Augustus. Perhaps the reputation of some important personages of the new
government suffered a little from it. To have their republican
professions of faith disinterred was unpleasant for men who boasted of
being the private friends of the prince. I suppose that the malicious
must have diverted themselves with those letters in which Pollio swears
to be the eternal enemy of tyrants and in which Plancus harshly
attributes the misfortunes of the republic to the treason of Octavius,
who himself was not to be spared; and these lively recollections of a
time when he held out his hand to Caesar’s assassins and called Cicero
his father, were not favourable to him. All this provided subjects of
conversation for the malcontents during several weeks. But upon the
whole, the mischief was small, and these railleries did not endanger the
security of the great empire. What was most to be feared for it was that
imagination, always favourable to the past, should freely attribute to
the republic those qualities with which it is so easy to adorn
institutions that no longer exist. Now, Cicero’s letters were much more
suited to destroy these illusions than to encourage them. The picture
they present of the intrigues, the disorders, and the scandals of that
time did not permit men to regret it. The men whom Tacitus depicts to us
as worn out with struggles and eager for repose, found in it nothing
that could attract them, and the bad use that men like Curio, Caelius,
and Dolabella had made of liberty, rendered them less sensitive to the
sorrow of having lost it.
The memory of him who wrote these letters gained most by their
publication. It was very common at that time to speak ill of Cicero.
Notwithstanding the manner in which the court historians narrated the
meeting at Bologna and the honourable part they attempted to give
Octavius in the proscriptions,[391] they were none the less unpleasant
recollections for him. His victims were calumniated in order to diminish
his faults. This is what Asinius Pollio wished to do, when he said, in
his speech for Lamia, that Cicero died like a coward.[392] Those whose
devotedness did not go so far, and who had not enough courage to insult
him, took care at least to say nothing of him. It has been remarked that
none of the great poets of this time speak of him, and we know from
Plutarch that at the Palatine it was necessary to read his works in
secret. Silence therefore fell, as far as it was indeed possible, around
Cicero’s great glory; but the publication of his letters recalled him to
the memory of everybody. When once they had been read, this intellectual
and gentle figure, so amiable, so human and so attractive even in its
weaknesses, could not again be forgotten.
To the interest that the personality of Cicero gives to his letters, a
still more vivid interest is added for us. We have seen, in what I have
just written, how much our time resembles that of which these letters
speak to us. It had no solid faith any more than our own, and its sad
experiences of revolutions had disgusted it with everything while
inuring it to everything. The men of that time knew, just as we do, that
discontent with the present and that uncertainty of the morrow which do
not allow us to enjoy tranquillity or repose. In them we see ourselves;
the sorrows of the men of those times are partly our own, and we have
suffered the same ills of which they complained. We, like them, live in
one of those transitional periods, the most mournful of history, in
which the traditions of the past have disappeared and the future is not
yet clearly defined, and know not on what to set our affections, and we
can well understand that they might have said with the ancient Hesiod:
“Would that I had died sooner or been born later!” This is what gives
Cicero’s letters so lively though mournful an interest for us; this is
what first attracted me towards them; this is what, perhaps, will give
us some pleasure in spending a short time in the society of the persons
they depict, who, in spite of the lapse of years, seem almost to be our
contemporaries.
