THE FRIENDS OF THE PEOPLE.
The morning of the 4th of June dawned in all the beauty of the month.
The day came in brilliantly and clear; but the idea pressed heavily
on my heart that, for the _first_ time in my life, I had been absent
a whole night from my mother's roof; and what would be her
thoughts--what might her terrors be? The foliage of the old trees
was waving on the wind. From the flat green meadows a gauze-like
haze was exhaled by the sun, in whose beams, the myriad windows of
the city and the clocks of its churches were glittering as if
illuminated for a festival. The wild flowers which grew by those
pools of water which formed the last remnants of the ancient
Burghloch, and in which the black coot and the little teal duck swam,
were waving their cups and petals to and fro, as the honey bees crept
into them; and the mavis and merle sang merrily above the pale-green
billows of the ripening corn that grew on the slopes beyond.
I felt all the beauty of the summer morning; but I was also sensible
of being chill and stiffened by the effects of a night passed in the
open air. I thought of Amy Lee--of Applewood; and then something of
a glow came over my wayward heart on reflecting that I was free--free
by the act that made me so; yet, withal, I was
anxious--restless--unhappy. How little could I foresee all that was
before me!
As the morning bells began to toll, there came a hum from the rousing
city. All the boys within its walls were busy; for on this great
holiday many thousand tiny cannons, with many a musket and pistol,
were incessantly exploding, bonfires were blazing everywhere, all the
lamp-posts were decorated with green boughs, the statues of Charles
II. and George Heriot were crowned with laurel and covered with
flowers. According to immemorial custom, the Lord Provost was to
entertain the local notorieties of Edinburgh with sweetmeats and wine
in the stately old Parliament House, in front of which the three
hundred bayonets of the city guard were under arms to fire a rattling
volley between every toast, while the bells rang joyously, and the
cannon of the castle shook the tall mansions of the ancient city, as
they boomed over her echoing hills, in honour of the good old king's
birthday.
On this 4th of June there were many who held aloof from all this
hearty old loyalty--many who whispered together in archways and
narrow alleys--in taverns and at street corners, and who muttered
under their breath.
These were the Friends of the People, and the foes of kings, of
peers, and prelates.
On this occasion the magistrates anticipated various disturbances,
notwithstanding the loud manifestations of loyalty, and had taken the
precaution of bringing a few troops of the 2nd Dragoon Guards into
the city. Threatening letters had been addressed to the provost, and
placards of a seditious nature had been strewed overnight in the
streets. The remains of others were still fluttering on the walls
where the officials of the city had defaced them. The minds of the
people and of the soldiers became inflamed against each other; for
the whole conduct of the magistrates had been, as usual on such
occasions, most unwise.
Afraid to go home, lest my present _bête noir_ Macfarisee might have
sent some of the city guard there to inquire after me, I slipped into
the city with a few country folks who were proceeding to market, and
water-carriers, who with their slung barrels were plodding to the
public wells. Then I saw by the proclamations which were everywhere
posted up, by the sentinels of the city guard being doubled on all
the banks, the Parliament House, and other public buildings, that a
riot was expected; and in confirmation thereof, three troops of heavy
cavalry rode in sections up the High Street at an easy trot, with
their swords glittering, their powdered hair seeming all white as
new-fallen snow, and their long queues hanging straight down to the
back-buttons of their square-tailed red coats; while the kettle-drums
beat, and their brass trumpets, from each of which a royal standard
hung, blew sharply defiance to the people, who, no way daunted by
their splendid aspect or the gigantic cocked-hats then worn by the
Guards, hooted loudly, and threw squibs and fireworks among them.
"No dragoons! no military tyranny!" cried some.
"Off--off! down with the Tory Provost!" cried others.
"Johnnie Cope! Johnnie Cope! be off to Preston Pans!" This was to
taunt the cavalry, whom the people knew represented the regiment of
Sir John Cope. The dragoons retorted, and greatly irritated their
tormentors, "by cursing them for Scotch rebels!" as the
_Intelligencer_ relates. I had no money; but curiosity to see what
might ensue prevented me from feeling hungry at the time, so morning
soon passed into noon.
The 2nd Dragoon Guards formed line across the broad High Street,
cutting off all communication between the upper and lower parts of
it, and thus causing a great crowd to assemble; a few of these were
petulant and clamorous, but by far the greater number were merely
sullen spectators. Amid the excitement consequent to the ringing of
bells, the huzzahs that came through the tall gothic windows of the
ancient Parliament House, the rattle of the drums that were placed in
its lobby, and the volleys of the city guard, who, with all their
officers in full uniform, with epaulette, sash and gorget, were
formed in line across the square, where they fired a _feu-de-joie_
between every toast given at the Provost's _déjeuner_, various
scuffles took place. A drunken tailor fell among the troop-horses,
and was nearly trampled to death by one. He was quickly dragged
forth by the fast-gathering populace, who immediately assailed the
unfortunate rider by a storm of squibs, rockets, stones, and abuse.
