since longer time must elapse before the governor can act.
Another type of governor operates by opening the exhaust port and
holding it open. The piston then merely draws in air through the
exhaust port, but no gas. This is called the “hit or miss” governing
type. One power stroke is missed completely.
The heat caused by the explosion within the cylinder is very great,
some say as high as 3,000 degrees. Such a heat would soon destroy the
oil used to lubricate the cylinder and make the piston cut, as well
as destroying the piston packing. To keep this heat down the cylinder
is provided with a water jacket, and a current of water is kept
circulating around it to cool it off.
When gas is used, the gas is passed through a rubber bag, which helps
to make the supply even. It is admitted to the engine by a valve
similar to the throttle valve on an engine.
Gasoline is turned on by a similar valve, or throttle. It does not
have to be gasefied, but is sucked into the cylinder in the form
of a spray. As soon as the engine is started, the high heat of the
cylinder caused by the constant explosions readily turns the gasoline
to gas as it enters. The supply tank of gasoline is placed outside
the building, or at a distance, and stands at a point below the feed.
A small pump pumps it up to a small box or feed tank, which has an
overflow pipe to conduct any superfluous gasoline back to the supply
tank. In the gasoline box or feed tank a conical-shaped basin is filled
with gasoline to a certain height, which can be regulated. Whatever
this conical basin contains is sucked into the cylinder with the air.
By regulating the amount in the basin the supply of gasoline in the
cylinder can be regulated to the amount required for any given amount
of work. In the Columbus engine this regulation is accomplished by
screwing the overflow regulator up or down.
There are two methods of igniting the charge in the cylinder in order
to explode it. One is by what is called a gasoline or gas torch. A
hollow pin or pipe is fixed in the top of the cylinder. The upper part
of this pin or pipe runs up into a gasoline or gas lamp of the Bunsen
type where it is heated red hot. When the gas and air in the cylinder
are compressed by the back stroke of the piston, some of the mixture
is forced up into this pipe or tube until it comes in contact with the
heated portion and is exploded, together with the rest of the charge in
the cylinder. Of course this tube becomes filled with burnt gases which
must be compressed before the explosive mixture can reach the heated
portion, and no explosion is theoretically possible until the piston
causes compression to the full capacity of the cylinder. The length of
the tube must therefore be nicely regulated to the requirements of the
particular engine used.
The other method is by an electric spark from a battery. Two electrodes
of platinum or some similar substance are placed in the compression end
of the cylinder. The spark might be caused by bringing the electrodes
sufficiently near together at just the right moment, but the more
practical and usual way is to break the current, closing it sharply by
means of a lever worked by the gearing at just the moment the piston is
ready to return after compressing the charge. The electric spark is by
long odds the most desirable method of ignition, being safer and easier
to take care of, but it requires some knowledge of electricity and
electric connection to keep it always in working order.
OPERATION OF GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES.
To all intents and purposes the operation of a gas or gasoline engine
is the same as that of a steam engine with the care of the boiler
eliminated. The care of the engine itself is practically the same,
though the bearings are relatively larger in a gasoline or gas engine
and do not require adjustment so often. Some manufacturers will tell
you that a gas engine requires no attention at all. Any one who went on
that theory would soon ruin his engine. To keep a gasoline engine in
working order so as to get the best service from it and make it last as
long as possible, you should give it the best of care.
An engine of this kind needs just as much oiling and cleaning as a
steam engine. All bearings must be lubricated and kept free from
dirt, great care must be taken that the piston and cylinder are well
lubricated. In addition, the engineer must see that the valves all
work perfectly tight, and when they leak in any way they must be taken
out and cleaned. Usually the valve seats are cast separate from the
cylinder, so that they can be removed and ground when they have worn.
Also the water jacket must be kept in order so that the cylinder cannot
become too hot.
STARTING A GASOLINE ENGINE.
It is something of a trick to get a gasoline or gas engine
started--especially a gasoline engine--and some skill must be developed
in this or there will be trouble. This arises from the fact that
when an engine has not been running the cylinder is cold and does
not readily gasefy the gasoline. At best only a part of a charge of
gasoline can be gasefied, and if the cylinder is very cold indeed the
charge will not explode at all till the cylinder is warmed up.
When preparing to start an engine, first see that the nuts or studs
holding cylinder head to cylinder are tight, as the heating and cooling
of the cylinder are liable to loosen them. Then oil all bearings with a
hand oil can, and carefully wipe off all outside grease.
When all is ready, work the gasoline pump to get the air out of the
feed pipes and fill the reservoir.
First, the engine must be turned so that the piston is as far back as
it will go, and to prevent air being pressed back the exhaust must be
held open, or a cock in priming cup on top of cylinder opened.