INDEX
Abeken, 23
Acidinus, 105
_Actium_, 302, 367, 382
_Aegean_, 350
_Aegina_, 102
Aesopus, son of, 101
_Africa_, 65, 75, 160, 200, 270, 286, 297, 318
_Agendicum_, 255
Agrippa, 106
_Alba_, 117, 226
_Alesia_, 186, 252, 255
Alexander, 228
_Alexandria_, 118
_Alps_, 76, 252, _seq._
Ambrose, Saint, 103
_America_, 231
Amphiaraüs, 71, 190
Ampius, T., 267
_Ancyra_, 362 and note, 369, 381
_Angora_, 362
_Antium_, 12, 346, 347
Antonius, orator, 42
Antony, 13, 20, 45, 70, 72 _seq._, 76, 81, 100, 104, 105, 158, 177,
197, 266, 276, 306, 331, 333, 335, 336, 339, 340, 345, 347, 350,
353, 356, 357, 360, 365, 370, 380
_Apollonia_, 362
Appian, 325, 342, 345, 381
Appius Claudius, 89, 285, 305, 314
Apuleius, 169, 350
_Apulia_, 186, 206
_Arabia_, 368
_Arcae_, 239
Archimedes, 287
_Argiletum_, 86
Ariobarzanes, 120, 314
Ariovistus, 252, 253, 255, 344
Aristophanes, 28
Aristotle, 108, 307
_Arpinum_, 4, 12, 61, 131, 216, 239
Arrius, 12
_Asia_, 49, 75, 85, 115, 120, 129, 230, 238, 267, 294, 297, 318, 319,
350
_Atella_, 120
_Athens_, 105, 107, 110, 126, 127, 133, 139, 296, 304, 305, 326, 349,
350
Atticus, 4, 10, 12, 13, 26, 53, 79, 85 _seq._, 89 note, 92, 95, 96, 98,
101, 106, 108, 111, 113;
his correspondence with Cicero, 123;
sources of his wealth, 127 _seq._;
attacks Sicyon, 130;
returns to Rome, 132;
his character, 134 _seq._;
his services to Cicero, 141 _seq._;
his conduct in public affairs, 147 _seq._;
his hatred of Caesar, 152;
194, 218 _seq._, 224, 236, 262, 305, 310, 314, 317, 323, 332, 355,
360
Augustus. See Octavius
Aulus Gellius, 110, 112
_Aventine_, 86
Axius, 87, 227 note
_Baiae_, 168, 172, 175, 208
Balbus, 135, 141, 188, 195, 222, 234, 247, 261
Basilus, 192
Bibulus, 70, 105, 155, 221, 333
Blasius, 323
_Bologna_, 356, 365, 390
Bossuet, 147, 279
_Britain_, 65, 232, 234, 240, 245, 249, 250 and note, 251
_Brittany_, 15
_Brundusium_, 73, 94, 97, 152, 187 _seq._, 210, 257, 258, 260, 304, 319
Bruttius, 106
Brutus, 21, 22, 58, 70 _seq._, 75, 77, 88, 102, 107, 136, 140, 151,
152, 154 _seq._, 158, 159, 176, 192, 243, 266, 287, 293;
his family, 305;
his character, 307;
his statue, 309 note;
his oratory, 310;
his usury, 312 _seq._;
joins Pompey at Pharsalia, 317;
submits to Caesar, 318;
close intimacy with Cicero, 320;
his treatise _On Virtue_, 324;
Governor of Cisalpine Gaul, 326;
becomes head of conspiracy against Caesar, 338;
his conduct after Caesar’s death, 340 _seq._;
retires to Greece, 348 _seq._;
disagreement with Cicero, 350, 359, 360
Brutus, Decimus, 74, 75, 176, 192, 243, 323
Bussy, 17
Caecilia Metella, 101
Caecilius, 87, 130
Caecina, 267, 268
Caelius, 3, 4, 100;
his family and education, 160 _seq._;
his relations with Clodia, 166 _seq._;
orator and statesman, 177 _seq._;
joins Caesar, 187;
goes to Spain, 190;
praetor, 197;
opposes Trebonius, 203 _seq._;
leaves Rome, 205;
his death, 206, 264, 306, 359, 389
Caerellia, 90, 91
Caesar, 4, 14, 21, 22, 33, 36, 40, 49 _seq._, 59, 61, 63, 68, 69, 71,
