THE PHALANX AT MARION, TENN.
In the winter of 1864, while Sherman was marching his army toward the
sea, raiding parties and expeditions were sent out from the several
departments to intercept rebel communications, destroy telegraph lines,
railroads and stores; in nearly all of which Phalanx troops actively
participated, and shared the perils and honors of the achievements.
From Vicksburg, Miss., Brevet Brigadier-General E. D. Osband, with the
Third Phalanx Regiment, on the 27th of November captured and destroyed
the Mississippi Central Railroad bridge over the Big Black River, near
Canton, also thirty miles of the railroad, with two locomotives and a
large amount of stores.
In the meantime, General Breckenridge, with a large confederate force,
attacked the Federals under General Gillem, near Morristown, Tenn.,
captured the artillery, with several hundred men, and drove the
remainder of Gillem's troops into Knoxville. Breckenridge soon retired,
however, pursued by General Ammen's forces. On the 12th of December,
General Stoneman having concentrated the commands of Generals Burbridge
and Gillem, near Bean Station, Tenn., started in pursuit of Breckenridge
intending to drive him into Virginia and to destroy the railroad and
Salt Works at Saltville, West Virginia. General Burbridge's command was
principally composed of Kentucky troops, three brigades, numbering about
five thousand men, all mounted. The 6th Phalanx Cavalry was attached to
the 3rd brigade, which Colonel Jas. F. Wade, of the 6th, commanded.
Gillem's defeat rather inspired the men in the new column, and they
dashed forward with a determination to annihilate the enemy. Four days
after leaving Bean Station, the confederates were overtaken at Marion,
General Vaughn being in command, and were routed, the Federals capturing
all their guns, trains and a number of prisoners. Vaughn fell back to
Wytheville, pursued by the Federals, who captured and destroyed the
town, with its stores and supplies and the extensive lead mines.
[Illustration: SERVING REFRESHMENTS TO UNION TROOPS.]
Having accomplished their mission, the Federals about faced for Marion,
where they met with a large force of confederates under Breckenridge,
including the garrison of Saltville. Now came the decisive struggle for
the Salt Works between the two forces. The Federals had been enjoying
their signal victory, which they now attempted to enhance by pressing
the enemy, who had crossed a bridge and there taken up a position.
During the night an advance regiment succeeded in crossing the bridge,
after re-laying the planks which the confederates had torn up, but they
were driven back, and there remained till the next morning. The 6th
Phalanx was assigned its usual position, and was held in reserve. The
battle opened in the morning, and continued with varying success during
the day. Late in the afternoon General Stoneman found his troops badly
beaten, and unable to extricate themselves from the confederate coil;
they were not the "Old Guard," and the question with them was not
"victory or death," but surrender or death. Nor was this long a
question. General Stoneman ordered up the 6th Phalanx, dividing them
into three columns, placing himself at the head of one, and giving one
each to Colonel Wade, (their valiant colonel), and his chief of staff,
General Brisbin. The regiment dashed into the fight for the rescue of
the pro-slavery Kentuckians and haughty Tennesseeians, who were now
nearly annihilated. The historian of this campaign, General Brisbin, who
but a day or two previous to this battle had attempted to shoot one of
the brave black boys of the 6th for retaliating for the murder of one
of his comrades by shooting a confederate prisoner, thus writes,
twenty-two years afterwards, about the battle and the conduct of the
6th:
"Early in the day General Stoneman had sent General Gillem
off to the right with orders to get in Breckenridge's rear
and if possible cut him off from the salt works. It was
believed the Kentucky troops could handle Breckenridge until
Gillem could strike in the rear, but the action in front
about noon became terrific and Gillem was recalled to aid
Burbridge. Our right flank had been driven back and our
extreme left was almost at right angles with the original
position held early in the morning. To add to our
misfortunes, a party of Confederate cavalry had got in our
rear and captured some of our pack train. The packers had at
one time become demoralized and fell back almost into the
hands of the Confederates operating in our rear. General
Burbridge saw the movement, and drawing his revolver placed
himself in front of the leading packs and ordered them back,
but the crazy men kept on until the General wounded the man
who was leading them off, and with the aid of some officers
who used their sabres freely, the packs were forced back
into the timber close to our lines and compelled to stay
there. Thus over five hundred packs and animals were saved
to the army by the prompt action of the General and his
aids.
"At 3:30 o'clock the situation was critical in the extreme.