This so greatly exasperated the trooper, that on seeing a milkman,
named William Tule, attempting to force a passage through the ranks,
he made a downward cut at him with his sword, and I saw the man's
left cheek shred off, like a slice from a water-melon.
The yells, hootings, cries and rage of the mob in front, who, as
usual, were urged on by those who were behind, and who were too
artful to make themselves prominent, now knew no bounds. Many, armed
with staves and shovels, now began to appear as if by magic. I saw
one or two pikeheads glittering in the sunshine, and it became
evident that a dangerous collision was impending; for men's blood was
getting heated, though they scarcely knew why.
While the cavalry held their position at the cross, and a vulgar and
pompous group of startled magistrates, wearing scarlet gowns,
grotesque cocked-hats, gold chains, and other mummery of office, were
in conference with the major commanding, that gallant officer got
rapidly flushed (as no less than six-and-thirty toasts had been
quaffed that morning at the civic _déjeuner_), and scarcely attended
to the remarks of the provost, who now asked his advice--then
entreated the mob to disperse, and anon threatened them with the Riot
Act, arrests, fire, and sword. During this scene in the Parliament
Square, a great concourse emerged from some of the closes further
down, and debouching upon the street, wheeled to the south, round the
Tron church, and passed rapidly along the South Bridge, cheering
vociferously. I rushed away to see what this portended, and soon
found myself involved in the living surge, that rolled towards the
southern portion of the city.
At that moment, the report of two heavy cannon fired in rapid
succession pealed from the castle walls, through the clear sunny air.
This was a signal, pre-arranged, to bring in a fresh force of
cavalry, and for the _Hythe_ frigate and _Tartar_ cutter, which were
lying off Leith, to land at once their seamen and marines, for the
magistrates of the city, at all times famous for their mock servility
to the powers that be, were resolved to prevent, by every means in
their power, the atrocity--for so they termed it--of committing the
M.P.'s wretched image to the flames.
To me, the wild hubbub in which I found myself involved was somewhat
soothing. It drew me from my own thoughts, and, borne away by the
excitement of the scene, I went willingly on with the furious tide to
see the end of this affair, which soon assumed a perilous aspect.
I had a confused recollection of many of the grim, fierce, and dirty
visages of those around me, who now seemed most noisy and active.
These were all armed with staves, and were "the Friends of the
People," who had assembled in the meadows on the preceding evening.
Suddenly I saw a human figure elevated above the sea of heads that
occupied the entire breadth of the street, amid shouts of,--
"To a lamp-post--a rope, a rope!--to a lamp-post with him!"
The fierce resolution, the coarse brutality, and utter mercilessness
of a Scottish mob are well known. I trembled when I saw this
miserable wretch buoyed aloft above the sea of human beings, like a
cork upon the waves; but a roar of laughter reassured me, and I soon
perceived that what excited my fear and sympathy was a ludicrous but
carefully-made effigy of the Tory member--an effigy in which nothing
of his resemblance was omitted--his ample shirt frill--his white
corded breeches and top-boots--his powdered wig, and salmon-coloured
coat with carved silver buttons.
Amid the groans and execrations of the multitude, this dummy was duly
hanged on a lamp-post, while the glass of the adjacent windows was
heard crashing in all directions. A baker's shop was also sacked,
and as the loaves and hot rolls went in showers about the street, I
caught one of the latter and proceeded at once to breakfast. For the
first time I discovered that if I was free--I was hungry.
The image was cut down, and nearly torn to pieces when it fell.
Those qualities which have ever rendered a Scottish riot most
terrible, when the decision and cunning of some are combined with the
savagery of others, now began to exhibit themselves in wanton
assaults upon respectable citizens and the destruction of property,
as the still gathering rabble swept on, with their image borne aloft,
and poured, like a living flood, into the wide and quiet arena of
George Square, filling the air with cries of,--
"Borough reform! borough reform!"
"Liberty, equality, and fraternity!"
"Down with the ministry!--down with the king!"
"Down with the provost!--he is an enemy to the people!"
For now these phrases, with those of "tyranny, oppression, the rights
of men and humanity," were uttered glibly by all, while the secret
manufacture of pikeheads and cutlass blades evinced the ulterior
views of those who uttered them.