80, 85, 87, 102, 119, 127, 135, 151, 152, 154, 165, 171, 179, 183,
185 _seq._, 191 _seq._;
Cicero his political ally during the Gallic war, his friend after
Pharsalia, 209;
contrasted with Pompey, 225 _seq._;
sets out for Gaul, 229;
his army, 242 _seq._;
his victories, 252;
resumes intercourse with Cicero, 260;
his clemency, 263;
his cruelty, 265;
writes the _Anti-Cato_, 288, 304 _seq._, 308 _seq._, 321, 324, 326
_seq._, 333 _seq._, 344 _seq._, 379, 384, 385
_Calatia_, 74
Calidius, 187
Calvus, Licinius, 170, 171, 174, 208
Camillus, 283
_Campania_, 25, 206, 345
_Campus Martius_, 13, 25, 40, 155, 162, 213, 214, 255, 282
_Capreae_, 172
_Carinae_, 86, 251
_Carthage_, 64, 286
_Casilinum_, 74
_Cassius_, 75, 89, 293, 305, 306, 318, 323, 325, 330, 336 _seq._, 347,
350, 355
Catienus, 238
Catiline, 33, 46, 49 _seq._, 68, 72, 180, 199, 218, 229, 304, 311
Cato (Uticensis), 17, 20, 21, 40, 58, 61, 68, 70, 88, 135, 159, 164,
189, 210, 216, 252, 263, 276 _seq._, 291, 304, 305, 311, 315, 317,
326, 333
Cato, the elder, 33, 113, 149, 379
Cato, the younger, 323
Catullus, 168 _seq._, 174, 208, 235
Cherea, 8
Chrysogonus, 38
Cicero, his letters, 1 _seq._;
letters and speeches compared, 8;
compared with Saint-Simon, 9;
with Mme. de Sévigné, 14 _seq._;
his inconsistency, 17;
his political opinions, 24 _seq._;
defence of Roscius, 37 _seq._;
success of his candidatures, 40;
his eloquence, 42 _seq._;
tries to form a new political party, 47;
his irresolution, 56;
his opinion of the people, 60;
sets out for Greece, 70;
tries to form coalition, 73;
his death, 77;
sources of his wealth, 80 _seq._;
proconsul of Cilicia, 82;
exiled, 93;
returns to Italy, 94;
divorces Terentia, 95;
marries and divorces Publilia, 99;
his children, 100 _seq._;
his slaves, 108 _seq._;
his clients, 113 _seq._;
defends Rabirius Postumus, 119;
his hosts, 120;
his correspondence with Atticus, 123;
reconciled to Hortensius, 136;
teacher of Caelius, 160, 161;
his opinion of Clodia, 162;
defends Caelius, 175;
joins Pompey in Greece, 190;
Caesar’s political ally during the Gallic war, his friend after
Pharsalia, 209;
his return from exile, 210;
supports the triumvirs, 219;
becomes Caesar’s agent, 222;
his letter to Lentulus, 223;
sends Trebatius and Quintus to Caesar, 231;
demands honours for Caesar, 252;
joins Pompey at Pharsalia, returns to Brundusium, 257, 258;
to Tusculum, 259;
to Rome, 260;
is reconciled to Caesar, 260;
_Pro Marcello_, 271 _seq._;
Apology for Cato, 287;
his friendship with Brutus, 308;
proconsul of Cilicia, 312;
his philosophical works, 321 _seq._;
joins Brutus at Velia, 348;
returns to Rome, 349;
disagrees with Brutus, 350 _seq._;
publication of his letters, 388
Cicero, Marcus, 104 _seq._, 110, 111
Cicero, Quintus, 91, 110, 111, 114, 215, 218, 221, 231, 235 _seq._,
246, 251
_Cilicia_, 82, 97, 100, 111, 117, 159, 175, 182, 277, 305, 306, 312,
313, 317
Clodia, 92, 135, 162 _seq._, 180
