CHAPTER XX_The mothercraft manual

HOME NURSING AND FIRST AID IN THE NURSERY[34]

=General Principles.= Careful hygiene will reduce illness to a

minimum. Study what to do in emergencies and illness before these

appear, in order to be mentally and technically prepared to act

promptly, with confidence and poise, when need arises. Teach

children as early as possible how to spit, gargle, raise phlegm,

inhale. Habits of obedience, self-control, and regularity will

assist in recovery. Under any circumstances avoid excitement; keep

calm and self-possessed. Use firmness, gentleness, patience, good

cheer, and the spirit of play in care of illness. It is wiser to

call the doctor at first, when symptoms of illness appear, than

to incur severe sickness and greater cost by delay. A severely

sick child needs a trained nurse. Children have less resistance

than adults, and succumb more easily, therefore they need prompt,

intelligent treatment.

Every woman who has the care of a little child should learn the

following from the physician or nurse: use of clinical thermometer,

bedpan, giving of enema, massage, dressing and bathing of bed

patient, bandaging, first aid in serious cuts, fractures, broken

limbs, drowning. There should always be at least one room in the

house with washable walls, sunny exposure, and without carpets,

heavy draperies or upholstered furniture, that can be used for an

isolation sick room in emergency.

=Symptoms of Illness and Their Immediate Care.= When several

symptoms are evident at once, the matter is more urgent. It is

usually advisable to have the doctor call, rather than to expose

the sick child to the change of temperature, dust, excitement of

crowds, or danger of infecting others. In severe injury, secure any

medical assistance in quickest way.

Discharge from nose C (?)[35] 1

Discharge from eyes with inflammation C (?) 1

Swollen lids, inflamed, yellow discharge C[36] 3

Sore throat C 2

Pain in or behind ears 1

Swollen glands in neck 1

Persistent cough C (?) 1

Persistent lassitude C (?) 1

Loss of appetite 1

Loss of weight 1

Severe or frequent earache 2

Headache with delirium 3

Stupor or dullness 2

Chills, with or without fever C (?) 2

Fever with languor, loss of appetite C (?) 2

Nausea with fever C (?) 2

Convulsions 3

Eruptions C (?) 2

Cramps and vomiting C (?) 3

may be poisoning

Persistent pain in feet or legs 1

Swelling of feet and legs 2

Black, or bloody stools 2

Claylike stools 1

Constipation (48 hours, not yielding to home care) 1

Green stools, diarrhea 3

White vaginal discharge 2

Bleeding from mouth or rectum 2

Frequent bleeding from nose 1

Pain at urinating 1

Retention of urine (24 hours) 1

Injuries:

Fall, especially of young child 3

Blow on head, severe 3

Deep cut, needing stitches 3

Deep burn 3

Excessive bleeding 3

Wound of rusty instrument 2

Bite of animal 2

1. Notify doctor.

2. Call doctor.

3. Get doctor immediately; urgent.

When a child shows even slight symptoms of illness, isolate and

keep in bed for a day in a well-ventilated room. This avoids

changes of temperature, requires less work of heart and nerves,

removes pressure upon spinal nerves, and gives the body better

opportunity to combat the lowered vital condition.

Communicable Diseases to which Children are Especially Susceptible

=============================+=======================================

DISEASE | EARLY SYMPTOMS[37]

—————————————————————————————+———————————————————————————————————————

=Bronchitis= |(G)[38] Nasal discharge, slight fever,

Incubation: 2 to 3 days. | hard, dry cough, lack of appetite.

Isolation: Till discharge |

ceases. |

=Influenza= |(S)[39] Chill, fever. Discharge from

Incubation: 2 to 3 days. | nose, eyes; lassitude, general

Isolation: Till discharge | pains.

ceases. |

=Pneumonia= |(S) Severe chill, cold and pain in

Incubation: 5 to 8 days. | chest, usually left side; high

Isolation: Till discharge | fever, languor. Respiration quick

ceases. | and painful. Sometimes short, dry,

| painful cough, vomiting,

| convulsions.

=Tuberculosis= |(G) Anemia, poor appetite, loss of

Incubation: 1 to 6 months. | weight, persistent cough. Sometimes

Isolation: Not necessary | limping.

if discharges are |

burned, dishes |

disinfected. |

=Whooping Cough= |(G) Running eyes, nose; headache,

Incubation: 1 to 14 days. | weariness; dry cough develops in

Isolation: 6 weeks. Until | about two weeks, sometimes without

2 weeks after cough has | the whoop.

ceased. |

=Diphtheria= |(G) Lassitude, headache; usually

Incubation: 2 to 10 days. | sore throat, yellow or gray-white

Isolation: 2 weeks. Until | patches; sometimes sudden high

cultureis negative on | fever, convulsions, purulent nasal

two successive days. | discharge.

=Tonsillitis= |(S) Swollen inflamed tonsils. Chills,

Isolation: 1 week. | fever, headache, general pains.

=Chicken pox= |Eruptions on body. Sometimes fever,

Incubation: 11 to 21 days. | nausea, headache.

Isolation: Until all scabs |

are gone. |

=Measles= |(G) Discharge from nose; eyes reddened,

Incubation: 7 to 18 days. | sensitive to light; dry cough.

Isolation: 2 weeks from | Eruptions first inside cheeks; fine

appearance of rash. Until | body rash on fourth day. Sometimes

discharges disappear. | chill, fever, hoarseness, malaise.

=Scarlet Fever= |(S) or (G) Fever, nausea, red throat,

Incubation: 1 to 8 days. | loss of appetite; eruptions on second

Isolation: 6 weeks. Till all | day. Sometimes convulsions,

peeling, sore throat, and | diarrhea, white ring around mouth.

discharges disappear. |

=Infantile Paralysis= |(G) Stupor, profuse sweating, numbness

(Polyomyelitis) | or paralysis of limbs, difficulty

Incubation: 2 to 7 days. | in swallowing. Sometimes convulsions,

Isolation: 6 weeks. | headache, vomiting.

=Meningitis= |(S) Headache, nausea and vomiting;

Incubation: 2 to 7 days. | fever, prostration, rapid pulse,

Isolation: 6 weeks. | unconsciousness in few hours or days.

| Sometimes convulsions.

=Mumps= |(G) Fever, malaise, dizziness,

Incubation: 10 to 25 days. | drowsiness, vomiting or diarrhea.

Isolation: 3 weeks. 1 week | Glands near ear swell 1 to 8 days

after swelling subsides. | later.

=Syphilis= |(G) Anemia, malnutrition, chronic

(Congenital) | nasal discharge and snuffles.

=============================+======================+===================

DISEASE | POSSIBLE |SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

| COMPLICATIONS |

—————————————————————————————+——————————————————————+———————————————————

=Bronchitis= |Pneumonia. |Fresh air, warmth.

Incubation: 2 to 3 days. | |

Isolation: Till discharge | |

ceases. | |

| |

=Influenza= |Irritated nasal |Warmth, fresh air.

Incubation: 2 to 3 days. | passages; weakened |

Isolation: Till discharge | resistance; earache,|

ceases. | mastoiditis; |

| bronchitis. |

| |

=Pneumonia= |Increased |Windows wide open;

Incubation: 5 to 8 days. | susceptibility | open fire; avoid

Isolation: Till discharge | to tuberculosis. | weighting chest

ceases. | | with poultices or

| | clothing. Avoid

| | gas stove.

| |

=Tuberculosis= |Stunted growth; |

Incubation: 1 to 6 months. | bone defects. |

Isolation: Not necessary | |

if discharges are | |

burned, dishes | |

disinfected. | |

| |

=Whooping Cough= |Broncho-pneumonia, |Elastic abdominal

Incubation: 1 to 14 days. | hemorrhage, | band. Food after

Isolation: 6 weeks. Until | hernia. | paroxysm if

2 weeks after cough has | | previous feeding

ceased. | | not retained

| |

=Diphtheria= |Heart, kidneys, ears, |Recumbent position

Incubation: 2 to 10 days. | broncho-pneumonia. | during fever.

Isolation: 2 weeks. Until | | Avoid nasal

cultureis negative on | | douches.

two successive days. | | Anti-toxin.

| |

=Tonsillitis= |Forms of rheumatism; |Rest in bed.

Isolation: 1 week. | heart disease, |

| nephritis, St. |

| Vitus’ Dance. |

| |

=Chicken pox= |Kidney disorders; |Cut finger nails

Incubation: 11 to 21 days. | persistent sores | short;

Isolation: Until all scabs | from infecting | anoint skin.

are gone. | skin. |

| |

=Measles= |Weakened eyes; | Protect eyes with

Incubation: 7 to 18 days. | pneumonia, | amber glasses,

Isolation: 2 weeks from | bronchitis, | or darken room.

appearance of rash. Until | tuberculosis. | Warmth (70°).

discharges disappear. | |

| |

=Scarlet Fever= |Impairment of hearing,| Prevent infection

Incubation: 1 to 8 days. | sight; kidney | of ears. Report

Isolation: 6 weeks. Till all or heart weakness. | immediately

peeling, sore throat, and | | decrease in

discharges disappear. | | urine.

| |

=Infantile Paralysis= Paralysis. |

(Polyomyelitis) | |

Incubation: 2 to 7 days. | |

Isolation: 6 weeks. | |

| |

=Meningitis= |Paralysis, deafness, |

Incubation: 2 to 7 days. | mental defects, |

Isolation: 6 weeks. pneumonia. |

| |

=Mumps= |Infection of ear, |

Incubation: 10 to 25 days. | deafness. Infection |

Isolation: 3 weeks. 1 week | of reproductive |

after swelling subsides. | glands, causing |

| sterility. |

| |

=Syphilis= |Diseases of bones, |

(Congenital) | nerves, blood; |

| destruction of any |

| organs, paralysis. |

Communicable diseases may be conveyed by discharges, especially

from nose and mouth, and in breath; also in vomitus, discharges

from eyes and ears, feces, urine, and blood. May be contagious

several days before serious symptoms appear in acute cases; and may

be carried in throat and mouth many months and conveyed by persons

showing no symptoms.

=To Prevent Contagion.= (1) Avoid exposing the child to any one who

has a contagious disease. (2) Do not take young children (under

seven, at least) into crowds, busy streets, city dust, or street

cars. (3) Household employees, especially child’s nurse, cook,

kitchen employee, or laundress, should be selected with regard

to their health; a thorough health examination for the child’s

caretaker, unless personally well known or professionally trained,

is the only safeguard. (4) No one with a cold, sore throat or other

symptoms of contagious disease should be with a young child or

prepare its food. (5) Keep special handkerchiefs for each child and

never use any one else’s for it. (6) Teach scrupulous individual

use of cups, spoons, forks, wash cloths, towels, handkerchiefs,

whistles, and not to use wash basin for brushing teeth. (7) Avoid

pacifiers; wipe toys daily. (8) Clean the child’s finger nails

daily, and always wash his hands before eating. (9) Attendant

should always wash hands before preparing food, giving medicine,

caring for eyes, nose, mouth, or wounds; and after care of diapers,

toilet, wounds. (10) Milk and water supply should be carefully

guarded; unless assured pure, milk must be pasteurized, water

boiled. (11) Avoid cats or dogs for young children’s pets.

Disease germs can thrive in the mucus, in some tissues, or in the

blood. They may enter (1) through the nose, (2) the mouth, (3)

a break in the skin. The sick person may convey them (1) from

the mouth, by coughing, by a kiss, or on cups, spoons, forks,

napkins, towels; (2) in mucus from the nose, in sneezing, or on

handkerchiefs; in discharges from eyes or ears; (3) in cases of

intestinal infections, from intestinal discharges; (4) venereal

disease, from break in skin, from open sore, from suppurating

infected eyes; (5) from discharge of boils; (6) scales from skin

probably only in smallpox or chicken-pox; (7) on fingers. (8) Germs

of contagious diseases are sometimes carried in water, ice, milk,

or dust. (9) Cats and dogs easily carry disease germs.

Contagious diseases are always dangerous, causing a large harvest

of deaths and leaving lifelong defects in many survivors. It is not

necessary that children should have any of them. Children should

be carefully protected from exposure to any disease. Good hygiene

raises vitality and increases the white blood corpuscles, which are

the special protectors against disease germs.

If a child has been exposed to dust or crowds, or if contagious

disease is prevalent, give a nasal douche and gargle with normal

salt solution, 4% boric solution, or diluted listerine, before

meals and at night. If exposed to disease, also disinfect face,

neck, hands, clothes, shampoo the hair with tincture green soap,

isolate, notify doctor; repeat after quarantine.

=Care of Illnesses Prevalent in Childhood.= _Anemia._ Pallor,

languor, loss of weight, poor appetite. Give outdoor life,

nutritious diet, cold baths, sun baths. Needs medical examination

for cause.

_Boils._ Indicate low resistance. Applying hot fomentations wet

in boric solution may prevent coming to head. If at head, apply

hot fomentation five minutes; lance with sterilized needle. After

removing contents, apply listerine, witch hazel or 25% alcohol, on

sterile gauze; anoint with zinc ointment, and bandage to prevent

re-infection. Poultices are unsanitary. Pus is infectious; prevent

its touching skin, burn immediately, and sterilize needle.

_Chap._ Prevent by drying face and hands thoroughly after washing.

Apply camphor ice or cold cream before taking outdoors, and at

bedtime. Use corn meal or oatmeal in place of soap.

_Cold._ May be either a congestion or an infection. In any case

isolate and treat first symptoms at once; give persistent care to

cure quickly. Colds pave the way for more serious infections. Give

oil laxative for one or two days. Apply few drops of glycerine,

albolene, or liquid vaseline in nose every two hours and at

bedtime. Use sterilized medicine dropper; warm oil slightly by

heating in dropper over boiling water. For children over one year

use nasal oil spray or nasal douche with physician’s prescription.

Give hot leg bath or hot tub bath, wrapping well to produce slight

perspiration; rub with 25% alcohol solution few hours later, or

before rising, to close pores; keep well covered. Keep in bed while

fever continues. If in head and eyes, apply cold cloth wet in weak

boric or salt solution, over eyes and nose, changing every five

minutes, in half-hour periods. Give all the water patient will

take, at hourly intervals, or lemonade for children over eighteen

months. For dry, parched mouth, rinse with weak salt water, give

weak lemonade, or cracker to chew.

If accompanied by chills, keep in warm room, (68°) well ventilated.

If without chills, and when fever has subsided, keep outdoors,

well protected, but not dressed warm enough to perspire. If in

chest, apply counter-irritant (adapted to age) to chest and back.

