24 Op. cit., p. 445. Carver says, "The dogs employed by the Indians in
hunting appear to be all of the same species; they carry their ears
erect, and greatly resemble a wolf about the head. They are
exceedingly useful to them in their hunting excursions and will
attack the fiercest of the game they are in pursuit of. They are
also remarkable for their fidelity to their masters, but being ill
fed by them are very troublesome in their huts or tents."
25 "Coues, "History of the Expedition," op. cit., vol. I, p. 140. A
note adds, "The dogs are not large, much resemble a wolf, and will
haul about 70 pounds each."
26 Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River ...
under the Command of Stephen H. Long, U.S.T.E., by William H.
Keating; London, 1825, vol. I, p. 451; vol. II, p. 44, et al.
Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains ...
under the Command of Major S.H. Long, U.S.T.E., by Edwin James;
London, 1823, vol. I, pp. 155, 182, et al.
Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote(?), "This
animal ... is probably the original of the domestic dog, so common
in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Bluffs
and Omaha], some of the varieties of which still retain much of the
habit and manners of this species." James says (loc. cit., vol. II,
p. 13), "The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed,
between our dogs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears
are universally erect. The Indians of this nation seek every
opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less common
with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the Pawnees generally have
preserved their original form."
27 Travels in the Interior of North America; London, 1843. The Prince
adds, "In shape they differ very little from the wolf, and are
equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others
are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and differing
only by the tail being rather more turned up. Their voice is not a
proper barking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and they partly
descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the
daytime, and mix with the dogs" (cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the
Mandan village, he says, "The Mandans and Manitaries have not, by
any means, so many dogs as the Assiniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet.
They are rarely of true wolf color, but generally black or white, or
else resemble the wolf, but here they are more like the prairie wolf
(_Canis latrans_). We likewise found among these animals a brown
race, descended from European pointers; hence the genuine bark of
the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western
nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have
hard blows and hard fare; in fact, they are treated just as this
fine animal is treated among the Esquimaux" (p. 345).
28 "Letters and Notes," etc, vol. I, p. 14; of. p. 230 et al. He speaks
(p. 201) of the Minitari canines as "semiloup dogs and whelps."
29 Keating’s "Narrative," op. cit., vol. II, p. 452; James’ "Account,"
op. cit., vol. I, p.127 et al.
30 According to Prince Maximilian, both the Mandan and Minitari kept
owls in their lodges and regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels,"
op. cit., pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated for
the sake of his feathers.
31 "Cassa Tate, the antient tomahawk" on the plate illustrating the
objects ("Travels," op. cit., pl. 4, p. 298).
32 Described by Coues, "History of the Expedition under the Command of
Lewis and Clark," 1893, vol. I, p. 139, note.
33 "Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines," Cont. N.A. Eth.,
vol. IV. 1881, p. 114.
34 "The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," by J.A. Allen; Memoirs of
the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, vol. 1, pt. ii, 1876, map; also pp.
55, 72-101, et al.