ARTHUR
WE shall begin our history of King Arthur by giving those particulars of
his life which appear to rest on historical evidence; and then proceed
to record those legends concerning him which form the earliest portion
of British literature.
Arthur was a prince of the tribe of Britons called Silures, whose
country was South Wales, the son of Uther, named Pendragon, a title
given to an elective sovereign, paramount over the many kings of
Britain. He appears to have commenced his martial career about the year
500, and was raised to the Pendragonship about ten years later. He is
said to have gained twelve victories over the Saxons. The most important
of them was that of Badon, by some supposed to be Bath, by others
Berkshire. This was the last of his battles with the Saxons, and checked
their progress so effectually, that Arthur experienced no more annoyance
from them, and reigned in peace, until the revolt of his nephew Modred,
twenty years later, which led to the fatal battle of Camlan, in
Cornwall, in 542. Modred was slain, and Arthur, mortally wounded, was
conveyed by sea to Glastonbury, where he died, and was buried. Tradition
preserved the memory of the place of his interment within the abbey, as
we are told by Giraldus Cambrensis, who was present when the grave was
opened by command of Henry II. about 1150, and saw the bones and sword
of the monarch, and a leaden cross let into his tombstone, with the
inscription in rude Roman letters, “Here lies buried the famous King
Arthur, in the island Avalonia.” This story has been elegantly versified
by Warton. A popular traditional belief was long entertained among the
Britons, that Arthur was not dead, but had been carried off to be healed
of his wounds in Fairy-land, and that he would reappear to avenge his
countrymen and reinstate them in the sovereignty of Britain. In Warton’s
“Ode” a bard relates to King Henry the traditional story of Arthur’s
death, and closes with these lines.
“Yet in vain a paynim foe
Armed with fate the mighty blow:
For when he fell, the Elfin queen,
All in secret and unseen,
O’er the fainting hero threw
Her mantle of ambrosial blue,
And bade her spirits bear him far,
In Merlin’s agate-axled car,
To her green isle’s enamelled steep,
Far in the navel of the deep.
O’er his wounds she sprinkled dew
From flowers that in Arabia grew.
. . . . . . .
There he reigns a mighty king,
Thence to Britain shall return,
If right prophetic rolls I learn,
Borne on victory’s spreading plume,
His ancient sceptre to resume,
His knightly table to restore,
And brave the tournaments of yore.”
After this narration another bard came forward who recited a different
story:
“When Arthur bowed his haughty crest,
No princess veiled in azure vest
Snatched him, by Merlin’s powerful spell,
In groves of golden bliss to dwell;
But when he fell, with winged speed,
His champions, on a milk-white steed,
From the battle’s hurricane,
Bore him to Joseph’s towered fane,[41]
In the fair vale of Avalon;
There, with chanted orison
And the long blaze of tapers clear,
The stoled fathers met the bier;
Through the dim aisles, in order dread
Of martial woe, the chief they led,
And deep entombed in holy ground,
Before the altar’s solemn bound.”
It must not be concealed that the very existence of Arthur has been
denied by some. Milton says of him: “As to Arthur, more renowned in
songs and romances than in true stories, who he was, and whether ever
any such reigned in Britain, hath been doubted heretofore, and may
again, with good reason.” Modern critics, however, admit that there was
a prince of this name, and find proof of it in the frequent mention of
him in the writings of the Welsh bards. But the Arthur of romance,
according to Mr. Owen, a Welsh scholar and antiquarian, is a
mythological person. “Arthur,” he says, “is the Great Bear, as the name
literally implies (Arctos, Arcturus), and perhaps this constellation,
being so near the pole, and visibly describing a circle in a small
space, is the origin of the famous Round Table.”
KING ARTHUR
Constans, king of Britain, had three sons, Moines, Ambrosius, otherwise
called Uther, and Pendragon. Moines, soon after his accession to the
crown, was vanquished by the Saxons, in consequence of the treachery of
his seneschal, Vortigern, and growing unpopular, through misfortune, he
was killed by his subjects, and the traitor Vortigern chosen in his
place.
Vortigern was soon after defeated in a great battle by Uther and
Pendragon, the surviving brothers of Moines and Pendragon ascended the
throne.
This prince had great confidence in the wisdom of Merlin, and made him
his chief adviser. About this time a dreadful war arose between the
Saxons and Britons. Merlin obliged the royal brothers to swear fidelity
to each other, but predicted that one of them must fall in the first
battle. The Saxons were routed, and Pendragon, being slain, was
succeeded by Uther, who now assumed in addition to his own name the
appellation of Pendragon.
