[Footnote 4.1: Female parts continued to be played by boys in England
down to the Restoration (1660). The practice of women playing in female
parts was introduced somewhat earlier in Italy, but only in certain
kinds of performances.]
[Footnote 4.2: This word is undoubtedly connected with _Pasquillo_ (a
satire), or with _Pasquino_, a Roman cobbler of the fifteenth century,
whose shop stood near the Braschi Palace, near the Piazza Navona. He
lashed the follies of his day, particularly the vices of the clergy,
with caustic satire, scathing wit, and bitter stinging irony. After his
death his name was transferred to a mutilated statue, upon which such
satiric effusions continued to be fastened.
Pasquarello would thus combine the characteristics of the English clown
with those of the Roman Pasquino.]
[Footnote 4.3: Doctor Gratiano, a character in the popular Italian
theatre called _Commedia dell' Arte_, was represented as a Bolognese
doctor, and wore a mask with black nose and forehead and red cheeks.
His _role_ was that of a "pedantic and tedious poser."]