THE NORMAN CONQUEST AND AFTER THAT.
The first of these chapters took a brief survey of the literature that
preceded and elevated the Anglo-Saxon literature: this concluding
chapter must be still briefer in sketching the manner of its decline. It
would be true to say that the Norman Conquest dealt a fatal blow to
Anglo-Saxon literature; but it would also be true to say that the
cultivation of Anglo-Saxon literature never came to an end at all. I
will presently endeavour to reconcile this seeming contradiction; but
first I have some little remainder to tell of the main narrative.
There are two small sets of writings which have not yet been described.
These are the liturgical and scientific remains. Of liturgical, we have
the "Benedictionale of Æðelwold,"[145] and we have the so-called "Ritual
of Durham," with its interlinear Northumbrian gloss. But the most famous
book of this kind is that which is called "The Leofric Missal," because
Leofric, the first Bishop of Exeter (of Crediton, 1046-1050; of Exeter,
1050-1072) gave it to his cathedral. It is now in the Bodleian Library.
"It is one of the only three surviving Missals known to have been used
in the English Church during the Anglo-Saxon period," the other two
being the Missal of Robert of Jumièges, Archbishop of Canterbury, now in
Rouen Library, and the "Rede Boke of Darbye," in the Parker Library at
Cambridge.[146]
It may seem almost idle to talk of the "scientific" remains of
Anglo-Saxon times. For Science, in its grandest sense,--the recognition
of constant order in nature and the reign of law,--had not yet dawned
upon the world. Science, in this sense, dates only from the seventeenth
century, and its patriarchal names are Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler.
But, nevertheless, the earlier and feebler efforts at the explanation of
phenomena have a real and a lasting value for human history, and what
they lack in scientific quality has somehow the effect of throwing them
all the more into the arms of the literary historian.
There is, however, one small Anglo-Saxon writing which needs not this
apology, and which may be considered as a real contribution even to
science. I mean the Geography which King Alfred inserted into his
translation of Orosius. All our other scientific relics are but
compilation and translation in the primitive paths of Medicine, and
Botany, and Astronomy.
We have some considerable lists of Anglo-Saxon Botany. The vernacular
names of plants, many of them, seem to indicate a Latin tradition dating
from Roman times.[147] In the medical treatises we see the practice of
medicine greatly mingled with superstition. Witchcraft is reckoned among
the causes of disease, and formulæ are provided for breaking the spell.
The "Leech Book" contains a series of prescriptions for divers ailments,
with directions for preparation and medical treatment. One batch of
these prescriptions is said to have been sent to King Alfred by Elias,
Patriarch of Jerusalem. A very popular book was the Herbarium of
Apuleius. It was translated into Anglo-Saxon, and four manuscripts of
this translation are still extant.[148]
On astronomical and cosmical matters there exists a well-written little
treatise of unknown authorship. It has been attributed to Ælfric, and it
is most likely a work of his time. It seems to have been very
popular.[149] It is, as it professes to be in the prologue, a popular
abridgment of Beda, "De Natura Rerum." It begins with a succinct
abstract of the creation, the sixth day being thus rendered:--
On ðam syxtan dæge he gescop eall deor cynn, ⁊ ealle nytena
þe on feower fotum gað, ⁊ þa twegen menn Adam ⁊ Efan.
On the sixth day he created all animal-kind, and all the
beasts that go on four feet, and the two men Adam and Eve.
The eclipse of the moon is well explained. After saying that Night is
the shade of the earth when the sun goes down under it, before it comes
up the other side,--
Woruldlice uðwitan sædon, {þæt} seo sceadu astihð up oð
ðæt heo becymð to þære lyfte ufeweardan, and þonne be yrnð
se mona hwiltidum þonne he full byð on ðære sceade
ufeweardre, and faggeteð oððe mid ealle asweartað, for þam
þe he næfð þære sunnan leoht þa hwile þe he þære sceade ord
ofer yrnð oð ðæt þære sunnan leoman hine eft onlihton.