Merlin still continued a favorite counsellor. At the request of Uther he
transported by magic art enormous stones from Ireland, to form the
sepulchre of Pendragon. These stones constitute the monument now called
Stonehenge, on Salisbury plain.
Merlin next proceeded to Carlisle to prepare the Round Table, at which
he seated an assemblage of the great nobles of the country. The
companions admitted to this high order were bound by oath to assist each
other at the hazard of their own lives, to attempt singly the most
perilous adventures, to lead, when necessary, a life of monastic
solitude, to fly to arms at the first summons, and never to retire from
battle till they had defeated the enemy, unless night intervened and
separated the combatants.
Soon after this institution, the king invited all his barons to the
celebration of a great festival, which he proposed holding annually at
Carlisle.
As the knights had obtained the sovereign’s permission to bring their
ladies along with them, the beautiful Igerne accompanied her husband,
Gorlois, Duke of Tintadel, to one of these anniversaries. The king
became deeply enamoured of the duchess, and disclosed his passion; but
Igerne repelled his advances, and revealed his solicitations to her
husband. On hearing this, the duke instantly removed from court with
Igerne, and without taking leave of Uther. The king complained to his
council of this want of duty, and they decided that the duke should be
summoned to court, and, if refractory, should be treated as a rebel. As
he refused to obey the citation, the king carried war into the estates
of his vassal and besieged him in the strong castle of Tintadel. Merlin
transformed the king into the likeness of Gorlois, and enabled him to
have many stolen interviews with Igerne. At length the duke was killed
in battle and the king espoused Igerne.
From this union sprang Arthur, who succeeded his father, Uther, upon the
throne.
ARTHUR CHOSEN KING
Arthur, though only fifteen years old at his father’s death, was elected
king, at a general meeting of the nobles. It was not done without
opposition, for there were many ambitious competitors.
“For while he linger’d there
A doubt that ever smoulder’d in the hearts
Of those great Lords and Barons of his realm
Flash’d forth and into war: for most of these
Made head against him, crying, ‘Who is he
That he should rule us? who hath proven him
King Uther’s son? for lo! we look at him,
And find nor face nor bearing, limbs nor voice,
Are like to those of Uther whom we knew.”
—_Coming of Arthur._
But Bishop Brice, a person of great sanctity, on Christmas eve addressed
the assembly, and represented that it would well become them, at that
solemn season, to put up their prayers for some token which should
manifest the intentions of Providence respecting their future sovereign.
This was done, and with such success, that the service was scarcely
ended when a miraculous stone was discovered before the church door, and
in the stone was firmly fixed a sword, with the following words engraven
on its hilt:
“I am hight Escalibore,
Unto a king fair tresore.”
Bishop Brice, after exhorting the assembly to offer up their
thanksgiving for this signal miracle, proposed a law, that whoever
should be able to draw out the sword from the stone, should be
acknowledged as sovereign of the Britons; and his proposal was decreed
by general acclamation. The tributary kings of Uther, and the most
famous knights, successively put their strength to the proof, but the
miraculous sword resisted all their efforts. It stood till Candlemas; it
stood till Easter, and till Pentecost, when the best knights in the
kingdom usually assembled for the annual tournament. Arthur, who was at
that time serving in the capacity of squire to his foster-brother, Sir
Kay, attended his master to the lists. Sir Kay fought with great valor
and success, but had the misfortune to break his sword, and sent Arthur
to his mother for a new one. Arthur hastened home, but did not find the
lady; but having observed near the church a sword, sticking in a stone,
he galloped to the place, drew out the sword with great ease, and
delivered it to his master. Sir Kay would willingly have assumed to
himself the distinction conferred by the possession of the sword, but
when, to confirm the doubters, the sword was replaced in the stone he
was utterly unable to withdraw it, and it would yield a second time to
no hand but Arthur’s. Thus decisively pointed out by Heaven as their
king, Arthur was by general consent proclaimed as such, and an early day
appointed for his solemn coronation.
Immediately after his election to the crown, Arthur found himself
opposed by eleven kings and one duke, who with a vast army were actually
encamped in the forest of Rockingham. By Merlin’s advice Arthur sent an
embassy to Brittany, to solicit the aid of King Ban and King Bohort, two
of the best knights in the world. They accepted the call, and with a
powerful army crossed the sea, landing at Portsmouth, where they were
received with great rejoicing. The rebel kings were still superior in
numbers; but Merlin, by a powerful enchantment, caused all their tents
to fall down at once, and in the confusion Arthur with his allies fell
upon them and totally routed them.
After defeating the rebels, Arthur took the field against the Saxons. As
they were too strong for him unaided, he sent an embassy to Armorica,
beseeching the assistance of Hoel, who soon after brought over an army
to his aid. The two kings joined their forces, and sought the enemy,
whom they met, and both sides prepared for a decisive engagement.
“Arthur himself,” as Geoffrey of Monmouth relates, “dressed in a
breastplate worthy of so great a king, places on his head a golden
helmet engraved with the semblance of a dragon. Over his shoulders he
throws his shield called Priwen, on which a picture of the Holy Virgin
constantly recalled her to his memory. Girt with Caliburn, a most
excellent sword, and fabricated in the isle of Avalon, he graces his
right hand with the lance named Ron. This was a long and broad spear,
well contrived for slaughter.” After a severe conflict, Arthur, calling
on the name of the Virgin, rushes into the midst of his enemies, and
destroys multitudes of them with the formidable Caliburn, and puts the
rest to flight. Hoel, being detained by sickness, took no part in this
battle.
This is called the victory of Mount Badon, and, however disguised by
fable, it is regarded by historians as a real event.
The feats performed by Arthur at the battle of Badon Mount are thus
celebrated in Drayton’s verse:
“They sung how he himself at Badon bore, that day,
When at the glorious goal his British sceptre lay;
Two daies together how the battel stronglie stood;
Pendragon’s worthie son, who waded there in blood,
Three hundred Saxons slew with his owne valiant hand.”
—_Song IV._
GUENEVER
Merlin had planned for Arthur a marriage with the daughter of King
Laodegan of Carmalide. By his advice Arthur paid a visit to the court of
that sovereign, attended only by Merlin and by thirty-nine knights whom
the magician had selected for that service. On their arrival they found
Laodegan and his peers sitting in council, endeavoring, but with small
prospect of success, to devise means of resisting the impending attack
of Ryence, king of Ireland, who, with fifteen tributary kings and an
almost innumerable army, had nearly surrounded the city. Merlin, who
acted as leader of the band of British knights, announced them as
strangers, who came to offer the king their services in his wars; but
under the express condition that they should be at liberty to conceal
their names and quality until they should think proper to divulge them.
These terms were thought very strange, but were thankfully accepted, and
the strangers, after taking the usual oath to the king, retired to the
lodging which Merlin had prepared for them.
A few days after this, the enemy, regardless of a truce into which they
had entered with King Laodegan, suddenly issued from their camp and made
an attempt to surprise the city. Cleodalis, the king’s general,
assembled the royal forces with all possible despatch. Arthur and his
companions also flew to arms, and Merlin appeared at their head, bearing
a standard on which was emblazoned a terrific dragon. Merlin advanced to
the gate, and commanded the porter to open it, which the porter refused
to do, without the king’s order. Merlin thereupon took up the gate, with
all its appurtenances of locks, bars, bolts, etc., and directed his
troops to pass through, after which he replaced it in perfect order. He
then set spurs to his horse and dashed, at the head of his little troop,
into a body of two thousand pagans. The disparity of numbers being so
enormous, Merlin cast a spell upon the enemy, so as to prevent their
seeing the small number of their assailants; notwithstanding which the
British knights were hard pressed. But the people of the city, who saw
from the walls this unequal contest, were ashamed of leaving the small
body of strangers to their fate, so they opened the gate and sallied
forth. The numbers were now more nearly equal, and Merlin revoked his
spell, so that the two armies encountered on fair terms. Where Arthur,
Ban, Bohort, and the rest fought the king’s army had the advantage; but
in another part of the field the king himself was surrounded and carried
off by the enemy. The sad sight was seen by Guenever, the fair daughter
of the king, who stood on the city wall and looked at the battle. She
was in dreadful distress, tore her hair, and swooned away.
But Merlin, aware of what passed in every part of the field, suddenly
collected his knights, led them out of the battle, intercepted the
passage of the party who were carrying away the king, charged them with
irresistible impetuosity, cut in pieces or dispersed the whole escort,
and rescued the king. In the fight Arthur encountered Caulang, a giant
fifteen feet high, and the fair Guenever, who had already began to feel
a strong interest in the handsome young stranger, trembled for the issue
of the contest. But Arthur, dealing a dreadful blow on the shoulder of
the monster, cut through his neck so that his head hung over on one
side, and in this condition his horse carried him about the field, to
the great horror and dismay of the Pagans. Guenever could not refrain
from expressing aloud her wish that the gentle knight, who dealt with
giants so dexterously, were destined to become her husband, and the wish
was echoed by her attendants. The enemy soon turned their backs and fled
with precipitation, closely pursued by Laodegan and his allies.
After the battle Arthur was disarmed and conducted to the bath by the
princess Guenever, while his friends were attended by the other ladies
of the court. After the bath the knights were conducted to a magnificent
entertainment, at which they were diligently served by the same fair
attendants. Laodegan, more and more anxious to know the name and quality
of his generous deliverers, and occasionally forming a secret wish that
the chief of his guests might be captivated by the charms of his
daughter, appeared silent and pensive, and was scarcely roused from his
reverie by the banters of his courtiers. Arthur, having had an
opportunity of explaining to Guenever his great esteem for her merit,
was in the joy of his heart, and was still further delighted by hearing
from Merlin the late exploits of Gawain at London, by means of which his
immediate return to his dominions was rendered unnecessary, and he was
left at liberty to protract his stay at the court of Laodegan. Every day
contributed to increase the admiration of the whole court for the
gallant strangers, and the passion of Guenever for their chief; and when
at last Merlin announced to the king that the object of the visit of the
party was to procure a bride for their leader, Laodegan at once
presented Guenever to Arthur, telling him that, whatever might be his
rank, his merit was sufficient to entitle him to the possession of the
heiress of Carmalide.
“And could he find a woman in her womanhood
As great as he was in his manhood—
The twain together might change the world.”
—_Guinevere._
Arthur accepted the lady with the utmost gratitude, and Merlin then
proceeded to satisfy the king of the rank of his son-in-law; upon which
Laodegan, with all his barons, hastened to do homage to their lawful
sovereign, the successor of Uther Pendragon. The fair Guenever was then
solemnly betrothed to Arthur, and a magnificent festival was proclaimed,
which lasted seven days. At the end of that time, the enemy appearing
again with renewed force, it became necessary to resume military
operations.[42]
We must now relate what took place at and near London, while Arthur was
absent from his capital. At this very time a band of young heroes were
on their way to Arthur’s court, for the purpose of receiving knighthood
from him. They were Gawain and his three brothers, nephews of Arthur,
sons of King Lot, and Galachin, another nephew, son of King Nanters.
King Lot had been one of the rebel chiefs whom Arthur had defeated, but
he now hoped by means of the young men to be reconciled to his
brother-in-law. He equipped his sons and his nephew with the utmost
magnificence, giving them a splendid retinue of young men, sons of earls
and barons, all mounted on the best horses, with complete suits of
choice armor. They numbered in all seven hundred, but only nine had yet
received the order of knighthood; the rest were candidates for that
honor, and anxious to earn it by an early encounter with the enemy.
Gawain, the leader, was a knight of wonderful strength; but what was
most remarkable about him was that his strength was greater at certain
hours of the day than at others. From nine o’clock till noon his
strength was doubled, and so it was from three to evensong; for the rest
of the time it was less remarkable, though at all times surpassing that
of ordinary men.
After a march of three days they arrived in the vicinity of London,
where they expected to find Arthur and his court, and very unexpectedly
fell in with a large convoy belonging to the enemy, consisting of
numerous carts and wagons, all loaded with provisions, and escorted by
three thousand men, who had been collecting spoil from all the country
round. A single charge from Gawain’s impetuous cavalry was sufficient to
disperse the escort and recover the convoy, which was instantly
despatched to London. But before long a body of seven thousand fresh
soldiers advanced to the attack of the five princes and their little
army. Gawain, singling out a chief named Choas, of gigantic size, began
the battle by splitting him from the crown of the head to the breast.
Galachin encountered King Sanagran, who was also very huge, and cut off
his head. Agrivain and Gahariet also performed prodigies of valor. Thus
they kept the great army of assailants at bay, though hard pressed, till
of a sudden they perceived a strong body of the citizens advancing from
London, where the convoy which had been recovered by Gawain had arrived,
and informed the mayor and citizens of the danger of their deliverer.
The arrival of the Londoners soon decided the contest. The enemy fled in
all directions, and Gawain and his friends, escorted by the grateful
citizens, entered London, and were received with acclamations.
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