Clodius, 13, 24, 33, 68, 72, 85, 92, 135, 162, 168, 180, 199, 201, 210
_seq._, 229, 304
Cluvius, 85, 312
Colbert, 9
_Como_, 269
Considius, 87
_Constantinople_, 213
_Cordova_, 323
_Corfinium_, 185 note, 186, 187
_Corinth_, 102
Corneille, 30, 385, 386
Cornelius Nepos, 134, 136, 158
Cornificius, 75, 170, 297
Coulanges, Mme. de, 16
Crassipes, 100
Crassus, 49, 51, 80, 83, 218, 219, 222, 243, 246, 336, 371
Crastinus, 192
Cratippus, 106, 349
Cremutius Cordus, 2
Curio, 4, 20, 53, 62, 100, 127, 179, 187, 195, 197, 208, 264, 276, 306,
359, 389
Curius, 111, 119
_Cydnus_, 330, 337
_Cyprus_, 289, 304, 314, 316
Cyrus, 85
Cytheris, 261
Dante, 303
_Danube_, 378
Deiotarus, 120
_Delos_, 129
Descartes, 104
Dio Cassius, 90, 241, 253, 265, 307, 356, 368, 375
Diodotus, 85
Dionysius, 105
Dionysius, slave of Cicero, 108
Dolabella, 20, 100 _seq._, 109, 179, 187, 195, 197, 208, 261, 306, 331,
340, 345, 389
Domitius, 186, 187
Drumann, 23
Drusus, 100
Dumnorix, 233
_Dyrrhachium_, 192, 242, 257, 286
_Egypt_, 118, 222, 318
_England_, 1
_Ephesus_, 129
Epicrates, 106
_Epirus_, 129, 130, 131, 345
Eros, 79, 88, 109
_Ethiopia_, 368
Eutrapelus, 261
Fabius, 33
Fabius Gallus, 287
Fabius Maximus, 243
Favonius, 327, 347
Fayette, Mme. de la, 16
_Fibrenus_, 131
_Formiae_, 4, 11, 53, 77, 193, 217
_Forum_, 2, 4, 5, 8, 13, 25, 30, 39, 44, 55, 61, 75, 80, 112, 114, 140,
149, 155, 160 _seq._, 175, 177, 193, 201, 204, 208, 212 _seq._, 225,
250, 255, 319, 333, 344, 359, 373, 378
_France_, 1, 232
Fronto, 248
Fulvia, 151
Furfanius, 297
Gabinius, 117, 119, 222
_Gaeta_, 77
_Galatia_, 362
_Gaul_, 65, 110, 115, 185 note, 194, 213, 219, 228, 229, 231 _seq._,
235, 239, 242, 246, 247, 250 _seq._, 296
_Gaul, Cisalpine_, 45, 74, 185 note, 195, 293, 316, 326
_Gergovia_, 186
_Germany_, 1, 23, 65, 245, 250, 252
Gorgias, 105, 106
Gracchi, 32, 48, 59, 61, 164 note, 183, 198, 245
Gracchus, Caius, 199
_Greece_, 32, 70, 73, 77, 102, 120, 126, 127, 129, 135, 142, 149
_seq._, 189, 200, 267, 270, 293, 296, 297, 320, 348, 350
Guy-Patin, 52
Helvius Cinna, 170
Hermogenes, 87
Hesiod, 391
Hirtius, 73, 99, 246, 288, 354, 365
Horace, 168, 350
Hortensius, 83, 89, 104, 136, 210, 290
_Illyria_, 108
_Italy_, 4, 64, 70, 75, 94, 120, 129, 168;
Upper, 183; 187, 189, 193, 198, 205, 206, 212, 253, 254, 258, 266,
268, 296, 317, 345 _seq._; 355, 371
Juba, 323
Knights, the, 47 _seq._, 119, 121, 135, 142, 144, 151, 160, 247, 252,
284, 312, 313, 380
Labeo, 307, 323
Laberius, 234
Labienus, 243, 276
_Lacedaemon_, 316
Laelius, C. (Sapiens), 33
Laelius, 266
_Lanuvium_, 346, 348
Laterensis, 323
_Latium_, 25
Lentulus, 117, 223, 311, 371
Lentulus Sphinther, 101
Leonidas, 106
Lepidus, 75, 305, 306, 323, 344, 346, 354, 356, 367
Lepta, 95, 231
Lesbia, 169 _seq._
Licinius Calvus. See Calvus
Licinius, 238
_Liris_, 26
_Livry_, 15
Livy, 1, 2, 77, 82, 164, 235, 312
Louis XIV., 245, 364
Louvois, 9, 16
Lucan, 52, 68, 303
_Lucca_, 195
Lucceius, 102
_Luceria_, 188
Lucilius, 33