Worldly philosophers said, that the shadow mounts up until
it arrives at the top of the atmosphere, and then sometimes
the moon when he is full runs into the upper part of the
shadow, and is darkened or utterly blackened, forasmuch as
he hath not the sun's light so long as he traverses the
shadow's point until that the sun's rays again enlighten
him.
The Norman Conquest gave the death-blow to our old native literature, in
the sense that the use of the literary Anglo-Saxon in its first
integrity, as at once a learned language and a spoken language, did not
extend beyond the generation that witnessed that great dynastic change.
In this strict sense we might point to the close of the Worcester
Chronicle in 1079 as the termination of Anglo-Saxon literature. There
is, indeed, a Saxon Chronicle that was even begun after that date, one
which comprises the whole Saxon period, and was continued by original
writers down to 1154, but it is not written in normal Anglo-Saxon. It
represents the flectional decay which the living and popular English was
undergoing.
It exhibits, also, something of that new growth which was to compensate
for the loss of flection. And it already bears marks of that French
influence which was so largely to affect the whole complexion of the
language. I quote from the last Annal in the Saxon Chronicle of
Peterborough:--
1154. On þis gær wærd þe King Stephan ded and bebyried þer
his wif and his sune wæron bebyried æt Faures feld, þet
minstre hi makeden . Þa þe King was ded, þa was þe eorl
beionde sæ . and ne durste nan man don oþer bute god for þe
micel eie of him . Þa he to Engle land com . þa was he
under fangen mid micel wurtscipe . and to king bletcæd in
Lundene on þe Sunnen dæi be foren midwinter dæi . and held
þær micel curt.
In this year was King Stephen dead and buried where his
wife and his son were buried at Feversham, the minster he
made. When the King was dead, then was the earl beyond sea,
and no man durst do other than good for the great awe of
him. When he came to England, then was he received with
great worship, and consecrated king in London on the Sunday
before Christmas Day; and he held there a great court.
Here, then, at the very latest, we must close the canon of Anglo-Saxon
literature. And here our subject branches in two; we have to follow with
a brief glance what happened in two divergent lines of succession. As
when, in the early mountainous course of some growing river, a broken
hill has fallen across its bed, the old water-way is choked, and the
descending waters make new channels to the right and to the left; so it
was with the fortunes of our native language and literature after the
Norman Conquest. The stream of largest volume was the spontaneous and
popular utterance which amused in hall and taught in church; the lesser
stream was the artificial maintenance of Anglo-Saxon literature which
went on in the old seats of religion and learning.
The Norman Conquest brought in a vast body of romantic literature.
Heroic or entertaining tales in a ballad form were at that time highly
popular; and a peculiar talent for this sort of narrative was developed
in France and among the Normans. The oldest French romances were those
of which the central figure was Charles the Great. It was one of these,
the "Song of Roland," that animated the conquering Normans at Senlac.
According to high authorities, it was in the next generation after the
Conquest that the "Chanson de Roland" took that final epic form which
now it bears, and probably the poet's home was in England.[150] For a
long time the speech of the upper society was wholly French. The two
languages quickly met one another in the market, and in all the
necessary business of life; but in respect of literature they long stood
apart. Such was the state of things in this island during the time in
which the Carling cycle prevailed. With that cycle the English language
never came into contact at all in its palmy days; and the few Carling
poems that exist in English are of later date, and are of a mixed
nature. When at length, towards the close of the twelfth century, a
literary intercourse had sprung up between the two languages, the hero
of popular song was no longer Charles, but Arthur. In the English poetry
of Layamon (1205), founded upon the French of Robert Wace, we see the
story of Arthur in that early stage where it still purports to be
history rather than romance. Layamon represents the first great step
from the old literature to the new; and he is the first to give an
English home to that ideal king who was to be the chosen theme of
Spenser and of Tennyson. We will quote the death of Arthur and his
funeral cortège:--
THE PASSING OF ARTHUR.
Line 28,582.
Tha nas ther na mare,
i than fehte to laue,
of twa hundred thusend monnen,
tha ther leien to-hawen;
buten Arthur the king one,
and of his cnihtes tweien.
Arthur wes forwunded
wunderliche swithe.
Ther to him com a cnaue,
the wes of his cunne;
he wes Cadores sune,
the eorles of Cornwaile.
Constantin hehte the cnaue;
he wes than kinge deore.
Arthur him lokede on,
ther he lai on folden,
and thas word seide,
mid sorhfulle heorte.
Constantin thu art wilcume,
thu weore Cadores sune:
ich the bitache here,
mine kineriche:
and wite mine Bruttes,
a to thines lifes:
and hald heom alle tha laȝen,
tha habbeoth istonden a mine daȝen:
and alle tha laȝen gode,
tha bi Vtheres daȝen stode.
And ich wulle uaren to Aualun,
to uairest alre maidene;
to Argante there quene,
aluen swithe sceone:
and heo scal mine wunden,
maiken all isunde,
al hal me makien,
mid haleweiȝe drenchen.
And seothe ich cumen wulle
to mine kineriche:
and wunien mid Brutten,
mid muchelere wunne.
Then was there no more
in that fight left alive,
out of 200,000 men,
that there lay cut to pieces;
but Arthur the King only
and two of his knights.
Arthur was wounded
dangerously much.
There to him came a youth
who was of his kin;
he was son of Cador,
the earl of Cornwall.
Constantine hight the youth;
to the king he was dear.
Arthur looked upon him,
where he lay on the ground,
and these words said,
with sorrowful heart.
Constantine thou art welcome
thou wert Cador's son:
I here commit to thee,
my kingdom;
and guide thou my Britons
aye to thy life's cost;
and assure them all the laws,
that have stood in my days:
and all the laws so good,
that by Uther's days stood.
And I will fare to Avalon,
to the fairest of all maidens;
to Argante the queen,
elf exceeding sheen:
and she shall my wounds,
make all sound;
all whole me make,
with healing drinks.
And sith return I will,
to my kingdom:
and dwell with Britons,
with mickle joy.
Æfne than worden,
ther com of se wenden,
that wes an sceort bat lithen,
sceouen mid vthen:
and twa wimmen therinne,
wunderliche idihte:
and heo nomen Arthur anan,
and aneouste hine uereden,
and softe hine adun leiden,
and forth gunnen hine lithen.
Even with these words,
lo came from sea wending,
that was a short boat moving,
driving with the waves:
and two women therein,
of marvellous aspect:
and they took Arthur anon,
and straight him bore away
and softly down him laid,
and forth with him to sea they gan to move away.
Tha wes hit iwurthen,
that Merlin seide whilen;
that weore unimete care,
of Arthures forth-fare.
Then was it come to pass
what Merlin said whilome;
that there should be much curious care,
when Arthur out of life should fare.
Bruttes ileueth ȝete,
that he beo on liue,
and wunnie in Aualun,
mid fairest alre aluen:
and lokieth euere Bruttes ȝete,
whan Arthur cume lithen.
Britons believe yet,
that he be alive,
and dwelling in Avalon
with the fairest of all elves:
still look the Britons for the day
of Arthur's coming o'er the sea.
In this poetry there is a new vein of popularity. Since we left the
primary poetry we have been on the track of a literature whose spring
was in book-learning. A foreign erudition had thrown the lore of the
native minstrel into the shade. But some relics of domestic material
reappear with the new gush of popular song in the 13th century. Among
the mass of stories which fill that time, we find here and there an old
English tale, and sometimes it is a translation back from the French.
The romance of King Horn is one of these. The names of the personages,
and the general course of the plot--the Saracens notwithstanding--are
essentially Saxon. There are lines which are almost pure Saxon poetry,
and there are incidents that recall the Beowulf.
The story is as follows:--Horn was the son of the King of Suddene; he
was of matchless beauty, and he had twelve companions, among whom two
were specially dear to him; they were Athulf and Fikenild, the best and
the worst. The land was conquered by Saracens, who slew the king, but
sent off Horn and his twelve in a ship to perish at sea. They came to a
land where the king was Aylmar, who thus addressed them:--
Whannes beo ȝe, faire gumes,
That her to londe beoth icume,
Alle throttene
Of bodie swithe kene.
"Whence be ye, fair gentlemen, that here to land are come? All thirteen
of body very keen. By him that made me, so fair a band saw I at no time;
say what ye seek?" Horn tells his story, and Aylmar likes him, and bids
Athelbrus, his steward, teach him woodcraft, and the harp and song, and
also to carve and be cupbearer:--
Bifore me to kerve
And of the cupe serve.
The Princess Rymenhild falls in love with Horn, and this is an occasion
to prove the loyalty of Athulf. She orders Athelbrus to send Horn to
her; but he, fearing the consequences, and being specially responsible
for Horn, sends Athulf instead. Athulf finds that the princess has been
deceived, and declares at once that he is not Horn. When at length Horn
does meet Rymenhild, he points out to her the inequality of his rank.
She gets her father to knight him. She also gives him a ring, in which
the stones are of such virtue that if he looks on them and thinks of her
he need fear no wounds:--
The stones beoth of suche grace
That thu ne schalt in none place
Of none duntes beon of drad.
He rides forth in search of adventures to prove his knighthood. He falls
in with a crew of Saracens, slays 100 of them, and brings the head of
the master Saracen on the point of his sword to the king, where he sits
in hall among his knights, and presents it in acknowledgment of his
dubbing (compare p. 130 above). Fikenild tells Aylmar of Horn's love
for his daughter, and Aylmar banishes Horn. Departing, he promises
Rymenhild to return in seven years or she shall be free to marry
another. He leaves the faithful Athulf behind to look after Rymenhild.
He arrives at the court of King Thurston, and there he calls himself
Cutberd. The land is infested by pagan invaders. Cutberd slays a giant
and many of the Saracens who were with him. Thurston offers him his
daughter and the kingdom with her. Cutberd tells the king that it must
not be so, but that he will claim his reward when he has relieved the
king of all his troubles, which will be at seven years' end (compare p.
131 above).
Meanwhile, Rymenhild is sought in marriage by King Modi, and the day is
fixed. In her distress she sends in all directions to seek Horn; her
messenger finds Horn and delivers his message, but he never returns to
the princess, because he is drowned. Now Horn tells King Thurston his
story, and entreats his help. He adds that he will provide a worthy
husband for his daughter, namely, Athulf, one of the best and truest of
knights. Thurston assembles his men and they go with Horn. Horn leaves
them under the wood while he goes towards the palace. He meets a palmer
and changes clothes with him. In the palace he takes his place with the
beggars, and when Rymenhild rises to offer wine to the guests he gets
speech of her and lets her see the ring she had given him. This leads to
a full recognition and the betrothal of Horn with Rymenhild. Such is the
tale of King Horn.
But, of all the old native stories that crop up in this later time, the
most remarkable is the "Lay of Havelok the Dane," a large subject which
we can only just indicate here.[151]
Of the learned branches a good deal continued unbroken by the Conquest.
Such was mostly the case with Homilies and Lives of saints, and Poetry
of the allegorical and instructive kind.
In the Exeter Song-book we saw pieces that had been taken from the old
book "Physiologus." This allegorical poetry retained its place through
all the changes.[152] Here is a passage from the "Whale," in the
language of the thirteenth century:--
Wiles that weder is so ille,
the sipes that arn on se fordriven
(loth hem is deth, and lef to liven)
biloken hem and sen this fis;
an eilond he wenen it is.
Thereof he aren swithe fagen,
and mid here migt tharto he dragen,
sipes onfesten,
and alle up gangen.
Of ston mid stel in the tunder
wel to brennen one this wunder,
warmen hem wel and heten and drinken;
the fir he feleth and doth hem sinken,
for sone he diveth dun to grunde,
he drepeth hem alle withuten wunde.
These examples may suffice to represent that new literature which began
to rise after the violent removal of the old. They do not belong to the
history of Anglo-Saxon literature except indirectly as a foil and a
contrast. They show how ready were new forms to take the place of the
old. But while the English language was thus following the natural and
spontaneous course of its development, there still survived a powerful
interest in the old classical Englisc. The seat of this literature was
in the old monasteries, which became strongholds of ancient culture and
tradition. The old books were perused and re-copied, and a scholarly
knowledge of the old language was made an object of study. This was
sustained not only by sentiment, and curiosity, and literary taste, but
also by a sense of corporate interest. The titles of the old
monasteries to their lands were wholly or very largely contained in
Saxon writings, and these grew in importance with the growing habits of
documentary legality under Norman rule. A language which was at once
native and recondite, far more recondite than the Latin of the ordinary
scholar, could not but be impressive as a documentary medium. The number
of extant Saxon books and deeds which were either originally composed
after the Conquest, or at least re-copied and re-edited, is quite enough
to prepare us to receive what Matthew Parker said in the Latin preface
to his edition (1574) of "Asser":--
"Furthermore; inasmuch as the medium of many legal documents and
venerable memorials and royal charters preserved in archives,
dating, some before, some after, the coming of the Normans into
England, is Saxon both in language and in writing, I will advise
all who study the institutions of this realm, to undergo the slight
and insignificant labour which is necessary to make themselves
masters of this language. If they will but do this, they will
doubtless make discoveries daily, and will bring to light things
which now lie hidden and remote; yea, they will without effort
clear up the intricacies and perplexities of a great number of
things. And in ages past there were societies of religious persons
who were ordered by our forefathers for this work, that some among
them might be trained in the knowledge of this tongue, and might
transmit the same in succession to those who came after. To wit, in
Tavistock Abbey, in the county of Devon, and in many other
fraternities (within my memory) this was an established thing; to
the end, as I suppose, that acquaintance with a literature whose
language is antiquated might not perish for lack of use."
Thus we see that in the centuries between the Conquest and the
Reformation the old ENGLISC was a recognised subject of study;
and that it enjoyed, as the Latin did, the honours of an ancient
language which was too much esteemed to be allowed to perish. And,
therefore, it was said above that the Anglo-Saxon language and
literature never died out; for the knowledge of it was kept up till the
time when, through the general Revival of learning, new motives were
supplied for its diligent study, and the very man in whom the new
movement is impersonated is he who testifies that the study had lasted
down to a time within his own memory.
FOOTNOTES:
[145] Written and illustrated with miniatures by order of Æðelwold,
Bishop of Winchester, A.D. 963-984. Hexameter verses in a
superior style of penmanship, namely, the old Latin rustic, record the
history of the book, and give the scribe's name as Godeman, perhaps the
Abbot of Thorney, who began A.D. 970. The illuminations are
engraved in "Archæologia," xxiv.
[146] The "Leofric Missal," edited by F.E. Warren, B.D., Clarendon
Press, 1883.
[147] Particulars may be found in my "English Plant Names from the Tenth
to the Fifteenth Century," Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1880.
[148] The medical treatises have been collected in three volumes (Rolls
Series) by Mr. Cockayne, under the title of "Saxon Leechdoms."
[149] There are four copies of it in the Cotton Library, and one in
Cambridge University library; some also in other collections. It has
been printed from a Cotton manuscript written, the editor says, about
A.D. 990. "Popular Treatises on Science," edited by T. Wright,
1841.
[150] "La Chanson de Roland," par Léon Gautier, ed. 7 (1880),
Introduction.
[151] This poem, of which there are many external traces, had long been
given up as lost, was deplored by Tyrwhitt and by Ritson, and was
accidentally discovered in a Bodleian manuscript, latent amidst legends
of saints. From this unique MS. it was edited by Sir F. Madden; and
again (1868) by the Rev. W.W. Skeat, who says in his preface:--"There
can be little doubt that the tradition must have existed from
Anglo-Saxon times, but the earliest mention of it is presented to us in
the French version of the Romance.... The story is in no way connected
with France; ... From every point of view, ... the story is wholly
English," p. iv.
[152] An old English Miscellany, containing a "Bestiary," &c., ed. R.
Morris (E.E.T.S.), 1872, p. 17. The "Phisiologus" is quoted in Chaucer,
apparently from this very "Bestiary"; and Dr. Morris says that scraps of
it are found even in Elizabethan writers. I add a translation of the
piece quoted:--"Whilst that weather is so bad, the ships that are driven
about on the sea (death is unwelcome, men love to live) look about them
and see this fish; they ween it is an island. They are very glad of it,
and with all their might they draw towards it, make the ships fast, and
all go ashore. With stone and steel and tinder they make a good fire on
this monster, and warm themselves well, and eat and drink; the whale
feels the fire and makes them sink, for he quickly dives to the bottom,
he kills them all without wound."
INDEX.
Abgar, Lay of, 241
Abingdon Chronicle, 32, 173
Ælfric, Abbot, 23, 40, 67, 207, 213, 221, 245
Bata, 40
Ælfheah, Archbishop, 224
Æthelberht, 81
Æthelred's Laws, 164
Æthelweard, 183, 220
Æthelwold, Bishop, 25, 51, 181, 207, 219, 243
Aidan, Bishop, 99
Alcuin, 23, 99, 117
Aldhelm, 21, 53, 86
Alfred, 15, 24, 186 ff., 207, 244
Alfred Jewel, 49
Alfred's Laws, 154 ff.
Andreas, the, 90, 233 f.
"Anglo-Saxon," 206
Apollonius of Tyre, 18, 212
Apuleius, 245
Architecture, 52
Arnold, Thomas, 121, 136
Arthur, 59, 249
Arundel Marbles, 48
Ashburnham House, 32
Ashmolean Museum, 49
Asser, 43, 183, 187, 256
Athelstan's Laws, 159
Augustine, Archbishop, 52
Avitus, Bishop, 14
Ballads, the, 145 ff.
Baron, Dr., 221
Beda, 21, 64, 81, 102 ff., 204, 245
Benedict of Nursia, 15
of Aniane, 209
Beowulf, the, 32, 45, 58, 68, 71, 120 ff., 225
Biscop, Benedict, 86, 99
Blickling Homilies, 47, 139, 213 ff.
Blume, Dr., 46
Bodleian Library, 34
Boethian Metres, 71, 202 ff.
Boethius, 14, 201 ff.
Boniface (Winfrid), 21
Bosworth, Dr., 44, 226
Bradford-on-Avon, 53
Buckley, Professor, 40
Burials, Saxon, 55
Byrhtnoth, 217
Cædmon, 14, 22, 39, 68, 99, 111
Cæsar, 62
Camden, William, 43, 183
Canons of Ælfric, 67, 220
Canterbury, 20, 79, 98
Carling Romances, 248
Cenwalh, 180
Ceolfrid, Abbot, 102
Charles the Great, 187, 248
Chaucer, 27, 242, 254
Chronicles, the, 20, 22, 61, 169 ff.
Cockayne, Oswald, 245
Colman, Bishop, 99
Conybeare, 45
Cotton Library, 32, 245
Cotton, Sir Robert, 31, 35
Coxe, Henry Octavius, 39, 40
Cuthbert, St., 99, 104
Cynewulf, 226 ff.
Danihel, Bishop, 21
Dasent, Sir George, 68
Day, John, 35, 42
Days of the Week, 73
Dialogues, Gregory's, 16, 36, 193 ff.
of Solomon, &c., 210 ff.
Dietrich, Professor, 208, 227, 240
Documents, Legal, 167
Dunstan, Archbishop, 25, 43, 207, 219
Durham Ritual, 111, 243
Eadmer, 52
Ebert, Adolf, 103, 118
Edda, the, 65
Eddi, 21, 99
Edwin, King, 98
Egbert, Archbishop, 21, 99
Elene, the, 90, 234 ff.
Epinal Gloss, 91, 97
Ettmüller, Ludwig, 121, 134
Eusebius of Cæsarea, 241
of Emesa, 216
Evesham, 69
Exeter Book, 29, 88, 225 ff., 254.
Eynsham, 220
Felix, Bishop, 80
Florence, 184
Floriacum, 25
Frankish Art, 51
Graves, 56
Freeman, E.A., 54, 141, 184, 206
Futhorc, the, 239
Gibson, Edmund, 45
Gildas, 60
Glossaries, 90
Godeman, 243
Gospels in A.-S., 73, 205, 208
Gough, Richard, 39
Gregory the Great, 15, 20, 85
of Tours, 18, 19, 85
Grein, Dr., 121, 135, 208, 220, 239.
Grettir, Saga of, 137
Grimbald, 187
Grimm, Jacob, 46, 73, 153
Grundtvig, Dr., 121
Guthlac, St., 227, 232
Guthrum, 156, 159
Hadrian, Abbot, 21, 85
Harley, Robert, 34
Hatton, Lord, 36
Havelok the Dane, 254
Heliand, the, 22, 23, 68, 116
Henry of Huntingdon, 184
Heyne, Moritz, 121
Hickes, George, 44
Hickey, E.H., 144
Higden, 185
Hild, Abbess, 100
Homilies of Ælfric, 74, 102, 214 ff.
of Wulfstan, 222 ff.
see Blickling.
Horn, Romance of, 251 ff.
Hugo Candidus, 229
Illuminated Books, 51
Ine's Laws, 151
Inscriptions, 47
Irish Teachers, 86
Isidore of Seville, 85
Jarrow, 103
Jerome, 217
Jewellery, 49
John of Saxony, 187
Joscelin, 43
Judith, the, 225
Juliana, St., 227, 232
Junius, Franciscus, 37, 44, 112
Kemble, J.M., 90, 121, 154, 210, 226, 228, 239
Kentish Dialect, 84, 90, 97
Laws, 80
Lambarde, William, 150
Lanferth, 219
Lappenberg, J.M., 46, 169
Laud, Archbishop, 34
Laws, the, 66, 150 ff.
Layamon, 27, 249
Leofric, Bishop, 28, 244
Missal, 29, 243
Lumby, Professor, 103
Lindisfarne, 117
Gospels, 33, 51, 111
Macray, W.D., 34
Madden, Sir F., 254
Maidulf, 86
Maine, Sir H., 154, 163
Marshall, Dr., 44
Matthew Parker, 29, 42, 256
Mayor, Professor, 103
Metcalfe, F., 44
Milton, John, 14, 112, 115, 232
More, Bishop, 41, 101
Morfil, W.R., 148
Morley, Henry, 134
Morris, Dr. R., 222, 254
Müllenhof, Dr. Karl, 134
Napier, Arthur, 222
Nicodemus, Gospel of, 209
Northumbria, 21
Northumbrian Dialect, 111
Notker, 15
Odin, 75
Odo, Archbishop, 25, 219
Orm, 27
Orosius, 13, 204
Oswald, Bishop, 219
Palgrave, Sir Francis, 152, 164
Panther, the, 231
Parker, Archbishop, 29, 42, 256
Parker, J.H., 54
Parker Library, 44, 244
Pastoral Care, the, 16, 36, 188 ff.
Paulinus, Bishop, 98
Pauli, Reinhold, 169
Paulus Diaconus, 23
Pericles (Shakespeare), 18
Peterborough Chronicle, 26, 36, 178, 181, 184
Phœnix, the, 9, 227, 230
Physiologus, the, 215, 231, 254
Pilate, Acts of, 209
Plegmund, Archbishop, 187
Psalter (Kentish), 94
(Poetical), 90, 208
Rawlinson, Richard, 38, 45
Riddles, 87, 240
Robert of Jumièges, 244
Rochester Book, 26
Ruined City, the, 140
Rule of St. Benedict, 40
Runes, 78, 111, 226, 238
Runic Poem, 239
Rushworth, John, 38
Ruthwell Cross, 111
Sanders, W. Basevi, 41
Schaldemose, 121
Schmid, Reinhold, 150
Scott, Sir Walter, 150, 228
Sculpture, 55
Sievers, Edouard, 116
Sigeric, Archbishop, 217
Simeon of Durham, 177, 184
Simposius, 10, 240 {Transcriber's note: Symposius and Simphosius in text}
Skeat, Professor, 44, 111, 218, 254
Smaragdus, 23
Solomon and Saturn, 209 ff.
Somner, William, 44
Spell, 75
Spelman, Sir Henry, 43, 44
Sir John, 44
Spenser, Edmund, 136, 249
St. Augustine's, Canterbury, 20, 35
Stallybrass, J.S., 70
Stephens, Professor George, 47, 111, 117, 241
Stubbs, Professor, 162, 183, 185
Sweet, Mr., 33
Swithun, St., 69, 218, 219
Tacitus, 62
Tavistock, 256
Tennyson, Alfred, 136, 147, 249
Theodore, Archbishop, 21, 85, 100
Thorkelin, G.J., 45, 121
Thorney, 243
Thorpe, Benjamin, 46, 121, 150, 208, 222
Thwaites, Edward, 220
Trial by Jury, 163 ff.
Vercelli Book, 46, 90, 225, 233 ff.
Vigfusson, Dr. Gudbrand, 138
Wace, Robert, 27, 249
Walahfrid Strabo, 23
Waldhere (Fragment), 47
Wanley, Humphrey, 45
Warren, F.E., 244
Watson, R. Spence, 113
Wearmouth, 102
Weland, 58, 70
Werfrith, Bishop, 36, 187, 189, 193
Westwood, Professor, 30, 39, 51
Whale, the, 231, 255
Wheloc, Abraham, 43, 150
Whitby, 99
Widsith, the, 148
Wilfrid, 99, 100
Wilkins, Bishop, 150
Willebrord, 99
William of Malmesbury, 185
Winchester Chronicle, 171, 178
Winfrid (Boniface), 21, 99
Winton Book, 26
Woden, 66
Worcester Chartulary, 26
Chronicle, 32, 173
Wordsworth, Canon, 48
Wright, Thomas, 183, 226, 245
Wülcker, Professor, 112, 140
Wulfstan, Archbishop, 224
Wulstan, Latin poet, 219
York, 21
Zeuner, Rudolf, 33
Zupitza, Julius, 41
THE END.
* * * * *
WYMAN AND SONS, PRINTERS, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.
CORRIGENDA.
{Transcriber's note: These corrections have been made in the transcribed
text, except the first, which refers to a page heading.}
Page 103, Heading, _for_ "Anglican" _read_ "Anglian."
" 115, line 22, _for_ "vora" _read_ "wora."
" 150, " 23, _for_ "Lombarde" _read_ "Lambarde."
" 154, " 16, _for_ "History" _read_ "history."
" 208, " 12, _for_ "translations" _read_ "translation."