Such cries now loaded the air, and while the clatter of breaking
window-panes rang on every side, as the houses of the square were
assailed, and every lamp-post, door-step, and iron railing became
occupied by those who wished to see the fun or outrage--and while all
the upper windows and skylights became filled by anxious and
terrified faces, the ringleaders, after totally demolishing the
windows of Lady Armiston's mansion, and those of Admiral Duncan and
the Lord Advocate--halted and proposed to burn the effigy. While the
fire was being piled up and lighted, I saw a tall old gentleman of
great stature, and of a singularly noble aspect, with long white
hair, advance from one of the houses, resolutely but unwisely,
fearlessly, and alone. He attempted to expostulate with the crowd,
but in vain--a yell of opprobrium greeted him--and the dress he wore,
a blue naval uniform, faced with white and laced with gold, seemed
only to excite the ire, rather than the respect, of this degraded
rabble. Violent hands were laid upon the old man, but towering up
like a stately Hercules, he thrust the assailants back resolutely, as
if he still stood upon the deck of the _Venerable_, for this
white-haired gentleman was the Viscount Duncan, the conqueror of De
Winter, the future hero of Camperdown, he who shared with old Rodney
the glory of Cape St. Vincent.
A few, less brutal than their compeers, forced the admiral kindly
into his own house, and shut the door; and then, amid a shout that
made the welkin ring, the effigy of his kinsman, Henry Dundas, was
committed to the flames.
While the materials of which it was composed--straw, rags, pitch,
rosin, and gunpowder--were all blazing merrily, and the people were
all whooping, dancing, and cheering round it, there was a sudden cry--
"The soldiers--here come the soldiers!"
Scrambling up a lamp-post, I saw the glitter of arms in the Bristo
Porte, and a mass of red-coats approaching, as six companies of the
53rd, or old Shropshire regiment, came double-quick into the square,
and forming line along its northern face, loaded with ball, and all
their bright steel ramrods flashed in the sunshine, as they were
whirled round and sent home. Then the muskets were "cast about," and
the line stood still.
My heart beat ten pulsations in a second, and my breath came thick
and heavy. I knew not what was about to ensue; but clinging to my
lofty perch, the iron loop of a lamp, I remained, by a species of
fascination, gazing at the long line of infantry, standing firm,
quiet and motionless as a brick wall, in their coolness and perfect
order, presenting a powerful contrast to the clamorous and tumultuary
multitude, that surged, and swayed, and howled before them.
"They will never hurt _me_, at all events," thought I, and I had a
moral confidence in this.
Still unawed, the mob continued their assaults and insults; the crash
of windows went on; iron railings were menaced next; then stones and
other missiles were showered like hail upon the unoffending 53rd, who
long endured this state of matters, with the patience and prudence
which are so characteristic of British soldiers.
Suddenly two words of command rang in the air.
"Ready--present!" there was a flash in the sunlight, as the long line
of bright barrels were levelled directly at the mob.
"Fire!" added the officer in command. There was a sudden line of
smoke, streaked with red flame--a mighty rushing sound, as a sheet of
lead tore through the air, flattening out in starry spots on the
stone walls, crashing among the shrubbery of the gardens, breaking
the iron rails, and seeking human lives among the people, who
wavered, shrunk, and fled _en masse_ in all directions, leaving
twelve of their number bleeding on the ground.
One column fled through Windmill Street, towards the east; another by
Buccleugh Street, towards the south; and a third rushed by the
meadows and Bruntsfield Links, towards the west; but I observed that
those mouthing patriots, "the Friends of the People," a few of whom
were foolhardy enough to display tricolour cockades, were among the
first to fly.
Three men were killed and nine wounded, two of the latter mortally.
One was a young lad named Ritchie, a carver and gilder, the sole
support of an aged mother; he had been drawn there, like myself, in
mere curiosity. Another (a very old man) was found dead, with a ball
in his body, near the Castle Rock, next day. As the soldiers, in
mercy to the people, levelled high, several persons were wounded at
the windows; and a French emigrant of high rank received a ball in
the head, just as he drew back the curtain to peep out.
I felt the bullets whistle past me. One actually grazed my left
temple; another splintered the wood of the lamp-post, down which I
slid like a squirrel, just as the officer, who had coolly surveyed
the effect of the firing, turned once more to his men, and again gave
the order,--
"With ball cartridge, prime and load!"
Fear gave wings to my speed. Had the ball that grazed my temple been
half an inch more to the right, or had that which splintered the
lamp-post been six inches higher, I would assuredly have added one to
the catalogue of killed and wounded on that unlucky 4th of June.
I stumbled over the body of a man who was lying on his back moaning
in great agony and blowing bells of blood from his mouth, for he had
received a ball in the chest; and I bounded with the speed of a hare
towards the meadows, where I once more sought the friendly tree which
had last night formed my hiding place.