Lucretius, 115, 168, 235, 322
Lucullus, 85, 230
_Macedonia_, 73, 129, 177, 349, 350
Maecenas, 369, 372, 382
Marcellus, 269 _seq._, 285, 296, 299, 324, 326, 374
Marcus. See Cicero, Marcus
_Mariba_, 368
Marius, 37, 49, 65, 124, 246, 254, 291, 294, 328
_Marseilles_, 193, 206, 246
Matius, 191 note, 246, 251
_Megara_, 102
Memmius Gemellus, 115
Messala, 105, 359, 381
Metellus, 164 note
Michael Angelo, 309 note
_Milan_, 316
Milo, 80, 89 note, 97, 206
Mithridates, 127, 230
_Mitylene_, 269, 324
_Modena_, 75, 76, 350, 360
Molière, 280
Mommsen, 1 note, 23, 31, 45, 213, 228, 287, 384
Montaigne, 33
Mummius, 246
Munatius, 289
_Munda_, 202, 265, 302, 330
_Nabata_, 368
_Naples_, 162, 172, 206
Napoleon, 228
_Narbonne_, 330
_New Orleans_, 213
Nicole, 16
Nigidius Figulus, 267, 268
Ninnius, 153
Octavius, 74, 76, 77, 106, 139, 158, 164 note, 165, 173, 264, 301, 302,
308, 316, 329, 345, 353, 354, 356, 357;
his correspondence with Cicero, 359;
Cicero’s opinion of him, 360;
Ancyran Inscription, 361 _seq._;
pro-praetor, triumvir, 365;
his war with Sextus Pompey, 367;
his victories, 367, 368;
his relations with his soldiers, 369 _seq._;
with the people, 372, 373;
with the senate, 373 _seq._;
population of Rome, 376 note;
his policy in rebuilding Rome, 377;
political greatness of Rome, 378 _seq._;
“Father of his Country,” 381;
change in his character, 381 _seq._;
effects of his policy, 386, 387;
publication of Cicero’s letters, 388 _seq._
Oppius, 188, 195, 222
Ovid, 169, 171, 174
_Palatine_, 37, 86, 162, 169, 215, 217, 251, 374, 390
_Pannonia_, 370
Pansa, 73, 350, 365
_Paphos_, 120
Papirius Paetus, 13, 83
_Paris_, 15, 213
Pascal, 138, 229
_Patras_, 119
Patroclus, 287
Paula Valeria, 176
Paulus Emilius, 379
Petreius, 323
_Pharsalia_, 51, 69, 85, 94, 97, 149, 154, 189, 192, 202, 207, 209,
257, 259, 261, 266 _seq._, 272, 275, 277, 285, 291 _seq._, 299, 302,
306, 318, 319, 321, 325, 327 _seq._, 337, 350, 359, 374, 384
Philip (tribune), 80
_Philippi_, 136, 207, 307, 316, 323, 371, 374, 380, 382
Philotimus, 97
_Picenum_, 213
Pilois, 15
Pinarius, 244
_Piraeus_, 102
Piso, 100, 220
Plancus, 75, 243, 246, 354, 359, 389
Plato, 26, 27, 31, 223, 321
Plautus, 90, 162, 174
Pliny, 113, 141
Plutarch, 77, 91, 193, 241, 289, 290, 316, 326, 331, 334, 337, 349,
357, 390
Polybius, 31, 325
_Pompeii_, 153
Pompey, 14, 21, 40, 49, 51, 56, 57, 70, 81, 82, 87, 110, 117, 135, 143,
152, 182, 185 _seq._, 197, 210, 215 _seq._, 256, 258, 263, 285, 312,
317, 318, 327, 335
Pompey, Sextus, 74, 330, 367, 370, 380, 382
Pomponia, 91, 236 _seq._
Porcia, 333, 347
Postumia, 295, 296
Propertius, 171, 235
Ptolemy Auletes, 117, 222
Publilia, 99, 143
_Puteoli_, 85, 118, 160, 162, 313
Quintilian, 177, 205 note, 207
Quintilius Varus, 170, 323
Quintus. See Cicero, Quintus
_Quirinal_, 134, 140, 149
Rabirius Postumus, 116 _seq._, 312
_Ravenna_, 186, 187
_Reate_, 61
_Rennes_, 15
_Rhegium_, 70
_Rhine_, 250, 251, 254, 367, 378
_Rhone_, 254
Rochefoucauld, La, 16