If not recovered in a day or two, notify physician. For repeated

colds, discover cause, improve hygiene; increase resistance by cold

morning bath, at least to chest and back, and give cod-liver oil.

_Colic._ Give no food during the attack. Give a teaspoon of water

(96° F.) with weak peppermint or soda mint dissolved in one ounce

water; repeat every five minutes. Upright position, with patting

on back, will relieve gas in stomach. For gas in intestine, massage

gently, beginning at lower left side, and working backward along

length of colon, always pressing and stroking toward end of colon.

If constipated, or attack very severe, give warm enema (110° F.)

with soap or normal salt solution. Apply hot fomentations, or hot

stupe, made by thoroughly mixing twenty drops of turpentine in

one pint water, to abdomen; or hot flannels or hot water bag, to

abdomen, buttocks, and thighs. Keep feet warm. Change fomentation

or stupe every ten minutes. When relieved, follow with cool hand

rub (80°). Constipation in nursing mother will cause colic. Baby

subject to colic should have two or three daily movements. Give

less at feeding, with longer intervals, slower feeding.

_Constipation._ Prevent and treat by diet, exercise, and general

hygiene. If these fail, have medical examination for possible

anatomical defect or obstruction. For acute attack, give mineral

oil, increase water, give abdominal exercises at intervals during

day, gently knead abdomen, working along line of colon from right

to left. The use of enemas and suppositories relaxes the intestinal

wall, and induces a chronic condition. Salts, castor oil, cascara,

and other drugs overstimulate intestinal secretions, irritate

lining, and require continued, increasing use. Calomel may remain

in system and cause serious illness; it should never be given to

children. If necessary to use any special measures, adapt laxative

from list (page 362). For chronic cases in older children, apply

cold compress around abdomen at night until condition is improved.

_Convulsions._ Give leg or tub bath at 98° F. for ten minutes;

mustard may be added. Be very careful that water is not too hot.

Child may be put in with clothing on. Put cold cloth around neck

and on head. Give prompt laxative and an emetic. Keep child in bed

till recovered from shock.

_Cramp in Intestines._ Treat as colic.

_Croup._ Apply hot fomentation to chest for ten minutes, followed

by cold compress. Give salt water emetic to cause vomiting and

remove phlegm, if breathing is still difficult. If necessary, in

severe case, give half teaspoon of syrup of ipecac to produce

vomiting; apply counter-irritant to chest and back. Keep child

well wrapped. If severe, prepare kettle of boiling water so child

can inhale steam. Add two tablespoonfuls of compound tincture of

benzoin, creosote or oil eucalyptus, or teaspoon of vinegar or

ammonia. Use light blanket to cover kettle and head of child. See

that kettle is not near enough to burn face. Be careful that child

does not choke, and that clothing is not dampened. Wrap a piece

of rubber sheeting or woolen blanket about shoulders, and remove

when through steaming. For mild cases, or when child is relieved,

place saucer with tincture of benzoin near child’s head, where

fumes will be inhaled. Treat as for cold, on following day, with

counter-irritants, and use menthol, oil nasal spray, or tincture

of benzoin for inhaling. For children subject to repeated attacks,

provide a special croup kettle.

_Cough._ Ascertain cause from physician and treat by his

prescription. Avoid cough syrups, which are dangerous for children.

Plain honey, figs, fig juice, are soothing. Use menthol inhaler.

Apply salve of menthol and vaseline in nose at night, and a cold

compress or mild counter-irritant on throat.

_Diarrhea._ Stop regular food. Give infants barley water, older

children only special dietary. Give prompt laxative. Keep in bed.

Call doctor promptly and save stools for his inspection.

_Earache._ Symptoms in infant include crying, and turning head

from side to side. Apply counter-irritant behind and below ears.

Place few drops of lukewarm phenol and olive oil mixture in ear, on

sterilized cotton. Apply hot flannel, hot-water bag, or other dry

heat.

_Eczema._ Apply salve or lotion, according to doctor’s direction.

Avoid water or vaseline on affected places, as these are

irritating. Keep clean with olive oil or cold cream. Give dietary

treatment.

_Eyes Inflamed._ Bathe hourly with 2% boric solution or weak salt

water. For cold in eyes, also apply vaseline at night and in

morning to lids, avoiding eyes.

_Headache._ Frequently due to constipation, indigestion, eyestrain,

excitement, fatigue, overheating. Ascertain and treat cause. Apply

cold cloths, changing every five minutes, or hot cloths, changing

every ten minutes, or alternate hot and cold, according to wishes

of patient, to forehead and back of neck. Apply menthol pencil

to forehead and base of brain. Massage back of neck, with strong

pressure downward and toward sides. Inhale menthol, mild camphor,

ammonia, or smelling salts.

_Hiccough._ Due to indigestion or overeating. Hold breath. Sip

water slowly while holding breath. Give small lump of sugar. If

severe and continued, induce sneezing or give emetic to remove

cause.

_Nausea._ Give soda mint tablet in glass of hot water. If not

relieved, give emetic. After vomiting, give glass of hot or cold

water hourly, mildly salted or with soda mint, for several hours.

_Poisoning._ Keep poisons out of children’s reach. Nick cork of

bottles containing poison, and tie red ribbon around neck. Keep

list of common poisons and antidotes posted on door of medicine

cabinet for ready reference.

_Prickly Heat._ Due to overheating from too much clothing or from

weather. Reduce quantity of clothing. Avoid wool next the skin.

Bathe several times a day with water 70°-80° F., adding one

teaspoon baking soda to a quart of water. Powder affected places

lightly with starch or baby powder (page 47).

_Rheumatism._ Found in all its forms in childhood. If chronic, may

permanently injure heart. Give mild laxative. Keep in bed. Apply

dry heat as directed to affected parts. Rub with alcohol (25%

solution), witch hazel, or arnica. Improve diet, reducing purins

and increasing alkali-forming foods. Electric treatments may be

beneficial.

_Sunburn._ Prevent by use of canopy, sunshade, or hat, and by

applying cold cream before taking out in sun or wind. To treat,

apply cloths wet in sweet cream, cold cream, almond lotion. Avoid

use of water on affected parts.

_Fever._ Keep in bed. Fever is not a disease but a symptom of

poison in system. Reduce temperature gradually. Give cool sponge

(75°-80° F.) with plain water, weak salt solution, or 25% alcohol

solution, for ten or fifteen minutes every hour. Keep cool collar

of wet cloth around neck, or on head, changing every five minutes.

In severe cases, also keep icebag at head, hot-water bag at feet.

Give abundance of cold water, cold fruit juice with little or no

sugar, or small quantity of ice cream. Keep room cool (60°-65° F.).

There is no danger of patient taking cold while temperature is

high, but special precautions must be taken, as fever diminishes,

to prevent chilling.

_Sore Throat._ Dissolve chlorate of potash tablet in half pint of

water, and give spoonful every half hour, holding in mouth as long

as possible. Gargle and rinse mouth with normal salt solution,

boric acid, or listerine, without swallowing. For mild cases, apply

cold compress to throat. For severe attack, use counter-irritant.

_Stomach._ Sour stomach or heartburn. Use soda mint tablet or

saltspoon of baking soda in glass of hot water. For stomach-ache

give same treatment, and massage by deep breathing and voluntary

pulling in and pushing out abdominal wall by muscular effort; use

mild trunk-bending and twisting exercises. If constipated, give

prompt laxative.

_Toothache._ Apply listerine or oil of cloves or wintergreen on

cotton to the cavity, and dry heat or counter-irritant outside,

until dentist can be seen.

_Worms._ Indicated by disturbed sleep, grating teeth in sleep,

picking at nose, poor or ravenous appetite, irritation at rectum.

May sometimes be visible as fine white threads in stools. Can be

accurately diagnosed only by microscopic examination. Avoid giving

medicine except on doctor’s prescription. Reduce candy and meat in

diet.

=Injuries.= Practice first aid until prepared to act promptly in

any ordinary emergency. Call physician in all but mildest cases, to

ascertain extent of injury, overcome shock, and prevent poisoning.

Disinfect hands before treating any wounds.

_Bruise, Bump, or Sprain._ Apply very cold or very hot water,

changing at proper intervals. Continue until swelling is reduced.

_Burns._ Never use flour or cotton on burns. Exclude air and

prevent infection from dirt or water. Burns are easily infected or

cause shock. For burns by dry heat, apply vaseline, baking soda,

carron oil, or olive oil, and wrap in sterilized gauze to exclude

air. For scalds, apply wet cloths of cool water (sterilized if

possible), with baking soda or boric acid. Exclude air and be

careful not to break blister. Treat blisters as burns.

If clothing is afire, smother by rolling on floor or wrapping in

heavy coverings. Prevent fumes and smoke from entering lungs. If

clothing is burned to skin, cut around it and soak off with olive

oil. For fire in room, close windows and doors, and attempt to

smother before using water. To go through smoke, put wet cloth over

mouth and nose.

_Cuts and Scratches._ Hold under running cool water to thoroughly

rinse out dirt. Wash with disinfectant. Take special care with

wounds from rusty instruments. Scratches may then be painted with

collodion, cuts covered with court plaster (do not moisten in

mouth) or surgeon’s plaster.

_Fall or Shock._ Lay flat. Apply cold water to head, hot-water bag

at heart and to feet. Cover warmly. Rub arms and legs toward heart,

without uncovering. Apply mild smelling salts, ammonia, or camphor

at nose. Never give alcohol without doctor’s order. Hot milk, tea,

or coffee are safe stimulants.

_Foreign Body in Ear._ Do not attempt to remove by poking. Put in

few drops of sweet oil, lay head down on that side, till doctor

comes.

_Foreign Body in Nose._ Do not attempt to remove by poking. Let

child blow nose, closing opposite nostril. Call doctor.

_Foreign Body in Throat._ If not easily removed with finger, hold

child by ankles, head downward, and slap on back. If swallowed,

give soft bread at once but do not give laxative. Remove fishbone

with fingers.

_Foreign Body in Eye._ Do not rub. Encourage crying. Blow nose. If

visible, remove with corner of clean handkerchief. If not visible,

pull upper lid over lower, and move gently. Wash eyes with boric or

salt solution. For injury, apply cold cloths wet in boric or salt

solution.

_Slivers._ Remove with a sterilized needle, wash with antiseptic

and bandage with zinc ointment or paint with collodion. Never use a

pin. If very difficult to remove, apply hot fomentations.

=Use of Water, Heat, and Light.= Heat, cold, water and light

are effective because of their action upon the distribution of

circulation, rate of metabolism, the local and reflex nerves,

the heart action, the chemical condition of the blood. Their

therapeutic use has only in recent years become a science.

Extensive study and experience is necessary for their efficient

application. A few fundamental principles will guide in their

ordinary use, but only a physician trained in hydrotherapy and

thermotherapy can give directions meeting every factor in an

individual case.

Applications affect not only the local part but also the parts

with which it is reflexly connected. The volume of blood can be

withdrawn from any part or to any part. The first effect of hot

applications is stimulating; continued for more than ten or fifteen

minutes (after the surface is reddened) is depressing. Cold is

first depressing; continued slightly is stimulating, and long

continued becomes depressing. Alternate heat and cold for three to

ten minutes is the most stimulating.

Pain, inflammation or increased secretion in any part usually

indicates local congestion of blood which needs to be withdrawn.

Congestion in the head, indicated by headache or cold; or in the

chest, indicated by chest cold; or in the abdomen or pelvic organs,

can be reduced either by a general distribution of blood to the

surface or by withdrawing the supply to the legs and feet. A hot

bath or pack draws the supply to the surface; a hot leg bath or

pack draws it to these extremities. The cool sponge following the

hot water keeps the blood in these parts, besides reducing the

temperature of the superheated surface and toning up the skin. Hot

fomentations draw the circulation to the surface, away from the

congested internal parts directly beneath or reflexly connected.

Thus, heat applied to the forehead and base of brain reduces head

congestion; or as fever is usually present, cold (50° F.) will have

the same effect and at the same time reduce the temperature, while

a hot-water bag at the feet will maintain the temperature if the

fever is mild or absent. Congestion in the abdomen or pelvic organs

is relieved by local applications of heat to these parts and to

their reflex areas—the buttocks, thighs, feet and hands.

In using heat or cold, the application must be changed whenever its

temperature approaches that of the body. Local hot applications

may be continued until the surface is reddened—from five to twenty

minutes. The surface is then sponged quickly with water, or 25%

alcohol, at 70°-80° F., to prevent superheating of tissues. Cold

general sponging in fever may be continued ten or fifteen minutes,

one part sponged and dried at a time, patient covered with a light

blanket; and repeated every hour. Local cold, as icebags or cold

cloths, may be continued half an hour, and repeated at half hourly

intervals. A cold compress is a mild counter-irritant. Water

reaches tissues below the surface, and for deep-seated disorders is

therefore more effective than dry applications, when practicable.

Care must be taken to protect hair, clothing and bedding from

dampness, by use of rubber cloth or oiled silk. For young children,

temperatures must be less severe and changes more gradual than with

adults. The nurse should test the heat of applications by applying

to her own face.

_Hot Tub Bath._ For chills, convulsions, incipient cold, general

depression without fever. If patient is constipated or had no

movement in preceding twelve hours, precede by enema, as hot water

increases absorption from intestinal tract. Give in warm room

(70° F.), at 100° F., or higher for children over four years.

One tablespoon mustard (in cheesecloth bag) per gallon of water

increases effect. Wrap cold cloth around neck, and protect hair.

Continue five to ten minutes, until skin is red, adding hot water

carefully to slightly raise temperature. Give quick hand rub with

water at 80° F. unless sweating is desired. Dry quickly, wrap and

cover warmly. Giving water to drink will increase perspiration.

After perspiring, rub with 25% alcohol.

_Hot Leg Bath._ For intestinal pain, headache, incipient cold, cold

feet, convulsions. Conditions and temperatures as for tub bath.

Keep patient well covered. Can be given with patient lying in bed,

water in bucket on chair at side of bed. Rinse with lukewarm water,

put on stockings, and keep hot-water bag at feet.

_Hot Fomentations._ To relieve local pain and congestion. Apply

one or two thicknesses of flannel to place; lay on this a double

flannel wrung out of boiling water, and cover with dry flannel

and waterproof. Be careful that it is not too hot at first. In

changing, prevent air striking part. Change every three minutes,

and continue twelve minutes. Sponge quickly with water 70°-80° F.

_Warm Tub Bath_ (90°-93° F.). For nervousness and irritability. May

continue, maintaining temperature, for half an hour.