If gasoline priming is needed, the gasoline must be poured into the
priming cup after closing the cock into the cylinder, for it would do
no good to merely let the gasoline run down into the cylinder in a cold
stream: it must be sprayed in. If the exhaust has been held open, and
the priming charge of gasoline is to be drawn in through the regular
supply pipe and valve, the exhaust should be closed and the throttle
turned on to a point indicated by the manufacturer of the engine.
We suppose that the igniter is ready to work. If the hot tube is used,
the tube should be hot; if the electric igniter is used, the igniter
bar should be in position to be snapped so as to close the circuit and
cause a spark when the charge has been compressed.
If all is ready, open the cock from which the supply of gasoline is to
be obtained, and at the same time turn the engine over so as to draw
the charge into the cylinder. If a priming cock has been opened, that
must be closed by hand as soon as the cylinder is filled and the piston
ready to return for compression. If the regular feed is used, the
automatic valve will close of itself.
Bring the flywheel over to back center so that piston will compress the
charge. With the flywheel in the hand, bring the piston back sharply
two or three times, compressing the charge. This repeated compression
causes a little heat to be liberated, which warms up the cylinder
inside. If the cylinder is very cold this compression may be repeated
until the cylinder is sufficiently warm to ignite. When performing this
preparatory compression the piston may be brought nearly up to the dead
center but not quite. At last bring it over the dead center, and just
as it passes over, snap the electric ignition bar. If an explosion
follows the engine will be started.
If the hot tube is used, the flywheel may be brought around sharply
each time so that the piston will pass the dead center, as an explosion
will follow complete compression. If the explosion does not follow,
the flywheel may be turned back again and brought up sharply past the
dead center. Each successive compression will warm up the cylinder a
little till at last an explosion will take place and the engine will be
started.
More gasoline will be needed to start in cold weather than in warm, and
the starting supply should be regulated accordingly. Moreover, when the
engine gets to going, the cylinder will warm up, more of the gasoline
will vaporize, and a smaller supply will be needed. Then the throttle
can be turned so as to reduce the supply.
After the engine is started, the water jacket should be set in
operation, and you should see that the cylinder lubrication is taking
place as it ought.
As the above method of starting the engine will not always work well,
especially in cold weather, what are called “self-starters” are used.
They are variously arranged on different engines, but are constructed
on the same general principle. This is, first, to pump air and gasoline
into the cylinder instead of drawing it in by suction. Sometimes the
gasoline is forced in by an air compression tank. The engine is turned
just past the back center, care having been taken to make sure that the
stroke is the regular explosion stroke. This may be told by looking at
the valve cam or shaft. If an electric igniter is used, it is set ready
to snap by hand. If the tube igniter is used, a detonator is arranged
in the cylinder, to be charged by the head of a snapping parlor match
which can be exploded by hand. Holding the flywheel with one hand with
piston just past back center, fill the compressed end of the cylinder
by working the pump or turning on the air in compression tank till you
feel a strong pressure on the piston through the flywheel. Then snap
igniter or detonator and the engine is off. If throttle valve has not
been opened, it may now be immediately opened.
The skill comes in managing the flywheel with one hand, or one hand
and a foot, and the igniter, etc., with the other hand. Care must be
exercised not to get caught when the flywheel starts off. The foot must
never be put through the arm of the wheel, the wheel merely being held
when necessary by the ball of the big toe, so that if the flywheel
should start suddenly it would merely slip off the toe without
carrying the foot around or unbalancing the engineer. Until one gets
used to it, it is better to have some one else manage the flywheel,
while you look after the gasoline supply, igniter, etc. When used to
it, one man can easily start any gasoline engine up to 15 horsepower.
WHAT TO DO WITH A GASOLINE ENGINE WHEN IT DOESN’T WORK.
Questions and Answers.
Q. If the engine suddenly stops, what would you do?
A. First, see that the gasoline feed is all right, plenty of gasoline
in the tank, feed pipe filled, gasoline pump working, and then if
valves are all in working order. Perhaps there may be dirt in the feed
reservoir, or the pipe leading from it may be stopped up. If everything
is right so far, examine the valves to see that they work freely and
do not get stuck from lack of good oil, or from use of poor oil. Raise
them a few times to see if they work freely. Carefully observe if the
air valve is not tight in sleeve of gas valve.
Q. What would be the cause of the piston’s sticking in the cylinder?
A. Either it was not properly lubricated, or it got too hot, the heat
causing it to expand.
Q. Are boxes on a gasoline engine likely to get hot?
A. Yes, though not so likely as on a steam engine. They must be watched
with the same care as they would be on a steam engine. If the engine
stops, turn it by hand a few times to see that it works freely without
sticking anywhere.
Q. Is the electric sparking device likely to get out of order?
A. Yes. You can always test it by loosening one wire at the cylinder
and touching it to the other to see that a spark passes between them.
If there is no spark, there is trouble with the battery.
Q. How should the batteries be connected up?
A. A wire should pass from carbon of No. 1 to copper of No. 2; from
carbon of No. 2 to copper of No. 3, etc., always from copper to carbon,
never from carbon to carbon or copper to copper. Wire from last carbon
to spark coil and from coil to switch, and from switch to one of the
connections on the engine. Wire from copper of No. 1 to the other
connection on the engine. In wiring, always scrape the ends of the wire
clean and bright where the connection is to be made with any other
metal.
Q. What precautions can be taken to keep batteries in order?
A. The connections between the cells can be changed every few days,
No. 1 being connected with No. 3, No. 3 with No. 5, etc., alternating
them, but always making a single line of connection from one connection
on cylinder to first copper, from the carbon of that cell to copper of
next cell, and so on till the circuit to the cylinder is completed.
When the engine is not in operation, always throw out the switch, to
prevent possible short circuiting. If battery is feeble at first,
fasten wires together for half an hour at engine till current gets well
started.
Q. Is there likely to be trouble with the igniter inside cylinder?
A. There may be. You will probably find a plug that can be taken out
so as to provide a peep hole. Never put your eye near this hole, for
some gasoline may escape and when spark is made it will explode and put
out your eye. Always keep the eye a foot away from the hole. Practice
looking at the spark when you know it is all right and no gasoline is
near, in order that you may get the right position at which to see the
spark in case of trouble. In any case, always take pains to force out
any possible gas before snapping igniter to see if the spark works all
right.
Q. If there is no spark, what should be done?
A. Clean the platinum points. This may be done by throwing out switch
and cutting a piece of pine one-eighth of an inch thick and one-half
inch wide, and rubbing it between the points. It may be necessary to
push cam out a trifle to compensate for wear.
Q. How can you look into peep hole without endangering eyesight?
A. By use of a mirror.
Q. If the hot tube fails to work, what may be done?
A. Conditions of atmosphere, pressure, etc., vary so much that the
length of the tube cannot always be determined. If a tube of the usual
length fails to work, try one a little longer or shorter, but not
varying over 1½ inches.
Q. When gas is used, what may interfere with gas supply?
A. Water in the gas pipes. This is always true of gas pipes not
properly drained, especially in cold weather when condensation may take
place. If water accumulates, tubes must be taken apart and blown out,
and if necessary a drain cock can be put in at the lowest point.
Q. What trouble is likely to be had with the valves?
A. In time the seats will wear, and must be taken out and ground with
flour or emery.
Q. Should the cylinder of a gasoline engine be kept as cool as it can
be kept with running water?
A. No. It should be as hot as the hand can be borne upon it, or about
100 degrees. If it is kept cooler than this the gasoline will not
gasefy well. If a tank is used, the circulation in the tank will
justify the temperature properly. The water may be kept at 175 degrees
of temperature, and used for hot water heating. The exhaust gases are
also hot and may be used for heating by carrying in pipes coiled in a
hot water heater.
Q. Are water joints likely to leak?
A. Yes. The great heating given the cylinder is liable to loosen the
water joints. They are best packed with asbestos soaked in oil, sheets
1-16 inch thick. Old packing should always be thoroughly cleaned off
when new packing is put in.
Q. How may the bearings be readjusted when worn?
A. Usually there are liners to adjust bearing. In crank box adjust as
in steam engine by tightening the key.
Q. If you hear a loud explosion in the exhaust pipe after the regular
explosion, should you be alarmed?
A. No. All gas or gasoline engines give them at times and they are
harmless. If the gas or gasoline fed to the engine is not sufficient to
make an explosive mixture, the engine will perhaps miss the explosion,
and live gas will go into the exhaust pipe. After two or three of
these have accumulated an explosion may take place and the burned
gases coming out of the port as hot flames will explode the live gas
previously exhausted. Any missing of the regular explosion by the
engine, through trouble with battery, or the like, will cause the same
condition.
Q. When you get exhaust pipe explosions, what should you do?
A. Turn on the fuel till the exhaust is smoky. Then you know you have
fuel enough and more than enough. If the explosions still continue,
conclude that the igniter spark is too weak, or does not take place.
Q. What precaution must be taken in cold weather?
A. The water must be carefully drained out of jacket.
Q. Will common steam engine cylinder oil do for a gasoline engine?
A. No. The heat is so great that only a special high grade mineral oil
will do. Any oil containing animal fat will be worse than useless.
Q. How can you tell if right amount of gas or gasoline is being fed to
engine to give highest power?
A. Turn on as much as possible without producing smoke. A smokeless
mixture is better than one which causes smoke.
Q. If you have reason to suppose gas may be in the cylinder, should you
try to start cylinder?
A. No. Empty the gas all out by turning the engine over a few times by
hand, holding exhaust open if necessary.
Q. How long will a battery run without recharging?
A. The time varies. Usually not over three or four months.
Q. Is it objectionable to connect an electric bell with an engine
battery?
A. Certainly. Never do it.
Q. If your engine doesn’t run, how many things are likely to be the
trouble?
A. Not more than four--compression, spark, gas supply, valves.