Colonel Boyle had been killed in leading a charge and his
regiment repulsed. The Twelfth Ohio Cavalry had promptly
come to Boyle's support and checked the confederates, who
were coming into our centre. The hospital in our rear, where
our sick were, had been charged, and for a short time was in
the hands of the enemy. Burbridge and Stoneman had their
headquarters on a little knoll near the centre of our line,
where they could see the fighting. The Confederate right, in
swinging around, had covered this hill and it was no longer
tenable. A lieutenant, in reporting to General Burbridge on
this knoll, had been shot by a Confederate rifleman through
the head and fell dead at the General's feet. Orderlies,
horses and men were being shot down, and I begged General
Burbridge to retire. He asked me if there were no more
troops we could bring up and put into action. I told him all
we had left was the Sixth United States Colored Cavalry and
the horse-holders. He said:
"'Well, go and bring up the negroes and tell everybody to
tie the horses as well as they can. We might as well lose
them as to be whipped, when we will lose them anyway.'
"I made haste to bring up the Sixth Colored and all the
horse-holders I could get. The Sixth Colored was a fine
regiment, but few had faith in the fighting qualities of the
negroes. General Burbridge divided them into three columns,
and taking one himself gave the other two to General Wade
and myself. Wade had the right, Burbridge the left and I was
in the centre. Wade got off first and sailed in in gallant
style. Burbridge piled his overcoat on the ground, and
drawing his sword led his column forward. The men were all
on foot and most of the officers. But few were mounted. It
was unpleasant riding under fire where so many were on foot.
Wade's horse was soon shot, but he kept on with his men,
leading on foot. Looking to the left I saw Burbridge
surrounded by a black crowd of men, his form towering above
them and his sword pointing to the enemy. Wade was first to
strike the Confederate line. They fired and fired, but the
darkies kept straight on, closing for a hand-to-hand fight.
Then the cry was raised along the Confederate lines that the
negroes were killing the wounded. Wade went through the
Confederate line like an iron wedge, and it broke and fled.
Burbridge hit hard, but the insistence was less stubborn
than in Wade's front. Of my own part in the action I prefer
not to write. Suffice it to say that never did soldiers do
better on any battle-field than the black men I led that
day.
"When their guns were empty they clubbed them, and I saw one
negro fighting with a gun barrel, swinging it about his head
like a club, and going straight for the enemy. He did not
hit anybody for nobody waited to be hit, but some of the
Confederates jumped fully fifteen feet down the opposite
side of that hill to get out of the way of the negroes, and
I would have jumped too, probably, if I had been on their
side, for I never yet saw anything in battle so terrible as
an infuriated negro.
"Gillem returned just as night was putting an end to the
fighting and in the approaching darkness we mistook his
column for a new column of the enemy coming in on our right
and rear. Burbridge hurried back with his victorious negroes
and was about to advance with the Twelfth Ohio Cavalry and
Eleventh Michigan, when the glad news came that the supposed
Confederates were Gillem's column returning to our support.
"During the night Breckenridge retreated in the direction of
the salt works, but Colonel Buckley, returning from the
direction of the lead mines with his brigade, and having got
in Breckenridge's rear at Seven Mile Ford, charged his
advance, capturing ten prisoners. Breckenridge, no doubt
thinking he had been outflanked and was about to be enclosed
between two columns, abandoned all idea of going to the salt
works and put back in confusion to Marion, where he took the
North Carolina road and fled over the mountains. Colonel
Bentley, with his Twelfth Ohio, was sent up with
Breckenridge's rear. The Confederates felled trees across
the road to retard Bentley's advance, but he cleared them
out and he and his gallant regiment hammered Breckenridge's
rear all the way into North Carolina."
The road to the Salt Works was thus opened and their destruction
accomplished by the bravery and matchless valor of the gallant Sixth.
Many of the regiment forfeited their lives in rescuing the force from
defeat, and securing a victory; those who survived the terrible
struggle no longer had opprobrious epithets hurled at them, but modestly
received the just encomiums that were showered upon them by the white
troops, who, amid the huzzas of victory, greeted them with loud shouts
of "Comrades!"
General Brisbin, continuing, says:
"There were many instances of personal bravery, but I shall
only mention one. A negro soldier had got a stump quite
close to the Confederate line, and despite all efforts to
dislodge him, there he stuck, picking off their men. The
Confederates charged the stump, but the Federal line
observing it concentrated their fire on the advancing men
and drove them back. Then there were long and loud cheers
for the brave darkey, who stuck to his stump and fired away
with a regularity that was wonderful. His stump was riddled
with bullets, but he stuck to it, although he was at times
nearer the Confederate lines than our own."
[Illustration: SCOUTS]