_Dry Heat._ For chills, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, earache. Use

thermophore, hot-water bottle, hot flannel, salt, bran, hops,

soapstone, flatiron wrapped in flannel, or Japanese handstove. In

using hot-water bag, be careful it is not too hot; wrap in flannel,

and watch for leakage. Water should be below boiling or rubber will

be damaged. Press out air before putting in stopper. Remove when

cool. If electric pad is used, turn off current when hot. Continue

dry heat for half hour periods; sponge quickly with water 80° F.;

repeat at half hour intervals if necessary.

_Light._ Light rays penetrate about two inches below the surface,

and therefore continue the therapeutic effects of heat to the

deeper tissues. Systematic sun baths may be given. Carbon electric

light gives the same effect; it cannot be used to advantage,

however, with children under four or five years. For pain in

chest, sore throat, abdominal pain, may be used instead of hot

water or dry heat. Concentrate the light and protect the skin from

contact with bulb by a cone made of white paper. For earache, use

the smallest size bulb. Apply for fifteen or twenty minutes, until

redness is induced, then give quick cool sponge. May be repeated

several times during day.

_Cold Bath, Tub or Sponge._ For fever. Cool as patient can react

from, beginning at 85° and working lower. Give several times during

day, continuing ten to fifteen minutes. Add 25% alcohol for severe

cases.

_Cold Compress._ Useful as counter-irritant and stimulant in sore

throat, cough, croup, cold in chest, constipation. Wring cloth out

of cold water (50°); wrap on part; cover with flannel and with

oiled silk or rubber sheeting. Leave on overnight. For greater

effect, may be preceded by hot fomentation. For throat, apply from

ear to ear, bring up behind ears and hold in place by tapes over

head.

_Cold Cloths for Local Congestion in Head or Back._ Apply to

temples, throat, base of brain, and to spine. Change every ten

minutes, or sooner if warm. For severe congestion and pain,

alternate hot and cold cloths, changing as soon as warm.

=Feeding in Illness.= The food is a great factor in recovery

from illness, and should be regulated with much care. Do not

urge eating. Sick animals refrain from eating, or seek grass or

special herbs. Less food is needed when patient is in bed, except

in wasting diseases. In any illness give simple, easily digested

food, requiring minimum of chewing, providing much nourishment

with minimum of effort for patient. In disease, provide anti-toxic

diet, highly alkaline, with little or no purins, laxative (except

in intestinal disorders), dainty, small servings, served hot,

with variety from day to day. Note all symptoms and fit dietary

to all conditions present. It is an error to stuff a cold, but

rather it should be starved. Beef tea and meat broths contain very

little nourishment, but harmful extractives; their stimulation

is in part from extractives, in part from the salt and heat. Hot

milk, toast-water with butter, clear vegetable broths, provide the

stimulation, with a higher percentage of nourishment and minerals,

and with none of the disadvantages of meat broths.

_Colds._ Reduce food almost entirely for one or two days. Follow

general diet for illness, or as for constipation.

_Constipation._ (See page 171.) Increase oils, fruits, and fruit

juice, especially on rising and at bedtime. Oatmeal is laxative to

some children, constipating to others. Figs, prunes, and seedless

dates may be cooked together or made into a paste. Pecan nuts,

ground for children under five, may be used for sandwiches or with

fig paste. Use olive oil and lemon juice for salad. Serve eggs raw.

Avoid foods prescribed for diarrhea.

_Diarrhea._ Flour browned in oven lightly, then made into gruel,

cooking twenty minutes; season with salt. Milk boiled, bread

toasted; cornstarch pudding, blackberry juice, gelatine, buttermilk

made with yogurt tablets; especially avoid purins, cellulose, raw

milk, raw eggs, as well as laxative foods.

_Fever._ Moot question whether diet should be limited or increased.

Reduce proteins, omit purins; provide salads, highly alkaline

foods, as celery, spinach, baked potato, cantaloupe; allow

gelatine, fruit juices, strained vegetable purées, pure ice cream,

sherbets, yogurt buttermilk, whey, toast-water.

_Sore Throat._ Infection or from operation. Soft, soothing, healing

food. Gelatine, honey, dipped or milk toast, fig paste, date

butter, jellies, raw beaten egg, egg and milk, blanc mange, pure

ice cream. Avoid hard, strongly acid foods, or those requiring any

chewing.

_Wasting Diseases._ Increase diet to patient’s capacity, especially

milk, eggs, spinach, salads, fruits, butter, olive oil.

=The Sick Room.= Furnishing, care, and cleaning should be as for

nursery. For a contagious disease, disinfect room before and after

patient uses. Attendant should wear cotton dress. Street clothes

should not be allowed in sick room. Discretion should be used

regarding visitors; no one should enter in case of contagion. Use

separate bed linen and clothing for night and day. Turn pillows

frequently and change position of patient. Use ring of cotton cloth

to lift head and prevent bedsores. Reduce room temperature by

hanging up wet sheets. Open dishes of chloride of lime will absorb

dampness. Charcoal, occasionally changed, will absorb odors. Keep

all medicines, glasses, and food covered, room orderly and well

ventilated. In contagious diseases, attendant should disinfect

hands, gargle and rinse mouth with antiseptic before eating; and

before leaving the room, wash face and hands with weak bichloride

solution and remove dress, cap, and shoes; a cap should cover the

hair.

=Bathing and Dressing.= The sick child should usually have a bath

twice a day, temperature and method depending upon his condition.

This removal of waste will add to his comfort and hasten recovery.

A sponge bath is less fatiguing than the tub. A salt bath (one

third cup per gallon of water) is a tonic. It should not be used if

the skin is irritated. Bran, starch, or soda baths relieve chafing,

inflamed skin, prickly heat, irritation in eruptive diseases. To

one gallon water use half a cup of clean bran, tied in cheesecloth

and previously soaked; or a cup of ordinary raw laundry starch,

or a tablespoon of baking soda. Alcohol bath, using one fourth

alcohol, is cooling and hardening. Pure alcohol reduces heat too

rapidly. Oil rub with cocoa butter, or olive oil may be used for

cleansing in cold weather, for emaciation, or after bath in

eruptive diseases.

Rinse mouth and clean teeth after each feeding, using boric

solution, weak soda water, mild listerine or 1% menthol solution.

Disinfect brush in 70% alcohol after using. In contagious diseases,

or great weakness, use a mouth swab, and clean teeth with

antiseptic gauze on toothpick, instead of with brush.

=Maternal Nursing and Hygiene.= _Constipation._ Purgatives are

never to be used, and enemas employed only as a last resort. If

diet and exercise fail, cascara sagrada or compound licorice powder

may be used.

_Heartburn._ (Acidity of the stomach.) Sometimes develops. It may

be prevented by avoiding nervousness, by taking less fat at meals,

and drinking a glass of rich milk half an hour before mealtime;

if it develops after a meal, a soda mint tablet or a quarter of

a teaspoonful of soda bicarbonate will relieve it. The nausea

sometimes present in the first four months is probably due to

auto-intoxication from lack of elimination of toxins. Preventive

measures include careful attention to diet, daily baths, and

exercise. If it occurs, a cup of hot water slightly salted, or a

piece of dry, hard toast taken before rising, will usually overcome

it. Peppermint, acid from grape fruit, salty food, whole cloves

held in the mouth, or a cold cloth laid over the abdomen, are

relief measures. It is rarely present in the last four months.

_Varicose Veins._ May be prevented by avoiding fatigue, long

standing, and by lying down several times a day, especially after

meals, for a quarter hour, with feet elevated higher than hips.

Tight bandaging or elastic stockings must be used, if veins become

varicose; in severe cases, rest in bed is necessary.

_Hemorrhoids._ May be prevented by avoiding constipation, heavy

exercise, overfatigue, and by lying down a few minutes after a

movement. May be corrected by local applications, either of cold

or hot cloths.

_Pruritus._ Local applications of lukewarm bran water several times

a day, followed by dusting powder made by combining one teaspoon

salicylic acid with one cup cornstarch, will relieve itching.

_Hemorrhage._ Patient should be put to bed, hips and legs elevated,

with local applications of cold cloths or styptic cotton. Doctor

should be called immediately.

_Urine._ Decrease in quantity (less than one quart a day), high

color, odor, or sediment, should be reported at once to physician.

_Abdomen._ After fourth month anoint daily with cocoa butter or

vaseline to give elasticity to skin.

_Breasts._ During last two months wash morning and evening with

soap and warm water, drying thoroughly. Anoint at night with cocoa

butter, gently draw out nipple. In the morning apply 25% alcohol.

_Teeth._ Rinse mouth after each meal and at bedtime with milk of

magnesia or weak sodium bicarbonate solution, to neutralize acids.

_Childbirth._ Primitive women have only slight discomfort, because

of natural outdoor living and unrestricting clothing. Minimum of

pain requires well-developed pelvis, normal position of organs,

strong abdominal muscles, previous good hygiene, moderate-sized

baby, with normal presentation. Narrow, ill-shaped pelvis may

be caused by rickets, tight binders or diapers in infancy, or

to indoor life, long sitting, and tight clothing in girlhood,

especially from twelve to sixteen years. Abnormal position of

organs or of infant may be caused by tight clothing, heavy clothing

supported from the waist, incorrect posture, long hours of standing

during girlhood or womanhood. Weak abdominal muscles are due to

corsets and lack of exercise. Hygiene includes regularity and rest

at periods, freedom from excitation of the pelvic organs during

pregnancy and lactation, an interval of two or three years between

births, and a condition of reserve vitality at the beginning of

maternity. An overweight baby is produced by overfeeding and

lack of exercise during pregnancy. Abnormal presentation may be

corrected by skilful medical care during pregnancy. Osteopathic

treatment during pregnancy, by a skilful practitioner, may improve

muscle tone.

The physician should be selected with special care, either a

specialist or a general practitioner with an extensive successful

obstetrical practice; and the nurse likewise. The physician

should be consulted and the urine examined once a month until

the last two months, then fortnightly. This is necessary to

prevent toxemias, correct any abnormal position, and prepare for

any possible complications. Absolute surgical cleanliness by

physician and attendants is of the greatest importance at birth

and during confinement. Silver nitrate solution for the baby’s

eyes should not be neglected. If there are no probabilities of

complications, if the local physician is competent and can be

readily reached, and if the home can provide sterile conditions,

strong artificial light and quiet, the home is preferable for

confinement; otherwise the hospital is better. Midwives, unless

from accredited foreign training schools, with local licenses, and

of scrupulous cleanliness, are a dangerous investment; a competent

physician is preferable. With prenatal medical care, an experienced

physician, _and aseptic care_ during confinement, it is a very safe

experience. Thoroughly satisfactory anesthetics have not yet been

discovered. With attention to hygiene from infancy, natural means

will minimize pain.

Diet should be light during the first few days. Overfeeding may

cause constipation and poor milk. Rest in bed for two weeks, and

quiet life, with only light exercise, and chiefly out-of-doors,

for the succeeding month, is necessary for complete recovery of

the pelvic organs. A few weeks’ care and quiet at this time, even

though the mother feels strong, may prevent months or years of

invalidism. The physician should make examinations of both mother

and baby four weeks and six weeks after birth.

_Nursing._ The baby should be put to the breast six to twelve

hours after birth, when the mother has rested, and every six hours

for two days; thereafter, according to schedule. This should be

persisted in for ten days, at least, the milk sometimes not coming

for a week. This is as important for the recovery of the pelvic

organs of the mother as for the nourishment of the baby. The baby

should be given water between the feedings, but no food, unless on

the doctor’s order.

If the baby is unable to take the breast, through weakness or

some malformation of the mouth, the milk should be drawn out with

disinfected fingers or breast pump into a sterilized glass, and fed

through a sterilized medicine dropper, or after two months, with a

spoon.

If the nipples become sore or cracked, a glass breast shield with

rubber nipple should be used. This is to be boiled for five minutes

after using, and kept in saturated boric solution until needed.

If the breasts are heavy, congested, or tender, a knitted breast

binder should be worn, the breasts massaged from base toward the

center for ten minutes between nursings. If they become caked, hot

fomentations should also be applied for fifteen minutes before

massaging or nursing.

=Administering Medicine.= Use as little medicine as possible. When

prescribed, give exactly according to directions. Wipe mouth of

bottle and examine label carefully, before and after pouring. Use

clean spoon and disinfect after using. Remove cork with fingers,

not with teeth. Avoid getting irritating substances into eyes or

on tender, broken skin. Make a game of administering medicine and

keep the child amiable, if possible. When necessary, hold nose, and

put spoon back on base of tongue, to administer.

=The Nursery Apothecary Chest.= A few essentials should be kept at

hand in a cabinet, protected from dust.

2-ounce bottle each:

liquid vaseline

liquid albolene

glycerine

carron oil

turpentine

camphor

oil eucalyptus

oil Wintergreen

castor oil

tincture green soap

carbolic 5%

listerine

1-ounce bottle each:

peppermint

olive oil with 3% phenol

syrup ipecac

soda mint tablets

chlorate potash tablets

collodion

Tube or box:

zinc ointment

analgesic balm

vaseline

cocoa butter

½-pound each:

mustard

sodium bicarbonate

boracic acid

½-pint bottle each:

grain alcohol

olive oil

compound tincture benzoin

witch hazel

milk of magnesia

mineral oil

_Apparatus_:

medicine dropper, sterilized, kept in sterilized jar

clinical thermometer

menthol inhaler

nasal spray; nasal douche

thermophore or hot-water bag

bulb syringe

court plaster; surgeon’s plaster, small size; antiseptic gauze,

small size antiseptic cotton; styptic cotton

sterilized bandages; 18-inch flannel squares; oiled silk, paper napkins

safety pins, needles, tooth picks, handbrush, scissors

In case of infectious disease, lysol, creolin, or _fresh_ chloride

of lime will be needed.

_Emetics._ _Mild_: lukewarm water with teaspoon salt. _Stronger_:

tablespoon salt or teaspoon mustard in glass lukewarm water.

_Severe_: 10 to 20 drops syrup ipecac (fresh).

_Laxatives._ _Mild_: mineral oil, milk of magnesia, olive oil;

one teaspoon for babies, tablespoon at six years. For emergency,

castor oil, preferably in capsule, or between layers of orange or

grape juice. For immediate action, citrate of magnesia. For older

children or adults, compound licorice powder may be used. Laxative

oils should be given between meals; nutritive oils shortly after

meals.

_Antiseptics._ These hinder development of germs. For internal

use and on eyes, normal salt solution (1 teaspoon salt to 1 pint

water), 2% boric solution (1 teaspoon to quart water), listerine

50%. For external use, saturated boric solution (1 teaspoon to pint

water) listerine, 70% alcohol, witch hazel. Peroxide is uncertain.

Use tincture of green soap in warm water for washing infected

tissues. Use boiled or distilled water in making solutions. Put in

sterilized bottles.

_Disinfecting._ Hands: scrub with hot water and tincture of

green soap or lysol, clean and trim finger nails; for surgical

cleanliness, scrub through several waters, soak one minute in

70% alcohol, and dry on sterilized towel. Linen from infectious

patient: soak in solution of ½ ounce creolin to two gallons water

for twelve hours before removing to laundry; boil at once. Dishes

from infectious patient: burn food; put into covered kettle with

soap powder; immediately boil twenty minutes; or keep in patient’s

room; or use papier-maché and burn. Excreta from infectious patient

(urine, stools, vomitus): put with equal volume of a solution

made of equal parts saturated solution of chloride of lime and 2%

solution acetic acid or vinegar; let stand quarter hour before

disposing. Use tissue napkins, squares of cheesecloth or old linen

for nose and mouth discharges. Put these and soiled dressings into

paper bag and burn at once. Room: formaldehyde gas. Hot water and

soap suds, strong sunlight, and fresh air are disinfectants.

_Sterilizing._ Needle: dip in 70% alcohol, or hold in match flame

until red. Water: boil twenty minutes. Dishes: boil twenty minutes;

keep in water with vessel covered, or in boric solution, until

needed. Gauze, bandages: boil twenty minutes in saturated boric

solution or 2% carbolic. Let cool slightly in water, wring out with

disinfected hands or in sterilized towel. Or suspend in cheesecloth

hammock tied to handles of wash boiler. Cover tightly and steam,

with water boiling, thirty minutes. Press in sterile towel with hot

iron, leave wrapped, and keep in covered receptacle until needed.

Small squares for nursery use: cut and tack in bundles of five

before sterilizing, store in a sterile, covered jar, and remove

only as needed.

_Counter-irritants._ These draw the circulation to the surface,

relieving internal congestion; they have not the chemical or

metabolic effect of water and light. Mild: analgesic balm,

mentholated vaseline, cold compress. Mustard plaster is more

severe. Mix one part mustard and two parts flour, then bind

together with white of egg or _lukewarm_ water. Rub lard or

vaseline into skin before applying. Leave on five to ten minutes.

If necessary, repeat in six hours, using four parts flour.

Kerosene, capsicum vaseline, red pepper, are too severe for

children. Dry mustard may be rubbed behind ears for earache.

Blistering has no value.

Patent medicines are expensive and dangerous. Avoid them,

especially soothing syrups, cough or worm medicines, cold or

headache cures, tonics. Many of these contain forms of opium or

of coal tar products that affect the heart, and high per cent. of

alcohol, and are positively dangerous. Hygienic measures are safe

and more certain.

Choose a physician who favors hygienic treatment, and who knows how

to use physiological measures—diet, hydrotherapy, massage, open-air

treatment—with a minimum of drugs.

APPENDIX

VALUE OF 100-CALORIE PORTIONS OF COMMON FOODS

EDIBLE PORTION, UNCOOKED

(Note: Calo. = Calories; Gr. = Grams)

==============+============+===============+=======+=======+=======

| | MEASURES[41] | [41] | [41] | [41]

——————————————+——————+—————+———————————————+———————+———————+———————

Almonds | .54| 15.5|8-12 | 13 | 77 | 10

Apples | 5.61|159. |1 large | 3 | 7 | 90

Apricots | 1.27| 36. |4 large | 7 | 3 | 90

Bacon | .56| 16. |2 thin slices | 7 | 93 | 0

Bananas | 3.58|101.4|1 large | 5 | 5 | 90

Barley flour | 1. | 28. |2 T.[44] | 10 | 3 | 87

Beans (dried),| 1.01| 28.6|1½ T. | 21 | 4 | 75

Beans, string | 8.5 |241. |1 qt. | 15 | 48 | 37

Beef, round, | 2.26| 64. |½ × 2 × 2 in. | 55 | 45 | 0

Beets | 7.66|217.1|2 med. | 2 | 23 | 75

Bread, white | 1.38| 39.0|1 thick slice | 13 | 6 | 81

Bread, whole | 1.44| 40.7|1 thick slice | 15 | 5 | 80

Butter | .46| 13. |1 T. scant | .5 | 99.5 | 0

Chicken | 3.27| 92.6|½ × 3 × 3 in. | 90 | 10 | 0

Carrots | 7.80|221.2|2 med. | 10 | 8 | 82

Celery | 19.07|540.6|2 heads | 24 | 5 | 71

Cheese, | .8 | 22.8|1½ cub. in. | 25 | 73 | 2

Cheese, | 3.21| 91.1|3½ T. | 76 | 8 | 16

Chestnuts | 1.46| 41.3|9 | 10 | 20 | 70

Cocoa | .71| 20.1|3 T. | 17 | 52 | 31

Corn, green | 3.49| 99. |3 T. | 13 | 10 | 77

Crackers, | .85| 24.2|2½ | 9 | 20 | 71

Crackers, | .81| 23. |3 | 15 | 20 | 65

Crackers, | .81| 23. |2 | 11 | 24 | 65

Crackers, | .82| 23. |2 | 9 | 20 | 71

Corn meal, | .99| 28.1|3 T. | 10 | 5 | 85

Corn meal, | .92| |3 T. | 9 | |

Cream, | 1.49| 40. |2 T. | 5 | 86 | 9

Dates | 1.02| 28.8|4-6 | 2 | 7 | 91

Eggs | 2.38| 67.5|1¼ | 32 | 68 | 0

Egg white | 6.92|196.1|7-8 | 100 | 0 | 0

Egg yolk | .97| 27.6|2 | 17 | 83 | 0

Figs | 1.12| 31.6|1 large | 5 | 0 | 95

Fish, cod | 3.1 | 88. |1 c.[45] | 97 | 3 | 0

Fish, haddock | 4.94|139.9|1 slice | 96 | 4 | 0

(fresh) | | | 1×2×3 in. | | |

Fish, halibut | 2.93| 82.5|1 slice | 61 | 39 | 0

(fresh) | | | ½×2×3 in. | | |

Grape juice | 3.53|100. |7 T. | 0 | 0 | 100

Honey | 1.03| 30.6|4 t.[46] | 1 | 0 | 99

Lady finger | .96| 27. |1 | 10 | 12 | 78

Lentils | .01| 28.7|2 T. | 21 | 7 | 72

Lettuce | 18.47|523.6|1 large head | 25 | 14 | 61

Macaroni | .99| 28. |16 sticks | 15 | 0 | 85

Maple syrup | 1.2| 35. |4 t. | 0 | 0 | 100

Milk, whole | 5.1|144.5|⅔ c. | 19 | 52 | 29

Milk, skimmed | 9.61|272.5|1⅓ c. | 37 | 7 | 56

Molasses | 1.23| 34.9|1½ T. | .5 | 0 | 95.5

Molasses | .95| 27. |1 | 6 | 23 | 71

Oatmeal | .88| 25.1|4 T. | 18 | 7 | 75

Olives (ripe) | 1.3 | 38. |7 | 2 | 91 | 7

Onions | 7.24|205.4|2½ large | 13 | 5 | 82

Orange juice | 8.17|231.5|1 large | 0 | 0 | 100

Peaches | 8.53|242.1|2 large | 7 | 2 | 91

Peanuts | .62| 18. |13 double | 20 | 63 | 17

Peanut butter | .58| 16. |1 T. | 19 | 64 | 17

Pears (fresh) | 5.57|158. |1 large | 4 | 7 | 89

Peas, dried | .99| 28.1|2 T. | 28 | 2 | 70

Peas, green | 3.52| 99.9|4 T. | 28 | 4 | 68

Pecans | .46| 13. |8 | 6 | 87 | 7

Pineapple | 8.18|232. |½ c. scant | 4 | 6 | 90

Plums | 4.18|118.5|3-4 large | 4 | 6 | 90

Potatoes | 4.23|120. |1 med. | 11 | 1 | 88

Potatoes, | 2.86| 81.2|1 small | 6 | 5 | 89

Prunes (dried)| 1.17| 33.2|4-6 (30’s-40’s)| 3 | 0 | 97

Raisins | 1.02| 29. |20 | 3 | 9 | 88

Rhubarb | 15.27|433. |8 stalks | 10 | 27 | 63

Rice | 1.01| 28.5| 2 T. | 9 | 1 | 90

Rye flour | 1.01| 28.5|3½ T. | 8 | 0 | 92

Spinach | 14.76|418.4|scant qt. | 36 | 10 | 54

Squash | 7.4 |210. |9 T. | 12 | 10 | 78

Sugar | .86| 25. |5 t. | 0 | 0 | 100

Tomatoes | 15.47|438.6|2-4 med. | 15 | 16 | 69

Tapioca | .99| 28.2|2 T. | 0 | 0 | 100

Walnuts, | .48| 14. |6 | 10 | 83 | 7

Wheat flour | .98| 27.8|3½ T. | 15 | 5 | 80

Wheat flour, | 1. | 28.3|3½ T. | 12 | 3 | 85

Wheat, | .94| 27. |1 | 13 | 4 | 83

==============+============+===============+=======+=======+=======

==============+======+=====+=====

FOOD MATERIAL | LIME |PHOS.| IRON

| [40] |[40] |[40]

——————————————+——————+—————+—————

|_Gr._ |_Gr._|_Gr._

Almonds | .046 |.132 |.0003

Apples | .022 |.05 |.0005

Apricots | .031 |.1 |

(dried) | | |

Bacon | .001 |.04 |.0002

Bananas | .01 |.055 |.0006

Barley flour | |.083 |.00028

Beans (dried),| .028 |.219 |.00195

Lima | | |

Beans, string | .177 |.284 |.0038

Beef, round, | .01 |.313 |.002

lean | | |

Beets | .06 |.19 |.0013

Bread, white | .011 |.075 |.0003

Bread, whole | .016 |.16 |.0006

wheat | | |

Butter | .003 |.004 |

Chicken | .007 |.25 |

Carrots | .168 |.22 |.0016

Celery | .54 |.54 |.0027

Cheese, | .25 |.329 |

American | | |

Cheese, | .3 |.4 |

cottage | | |

Chestnuts | .017 |.08 |.0004

Cocoa | .027 |.22 |.0005

Corn, green | .008 |.21 |.00075

Crackers, | .006 |.054 |.00035

soda | | |

Crackers, | .016 |.243 |.0014

wheatsworth | | |

Crackers, | .03 |.216 |.0009

oatmeal | | |

Crackers, | .016 |.243 |.0014

graham | | |

Corn meal, | .004 |.08 |.0003

granular | | |

Corn meal, | | |

unbolted[42]| | |

Cream, | .07 | .10 |.0001

20 per cent | | |

Dates | .03 | .03 |.001

Eggs | .06 | .24 |.0019

Egg white | .028 | .05 |.0002

Egg yolk | .05 | .27 |.0023

Figs | .089 | .099|.001

Fish, cod | .036 | .601|.001

(salt) | | |

Fish, haddock | .04 | .5 |

(fresh) | | |

Fish, halibut | .01 | .3 |.0002

(fresh) | | |

Grape juice | .021 | .04 |

Honey | .001 | .01 |.0003

Lady finger | .01 | .05 |.0003

Lentils | .03 | .18 |.0024

Lettuce | .26 | .47 |.005

Macaroni | | |

Maple syrup | .06 | .02 |.0009

Milk, whole | .239 | .303|.00034

Milk, skimmed | .478 | .606|.00068

Molasses | .3 | .1 |

Molasses | .01 | .05 |.0003

cookie | | |

Oatmeal | .03 | .216|.0009

Olives (ripe) | .06 | .01 |.0009

Onions | .12 | .24 |.0011

Orange juice | .12 | .07 |

Peaches | .02 | .113|.0007

(fresh) | | |

Peanuts | .018 | .160|.00035

Peanut butter | .018 | .160|.00035

Pears (fresh) | .032 | .09 |.0005

Peas, dried | .04 | .25 |.0015

Peas, green | .032 | .24 |.0016

Pecans | .016 | .104|.00035

Pineapple | .04 | .14 |.0011

(fresh) | | |

Plums | .029 | .064|.0006

Potatoes | .019 | .166|.0015

Potatoes, | .02 | .08 |.0004

sweet | | |

Prunes (dried)| .02 | .08 |.0009

Raisins | .02 | .08 |.001

Rhubarb | .26 | .3 |

Rice | .003 | .057|.0003

(polished)[43]| | |

Rye flour | .005 | .22 |

Spinach | .37 | .54 |.0133

Squash | .054 | .17 |.0017

Sugar | 0 | 0 |

Tomatoes | .087 | .257|.0017

fresh | | |

Tapioca | 0 | 0 |

Walnuts, | .01 | .108|.0003

Calif. | | |

Wheat flour | .01 | .12 |.0006

entire | | |

Wheat flour, | .007 | .05 |.0004

wht., process| | |

Wheat, | .016 | .243|.0014

shredded | | |

==============+======+=====+=====

COMPOSITION OF COMMON MEASURE PORTIONS OF FOOD[41]

EDIBLE PORTION, UNCOOKED

(Note: Calo. = Calories)