Rollin, 271
_Rome_, 2 _seq._, 12, 14, 24, 31, 37, 48, 51, 53 _seq._, 59, 62, 64
_seq._, 70, 72, 74, _seq._, 80 _seq._, 89 note, 91, 112, 115 _seq._,
124, 125, 127, 130 _seq._, 150 _seq._, 162 _seq._, 186, 195 _seq._,
210 _seq._, 218, 226, 262 _seq._, 280 _seq._, 297 _seq._, 304
_seq._, 312 _seq._, 320, 325, 326, 335, 341, 344, 349 _seq._, 361
Roscius, 38, 52
Rousseau, 282
_Rubicon_, 151, 186, 188, 256
Rullus, 43
Rutilius, 294
_Sabine country, the_, 25
Saint-Simon, 4, 9, 309
_Salamis_, 314
Sallust, 50
Saturninus, 294
Scaeva, 192
Scaevola, family of, 294 _seq._
Scaptius, 314, 315
Scapula, 323
Scipio (Africanus minor), 33, 286
Scipio (Africanus major), 243, 379
Scipio (Nasica), 70, 285, 323
Sebosus, 11, 12
Seneca, 50, 112, 178, 290, 324, 382
Servilia, 305, 333, 347
Servilius, 204, 205, 297
Servius Galba, 149, 243
Servius Ocella, 176
Sévigné, Mme. de, 6, 14 _seq._, 104, 261
Sicac, 95
_Sicily_, 74, 83, 115, 121, 266, 268, 297, 347
_Sicyon_, 130
Sieyès, 124
Sositheus, 108
_Spain_, 102, 187, 190, 197, 202, 230, 263, 265, 270, 288, 367
_Sparta_, 120
Statius, 236, 237
Suetonius, 194, 203, 240, 296, 379, 382 _seq._
Sulla, 36, 38, 45, 57, 59, 136, 139, 158, 245, 264, 291, 317, 328, 343
Sulpicius Galba, 192
Sulpicius, Servius, 102, 119, 184, 273, 285, 293 _seq._
Sulpicius (tribune), 124
Sylla, P., 83
_Syria_, 117, 336
Tacitus, 121, 161, 205, 302, 310, 322, 366, 369, 386, 389
Terence, 33, 162
Terentia, 91 _seq._, 99, 142, 165, 166
_Thapsus_, 202, 265, 286, 302, 326
Theophanes, 135
_Thespiae_, 119
_Thessalonica_, 316
_Thessaly_, 197, 215, 317, 349
Thrasea, 290
Thucydides, 21
_Thurium_, 206
_Tiber_, 152, 168, 169, 172, 214, 373
Tiberius, 100, 307, 370
Tiberius Nero, 100
Tiro, 88, 99, 106, 109 _seq._
Torquatus, 267, 296, 326
Trebatius, 95, 188, 231 _seq._, 240, 241, 244, 245
Trebonius, 192, 197, 203, 204, 246, 284, 330
Triarius, 326
_Troy_, 287
Tullia, 100 _seq._, 142, 258
Turenne, 16
_Tusculum_, 53, 61, 86 note, 88, 91, 95, 111, 138, 144, 149, 217, 259,
260
_Ulubrae_, 231
_Utica_, 286
Varro, 61, 93, 138, 259
Vatinius, 4, 8, 170, 220, 222, 350
Vectenus, 87
Vedius, P., 120
Vedius, C., 306
_Velia_, 70, 72, 77, 348, 355
Velleius, 307
Vercingetorix, 225, 265, 344
_Verona_, 169
Verres, 8, 83, 120
Vestorius, 87
_Via Sacra_, 215
Virgil, 113 note, 235, 319
_Volaterrae_, 120
Volcatius Tullus, 243
Volumnius, 151
Volusius, 171
_Xanthus_, 316
Zeuxis, 238
RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED,
BREAD STREET HILL, E. C., AND
BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
-----
Footnote 1:
The course of this work will show that I have made great use of works
published in Germany, especially the fine Roman History of M. Mommsen,
so learned and at the same time so living. I do not always share his
opinions, but the influence of his ideas will be perceived even in
passages where I do not agree with him. He is the master of all who
study Rome and her history now.