===============+=====+=====+=====+=======+=======+=======

| | |CAL. | | |

———————————————+—————+—————+—————+———————+———————+———————

Egg, whole | 1.8 | 57 | 74 | 24 | 50 | 0

Egg, white | 1.2 | 33 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0

Egg, yolk | .6 | 17 | 60 | 10 | 50 | 0

Wheat flour, | .28| 9.7| 28 | 4 | 1 | 23

Wheat flour, | 4.48|155.6|448 | 67 | 12 | 359

Wheat flour, | .3 | 8 | 28 | 3 | 1 | 24

Wheat flour, | 5. |142 |500 | 60 | 15 | 425

Milk, whole, | .7 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 7 | 4

1 T. | | | | | |

Milk, whole, |17.2 |487 |337 | 64 | 175 | 98

1 pt. | | | | | |

Milk, whole, |34.4 |975 |675 | 128 | 350 | 196

1 qt. | | | | | |

Milk, skimmed, | .7 | 20 | 7 | 2.5 | .5 | 4

1 T. | | | | | |

Milk, skimmed, |17.2 |487 |179 | 66 | 13 | 100

1 pt. | | | | | |

Sugar, gran., | .2 | 5 | 20 | | | 20

1 t. | | | | | |

Sugar. gran., | .7 | 15 | 60 | | | 60

1 T. | | | | | |

Sugar, gran., | 7.5 |210 |840 | | | 840

1 cup | | | | | |

===============+=====+=====+=====+=======+=======+=======

===============+=======+=======+=======

| LIME | PHOS. |IRON

| | |

———————————————+———————+———————+———————

|_Grams_|_Grams_|_Grams_

Egg, whole | .044 | .175 |.0014

Egg, white | .004 | .01 |.00003

Egg, yolk | .03 | .16 |.0014

Wheat flour, | .017 | .227 |.0015

entire, 1 T. | | |

Wheat flour, | .268 | 4.076 |.027

entire, 1 cup| | |

Wheat flour, | .002 | .014 |.0001

white, 1 T. | | |

Wheat flour, | .035 | .25 |.002

white, 1 cup | | |

Milk, whole, | .033 | .042 |.00005

1 T. | | |

Milk, whole, | .805 | 1.021 |.0011

1 pt. | | |

Milk, whole, | 1.61 | 2.042 |.0023

1 qt. | | |

Milk, skimmed, | .035 | .044 |.00005

1 T. | | |

Milk, skimmed, | .85 | .108 |.0012

1 pt. | | |

Sugar, gran., | | |

1 t. | | |

Sugar. gran., | | |

1 T. | | |

Sugar, gran., | | |

1 cup | | |

===============+=======+=======+=======

FOODS WITH ACID BALANCE[47]

Figures are per 100-Calorie portion

======================================================

CEREALS AND GRAINS | MEATS | EGGS

———————————————————+———————————————————+——————————————

Lentils 1.7 | Beef 2 to 10 | Yolk 7

Rice 2.7 | Mutton 3 to 4 | White 9.5

Corn 1.8 | Veal 4 to 10 | Whole 7.5

Wheat flour 2.7 | Chicken 4 to 10 |

Whole Wheat 3.3 | Fish 4 to 12 |

=======================================================

Possibly: prunes, plums, cranberries.[48]

FOODS WITH POTENTIAL ALKALINITY[47]

Figures are per 100-Calorie portion

=================================================

LESS THAN 5 | 5 TO 15

——————————————————————+——————————————————————————

Dates | Apples Peaches

Grapes | Apricots Pineapple

Milk (2.6) | Bananas Potatoes

Nuts (except peanuts) | Beans Raisins

Onions | Cherries Radishes

Pears | Lemons Raspberry juice

Peas | Oranges Squash

=================================================

15 TO 25 | VERY HIGH

——————————————————————+——————————————————————————

Beets | Celery 42.1

Cabbage | Chard 41.1

Carrots | Figs (dried) 32

Cauliflower | Cucumbers 45

Cantaloupe | Lettuce 38.6

Olives | Rhubarb 37

Tomatoes | Spinach 113

=================================================

Principles of Growth

Height and weight are only one index of physical condition. They

must be interpreted in connection with other factors, as organic

and muscular conditions, appetite, energy.

Growth is not constant and regular but by spurts. Increase in

height and in weight usually do not proceed together but alternate.

Two types of individuals are distinguished:

_a._ Rapid growth in height and weight until 9 to 12 years

Slower growth 12 to 16 years

Early maturity (12 to 14 years, girls; 13 to 15 years, boys);

_b._ Slow growth in height and weight until 12 to 12 years

Rapid growth after acceleration begins

Late maturity (14 to 16 years, girls; 15 to 18 years, boys).

Growth is influenced by various factors.

=I. Heredity.=

1. Race. Americans average heavier than Europeans, and taller

than Europeans except Swedish, Danish, and Dutch. Children of

Irish parentage average taller than children of German parentage.

Children of American-born parents are in this country taller and

heavier than children of foreign-born parents.

2. Family. Children tend to approximate height and build of family;

good hygiene slightly increases average above immediate ancestors.

3. Sex. See pages 372-375.

=II. Environment and Hygiene.=

1. Hygiene. Good hygiene promotes growth in height and weight.

Breastfed babies are usually found to increase more rapidly than

those artificially fed, and this growth impulse continues through

life. See page 100.

[Illustration: Height and Weight Charts.

A. Weight during the first year of 120 well-cared-for children

(1) ====; compared with the average given by Dr. Holt (2) ....;

and that of 500 institution children (3) ——.

B. Height during the first year of 120 well-cared-for children

(1) ====; compared with the average given by Dr. Holt (2) ....;

and that of 500 institution children (3) ——.

C. Weight of 278 well-cared-for children, ====; compared with

1,000 orphan asylum children, ——; and 69,000 school children,

.....

D. Height of 278 well-cared-for children, ====; compared with

1,000 orphan asylum children, ——; and 98,000 school children,

.....

]

A comparative study recently made of (_a_) 278 children in

well-nourished families, (_b_) 1,000 orphan asylum inmates, (_c_)

69,000 public school children, revealed a difference of six (6)

inches average height and twenty (20) pounds average weight, at

twelve years of age, in favor of the first group, living under

good conditions of nourishment, exercise, and hygiene, above the

public-school group, the asylum group being intermediate.[49]

Illness retards growth, especially weight; adenoids retard growth

in height and weight.

2. Urban or rural environment. Country children average taller,

heavier, and greater lung capacity than city children.

3. Season. In the North Temperate Zone, increase in height is

greatest from December to July, least from June to January; growth

in weight is the reverse.

=Maturity.= Various factors influence the age of physiological

maturity.

1. Sex. Girls mature at from 12 to 16 years, two years earlier than

boys,—from 14 to 18 years. The period of adjustment is longer,

slower, and with less stress and upheaval with boys than with girls.

2. Growth. Children above the average in height and weight at 12

years mature earlier than those at or below average height and

weight.

3. Climate. Maturity is earlier in warm climates, and later in cold

climates.

4. Urban or rural environment. Maturity is earlier with city

children, later with country children.

5. Stimulation. Stimulating physical or psychical influences, as a

stimulating diet, use of alcohol, early social dissipation, reading

and plays that stimulate sex interest, tend to cause earlier

maturity.

Children mentally defective, retarded, or laggards in school, are

usually shorter and lighter weight and smaller lung capacity than

the median for normal children.

Children above the median in height, weight, and lung capacity (the

three are usually found together) are usually above the average

in school grades of other children the same chronological age.

Such children may be from 1 to 5 years older physiologically and

mentally than children of the same chronological age who are below

the median in height and weight.

=Proportions.=

During the entire growth period the proportions of different parts

are constantly changing because of their uneven rate of growth.

The awkwardness, easy fatigue, and weakness during childhood

and adolescence are in no small measure due to these changing

proportions and their inadequacy as compared with their adjustment

in maturity.

The following variations from the average are indices of weakness,

and measures should be taken for bringing them to normal.[50]

1. Over average weight with under average height.[50]

2. Under average weight with over average height.[50]

3. Chest circumference less than head circumference after two

years, or less by more than one-fourth inch under two years; or

chest circumference less than the following proportions of the body

length: first year, 60%; 1 to 6 years, 56%; 6 to 9 years, 52%.[51]

4. Circumference of abdomen more than chest.

The Tables for the first five years are a composite of the figures

by Holt (compiled from several hundred hospital and private

practice cases in New York City), the American Medical Association

(compiled from several thousand cases in 23 States), the Life

Extension Institute, and the Better Babies’ Bureau of the Woman’s

Home Companion. In the main, the minimum figures are those of Dr.

Holt, the maximum those of the Woman’s Home Companion. The figures

of Dr. Freeman from 278 children in private practice (see page of

Charts) are from 5 to 10 per cent higher than the maximum given in

the Tables, for height and weight.

All measurements are without clothing.

Height—Boys[52]

======+===============+=======++======+===========+========

AGE | RANGE | GAIN || AGE | RANGE | GAIN

| INCHES |INCHES || | INCHES | INCHES

——————+———————————————+———————++——————+———————————+————————

Birth | 19½-20½ | || 2 yr | 31-33¾ | 3-4

3 mo | 21-23½ | 3½ || 3 yr | 34-37 | 3-3½

6 mo | 25-26½ | 3¼ || 4 yr | 36-39½ | 1-3

1 yr | 29-29½ | 9-10 || 5 yr | 39-42½ | 1-3

======+===============+=======++======+===========+========

Until acceleration period, annual gain 1-2 inches.

During acceleration, annual gain 2-3 inches.

Acceleration period: girls, 11 to 14 years; boys, 13 to 15.

Slight gains after acceleration period.

After three years, height varies during day, being greatest on

rising, shortest at night.

Weight—Boys[53]

========+===============+=============+==============================

AGE | RANGE | GAIN |

| POUNDS | POUNDS |

————————+———————————————+—————————————+——————————————————————————————

Birth | 6½-7½ | | Weight doubled: 5 months

3 mo | 12½- | | Weight trebled: 1 year

6 mo | 16-17½ | | Weight quadrupled: 2½ years

9 mo | 17½-20 | | Weight fivefold: 4 years

1 yr | 20½-22 | 12-15 | Loss of weight first 3 days

2 yr | 26½-27½ | 5½-6 | Regained by 7th to 10th day

3 yr | 31½-33½ | 4½-6 | Weekly gain:

4 yr | 35-38 | 3½-4½ | 1st 5 months, 6 to 8 ounces

5 yr | 41-43 | 5-6 | To 1 year, 4 to 6 ounces

========+===============+=============+==============================

Acceleration period: girls, 11 to 16 years; boys, 13 to 18.

Weight varies during day, being greatest after supper, lowest

before breakfast.

Girls nearly cease growing at about 17 years, boys at about 23

years.

Lung capacity is greater in boys than girls, all ages.

Relative Weight and Height Table—Boys[54]

The figures represent weight in pounds

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

HEIGHT IN|5 YRS.|6 YRS.|7 YRS.|8 YRS.|9 YRS.|10 YRS.|11 YRS.|12 YRS.

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

39 | 35 | | | | | | |

40 | 38 | 36 | | | | | |

41 | 39 | 39 | | | | | |

42 | 41 | 41 | | | | | |

43 | 42 | 42 | 42 | | | | |

44 | 46 | 44 | 43 | | | | |

45 | | 46 | 46 | 45 | | | |

46 | | 48 | 48 | 48 | | | |

47 | | | 49 | 50 | 50 | | |

48 | | | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | |

49 | | | | 54 | 55 | 55 | |

50 | | | | 57 | 58 | 58 | |

51 | | | | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 |

52 | | | | | 62 | 62 | 61 | 63

53 | | | | | 62 | 65 | 65 | 67

54 | | | | | 65 | 68 | 68 | 70

55 | | | | | | 69 | 71 | 75

56 | | | | | | 71 | 77 | 76

57 | | | | | | | 77 | 79

58 | | | | | | | 78 | 84

59 | | | | | | | | 84

60 | | | | | | | | 85

61 | | | | | | | |

62 | | | | | | | |

63 | | | | | | | |

64 | | | | | | | |

65 | | | | | | | |

66 | | | | | | | |

67 | | | | | | | |

68 | | | | | | | |

69 | | | | | | | |

70 | | | | | | | |

71 | | | | | | | |

72 | | | | | | | |

73 | | | | | | | |

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

HEIGHT IN|13 YRS.|14 YRS.|15 YRS.|16 YRS.|17 YRS.|18 YRS.|19 YRS.|20

INCHES | | | | | | | |YRS.

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

39 | | | | | | | |

40 | | | | | | | |

41 | | | | | | | |

42 | | | | | | | |

43 | | | | | | | |

44 | | | | | | | |

45 | | | | | | | |

46 | | | | | | | |

47 | | | | | | | |

48 | | | | | | | |

49 | | | | | | | |

50 | | | | | | | |

51 | | | | | | | |

52 | | | | | | | |

53 | 67 | 67 | | | | | |

54 | 71 | 71 | | | | | |

55 | 75 | 76 | | | | | |

56 | 78 | 79 | 79 | | | | |

57 | 80 | 82 | 82 | | | | |

58 | 85 | 86 | 87 | | | | |

59 | 86 | 90 | 91 | | | | |

60 | 91 | 94 | 95 | 90 | | | |

61 | 98 | 97 | 99 | 96 | | | |

62 | 99 | 103 | 106 | 104 | 104 | | |

63 | 100 | 107 | 112 | 112 | 110 | 118 | |

64 | | 114 | 118 | 120 | 117 | 120 | 120 |

65 | | 122 | 119 | 122 | 122 | 120 | 126 | 125

66 | | | 121 | 125 | 125 | 126 | 129 | 130

67 | | | 128 | 129 | 128 | 131 | 134 | 132

68 | | | 133 | 133 | 130 | 136 | 136 | 136

69 | | | | 134 | 136 | 139 | 139 | 139

70 | | | | 136 | 140 | 143 | 144 | 145

71 | | | | | 140 | 146 | 146 | 146

72 | | | | | | | 149 | 154

73 | | | | | | | | 165

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

Relative Weight and Height Table—Girls[54]

The figures represent weight in pounds

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

HEIGHT IN|5 YRS.|6 YRS.|7 YRS.|8 YRS.|9 YRS.|10 YRS.|11 YRS.|12 YRS.

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

39 | 34 | | | | | | |

40 | 37 | 35 | | | | | |

41 | 38 | 37 | | | | | |

42 | 41 | 39 | 39 | | | | |

43 | 41 | 41 | 42 | | | | |

44 | 45 | 43 | 44 | 42 | | | |

45 | | 45 | 45 | 45 | | | |

46 | | 48 | 47 | 47 | | | |

47 | | | 50 | 49 | 49 | | |

48 | | | | 51 | 51 | | |

49 | | | | 53 | 53 | 54 | |

50 | | | | 56 | 56 | 57 | |

51 | | | | | 59 | 58 | 60 |

52 | | | | | 63 | 62 | 62 | 63

53 | | | | | | 64 | 63 | 66

54 | | | | | | 69 | 68 | 69

55 | | | | | | | 70 | 71

56 | | | | | | | 75 | 75

57 | | | | | | | | 78

58 | | | | | | | | 83

59 | | | | | | | | 88

60 | | | | | | | | 94

61 | | | | | | | |

62 | | | | | | | |

63 | | | | | | | |

64 | | | | | | | |

65 | | | | | | | |

=========+======+======+======+======+======+=======+=======+=======

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

HEIGHT IN|13 YRS.|14 YRS.|15 YRS.|16 YRS.|17 YRS.|18 YRS.|19 YRS.|20

INCHES | | | | | | | |YRS.

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

39 | | | | | | | |

40 | | | | | | | |

41 | | | | | | | |

42 | | | | | | | |

43 | | | | | | | |

44 | | | | | | | |

45 | | | | | | | |

46 | | | | | | | |

47 | | | | | | | |

48 | | | | | | | |

49 | | | | | | | |

50 | | | | | | | |

51 | | | | | | | |

52 | | | | | | | |

53 | 65 | | | | | | |

54 | 68 | | | | | | |

55 | 73 | | | | | | |

56 | 76 | 78 | | | | | |

57 | 80 | 83 | | | | | |

58 | 86 | 88 | 89 | | | | |

59 | 89 | 93 | 97 | 100 | | | |

60 | 94 | 96 | 100 | 104 | 109 | 103 | 99 | 99

61 | 99 | 100 | 102 | 109 | 109 | 106 | 105 | 111

62 | 104 | 104 | 106 | 111 | 110 | 107 | 111 | 114

63 | | 107 | 109 | 116 | 110 | 112 | 113 | 114

64 | | 112 | 118 | 116 | 117 | 114 | 119 | 115

65 | | 114 | 118 | 121 | 125 | 120 | 123 | 125

=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=====

Pulse[55]

===========+==============

AGE | PER MINUTE

———————————+——————————————

Birth | 130

6-12 mo. | 105-115

2-6 yr. | 90-105

7-10 yr. | 80-90

11-14 yr. | 75-85

===========+==============

Respiration[56]

(During sleep)

==========+=============

AGE | PER MINUTE

——————————+—————————————

Birth | 35

1 yr. | 27

2 yr. | 25

6 yr. | 22

12 yr. | 20

Adult | 16-18

==========+=============

Pulse and respiration in infants may be normally irregular and the

rate greatly modified by apparently slight causes. In very young

infants regular rhythmic breathing is seen only in sleep, and

rhythm is not fully established before two years.

Temperature in young children is normally 98°-99.5°F., taken by

rectum; it occasionally rises to 100.5 in apparently perfect

health. It is normally higher in late afternoon.[57]

The rate of circulation (time required from leaving the heart till

return to the heart) is in the newly born 12 seconds, at 3 years 15

seconds, in the adult 22 seconds.[57]

Infant Mortality

The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of babies which

occur for every 1,000 live births. Figures in the United States

are available only for that part of the country known as the

registration area, where the reporting of births and deaths is

legally required. It is important that the birth of every child

should be registered, and that laws requiring registration should

be enforced in every State.

Deaths of Infants Under One Year of Age Per 1,000 Live Births in

Foreign Countries[58]

==================+======+======

COUNTRY | YEAR | RATE

——————————————————+——————+——————

Russia | 1909 | 248

Ceylon | 1912 | 215

German Empire | 1911 | 192

Austria | 1912 | 180

Italy | 1911 | 153

Switzerland | 1911 | 123

England and Wales | 1912 | 95

Ireland | 1912 | 86

France | 1912 | 78

Australia | 1912 | 72

Norway | 1911 | 65

New Zealand | 1912 | 51

==================+======+======

The New York Milk Committee states that an infant mortality rate

above 50 per 1,000 is preventable by sanitation, hygiene, prenatal

care, and the instruction of mothers; and that a rate beyond this

is unfair to the babies, and a disgrace to the community for its

negligence.

Principal Causes of Death During Growth

Registration Area, United States, including about 65 per cent. of

population. For the year 1913.

==================+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+======

CAUSE OF DEATH | UNDER | 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 4-5 | 5-9 | 10-20

| 1 YR. | YRS.| YRS.| YRS.| YRS.| YRS.| YRS.

——————————————————+———————+—————+—————+—————+—————+—————+——————

debility | 60,551| | | | | |

birth | 27,359| | | | | |

birth | 5,131| | | | | |

4. Digestive | 43,243|9,942|2,653|1,124| 697|1,968|2,939

pneumonia) | 25,274|9,272|3,567|1,724|1,055|2,296|2,502

Tuberculosis | 2,491|1,879|1,053| 693| 507|1,702|8,350

cough | 3,442|1,516| 596| 301| 152| 246| 40

7. Measles | 2,011|2,562|1,117 | 584| 302| 660| 346

and croup | 913|1,857|1,781|1,498|1,293|3,171| 918

9. Scarlet fever | 255| 618| 798| 684| 603|1,563| 621

10. Influenza | 608| 171| 105| 47| 42| 126| 202

11. Smallpox[59] | 27| 4| 4| 3| | 5| 8

==================+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+======

The death rate is higher during the first five years than at any

other five-year period; higher during the first year than any other

year; highest during the first month; and its maximum is during the

first week of life.

It is estimated that about fifty per cent. of all children die

before they are born. Life is conferred at conception, and

miscarriage is really death before birth. The registration of

stillbirths, with causes, should be required by law, as it now is

in some foreign countries.

Diarrhea and other digestive disorders are prevalent causes in

summer; pneumonia and colds in winter.

Of the deaths from summer diarrhea, about 90 per cent. are babies

artificially fed, compared with 10 per cent. naturally fed.

Mortality in Pregnancy

United States Registration Area, 1913

==============================================================

Puerperal septicemia (blood poisoning, due to lack of

surgical cleanliness in care) 4,542

Albuminaria and convulsions (usually preventable by

regular examination of urine) 2,397

Accidents (frequently preventable by prenatal hygiene

and skilful medical supervision) 2,703

Other causes 368

——————

10,010

==============================================================

Most of these deaths were due to preventable causes.

Even with these preventable deaths, the chances of death in

childbirth were only 1 in about 200 births.

In every community where instruction has been provided in prenatal

hygiene and the care of infants, a marked reduction has resulted,

both in prenatal deaths, in mortality in pregnancy, in infant

mortality and in the inability of mothers to nurse their babies.

FOOTNOTES:

[34] See Preface, page xiii.

[35] C (?) = Possibly contagious; isolate.

[36] C = Contagious; child should be isolated.

[37] Diagnosis of a specific disease in a given case can only

be made by an experienced physician. The Table is of value

particularly as indicating the mild symptoms with which these

begin. Incubation is the period from exposure to first symptoms.

Isolation dates from first symptoms.

[38] G. = Onset gradual.

[39] S. = Onset sudden.

[40] Quoted from Rose’s “Laboratory Manual in Dietetics”, and

Sherman’s “Food Products”, by permission.

[41] In part, quoted from Fisher’s “Graphic Method in Dietetics”,

by permission; in part, calculated by the author, from data in

Rose’s “Manual.”

[42] Exact figures not yet available; mineral about 3 times that in

bolted.

[43] Exact figures for unpolished not yet available; mineral about

3 times that in polished.

[44] T = tablespoon.

[45] c = cup.

[46] t = teaspoon. Level measures.

[47] From “Food Products”, H. C. Sherman, by permission of the

publishers (The Macmillan Company). Complete tables there itemized.

[48] Blatherwick.

[49] Amer. Jour. Diseases of Children, November, 1914. Doctor

Roland G. Freeman.

[50] For normal relativity see tables, pages 374, 375.

[51] _Daten und Tabellen_, _Vierordt_.

[52] Girls average ½ inch shorter until 2 to 4 years, then 1 to 2

inches shorter until 11 to 14 years; ½ to 2 inches taller 11 to 14

years; then shorter.

[53] Girls average ½ pound lighter than boys during first year;

then 1 to 2 pounds lighter until 12 years; 2 to 3 pounds heavier

until 14 years, then lighter.

[54] From the Ninth Yearbook of the National Society for the Study

of Education, by courtesy of the author, Doctor Thomas D. Wood.

(Data are based upon examinations, during fourteen years, of pupils

in Horace Mann School, New York City.)

[55] Holt.

[56] _Uffelmann_, quoted by Holt.

[57] _Vierordt_, quoted by Holt.

[58] In the United States the rate in the registration area,

according to the Census of 1910, was 124 per 1,000, a total of

159,435, from which the Census Bureau estimates the total deaths

for the entire country as 300,000 under 1 year of age.

[59] Before vaccine was generally used, was as prevalent as

tuberculosis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following annotated list has been carefully selected, the

purpose being to include the most valuable and indispensable

books, those that readers will find positively and constructively

helpful, and that amplify or illustrate the principles taught in

this volume. Many helpful books are necessarily omitted for lack of

space.

It is usually impossible to say that any one book is the best on

its subject. One book will be better than another for individual

readers, according to their individual experience, training,

environment, and problems. In the main, the publications listed

are of approximately the same caliber as the present Manual. In

the list of periodicals, note is made of those that are official

publications of organizations. By including in the description

of each book the year of publication, number of pages, price,

and whether illustrated, the reader has some further clue to

its character. Books including a bibliography are usually more

systematic and scientific than those without such a list. The dates

given are those of latest edition or translations, to 1916. Prices

quoted are net, and do not include transportation.

I. Books.

I. _b._ Pamphlets and Bulletins.

II. Periodicals.

III. Organizations and Institutions.

† Titles especially recommended for libraries, class use, and

private ownership.

_a_ Books of a more elementary character.

_c_ Books of a more technical character.

° Also useful for pictures.

CHAPTER I. MOTHERCRAFT AND HOME-MAKING EDUCATION

I. Barnes, Earl. Woman in Modern Society. Huebsch. 1912. 258 p.

$1.25. Social responsibilities of modern women; education for

home-making.

Froebel, F. Letters on Kindergarten. Bardeen. 1891. 331 p.

$1.50. Froebel’s plan for a training school, and description of

its operation; beginnings of Pestalozzi-Froebel House.

Nearing, Scott, and Nellie M. S. Woman and Social Progress.

Macmillan. 1912. 281 p. Bibl. $1.50. The biological, domestic,

industrial and social phases of woman’s progress; home-making

education.

Oppenheim, Nathan. Development of the Child. Macmillan. 1898.

$1.25. See his Chap. XI, The Profession of Maternity.

Read, Mary L. Mothercraft Education. (In preparation.)

Historical review; methods and curriculum.

†Spencer, Anna G. Woman’s Share in Social Culture. Kennerly.

1913. 331 p. Bibl. $2.00. Responsibilities and opportunities,

in home and society.

Tarbell, Ida M. The Business of Being a Woman. Macmillan. 1912.

238 p. $1.25. Social, civic and home responsibilities.

(The three following collections are comprehensive in scope,

covering the field of child development, care, training and

social welfare.)

Guide Book to Childhood. Issued by the American Institute of

Child Life. Synopses from authorities. Annotated reference

list. $2.50.

Library of Home Economics. 1909. 12 vol. Also abridged ed. 2

vol. Bibl. Prepared by a board of authors, special authorities.

Includes domestic science as well as child care and training.

Issued by the American School of Home Economics, Chicago.

Parents and their Problems. 1915. 8 vol. $15. Nat. Mothers’

Cong. Quotations from various authorities.

I._b._ Andrews, Benj. R. Education for the Home. U. S. Bureau

Education. 1914. 4 pamphlets. 428 p. Illus. Bibl. $.75. Survey of

present status and methods of home-making education in U. S.

Bolce, Harold. Training for Motherhood. Gd. Hskp. Mag. Sept.,

1912. 8 p. Illus. Sesame House for Home Life Training (London),

and the School of Mothercraft (New York).

Comstock, Sarah. Mothercraft. Gd. Hskp. Mag. Dec., 1914-June,

1915. Illus. School of Mothercraft; child care and training.

Also in bound volume. Hearst. 1915. 214 p. Illus. $1.00.

Huddleston, Mrs. J. H. Should the College Curriculum be

Modified? 1909. Report of Committee of Assn. Collegiate Alumnæ,

regarding home-making courses in college curriculum.

Read, Mary L. What Every Mother Knows. Outlook, Feb. 3, 1912.

6 p. Scope and spirit of mothercraft training; outline of

curriculum.

Read, Mary L. Mothercraft. Jour. of Heredity, Aug., 1916.

School of Mothercraft and National Association.

U.S. Bureau of Education. Reading Courses for Parents. Free.

II. American Motherhood. Cooperstown, N. Y. $1.50. Popular

articles on the home, child care and training.

The Child (London). Stechert. $5.25. Authoritative articles on

child care, training, social welfare; special education for

young women in England; book reviews.

Child Life. Amer. Insti. Child Life. Philadelphia. $1.00.

Reviews of current literature on child care and training; book

reviews.

Child Welfare Magazine. Lippincott. $1.00. (Mo. Cong. and

Parent-Teachers’ Assn.) Child training; organization reports.

Home Progress. Houghton. $3.00. Articles on home life and child

training; book reviews.

Journal of Home Economics. Baltimore. $2.00. (Amer. H. E.

Assn.) Popular and technical articles on home economics and

home-making.

Mothers’ Magazine. D. C. Cook, Elgin, Ill. $1.50. Popular

articles on child training and care.

III. American Home Economics Association. Baltimore, Md.

Membership organization of home economics teachers, housekeepers

and others interested in progress of home life. Annual meeting;

publishes annual proceedings, bulletins, Journal of Home

Economics.

American Institute of Child Life. Philadelphia. An educational

institution which furnishes its members personal service of

books, correspondence, bulletins, on home-making, children’s

education, play, vocational guidance. Works through individual

homes, and clubs of its members. Publishes Child Life.

International Congress of Mothers, and Parent-Teachers

Association. Washington, D. C. Mrs. Frederic Schoff, President.

Organizes clubs and public meetings; furnishes speakers,

programs, reading lists, literature, personal correspondence.

Publishes Child Welfare Magazine. Holds annual meeting.

National Association for Mothercraft Education. New York City.

Co-operates with organizations, institutions and communities

in the development of systematic courses of training in

mothercraft; issues bulletins.

CHAPTER II. HOME AND MARRIAGE

I. Cabot, Richard C. What Men Live By. Houghton. 1914. 341 p.

$1.50. Illuminating chapters on love and marriage.

Cannon, Frank J., and Knapp, Geo. L. Brigham Young and his

Mormon Empire. Revell. 1913. 350 p. Illus. $1.00. History and

present ideals and customs, by a man brought up in Mormonism,

and author of the play “Polygamy.”

Crow, Martha Foote. The American Country Girl. Stokes. 1915.

367 p. Illus. $1.50. Includes chapters on choice in marriage,

home life.

Drummond, Henry. The Ascent of Man. Potts. 1898. 346 p. $1.00.

Chapters on the evolution of a mother and of a father.

Ellwood, Chas. A. Sociology and Modern Social Problems. A. B.

Co. 1910. 331 p. Bibl. $1.00. Chapters on the family, values of

monogamy, causes of family instability.

Gillette, John M. The Family and Society. McClurg. 1914. 164 p.

Illus. Bibl. $.75. Brief history, values, tendencies, reforms;

divorce.

†Goodsell, Willystine. History of the Family as a Social

Institution. Macmillan. 1915. 600 p. Bibl. $2.00. History of

family and marriage from primitive times; values; divorce;

suggested reforms.

Hillis, Mrs. Newell Dwight. American Woman and Her Home.

Revell. 1913. 186 p. $1.00. Practical psychology of harmonious

family life.

Ringrose, Hyacinthe. Marriage and Divorce Laws of the World.

Stechert. 1911. 270 p. $2.50. Includes Europe, Asia and America.

Wilson, Jennie L. Legal and Political Status of Women in the U.

S. The author. Cedar Rapids, Ia. 1912. p. 336. $2.00. Statement

of the common law, and a compendium of the laws of each State

relating to marriage, property rights, divorce.

I._b._ A Marriage Contract and Creed. School of Mothercraft.

1916. $.50. Summarizes the responsibilities and rights of each

party to the contract; presented as a basis for prenuptial

discussion and comparison of standards, tastes, and adjustment of

practical problems.

(See also Chap. I.) Other standard writers: Lyman Abbott,

Franklin H. Giddings, E. J. Hardy, George E. Howard, E. A.

Ross, James H. Tufts, Lester F. Ward.

CHAPTER III. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT AND EFFICIENCY

I. Frederick, Christine. The New Housekeeping. Doubleday. 1913.

265 p. Illus. $1.00. Practical demonstration of efficiency

methods applied to housekeeping.

Kinne, Helen, and Cooley, Anna M. Foods and Household

Management. Macmillan. 1913. 401 p. Illus. Bibl. $1.10.

Dietetics, cooking, marketing, sanitation, household

management, budget, laundering.

Kinne, Helen, and Cooley, Anna M. Shelter and Clothing.

Macmillan. 1915. 377 p. Illus. Bibl. $1.10. Furnishing,

heating, cleaning, textiles, sewing.

Nesbitt, Florence. Low Cost Cooking. Amer. School H. E. 1915.

127 p. Illus. Bibl. $.50. Economy in recipes, menus, buying,

fuel; homemade fireless.

Richards, Ellen H. Cost of Living. Wiley. 1915. 154 p. Illus.

$1.00. How to practically reduce cost by organization and

sanitation.

Do. Cost of Food. Wiley. Rev. Ed. 1915. Illus. $1.00.

I._b._ Andrews, Benj. R. A Survey of your Household Expenses. T.

C. 1912. 12 p. $.10. Practical methods of apportioning expenses

and keeping household accounts.

Furst, Mary L. Household Management. T. C. 1911. 24 p. Bibl.

$.10. Syllabus giving helpful bird’s eye view of household

management. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington. Pamphlets

on equipment, economy.

II. Housewives’ Magazine. Housewives League, New York City.

$1.00. Pure foods, improved markets, practical marketing.

Journal of Home Economics (See Chap. I.)

See also Good Housekeeping Magazine, Ladies Home Journal,

Delineator, Forecast.

III. Good Housekeeping Institute, New York City. Examines

housekeeping utensils and foods; issues bulletins.

Housewives League. 25 W. 45th St. New York City. Membership

organization of housewives for pure food, sanitary markets,

honest weights, reduction of food cost.

(See also Chap. IX.)

CHAPTER IV. EUGENICS, BIOLOGY, SEX HYGIENE

I. Cabot, Richard C, The Christian Approach to Social Morality. Y.

W. C. A. Press, N. Y. C. 1913. 99 p. $.50. The Consecration of the

Affections and other essays.

Cabot, Richard C. What Men Live By. (Chap. II.)

Davenport, Chas B. Heredity in Relation to Eugenics. Holt. 1911.

298 p. Illus. Bibl. $2.00. Biological data and family histories

tracing heredity of unit characters and methods of transmission.

Davenport, Chas. B. State Laws Limiting Marriage Selection.

Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. 1913. 66

p. Ill. Bibl. $.40. Laws for each state; criticism from eugenics

standpoint.

Dawson, George E. The Right of the Child to be Well Born.

(_a_) Funk. 1912. 144 p. Illus. $.75. Principles of eugenics;

responsibility toward the child.

Exner, M. J. The Physician’s Answer. Y. M. C. A. Press, N. Y.

C. 1913. 50 p. $.25. Medical authority contradicting prevailing

misconceptions regarding sex.

Foerster, F. W. Marriage and the Sex Problem. Stokes. 1912. 228

p. $1.35. Biological, medical, psychological and social phases.

Galton, Francis. Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope and Aims. Amer.

Jour. of Sociology, July, 1904. Also in his Sociological Papers.

Geddes, Patrick, and Thomson, J. Arthur. Sex. Holt. 1914. $.50.

Biological and sociological aspects of sex in human life.

†Guyer, M. J. Being Well-born. Bobbs-Merrill. 1916. 250 p. Illus.

Bibl. $1.00. A popular and interesting account of genetics and

eugenics, thoroughly scientific.

†Jewett, Frances G. The Next Generation. (_a_) Ginn. 1914. 235

p. 111. Bibl. $.75. Concrete account of heredity and eugenics,

especially for young people.

Jordan, David S. Heredity of Richard Roe. (_a._) Unitarian Press,

Boston. 1913. 165 p. $1.20. In story form; the principles and

facts of heredity and eugenics.

†March, Norah H. Towards Racial Health. Routledge. 1915. Illus.

Bibl. 326 p. $1.50. A comprehensive book especially for young

people, includes physical, biological, psychological and social

phases.

Pussey, Wm. A. Syphilis as a Modern Problem, American Medical

Assn. Press, Chicago, 1914. 128 p. $.25. An authoritative

statement regarding medical and social phases.

Reed, Chas. A. L. Marriage and Genetics, Galton Press,

Cincinnati, 1913. 183 p. $1.00. The most definite statement of

practical application of laws of heredity of unit characters; the

eugenic medical examination.

Saleeby, C. W. Parenthood and Race Culture. Moffatt. 1909. 398

p. $2.50. Principles of eugenics in theory and practice; race

poisons.

II. The Eugenics Review. Edited by Eugenics Education Society.

Huebsch. $5.25. Authoritative articles on heredity and social

phases of eugenics.

The Journal of Heredity. Edited by Amer. Genetic Assn.

Washington, D. C. $2.00. Articles on plant, animal and human

heredity; eugenics. Book reviews.

Social Hygiene. Edited by Amer. Social Hygiene Assn., New York

City. $2.00. Devoted especially to these phases of social reform.

III. American Genetic Association. Washington, D. C. Devoted

chiefly to biological research and study.

American Social Hygiene Association. New York City. Chas. W.

Eliot, Hon. Pres. Devoted to social surveys, legislation, law

enforcement, education; lecture bureau, lantern slides, pamphlet

literature, information bureau.

Eugenics Education Society. London. Founded by Francis Galton.

Conducts public lectures for education; issues pamphlets.

Pamphlets issued by the above organizations, also by Health

Education League (Boston), and by Association Press.

Examination of family histories, with advice on hereditary

probabilities, made by Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring

Harbor, L. I. No fee.

Physical examinations (Chap. VIII).

(See also Chap. X 4C.)

CHAPTER V. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

I. Baldwin, Burt T. Physical Growth and School Progress. (_c_) U.

S. Bureau Educ. 1914. 188 p. Charts. Bibl. $.25.

Baldwin, James M. Story of the Mind. (_a_) Appleton 1898. p. 226

Illus. $.35. Brief, clear, concrete statement of psychology, with

applications.

Barnes, Earl. Studies in Education. The author, Philadelphia,

Pa. Each vol. $2.00. Two volumes containing twenty illuminating

studies of children’s social ideas and ideals.

Bryan, E. B. Nascent Stages in Development and their Pedagogical

Significance. Ped. Sem. Oct., 1900. 39 p. Bibl. Summary of

characteristics and interests of childhood, youth, adolescence.

Chamberlain, A. F. The Child. Scribner. 1900. 495 p. Illus. Bibl.

$1.50. A compendium of researches to date; growth, physical and

psychological development, meaning of youth, play; the child and

the savage.

Drummond, W. B. The Child: His Nature and Nurture. (_a_) Dutton.

1910. 146 p. Bibl. $.35.

Hall, G. Stanley. Aspects of Child Life. Ginn. 1907. 326 p. Bibl.

$1.50. Reports of special studies on contents of children’s

minds, collecting, curiosity and interest, ownership, day

dreaming, dolls.

Hall, G. S. Adolescence. (_c_) 2 vol. Appleton. 1904. $7.50.

Detailed study of physical and mental development; pedagogy of

special subjects.

Hall, G. S. Youth: Its Education, Regimen and Hygiene. Appleton.

1911. 379 p. $1.50. Period from twelve to twenty years.

Abridgement of the author’s books on Adolescence.

†Kirkpatrick, E. A. The Individual in the Making. Houghton.

1911. 333 p. Bibl. $1.20. Principles of development; stages of

development; education adapted to different stages.

Lamoreaux, Antoinette. The Unfolding Life. (_a_) Revell. 1907.

188 p. $.75 Psychological and religious development from infancy

to adolescence, with special reference to religious training.

Preyer, W. Mental Development of the Child. Appleton. 1909. 176

p. $1.00. Conclusions from author’s earlier studies; some of the

more important points on which the development of the child’s

mind depends.

†St John, Edward P. Child Nature and Child Nurture. (_a_)

Pilgrim. 1911. 106 p. Bibl. $.75. A textbook for parents’

classes. Special references to moral and religious training.

Sully, James. Children’s Ways. Appleton. 1897. 193 p. $2.00 The

development of children in their play, fancy, language, drawing,

fears, moral and social life; scientific and human.

†Tanner, Amy E. The Child. Rand. 1915. 430 p. Illus. Bibl. $1.25.

Practical, up-to-date handbook, with very complete bibliographies.

Tracy, Frederick. Psychology of Childhood. Heath. 1912. 219

p. $1.25. Development of senses, intellect, feelings, will,

language, æsthetic, moral and religious ideas; psychopathic

conditions in childhood.

†Tyler, John M. Growth and Education. Houghton. 1907. 294 p.

Bibl. Illus. $1.50. Evolution in child and race; detailed account

of physical and psychological characteristics in each stage of

development; educational applications.

II. Pedagogical Seminary. Clark University, Worcester, Mass. G.

Stanley Hall, Editor. $5.00. Reports of special studies in genetic

psychology, growth, development; book reviews, bibliographies.

(See also Chap. XI.)

CHAPTER VI. PRENATAL HYGIENE; MOTHERHOOD, FATHERHOOD

I. Abbott, Ernest Hamlin. On the Training of Parents. Houghton.

1908. 140 p. $1.00. Concrete essays and stories on preparation for

child training.

Bishop, Emily M. Daily Ways to Health. (Chap. VIII.)

Call, Annie P. Power through Repose. Little. 1892. 201 p. $1.00.

How to relax, overcome nervousness, gain mental poise.

Galbraith, Anna M. Four Epochs of a Woman’s Life. Saunders. 1913.

244 p. Illus. $1.50. Special hygiene and physiology of girlhood,

womanhood, marriage, maternity and middle age.

Hollander, Bernard. Nervous Disorders of Women. Saunders. 1916.

207 p. $1.50. Common nervous disorders and their rational

treatment by hygiene, hygienic measures and mental treatment.

Latimer, Caroline W. Girl and Woman. Appleton. 1913. 318 p.

$1.50. Personal hygiene, special physiology and hygiene for young

women. Written by a physician and biologist.

Norris, Kathleen. Mother. Doubleday. 1911. 172 p. $1.00. A story

of the mother’s responsibilities and her opportunities.

Rice, Susan T. Mothers’ Day. Moffatt. 1915. 363 p. $1.00. Origin,

history, celebration, significance, as related in prose and

poetry.

Rice, Susan T. The Mother in Verse and Prose. Moffatt. 1916. 357

p. $1.50. Large volume including poems of motherhood, lullabies;

prose excerpts from writers on the mothers of the famous.

Richards, Florence H. Hygiene for Girls. Heath. 1913. Illus.

$.70. Individual and community hygiene, with chapter on special

hygiene for young women; written by a physician.

Stuart, Ruth M. Sonny. Century. 1908. 135 p. $1.00. A short story

of parental aspirations and experiences.

I._b._ West, Mrs. Max. Prenatal Care. U. S. Children’s Bureau.

1915. 84 p. Illus. Free. Simple and practical.

(See also Chaps. IV, VII, VIII, XX.)

CHAPTER VII. INFANT CARE

I. Fiske, John. The Meaning of Infancy. Houghton. 1909. $.35. The

value of infancy to the child, the parents, society.

Forsyth, David. Children in Health and Disease. Blakiston. 1909.

336 p. Illus. $3.00. Physiology and psychology of infancy;

hygiene of childhood; diagnosis and care of children’s diseases.

Griffith, J. P. Crozier. Care of the Baby. Saunders. 1914. 455

p. Illus. $1.50. Special attention to care of sick infants and

children.

King, F. Truby. Feeding and Care of Baby. (_a_) Macmillan, 1913.

162 p. Illus. $.40. Practical, comprehensive, modern, many

illustrations. Handbook of the New Zealand Society for Health of

Women and Children.

Morse, John L. and Talbot, Fritz B. Diseases of Nutrition

and Infant Feeding. Macmillan. 1915. 346 p. Illus. $2.50.

Comprehensive, authoritative and practical discussion of milk,

maternal nursing and artificial feeding.

Newman, George. Infant Mortality. Dutton. 1907. 356 p. $2.50.

Social study of the extent, causes and prevention of infant

mortality; extensive statistics.

Pfaundler and Schlossmann. The Diseases of Children. Trans. from

the German by Shaw and La Fetra. 7 vol. Lippincott. 1908-14.

Illus. Collection of articles by eminent German authorities on

development, feeding and therapy, as well as disease.

Ramsey, Walter R. Hygiene of Infancy. Dutton. 1916. 198 p.

Illus. $1.00. Infant physiology and growth; daily care; feeding;

ailments and diseases, and their care. Thoroughly modern, simple,

practical.

Standard works, both popular handbooks and technical volumes on

pediatrics: Cotton, Fischer, Holt, Kerley, Starr. Other standard

works on pediatrics by Carr, Chapin and Pisek, Koplik.

U. S. Census Bureau. Vitality Statistics. 1913. Includes tables

showing infant mortality, by causes and years.

I._b._ West, Mrs. Max. Infant Care. (_a_) U. S. Children’s Bureau.

1915. 37 p. Illus. Free. Simple and practical directions for care

and feeding.

Pamphlets on infant hygiene and care issued by State and city

Departments of Health, and by American Medical Association Press.

Pamphlets on infant mortality, child welfare exhibits and

campaigns, issued by the U. S. Children’s Bureau.

Daily Record Sheet. Issued by School of Mothercraft 31 in set. $

.25. Blank form similar to schedule in text, for daily records.

Weight Chart. Issued by School of Mothercraft. Uniform with

Record. $.05.

II. American Journal of Diseases of Children. A. M. A. Press.

$3.00. Scientific articles; reviews and reference list of current

publications and articles in pediatrics, infant care, nutrition.

Archives of Pediatrics. New York City. $3.00. Scientific and

popular articles on child hygiene, infant care and welfare.

Pediatrics. New York City. $2.00. Technical and popular articles

on infant hygiene and welfare; book reviews.

III. Association for Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality.

Baltimore. Membership organization of physicians, social workers,

teachers. Annual conference. Printed proceedings include valuable

papers. Arranges exhibit material, issues pamphlets.

Child Welfare Exhibit Association, New York City. Issues graphic

exhibits, pamphlets; conducts local surveys and exhibits for

child welfare, including infant mortality.

Russell Sage Foundation, Child Hygiene Division. New York City.

Conducts research; issues pamphlets.

(See also Chap. XX.)

CHAPTER VIII. CHILD HYGIENE

I. Bancroft, Jessie H. Posture of School Children. Macmillan.

1913. 327 p. Illus. Bibl. $1.50. Hygiene of posture; exercises for

preventing and overcoming defects from wrong posture.

Bigelow, M. A. and Anna N. Applied Biology (Chap. XVII). Chapters

on physiology and hygiene.

Bishop, Emily M. Daily Ways to Health. Huebsch. 1910. 310 p.

$1.50. Exercises (without apparatus) for vitality, overcoming

nervousness, constipation, wrong posture; gaining poise.

Carrington, Thos. S. Fresh Air and How to Use it. Nat. Assn. for

Study and Prev. of Tuberculosis. 105 E. 22 St., N. Y. C. 1912.

250 p. Illus. $1.00. Methods of ventilation; window tents, roof

bungalows, sleeping porches, tent houses, open-air bungalows;

clothing, bedding, furniture for open-air sleeping.

Horsley, Victor and Sturge, Mary D. Alcohol and the Human

Body. Macmillan. 1915. 290 p. Illus. Bibl. $.40. Physiological

effects of alcohol upon different organs and tissues and upon

intelligence; effects of alcohol upon children.

Jewett, Frances G. Gulick Hygiene Series, edited by Luther H.

Gulick. Ginn. Book I. Health and Safety. 1916. 189 p. Illus.

Bibl. $.40. Book II. Physiology, Hygiene and Sanitation. 1916.

359 p. Illus. Bibl. $.65. Written especially to interest children

in hygiene.

Müller, J. P. My System for Children. 1912. 117 p. Illus. $1.25.

Physical exercises for children, from infancy.

O’Shea, M. V. and Kellogg, J. H. The Body in Health. Macmillan.

1915. 324 p. Illus. $.65. Written for children, in a way that

will naturally interest them in the practice of hygiene.

Sadler, Wm. S. Cause and Cure of Colds. McClurg. 1910. 147 p.

Illus. $1.00. How colds may be prevented and how treated.

Short, A. Rendle. The Newer Physiology. Wood. 1915. 266 p.

Bibl. $1.00. Treats comprehensively of the new developments

in physiology, including digestion, amino acids, vitamines,

acidosis; the ductless glands, cerebral localization.

Terman, Lewis M. The Hygiene of the Child. Houghton. 1914. 417

p. Illus. Bibl. $1.75. Hygiene during school age; hygiene of

special organs and senses; hygiene of education; a digest of the

recently accumulated knowledge of child development and hygiene.

Walker, Emma E. Beauty through Hygiene. Barnes. 1904. 306 p.

Illus. $1.00. Hygienic means to physical beauty.

Wood, Thos. D. Health Essentials for Rural School Children.

American Medical Assn. Press, Chicago. 1916. 25 p. $.10. Helpful

pamphlet for parents and teachers.

Worcester, Elwood and McComb, Samuel. Religion and Health.

Grosset. 1910. 425 p. $.75. Use of suggestion and auto-suggestion

in preventing and healing of illness, especially fear and

nervousness; by the founders of the Emmanuel Movement.

I._b._ Pamphlets issued by practically all of the organizations and

institutions listed in III.

Daily Record Schedule Blank. The School of Mothercraft. Set of

31. $.25. Similar to schedule in text, with space for recording.

Weight chart, for birth to 14 years. School of Mothercraft. $.05.

Uniform size with those for infancy.

II. American Physical Education Review, Springfield, Mass. $1.50.

Dietetic and Hygiene Gazette, 87 Nassau St., New York $1.00.

Good Health Magazine. Battle Creek, Mich. $2.00.

Journal American Medical Association. Chicago. $5.00. A. M. A.

Press.

Outdoor Life. (Anti-tuberculosis.) Outdoor Life Pub. Co. New

York, $1.00.

III. American Medical Association. Chicago, Ill. Annual meeting.

American Physical Education Association. Annual Meeting.

Springfield, Mass.

American Posture League. 1 Madison Ave., New York. Examines

furniture, clothing and apparatus with reference to its effect on

posture; issues label to approved articles.

Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C. Research in hygiene,

nutrition and medicine. Annual Year Book includes reports of

studies.

Home Economics Association. (Chap. III.)

International Congress of Hygiene and Demography. Annual Report

includes scientific and popular papers read at annual meeting.

Joint Committee on Hygiene of Amer. Med. Assn. and Nat. Ed. Assn.

Life Extension Institute. 25 W. 45 St., New York. Issues

pamphlets, literature, publishes books and bulletins, conducts

health examinations.

National Child Welfare Exhibit Association. (Chap. VII.)

National Mental Hygiene Association. 105 E. 22 St., New York.

State branches in some States.

Rockefeller Institute, New York. Research work in medicine.

Issues report of discoveries made by staff.

Russell Sage Foundation. New York. Conducts surveys and social

studies; issues reports of studies, and popular pamphlets.

U. S. Children’s Bureau. (Chap. VII.)

Physical examinations of a very comprehensive and thorough nature

are conducted by the following:

Battle Creek Sanitarium, Battle Creek, Mich., and branches in

other localities.

Chicago Physiological Institute, Chicago.

Life Extension Institute, 25 W. 45 St., New York. Has

representatives in many localities throughout the country.

(Also Chaps. IV, VI, VII, IX, XX.)

CHAPTER IX. FOOD, NUTRITION, DIETETICS

I. Allyn, Lewis B. Westfield Pure Food Book. Westfield Brd. of

Trade, Westfield, Mass. 1915. 68 p. $.25. List of foods that have

been analyzed in Westfield Laboratory and found to conform to pure

food requirements.

Cooper, Lena F. The New Cookery. Good Health Pub. Co. 1916. 412

p. Illus. $1.50. Methods of cooking most conductive to health, as

taught at Battle Creek Sanitarium. Caloric value of each recipe.

Farmer, Fannie M. Boston Cooking School Cook Book. Little. 1915.

648 p. Illus. $1.80. Standard cook book, revised.

Fisher, Irving. A Graphic Method in Practical Dietetics. American

Medical Assn. Press, Chicago. 1907. Illus. $.10. A method for

computing the caloric value of any quantity or combination of

foods. Tables of 100-calorie portions, common foods.

Noorden, Karl H. von. Metabolism and Practical Medicine. (_c_)

Vol. I. 1907. Source and authority for much of present teaching

in nutrition. $5.00

Rose, Mary S. A Laboratory Handbook for Dietetics. (_c_)

Macmillan. 1912. 127 p. $1.10. Most complete collection of

tables of food composition; methods of analyzing foods, dietaries.

Sherman, Henry C. Chemistry of Food and Nutrition. (_c_)

Macmillan. 1911. 355 p. Bibl. $1.50. Thorough discussion of food

chemistry and principles of nutrition.

Sherman, Henry C. Food Products. Macmillan. 1914. 594 p.

Illus. Bibl. $2.25. Discussion of specific food groups and

foods; composition, source, place in dietary. Tables of food

composition, including acid or alkali balance.

Underhill, Frank P. Physiology of the Amino Acids. Yale. 1915.

Illus. Bibl. 158 p. $1.35. Thorough discussion of the amino acids

in specific protein foods, and their significance in nutrition,

so far as yet known.

Wiley, Harvey W. Not by Bread alone. Hearst. 1915. 354 p. $2.00.

Principles of nutrition, with special reference to feeding of

children, and economy in food.

Mendel, L. B. Childhood and Growth. Stokes. 1905. 53 p. $.60.

Brief, practical discussion of composition of food in childhood,

for mothers.

I._b._ Atwater, W. O. and Bryant, A. P. Composition of American

Food Materials. U. S. Dept. Agriculture. Revised Bulletin 28. 87 p.

$.10.

Blatherwick, N. R. Specific Rôle of Foods in Relation to

Composition of Urine. (_c_) Reprint. Author, Yale University, New

Haven, Conn. 1914. Study of acid and base-forming goods. (Prunes,

plums, cranberries found exception to fruits as base-forming.)

Hunt, Caroline L. Daily Meals of School Children. (_a_) U. S.

Dept. Agri. 62 p. Principles of feeding. Recipes for meals and

lunches.

Mendel, Lafayette B. Changes in Food Supply and their Relation

to Nutrition. Yale. 1916. 61 p. Bibl. $.50. Resumé of present

knowledge of nutrition.

Mendel, L. B. Newer Points of View Regarding the Part Played

by Different Food Substances in Nutrition. 15 p. Journal of A.

M. A., Sept. 5, 1914. Also Reprints. Amer. Med. Assn. Press

metabolism of proteins; amino acids.

Mendel, L. B. Nutrition and Growth. Journal of A. M. A., May

8, 1915. 27 p. Also reprint. Amer. Med. Assn. Press. Reviews

older and new views of physiology of growth, recent studies of

different specific foods.

†Rose, Mary S. Feeding of Young Children. (_a_) Teachers College,

New York City. 1911. 10 p. $.10. Practical principles; menus;

analysis of menus.

Rose, Mary S. Food for School Boys and Girls. (_a_) Teachers

College. 1914. 15 p. $.10. Practical principles; menus.

School of Mothercraft. Menu Sheets. 1916. 31 in set. $.25 per

set. $.50 per 100. Form similar to pp. 180-3, with space for

recording.

School of Mothercraft. Diet Analysis Sheets. 1916. 100 in set.

$.50. Form similar to p. 178. Space for recording.

U. S. Department of Agriculture pamphlets on food values,

specific foods, cooking, cover a wide range, and are

authoritative. Sent free.

II. Journal of Home Economics. (See Chap. I.)

Articles on nutrition and dietetics also appear in the pediatric

journals (Chap. VII) and periodicals devoted to hygiene (Chap.

VIII).

Technical articles appear in the American Journal of Physiology

and the Journal of Biological Chemistry.

(See also Chap. VIII.)

CHAPTERS X AND XII. EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND CURRICULUM

For greater convenience to the reader the references in this

chapter are grouped first by subjects.

1. General books on principles and methods of education, pedagogy.

_A._ Systematic and textbooks.

Dearborn, George V. N. How to Learn Easily. Little. 1916. 125 pp.

$1.00. From the standpoint of psychology and physiology.

Dewey, John. Interest and Effort in Education. Houghton. 1913. 101

p. $.60. The significance of each factor; their practical usage.

†Dewey, John. The School and Society. U. of C. 1912. 129 p. Illus.

$1.00. Discussion of principles in elementary education; resumé of

work in the Experimental School.

Dewey, John and Ethel. Schools of To-morrow. Dutton. 1915. 316 p.

Illus. $1.50. Describes and comments upon progressive educational

work as conducted at the Francis Parker, Gary and other selected

schools, School of Organic Education, Teachers College kindergarten.

Graves, Frank P. Great Educators of Three Centuries. Macmillan.

1912. 289 p. Bibl. $1.10. The life work and influence of Comenius,

Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel and others to Spencer.

Henderson, Charles H. Education and the Larger Life. Houghton.

1902. 386 p. $1.30. Essays on organic education and the social

purposes of education.

Henderson, C. H. What Is It to Be Educated? Houghton. 1914. 456 p.

Bibl. $1.50. Supplementary to the author’s previous volume.

James, Wm., Talks to Teachers on Psychology and to Students on

Life’s Ideals. Holt. 1899. 301 p. $1.50. Practical application of

psychology to teaching and learning.

Partridge, George E. Genetic Philosophy of Education. Sturgis.

1912. 401 p. Bibl. $1.00. A clear epitome of the educational

writings of G. Stanley Hall.

Thomson, Wm. H. Brain and Personality. Dodd. 1908. 335 p. Illus.

$1.00. The physical basis of mind, evolution of the nervous

system, anatomy and physiology of the speech mechanism; practical

applications of neurology to psychology.

_B._ Popular.

Allen, Mary Wood. Making the Best of our Children. McClurg. $1.00

each.

Vol. I. Children to nine years.

Vol. II. Eight to twenty years.

Practical phases of physical, mental, social and religious

training.

Birney, Mrs. Theodore. Childhood. (_a_) Stokes. 1905. 254 p.

$1.00. Friendly, practical discourses by the founder of the Inter.

Mothers’ Congress.

Burbank, Luther. The Training of the Human Plant. Century. 1907.

100 p. $.60. The needs, rights and potentialities of children;

application of principles of biology to childhood and education.

Fisher, Dorothy Canfield. Mothers and Children. Holt. 1914. 285 p.

$1.00. The child’s point of view; training in obedience.

†Forbush, Wm. B. The Coming Generation. (_a_) Appleton. 1912. 402

p. $1.50. Forces working for the betterment of American young

people; betterment in the home, through birth and better health,

through education, through religious and social nurture and service.

Gruenberg, Sidonie M. Your Child To-day and To-morrow. Lippincott.

1913. 234 p. Illus. $1.25. Discusses problems of punishment,

children’s lies, training in reasoning, training through play; sex

education, obedience, will.

McKeever, Wm. A. Farm Boys and Girls. Macmillan. 1912. 325 p.

Illus. Bibl. $1.50. Especially for the mother in the rural home;

home conveniences, children’s literature, rural recreations, and