Footnote 2:
Corn. Nepos, _Att._ 16.
Footnote 3:
See Cicero’s _Epist. ad fam._ ii. 8 and viii. 1. I shall quote
Orelli’s edition of Cicero’s works in the course of this work.
Footnote 4:
I have attempted to clear up some of the questions to which the
publication of Cicero’s letters has given rise in a treatise entitled,
_Recherches sur la manière dont furent recueillies et publiées les
lettres de Cicéron_, Paris, Durand, 1863.
Footnote 5:
_Pro. Rosc. com._ 7.
Footnote 6:
_In Verrem. act. sec._ v. 11.
Footnote 7:
_In Vatin._ 2.
Footnote 8:
_Pro Font._ 11.
Footnote 9:
_Pro Rabir. post._ 13.
Footnote 10:
_In Pison._ 20.
Footnote 11:
_Ad fam._ ix. 21.
Footnote 12:
_Ad Quint._ ii. 15, 6.
Footnote 13:
_Ad fam._ xv. 17.
Footnote 14:
_Ibid._ xvi. 16.
Footnote 15:
_Ad Att._ xiii. 18.
Footnote 16:
_Ad fam._ xv. 16.
Footnote 17:
_Ad Att._ ii.
Footnote 18:
_Ad Att._ ii. 15.
Footnote 19:
_Ibid._ ii. 4.
Footnote 20:
_Ad Quint._ iii. 1, 4.
Footnote 21:
_Ad Att._ iv. 15.
Footnote 22:
_Ibid._ iv. 1.
Footnote 23:
_Ad fam._ ix. 24.
Footnote 24:
_Ad Att._ vii. 9.
Footnote 25:
_Ad Att._ vii. 1, 2.
Footnote 26:
Forsyth, _Life of Cicero_. London, Murray, 1864. Merivale, _History of
the Romans under the Empire_, vols. i., ii.
Footnote 27:
Abeken, _Cicero in seinen Briefen_. Hannover, 1835.
Footnote 28:
Drumann, _Geschichte Roms_, etc., vols. v., vi.
Footnote 29:
Mommsen, _Römische Geschichte_, vol. iii.
Footnote 30:
_Pro Rosc. Amer._ 16.
Footnote 31:
_De leg._ ii. 1.
Footnote 32:
_Ad Att._ xii. 52.
Footnote 33:
It has been remarked that, in his _Republic_, Cicero speaks of
kingship with much esteem, and even a sort of emotion which may easily
surprise us in a republican like him; but he understands by it a kind
of primitive and patriarchal government, and he demands so many
virtues in the king and his subjects that we see very well that he
does not think that this royalty was easy or even possible. We cannot
therefore admit, as has been done by some, that Cicero meant to
announce beforehand, and to approve of the revolution that Caesar
accomplished some years later. On the contrary, he indicates in very
clear terms what he will think of Caesar and his government when he
attacks those tyrants who, in their greed for rule, wish to govern
alone, in contempt of the rights of the people. “The tyrants many be
clement,” he adds; “but what does it matter whether we have an
indulgent or a barbarous master? One is none the less a slave with
either” (_De Rep._ i. 33).
Footnote 34:
_In Verr. act. sec._ v. 70.
Footnote 35:
_De Rep._ i. 26.
Footnote 36:
_Ibid._ i. 34.
Footnote 37:
_De Rep._ i. 45.
Footnote 38:
In that curious letter that he wrote to Pompey after his consulship
(_ad fam._ v. 7), in which he seems to propose a kind of alliance, he
attributes to him the part of Scipio and takes for himself that of
Laelius.
Footnote 39:
_Pro. Rosc. Amer._ 8.
Footnote 40:
_Pro. Rosc. Amer._ 46.
Footnote 41:
_Ibid._ 29.
Footnote 42:
_Ibid._ 52.
Footnote 43:
_Ad Herenn._ i. 3.
Footnote 44:
_De Orat._ ii. 59.
Footnote 45:
_Pro Cluent._ 50.
Footnote 46:
I here employ the phrases of M. Havet, who has set this idea in a
clear light in one of the too scanty writings he has published on
Cicero. Speaking of this, we maybe permitted to regret that M. Berger
and he have not given to the public the excellent series of lectures
which they delivered at the Collège de France and at the Sorbonne, of
which Cicero was so often the subject. If they had acceded to the
wishes of their auditors, and the entreaties of all friends of
letters, France would have nothing to envy Germany on this important
question.
Footnote 47:
Varro, _De re rust._ ii. 1.
Footnote 48:
_De brevit. vitæ_, 5. _Non sine causa, sed sine fine laudatus._
Footnote 49:
On the exile of Cicero, and the policy that he followed after his
return, see the study on _Caesar and Cicero_, Part I.
Footnote 50:
_Ad Att._ ix. 1.
Footnote 51:
_Ibid._ x. 7.
Footnote 52:
_Ad Att._ ix. 10.
Footnote 53:
_De bello civ._ i. 22.
Footnote 54:
He even seems to say several times that the position of the plebeians
in the republic was, on the whole, better than that of the patricians
(_Pro Cluent._ 40. _Pro domo sua_, 14).
Footnote 55:
_Pro Sext._ 49.
Footnote 56:
_De bello afric._ 45.
Footnote 57:
_De bello civ._ ii, 32.
Footnote 58:
See the _Histoire de l’esclavage dans l’antiquité_ of M. Wallon, Vol.
II. ch. ix.
Footnote 59:
Luc., _Phars._ ii. 300:
_Non ante revellar
Exanimem quam te complectar, Roma, tuumque
Nomen, libertas, et inanem prosequar umbram._
Footnote 60:
In the study on Brutus.
Footnote 61:
_Ad fam._ xii. 25.
Footnote 62:
_Philipp._ xiv. 7.
Footnote 63:
_Ad fam._ x. 31.
Footnote 64:
_Ibid._ xii. 13.
Footnote 65:
_Ibid._ xii. 12.
Footnote 66:
_Ad Brut._ 3.
Footnote 67:
_Philipp._ iii. 14.
Footnote 68:
Apud Senec., _Suas_, 6.
Footnote 69:
Plut. _Cic._ 48.
Footnote 70:
_De offic._ ii. 21: Things had not changed when Cicero was consul. We
see that his brother, in a letter that he addressed to him then, says
that there were few knights in Rome, _pauci equites_, that is, few men
possessing more than £3200.
Footnote 71:
_Parad._ 6. _Qui honeste rem quaerunt mercaturis faciendis, operis
dandis publicis sumendis_, etc.
Footnote 72:
_Hist._ xxxiv. 4.
Footnote 73:
_In Verrem, act. prim._ 14.
Footnote 74:
_De petit cons._ 5 and 9.
Footnote 75:
_Ad Att._ i. 20.
Footnote 76:
A. Gell. xii. 12.
Footnote 77:
_Ad Att._ xiii. 45 _et seq._
Footnote 78:
_Pro Mil._ 18.
Footnote 79:
_Ad Att._ ii. 20.
Footnote 80:
_Philipp._ ii. 16.
Footnote 81:
_Ad Att._ xvi. 1.
Footnote 82:
His villa at Tusculum particularly had cost him very dear. What proves
it to have been of great value is that on his return from exile the
senate allowed him 500,000 sesterces (£4000) to repair the damage it
had suffered in his absence, and that he thought they were far from
having given him enough.
Footnote 83:
_Ad Att._ xii. 25.
Footnote 84:
_Ad fam._ v. 6.
Footnote 85:
_Parad._ 6.
Footnote 86: