1881, p. 98. From this exhaustive treatise on the cradle it appears
that most primitive peoples do not use our cradles with rockers, but
prefer the swinging kind.
[196] K. v. d. Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Centralbrasiliens.
[197] R. Parkinson. Beiträge zur Ethnologie der Gilbert Insulaner.
Internat. Archiv für Ethnologie, vol. ii, p. 92.
[198] Becq de Fouquières, Les Jeux des Anciens, p. 54.
[199] See especially _op. cit._, 205, where Souriau seems to undervalue
the attraction of the backward glide.
[200] See Grasberger, _op. cit._, p. 128.
[201] _Op. cit._, p. 99.
[202] See Strutt, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, p.
153.
[203] Weinhold, Altnordische Leben, p. 806.
[204] Perez, Les trois premières années, etc., p. 80.
[205] Sigismund, _op. cit._, p. 40.
[206] Ibid., p. 53.
[207] I. H. Autenrieth, Ansichten über Natur und Seelenleben, p. 163.
[208] Unter den Naturvölkern Centralbrasiliens, p. 383.
[209] Grasberger, vol. i, p. 74.
[210] Roehholz, p. 464.
[211] Die Völker des östlichen Asien, vol. iii, p. 323.
[212] Les trois premières années, p. 84.
[213] Psychologie des Sentiments, p. 322.
[214] Compayré, p. 271.
[215] Die Seele des Kindes, p. 383.
[216] W. James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. ii, p. 422.
[217] See Compayré, p. 191.
[218] See Baechtold, Gottfried Keller’s Leben, vol. iii, p. 278.
[219] Michael Munkacsy, Erinnerungen, Berlin, 1897, p. 4.
[220] _Op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 423.
[221] _Op. cit._, p. 9.
[222] The Play of Animals, p. 98.
[223] _Op. cit._, p. 456.
[224] _Op. cit._, p. 103.
[225] Alwin Schultz, _op. cit._, p. 11.
[226] O. Finsch, Reise nach Westsibirien im Jahre 1876, Berlin, 1879,
p. 520.
[227] F. Boas, Internat. Arch. für Ethnol., vol. i, 1888, p. 229. See,
too, H. W. Klutschak, Als Eskimo unter Eskimo, pp. 136, 139, where are
to be found illustrations of such figures.
[228] E. v. Hartmann, Das Spiel. Tagesfragen, Leipsic, 1896, p. 146.
[229] Die Seele des Kindes, pp. 183, 257.
[230] _Op. cit._, p. 80.
[231] Kind und Welt, p. 115.
[232] L’esthétique du Mouvement, p. 202.
[233] Even in skittles one speaks of a good throw.
[234] H. A. Berlepsch, Die Alpen in Natur und Lebensbildern, Jena,
1871, p. 415.
[235] See Fouquières, p. 209.
[236] Gutsmuths, Spiele zur Uebung und Erholung des Körpers und
Geistes, eighth edition, pp. 122, 139, 169.
[237] R. Parkinson, Beitr. zur Ethn. der Gilbertin, p. 92.
[238] Gutsmuths, Spiele zur Uebung und Erholung des Körpers und
Geistes, eighth edition, pp. 122, 139, 169.
[239] H. O. Forbes, Travels of a Scientist in the Malay Archipelago,
vol. i, p. 159.
[240] William Black’s Highland Cousins gives a fine description of this
national game of Scotland.
[241] See Fischart’s descriptions in his Gargantua.
[242] See Vieth’s Encyklopädie der Leibesübungen, vol. iii, p. 296.
[243] Another game like this is the so-called Prellballspiel.
Gutsmuths, p. 101.
[244] See Ploss, Das Kind, vol. ii, p. 292.
[245] H. Wagner, Illustriertes Spielbuch für Knaben, Leipsic, 1895, p.
132.
[246] Grasberger, p. 78.
[247] See Fouquière, p. 173.
[248] Zingerle, p. 27.
[249] Jour. of Anthro. In., vol. xvii (1887), p. 88, on stone spinning
tops.
[250] Ten Kate, Beiträge zur Ethnographie der Timorgruppe. Internat.
Arch. f. Ethn., vol. vii (1894), p. 247.
[251] Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleichen, p. 98. See, too,
R. Andrée, Das Kreiselspiel und seine Verbreitung. Globus, vol. lxix
(1896), p. 371.
[252] Gutsmuths, pp. 232, 358.
[253] Ibid.
[254] H. Wagner, Spielbuch für Knaben, p. 114.
[255] Rochholz, p. 391.
[256] Grasberger, p. 60.
[257] “Gargantua threw flat stones carelessly on the water so that they
skipped I don’t know how many times.”
[258] A beautiful example of this may be found in Schweinfurth’s Im
Herzen von Afrika, Leipsic, vol. i, p. 329.
[259] Grasberger gives this version in German verse:
“Wahrlich ein arges Ziel für den Schwarm der spielenden Knaben, Und für
des Steinwurfs Wucht pflanzten sie mich an den Weg. Wie hat die wüste
Hagel getroffen, die blühenden Krone Mir zerschlagen, und ach, wie sind
die Zweige geknickt! Nichts mehr gilt nach der Ernte der Baum Euch: zur
eigenen Schändung Hab’ ich Unseliger hier alle die Früchte gezeugt.”
[260] Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, vol. iii, pp. 322, 324.
[261] Ibid.
[262] Ploss, Das Kind, vol. ii, p. 291.
[263] See A. Richter, Zur Geschichte des deutschen Kinderspieles.
Westermanns Monatshefte, 1870.
[264] Rochholz, p. 421.
[265] Forbes, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 234. See also vol. ii, p. 45,
where a simpler game is described which is played by boys also, and is
more like European quoits.
[266] Nordenskiöld, Die Umsegelung Asiens und Europas auf der Vega,
Leipsic, 1881-’82, vol. i, p. 70.
[267] Gutsmuths, p. 69.
[268] Ibid., p. 198.
[269] A peculiar and difficult game of catching is played by the
Gilbert Islanders. A light feather ornament is loosely attached to a
stick which is thrown into the air. As the stick descends the ornament
floats away, and the players’ task is to fish for it, as it were, with
a stone fastened to a long line and bring it down. This game is called
“Tabama.” R. Parkinson, Beiträge zur Ethnologie der Gilbert Insulaner.
[270] See Ernst Meier, Deutsche Kinderreime und Kinderspiele aus
Swaben, p. 145.
[271] R. Parkinson, _op. cit._
[272] H. Wagner, Illustrirtes Spielbuch für Knaben, p. 92.
[273] _Op. cit._, p. 177.
[274] See Baldwin, Mental Development, etc., p. 315. Baldwin uses the
term “coefficient of recognition.”
[275] Ibid., p. 308, where the motor process is emphasized in
connection with attention.
[276] Die Seele des Kindes, p. 38.
[277] F. Pollock, An Infant’s Progress in Language. Mind, vol. iii,
1878.
[278] Sully, Studies in Childhood, p. 421. See also Sikorski’s report
on his eight-months-old child, who recognised the crescent shape of the
holes in a pigeon house as connected with the moon (p. 414).
[279] The French animal psychologist, E. Alix, says the same thing of
an Arabian dog which he owned (see The Play of Animals, p. 91). Play
with shadows by adults might be dwelt upon. With us it is hardly more
than trivial amusement for an idle company, but among other peoples
it becomes much more important, as witness the highly interesting
silhouettes hanging in the Berlin Museum. See, further, F. v. Sumasch,
Das türkische Schattenspiel, Internat. Archiv für Ethnographie, vol.
ii, p. 1.
[280] Kind und Welt, p. 169. See Miss Shinn, _op. cit._, p. 71.
[281] K. v. d. Steinen, Steinzeit-Indianer in Paraguay. Globus, vol.
lxvii, 1895, p. 249.
[282] R. Andrée, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, p. 57.
[283] We may perhaps find the moving “Qualität der Bekanntheit” in the
recurrence of the keynote of a melody.
[284] Zola frequently applies the Wagnerian leading-motive method to
the characterization of some figure in his novels, often with wearisome
persistence, yet a not uninteresting study might be made of the subject.
[285] See Fr. Kaufmann, Die Deutsche Metrik nach ihrer geschichtlichen
Entwickelung, Marburg, 1897, p. 224. We may find a fine English example
in a triolet of Walter Crane’s:
“In the light, in the shade,
This is time and life’s measure;
With a heart unafraid
In the light, in the shade,
Hope is born, and not made,
And the heart finds its treasure
In the light, in the shade;
This is time and life’s measure.”—TR.
[286] R. M. Meyer records the refrain as a survival from the
first beginning of poetry. Ueber die Refrain, Zeitschr. f. vgl.
Literaturgeschichte, vol. i (1887), p. 44.
[287] See Minor, Neuhochdeutsche Metrik, pp. 393, 460.
[288] See Minor, Neuhochdeutsche Metrik, pp. 393, 460.
[289] Grasberger, p. 46. For other forms of this game see Gutsmuths, p.
377.
[290] “The third year,” says Sully, “is epoch-making in the history of
memory. It is now that impressions begin to work themselves into the
young consciousness so deeply and firmly that they become a part of the
permanent stock in trade of the mind.”—Studies of Childhood, p. 437.
[291] Sonntagsbeilage zur Vossischen Zeitung, January 10, 1897.
[292] Die Erziehung der Töchter, wie solche Herr von Fénelon,
Erzbischoff von Cambray beschrieben, aus dem Französischen übersetzt.
Lübeck, 1740, p. 36.
[293] Für wirklich halten: It is recommended by the authorities of
Baldwin’s Dictionary of Philosophy that the term “semblance” be used as
the equivalent of the German “Schein?” or illusion—that which is “taken
for real”—in this field of the æsthetic and play functions.—ED.
[294] See A. Oelzelt-Nevin, Ueber Phantasie-Vorstellungen. Graz, 1889,
p. 42.
[295] It may often be observed that the child’s eyes lose their
convergence as their interest is absorbed—a means of detachment
from surrounding reality. Even in half-grown children the power of
detachment is much greater than in adults. The great modern poets are
at a disadvantage in that their appeal is to an audience whose power
of imagination is on the wane. It was otherwise with less cultured
people when, first, the adults were less literal and, second, the poets
themselves less intellectualized.
[296] See Baldwin’s Handbook of Psychology, vol. i, p. 227.
[297] That some temperaments play with dreams of an unhappy future
there is no doubt. We shall encounter such phenomena later in noticing
enjoyment of pain.
[298] Games of chance which keep the participants long in suspense are
among the special forms of adult play which make use of such picturing
of the future.
[299] Even the serious Lucca Signorelli was not ashamed to place two
clouds, which, showing distinct faces, back of the Christ in his
Crucifixion.
[300] See in this connection the more thorough treatment in the section
on inner imitation.
[301] Strümpell, Psychologische Pädagogik, p. 364.
The child, of course, spoke a baby German. This effort at translation
serves only to show the versatility of her imagination and its
disjointed expression.—TR.
For example of amentia, see Kraepelin, Psychiatrie, p. 331.
[302] While Strümpell’s example was suggestive of the wanderings of a
diseased mind, this one recalls the tales told by savages. Compare it,
for example, with the Bushman’s story of the grasshopper in Ratzel’s
Völkerkunde (vol. i, p. 75). Of course, we do not know whether there
may not be some closer connection of ideas than we can trace.
[303] See Paola Lombroso, Saggi di Psicologia del Bambino, chap. ix,
especially p. 155; B. Perez, L’art et la poésie chez l’enfant, chap. ix.
[304] John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens, vol. ii, p. 71.
[305] They diverge from play, first, in that an end outside of the
sphere of play is added to that of satisfaction in production for
its own sake; and, second, that much of the artist’s effort is spent
in improving, altering, and being otherwise occupied with technical
conditions, etc., and not engaged in for the pleasure which it affords.
We may compare what was said above in regard to sport.
[306] Grosse, _op. cit._, p. 250.
[307] When Daudet was thirteen years old he took an independent voyage
on a ship with some soldiers on their way home from the Crimea. “With
my southern power of imagination,” he writes in Gaulois, “I made myself
out an important personage.”
[308] _Op. cit._, p. 309. See Guyan, Éducation et Hérédité, p. 148.
[309] Perez, Les trois premières années, etc., p. 121.
[310] Like ancient and modern wonder tales, whose occurrences always
take place in distant and almost inaccessible lands.
[311] The close of this recalls the numerous efforts of primitive folk
to account for natural phenomena.
[312] _Op. cit._, p. 148.
[313] See, too, Sully’s Studies of Childhood, p. 254.
[314] B. Perez, L’enfant de trois à sept ans, Paris, 1894, p. 239.
[315] The Play of Animals, p. 214. Zum Problem der unbewussten
Zeitschätzung, Zeitschr. f. Psycholog. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorgane,
vol. ix.
[316] _Op. cit._, pp. 418, 545.
[317] Die Seele des Kindes, p. 212.
[318] A Biographical Sketch of an Infant, Mind, vii (1877), p. 289.
[319] See Stern’s remark quoted above on watching movement.
[320] _Op. cit._, p. 418.
[321] La psychologie des sentiments, p. 322.
[322] Die Reize des Spiels, Berlin, 1883, p. 61.
[323] James says that the stimuli of scientific curiosity “are not
objects, but ways of conceiving objects.” Principles of Psychology,
vol. ii, p. 430.
[324] Fr. Nansen, In Nacht und Eis, Leipsic, 1897, vol. i, p. 151.
[325] H. Spencer, The Principles of Sociology, vol. i, p. 86.
[326] Unter den Naturvölkern Centralbrasiliens, pp. 59, 67, 79.
[327] Ibid.
[328] Ibid.
[329] Im Australischen Busch, etc., p. 526.
[330] Dietrich Tiedemann, Beobachtungen über die Entwickelung der
Seelenfähigkeiten bei Kindern, Altenburg, 1897, p. 14.
[331] Die Seele des Kindes, p. 140.
[332] Les trois premières années, etc., p. 117.
[333] Die Seele des Kindes, p. 383.
[334] M. W. Shinn, Notes on the Development of a Child, p. 11.
[335] Compayré, _op. cit._, p. 308.
[336] Ernest H. Lindley, A Study of Puzzles. Amer. Jour. of Psychol.,
viii (1897), p. 436.
[337] The amusing rhymes illustrating cause and effect which children
are so fond of, are in point—for instance, The House that Jack
Built—and this one in German:
“Der Teufel holt den Henker nun,
Der Henker hängt den Schlächter nun,
Der Schlächter schlägt den Ochsen nun,
Der Ochse läuft das Wasser nun,
Das Wasser löscht das Feuer nun,
Das Feuer brennt den Prügel nun,
Der Prügel schlägt den Pudel nun,
Der Pudel beisst den Jockel nun,
Der Jockel schneidet den Hafer nun,
Und kommt auch gleich nach Haus.”
See the similar Hebrew verse about the kid in Tylor’s Anfänge der
Culture, vol. i, p. 86.
[338] _Op. cit._, p. 353.
[339] Ernest Lindley, _loc. cit._, p. 455.
[340] A. Seidel, Geschichten und Lieder der Africaner, Berlin, 1896,
pp. 176, 309. Similar riddles used for the amusement of children are
given by Tylor. _Op. cit._, vol. i, p. 91. Words used in a double or
multiple sense (homonyms) are particularly effective.
[341] Annoyance over one’s own enjoyment is, of course, not play.
[342] The Psychology of Tickling, Laughing, and the Comic. Amer. Jour.
of Psychol., vol ix.
[343] See Ribot, Psychologie des sentiments, p. 64.
[344] Principles of Psychology, vol. ii, p. 590.
[345] Kuno Fischer, Arthur Schopenhauer, Heidelberg, 1893, p. 125.
[346] Ribot, La Psychologie des sentiments, p. 64.
[347] See Hubert Rotteken’s interesting article, Ueber ästhetische
Kritik bei Dichtungen (Beilage zur Allgem. Zeit., 1897, Nos. 114, 115).
Volkelt (Aesthetic des Tragischen, p. 389) seems to me to undervalue
this point.
[348] Max Reischle, Das Spielen der Kinder in seinem Erziehungswerth,
Göttingen, 1897, p. 17.
[349] Lipps gives special attention in his Psychologie der Komik to
this point (Philosph. Monatshefte, 24 and 25).
[350] I shall not here discuss the relative importance of the two.
[351] Even the first shock is not entirely unpleasant, since we usually
have a premonition of the approaching counter shock.
[352] La Suggestion dans l’art, p. 39.
[353] See Sully, Studies in Childhood, p. 501.
[354] “The first stage, depression, is in itself considered entirely
extra-æsthetic. For as soon as inner imitation comes into play—that
is, as soon as the æsthetic aspect is assumed—the projection of the I
into the object begins and depression gives place to exaltation.” _Op.
cit._, p. 336.
[355] Herman Wagner, Spielbuch für Knaben, p. 572.
[356] H. Wagner, Spielbuch für Knaben, p. 542.
[357] I. von Kreis, Ueber die Natur gewisser Gehirnzustande.
Zeitschrift f. Psych. u. Phys. d. Sinnesorgane, viii (1894), p. 9.
[358] See p. 4, note 3.
[359] Die Reize des Spiels, p. 131.
[360] I remember a serious fight between two boys of about fifteen, in
which the stronger was content to throw the other over and over again
and quietly let him regain his feet.
[361] In the fight between Odysseus and Ajax the position of the
contestants was compared to the sidewise posture of two sparring dogs.
[362] Von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvolken Central-Brasiliens, pp.
127, 383.
[363] Among the Greeks throwing three times was the rule.
[364] H. A. Berlepsch, Die Alpen, p. 417.
[365] Some of the succeeding examples are taken from M. Zettler’s
article on prize lighting in Euler’s encykl. Handbd. ges. Turnwesens.
[366] In Switzerland this play is called Katzenstriegel. Grown boys try
to pull each other over thresholds in this way.
[367] When Milon, of Croton, held an apple in his fingers, it was said
to be impossible to get the fruit away from him, or to bend even his
little finger.
[368] Fr. Fedde’s article Griechenland, in C. Euler’s encykl. Handb. d.
ges. Turnwesens.
[369] W. Richter, Die Spiele der Griechen und Römer, p. 38.
[370] H. Raydt, Ein gesunder Geist in einem gesunder Körper, Hanover,
1899, p. 102.
[371] G. J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, p. 485.
[372] Altnordisches Leben, p. 294.
[373] See E. v. Hartmann, Tagesfragen, Leipsic, 1896, p. 135.
[374] A very interesting example from ethnology is contained in the
article by W. Svoboda, Die Bewohner des Nikobaren-Archipels. Intern.
Arch. f. Ethnogr., vi, 1893, p. 6.
[375] We shall return to this subject in the consideration of love
plays.
[376] Strutt, _op. cit._, p. 8.
[377] Alwin Schultz, Das höfische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger,
Leipsic, 1889, vol. ii, p. 118.
[378] K. Weinhold, Altnordisches Leben, p. 297.
[379] K. Weinhold, Geschichte der menschlichen Ehe, Jena, 1893, p. 158.
[380] Studies in Childhood, pp. 268, 269, 271, 274.
[381] Ibid.
[382] Ibid.
[383] Paolo Lombroso, _op. cit._, p. 126.
[384] Carl Vogt, Aus meinem Leben, Stuttgart, 1896, pp. 70, 98.
[385] See R. M. Werner, Lyrik und Lyriker, Hamburg, 1890, p. 220.
Rückert and Uhland engaged in another beautiful contest in which they
carried on a narrative alternately and in such a manner that each
stanza was intended to make the next one difficult.
[386] See Lazarus, Die Reize des Spiels, pp. 88, 89.
[387] Ibid.
[388] K. Plischke, Kurze Mittheilung über zwei malaysische Spiele.
Intern. Arch. f. Ethnogr., iii (1890).
[389] H. M. Schuster, Das Spiel, p. 2.
[390] K. Weinhold, Die deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter, vol. i, p. 115.
[391] J. Büttikofer, Einiges über die Eingeboren von Liberia. Intern.
Arch. f. Ethnogr., i (1888).
[392] According to Andrée it is played in Arabia and a large part
of Africa. The Berlin Museum has such boards from various African
districts, notably one from central Africa, with two rows of six holes
and a carved head on the end.
[393] See R. Andrée, Ethnog. Parall. u. Verg. Neue Folge, p. 102.
Petermann’s description, which I have not fully transcribed, seems to
me to be deficient in that it does not make clear how the reckoning is
kept.
[394] H. Petermann, Reisen im Orient, Leipsic, 1860, vol. i, p. 162.
[395] See A. v. d. Linde, Geschichte und Litteratur des Schachspiels,
Berlin, 1874, vol. i, note 2.
[396] See T. v. d. Sasa, Zur Geschichte und Litteratur des
Schachspiels, Leipsic, 1897, p. 19.
[397] J. Schaller, Das Spiel und die Spiele, p. 247.
[398] E. B. Tylor, On the Game of Patolli in Ancient Mexico and its
probably Asiatic Origin. Jour. of the Anthrop. Instit. vol. viii
(1878). On American Lot Games as evidence of Asiatic intercourse
previous to the time of Columbus. Internat. Archiv. f. Ethnogr.,
supplement to vol. ix (1896), p. 55.
[399] See, too, in this connection J. Schaller, Das Spiel und die
Spiele, p. 239.
[400] Lazarus, _op. cit._, p. 98. I differ totally from Lazarus’s
unwarranted conclusion that in some card games, where the cards are
distributed accidentally, the chief stimulus is in the “battle of
reason against chance.”
[401] See v. d. Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral Brasiliens, p.
230.
[402] _Op. cit._, pp. 90, 102-109. Lazarus treats exhaustively of this
symbolic significance of play and likens it to the symbolism of music,
which may be effective without clear consciousness of it on the part of
the subject.
[403] Ibid., p. 91.
[404] Second edition, Paris, 1895.
[405] Playful rivalry is quite rare among animals, and for that reason
it was not considered in my former work. It is only during courtship
that animals engage in such contests, which are accordingly included
under courtship plays.
[406] R. Andree, Ethnogr. Parall. u. Vergl., pp. 95, 96.
[407] Ibid.
[408] The Eclipses Politico-Morales draws the picture of a fashionable
lady of the early eighteenth century. She says: “We have our sprees
in spite of the men; we dance and carouse the whole night long....
We smoke and chew tobacco and make wagers about them.” A. Schultz,
Alltagsleben einer deutschen Frau, etc., p. 186.
[409] K. Weinhold, Altnordisches Leben, p. 315.
[410] Colozza, _op. cit._, p. 85.
[411] Grosse, Die Anfänge der Kunst, p. 231.
[412] Weinhold, Altnordisches Leben, pp. 462, 463.
[413] Many of the new games for children which appear every year are
simply modifications of backgammon.
[414] When it is known in advance that the chances are unequal it is
common to make the stakes so as well, sometimes ten to one, or a cow to
a hen, etc.
[415] J. Schaller, p. 269.
[416] Schuster, _op. cit._, p. 9.
[417] A. Seidel, Geschichten und Lieder der Africaner, p. 162. See
Globus, vol. lxvii (1895), p. 387.
[418] The two Englishmen who placed two snails on a table and bet high
stakes on which would reach the other side of it first furnish a fine
instance of this kind. M. Schuster, Das Spiel, p. 216. The English have
always been and especially at the beginning of this century famous for
their bets.
[419] Tagesfragen, p. 162.
[420] Guhl und Koner, Das Leben der Griechen und Römer, Berlin, 1864,
p. 354.
[421] R. Parkinson, Beiträge zur Ethnologie der Gilbert-Insulaner.
[422] A particularly pretty oracle, affording no less than four
alternatives, is described by Hall Caine (The Manxman, London, 1894, p.
120) as in use on the Isle of Man. A maiden, anxious to know her fate,
throws a willow bough in the water, while she sings:
“Willow bough, willow bough, which of the four, Sink, circle, or swim,
or come floating ashore? Which is the fortune you keep for my life, Old
maid or young mistress, or widow or wife?”
[423] Die Anfänge der Kultur, vol. i, p. 80.
[424] Tylor, _op. cit._, pp. 78, 125.
[425] A. Wünsche, Spiele bei den Arabern in vor- und
nachmohamedanischer Zeit. Westermanns Monatshefte, März, 1896.
[426] Die Völker des östlichen Asien, vol. iii, p. 326.
[427] Bastian, _op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 358; vol. iii, p. 323.
[428] Ibid.
[429] W. Richter, Die Spiele der Griechen und Römer, p. 76.
[430] H. Peterman, Reisen im Orient, vol. i, p. 157.
[431] Hans Egede, Beschreibung von Grönland, Berlin, 1763, p. 178. See
R. Andree, Ethnogr. Par. Neue Folge, p. 104.
[432] The New Zealand game “ti” consists in counting on the fingers.
One of the players calls a number and must instantly touch the right
finger; while in the Samoan game “Lupe” (see Andree, _op. cit._, p. 99)
one player holds up a certain number of fingers, whereupon his opponent
must do the same or be loser.
[433] Tylor, Anf. d. Kult., vol. i, pp. 74, 75.
[434] Andree, _op. cit._, p. 98.
[435] Bastian, Die Völker d. östl. Asien, vol. ii, p. 394.
[436] See Becq de Fouquières, p. 294.
[437] Ribot, Psychologie des sentiments, p. 322.
[438] Ribot, Psychologie des sentiments, p. 322.
[439] _Op. cit._, p. 60.
[440] See Schaller, pp. 258, 268.
[441] See Schaller, pp. 258, 268.
[442] J. E. Erdmann, Ernste Spiele, p. 161.
[443] _Op. cit._, p. 76.
[444] Schuster, p. 83.
[445] See anecdote of Goethe’s youth, p. 105. For the destructive
impulse in animals, see The Play of Animals, pp. 91, 200, 220.
[446] Saggi di psicologia del bambino, p. 118.
[447] L’éducation progressive, Paris, 1841, vol. i, p. 302.
[448] H. Emminghaus finds many points of resemblance between the period
of life during which such actions are most rife and a condition of
mania. (Die psychischen Störungen des Kindersalters, Tübingen, 1899, p.
179.)
[449] Fr. Scholz, Die charakterfehler des Kindes, Leipsic, 1891,
pp. 148, 149. See F. L. Burk, Teasing and Bullying. The Pedagogical
Seminary, vol. iv (1897), p. 341.
[450] See S. Sighele, Psychologie des Auflaufs u. der Massenverbrechen,
Dresden, 1897, p. 13.
[451] A portion of this section appeared in the periodical Die
Kinderfehler. It may be compared with Burk’s article on teasing and
bullying, which was then unknown to me. The latter, however, is more
concerned with serious than with playful aspects of the subject.
[452] The Play of Animals, p. 167.
[453] See Schneegan’s Geschichte der Grotesken Satire, p. 443.
[454] Leopold Wagner, Manners, Customs, and Observances, London, 1895,
p. 34.
[455] Becq de Fouquières, p. 273.
[456] W. Joest, Ethnographisches und Verwandtes aus Guayana, supplement
to vol. v, Intern. Arch. für Ethnographie (1892), p. 49.
[457] Gutsmuth, _op. cit._, p. 25.
[458] Becq de Fouquières, p. 2B1.
[459] Sixth edition, Leipsic, 1896, pp. 321-323. This recalls tales of
Roman emperors who sat before their guests dishes containing the heads
of their own wives and children. See Hall and Allin, _loc. cit._, p. 22.
[460] F. Pollock, An Infant’s Progress in Language, Mind, vol. iii
(1878).
[461] Sigismund, p. 151. See Burk, _op. cit._, p. 356.
[462] L. Wagner, Manners, Customs, and Observances, p. 255.
[463] See on this subject Perez, Les trois premières années, p. 320.
[464] Hall and Allin’s Psychology of Tickling, Laughing, and the Comic,
p. 21.
[465] O. Beauregard, La caricature il y a quatre mille ans. Bulletin de
La Soc. de l’Anthropol. de Paris, 1889.
[466] Marcano, Caricature précolombienne des Cerritos. Bulletin Soc. de
l’Anthropol. de Paris, 1889.
[467] Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel, liv.
[468] Grosse, p. 235.
[469] F. M. Bohme, pp. 271, 277.
[470] See E. H. Meyer, Deutsche Volkskunde, Strassburg, 1898, p. 337:
“This practice is very ancient, and seems to have given their names to
some German tribes.”
[471] Ibid.
[472] To cover all the ground, the teasing application of wit would
have to be included here. It is taken up and treated briefly in the
next section.
[473] Carl Sittl, Die Gebärden der Griechen und Römer, Leipsic, 1890,
p. 90.
[474] Ibid.
[475] Early History of Mankind, second edition, 1870, p. 45. See the
analogous behaviour of the Dakotas in Darwin’s The Expression of the
Emotions, p. 257.
[476] See Sittl, p. 99.
[477] Die Völker des östlichen Asien, vol. iii, p. 222.
[478] Ernste Spiele, p. 10.
[479] The Human Mind, vol. ii, p. 148. Psychologie des sentiments, p.
342.
[480] See Hall and Allin, _op. cit._ The remark of a little girl who
danced about the grave of her friend and rejoiced thus, “How glad I am
that she is dead and that I’m alive!” is in the same line.
[481] In my Einleitung in die Esthetic I have tried to show how the
feeling of superiority is gradually supplanted by inner imitation. In
the humorous contemplation of inferiority Erdmann’s “maliciousness”
need have no place, and we can conceive of a God as laughing in this
way. As Keller’s poem has it, “Der Herr, der durch die Wandlung geht,
Er lächelt auf dem Wege.”
[482] The fact that the humorous temperament is so much more rare in
women artists than in men supports the theory of its involving the
fighting impulse. (See Mario Pilo, La psychologie du beau et de l’art,
Paris, 1895, p. 145.)
[483] G. H. Schneider, Der Menschliche Wille, Berlin, 1882, p. 62.
[484] Semon, Im Australischen Busch, pp. 168, 197.
[485] Strutt, _op. cit._, p. 62.
[486] The Principles of Psychology, vol. ii, p. 427.
[487] Grasberger, pp. 52, 57.
[488] Grasberger, pp. 52, 57.
[489] Das Kind, second edition, Leipsic, 1896, p. 53.
[490] Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, vol. iii, p. 325.
[491] Alwin Schultz, Alltagsleben einer deutschen Frau, etc., p. 8.
[492] Die Völker des östlichen Asien, vol. iii, p. 325.
[493] They do not, of course, form the essence of poetic enjoyment.
[494] Der dramatische Konflikt, Grenzboten, 1897, No. 39.
[495] Volkett, Aesthetik des Tragischen, München, 1897, pp. 83, 87.
[496] W. Wetz, Ueber das Verhältniss der Dichtung zur Wirklichkeit und
Geschichte. Zeitschr. f. vgl. Litt.-Gesch., vol. ix, p. 161. He admits
in the sequel that in Corneille’s Cid, for instance, there is no such
working out of psychical individuality.
[497] Ibid.
[498] Volkett, Aesthetik des Tragischen, München, 1897, pp. 83, 87.
[499] Psychologie des sentiments, p. 225.
[500] Nietzsche, Götzendämmerung, p. 136.
[501] I shall return later to the discussion of Wundt’s use of
imitation.
[502] Vorles. üb. d. Menschen-u. Thierseele, third edition, 1897, p.
405.
[503] The Psychology of Love, p. 53.
[504] L’enfant de trois à sept ans, p. 273.
[505] Zeitschr. f. Psychol. u Physiol. d. Sinnesorgane, vol. ii (1891),
p. 128.
[506] Fritsch, Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrikas, p. 140.
[507] Colin A. Scott, Sex and Art, Am. Jour. of Psychol., vol. vii, p.
182.
[508] Westermarck, _op. cit._, p. 156.
[509] Westermarck, _op. cit._, p. 192.
[510] Rudeck, Geschichte der öffentlichen Sittlichkeit in Deutschland,
Jena, 1897, p. 45.
[511] Altum, one of the highest authorities on birds, confirms this
view (Der Vogel und sein Leben, fifth edition, Münster, 1875, p. 137).
I have to thank Baldwin, too, for the reference to Guyau, who considers
that the innate modesty may be “nécessaire à la femme pour arriver,
sans se donner, jusqu’au complet développement de son organisme.” [See
also Havelock Ellis, Geschlechtstrieb und Schamgefühl, p. 10. This
view was worked out in some detail, it seems, together with a view of
sexual selection similar to Professor Groos’s, by Hirn, in a chapter on
Animal Display in a Swedish work in 1896: it is now reproduced in that
author’s Origins of Art (1900), chap. xiv; _cf._ also the preface to
the same work.—J. M. B.]
[512] _Op. cit._, p. 87.
[513] Mind, October, 1880.
[514] Colin A. Scott, _op. cit._, p. 181.
[515] We may compare, too, our watch charms. They, like the trophies
and tribal symbols of savages, show much more the desire for ownership
than the principle of self-exhibition.
[516] The examples of decoration by animals apply to their dwellings
rather than to their persons.
[517] Grosse, p. 233.
[518] In an article on Sex and Art, Scott has developed similar ideas,
and has rightly connected the vagaries of fetichism with the abnormal
sexual excitement produced by special materials, such as fur, velvet,
etc.
[519] The Play of Animals, p. 211.
[520] Page 76.
[521] A. Stöckl, Lehrbuch der Aesthetik, second edition, Mainz, 1889,
p. 229.
[522] Wagner and Liszt are especially strong in such effects.
[523] Vischer, Aesthetic, sec. 189. Hall and Allin, _op. cit._, p. 31.
[524] R. J. Dodge, Modern Indians of the Far West, pp. 146, 164.
[525] _Op. cit._, p. 68.
[526] _Op. cit._, p. 14. Hall and Allin.
[527] According to R. J. Dodge, who is a thorough student of Indian
life, among those of the far West it is a polite fiction not to observe
the wooing lover, “because they consider love a weakness.”
[528] G. Tarde, Les lois de l’imitation. Second edition, Paris, 1895.
[529] J. M. Baldwin, Mental Development, and Social and Ethical
Interpretations.
[530] Habit and Instinct. London and New York, 1896, p. 168.
[531] Baldwin’s further distinction between tradition and social
heredity seems true enough, but not especially practical.
[532] Gedanken über Musik bei Thieren und beim Menschen. Deutsche
Rundschau, October, 1889.
[533] See Baldwin’s A New Factor in Evolution, in The American
Naturalist, June, July, 1896.
[534] The Senses and the Intellect, p. 408.
[535] James Mill, Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind, vol.
ii, chap. xxiv. Tiedemann’s remarks on the subject, too, are clear and
brief. _Op. cit._, p. 12.
[536] See A. Pfänder, Das Bewusstsein des Wollens. Zeitschr. f. Psych.
u. Phys. d. Sin., vols. x and xvii.
[537] The strong emphasis of imitation in hypnosis seems to support
this, for there we have a decided narrowing of the consciousness, so
that the antagonistic motive has little showing compared with the idea
of movement.
[538] An attempt to explain the charm of what is forbidden, not by
means of the fighting impulse but on the ground of psychic inhibition
may be found in Lipps’s Grundthatsachen des Seelenleben, pp. 634, 641.
[539] In this triumph we find a means of explanation for the
exhilarating effect of simple—that is neither mischievous nor
mocking—imitation.
[540] The biological criterion of practice of the impulse is not very
well applicable to imitation. We do not copy playfully in order to
be able to copy seriously, and, moreover, playful imitation itself
accomplishes the purpose. Yet the practice theory is of course indebted
to the contributions of imitation in the highest degree.
[541] The question as to whether play may not be more extensive from
a purely biological standpoint is touched upon in the theoretical
division.
[542] “I looked for great men,” said Nietzsche once, “and found them
only aping their ideals.” Vol. viii, p. 66.
[543] Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 103.
[544] Fr. Tracy, The Psychology of Childhood, fourth edition, Boston,
1897, p. 104.
[545] Mental Development, etc., p. 123. Egger, Le développement de
l’intelligence et du langage chez les enfants, p. 10.
[546] _Op. cit._, p. 354. See Perez (Les trois premières années, etc.,
p. 124), who assumes involuntary imitation in the second month.
[547] Die Seele des Kindes, p. 186.
[548] Preyer, _op. cit._, p. 188.
[549] Kind und Welt, p. 129.
[550] Lloyd Morgan calls one imitation and the other copying (Habit and
Instinct, p. 171).
[551] _Op. cit._, p. 188.
[552] _Op. cit._, p. 88.
[553] Mental Development, p. 123.
[554] _Op. cit._, p. 88.
[555] Notes on the Development of a Child, p. 112.
[556] _Op. cit._, pp. 314, 321.
[557] See, on the other hand, Preyer’s conclusion given below. _Op.
cit._, p. 369.
[558] See Ufer’s article on Sigismund’s Kind und Welt.
[559] Jodl calls the root word, which he and others refer neither to
interjectional nor imitative origin, ideal roots; I prefer to call them
experimental roots.
[560] It should be remembered that the appearance of an imitative
speech is quite natural in connection with gesture language. We do not
know certainly, however, which preceded the other.
[561] Lehrbuch der Psychologie, p. 570.
[562] See Franz Magnus Boehme, _op. cit._, p. 218.
[563]
“The howling blast through the groaning wood
Wrenching the giant pine, which, in its fall,
Crashing sweeps down its neighbouring trunks end boughs,
While with the hollow noise the hills resound.”
_Miss Swanwick’s translation._
[564] Gedanken zu einer Aesthetik auf entwickelungsgeschichtlicher
Grundlage. Zeitschr. f. Psych. u. Phys. d. Sinnesorgane, vol. xiv
(1897).
[565] Hall and Allin, Psychology of Tickling, Laughing, etc., pp. 15-17.
[566] Miss Shinn reports a kind of animal dance by a child in its third
year (_op. cit._, p. 127).
[567] Among the varied decorations which the natives of British New
Guinea wear at their holiday dances is the bushy tail, which is placed
quite as high as on the antique fauns. See A. C. Haddon, Intern. Arch.
f. Ethnogr., vol. xi (1893).
[568] Hall and Allin, Psychology of Tickling, Laughing, etc., pp. 15-17.
[569] Livingstone’s last Journals from Central Africa.
[570] Captain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste Amerikas, 1881-’83,
Leipsic, 1884, p. 85.
[571] Signe Rink, Aus dem Leben der Europäer in Grönland, Ausland, vol.
lxvi (1893), p. 762.
[572] Mental Development, p. 357.
[573]
“Time’s passage shall unfold for him Fortune bright and fortune dim.”
[574] W. Svoboda, Die Bewohner de Nikobaren-Archipels. Intern. Arch. f.
Ethnogr., vol. v (1892).
[575] W. Joest, Weltfahrten, Berlin, 1895, vol. ii, p. 162.
[576] Pechuël-Loesche’s report of a monkey’s play with a doll shows
that it was mere experimentation (The Play of Animals, p. 169).
[577] B. Altum, Der Vogel und sein Leben, Münster, 1895, pp. 188, 189.
[578] Mental Development, p. 362 (omitted from the German version).
[579] Thus, to mention one example, Marie G—— had no sooner adopted a
small thermometer as a baby than she spied the tassel which it hung
up by, and called everybody’s attention to its lovely head.
[580] The Japanese collection in the Berlin Museum is the finest that I
have ever seen.
[581] See J. Walter Fewkes, Dolls of the Tusayan Indians. Int. Arch.
f. Ethnogr., vol. vii (1894). Fewkes is very careful about committing
himself on this point.
[582] _Op. cit._, p. 254.
[583] Unter den Naturvölkern Central-Brasiliens, p. 230.
[584] Ibid.
[585] _Op. cit._, p. 98. See also Sully’s Studies, p. 333.
[586] _Op. cit._, p. 195.
[587] See on this point Grosse’s Anfänge der Kunst and the chapter on
The Young Draughtsman in Sully’s Studies of Childhood. If space allowed
I could give similar particulars of my nephew Max K——’s work. In this
boy the artistic impulse all turned to the representation of animals,
in which he became a master. He took the great scissors and cut away
almost without looking, and with every turn of the shears he turned his
body too (an instance of the outer effects of inner imitation).
[588] H. T. Lukens, Die Entwickelung beim Zeichnen, Die Kinderfehler,
ii (1897).
[589] Von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern, p. 235.
[590] Unter den Naturvölkern, etc., p. 251.
[591] Unter den Naturvölkern, pp. 251, 254, 255, 257.
[592] Ibid.
[593] Ibid.
[594] G. Nachtigal, Sahara und Sudan, Leipsic, 1889, vol. iii, p. 133.
See, too, Knabenspiele im dunkeln Welttheil, Deutsche Kolonialzeitung,
1898, No. 42.
[595] Conrads Ricci, L’arte dei Bambini, Bologna, 1887. The young
Canova, when a kitchen boy, betrayed his talent as a sculptor by
moulding a lion in butter.
[596] Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 106.
[597] Ibid. pp. 94 ff.
[598] B. Perez, L’art et la poésie chez l’enfant, Paris, 1888, p. 200.
The self-evident truth that forces the contrary of imitation are also
operative in the progress of art is not the proper subject of this
investigation.
[599] J. Volkelt, Der Symbol-Begriff in der neuesten Aesthetik,
Jena, 1876; and P. Stern, Einfädlung und Association in der neueren
Aesthetik, Hamburg and Leipsic, 1898.
[600] Jouffroy, Cours d’esthétique, Paris, 1845, p. 256.
[601] Dr. Lipps, Raumästhetik und geometrisch-optische Täuschungen,
Leipsic, 1897, p. 5.
[602] See P. Stern, _op. cit._, p. 46.
[603] _Op. cit._, p. 7.
[604] I have dwelt on this point both in my Einleitung in die Aesthetik
and in the Spiele der Thiere. Further treatment of it may be found in
K. Lange’s Künstlerischer Erziehung der deutschen Jugend.
[605] Ueber das optische Formgefühl, Stuttgart, 1873.
[606] La Beauté plastique. Revue philosophique, vol. xxxv (1893).
[607] Studien über die Bewegungsvorstellungen, Wien, 1882.
[608] Beauty and Ugliness. Contemporary Review, 1897.
[609] A confirmation of this, which is especially valuable because it
is not intended as a contribution to æsthetics, is found in Stricker,
_op. cit._, pp. 16, 21, 26.
[610] Stricker, _op. cit._, p. 23. The application to the observation
of dancing is self-evident.
[611] See Hubert Roetteken, Zur Lehre von den Darstellungsmitteln in
der Poesie.
[612] See Külpe, Grundriss zur Psychologie, p. 149. Külpe is of the
opinion that possibly voluntary recollection is never unaccompanied by
movement.
[613] Kalligone, Leipsic, 1800, vol. i, p. 116.
[614] Mental Development, p. 407.
[615] _Op. cit._, pp. 554, 677.
[616] Ibid.
[617] For the bearing of this on the doctrine of promiscuity, see the
works of Starcke, Westermarck, and Grosse; also P. and Fr. Sarasin,
Ergebnisse naturwissenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon, vol. iii,
Wiesbaden, 1892-’93, pp. 363, 458.
[618] See G. F. Pfisterer, Pädagogische Psychologie, second edition,
Gutersloh, 1889, p. 146.
[619] A. Kohler (Der Kindergarten in seinem Wesen dargestellt) says,
however, that the child’s longing to associate with others of its own
age is so strong as to require daily satisfaction (Pfisterer, _op.
cit._, p. 145).
[620] Pfisterer, _op. cit._, p. 147.
[621] _Op. cit._, p. 65.
[622] Studies in Childhood, p. 268.
[623] Handbuch der praktischen Pädagogik, p. 699.
[624] A. Marty finds, as does Whitney, the impulse for communication
an essential for the origin of the so much more varied language of
men than of animals. Ueber Sprachreflex, Nativismus und absichtliche
Sprachbildung. Vierteljahreschr. f. wissensch. Philos., vol. xiv
(1890), p. 66.
[625] _Op. cit._, p. 228.
[626] Chamberlain, _op. cit._, pp. 260, 263.
[627] Ibid.
[628] See F. S. Krauss, Geheime Sprachweisen. Am. Urquell, vol. ii-vi;
P. Sartori, Sondersprachen, ibid., vol. v.
[629] Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 148.
[630] Æsthetic Principles, New York, 1895, p. 68.
[631] Essays, vol. ii, p. 41.
[632] The Naturalist in La Plata, p. 227.
[633] Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 238.
[634] La Logique sociale. Préface, p. vii. Les Lois de l’Imitation,
second edition, p. 215.
[635] Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 243.
[636] Gutsmuths, p. 251.
[637] Svoboda, Die Bewohner des Nikobaren Archipels, p. 29.
[638] W. James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. ii, p. 428.
[639] Unter den Naturvölkern, etc., p. 267.
[640] J. von d. Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern, p. 267.
[641] _Op. cit._, p. 219.
[642] Das Spiel und die Spiele, p. 328.
[643] _Op. cit._, p. 268.
[644] In an inquiry as to children’s preferences in the matter of
playmates, Will S. Monroe found 335 boys who wanted male against 20 who
asked for female comrades; 328 girls preferred their own sex and only
28 the other. (Development of the Social Consciousness of Children. The
Northwestern Monthly, September, 1898.)
[645] O. Stoll, Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Völkerpsychologie,
Leipsic, 1894, p. 24.
[646] A more thorough account of this theory may be found in The Play
of Animals. The recreation theory, on the contrary, is peculiarly
applicable in this connection.
[647] O. Külpe, Grundriss der Psychologie, Leipsic, 1893, p. 216.
[648] H. Steinthal, Zu Bibel und Religionsphilosophie, Berlin, 1895, p.
249.
[649] The foregoing observations are somewhat modified by Kraepelin’s
view that active recreation conquers the feeling of fatigue rather than
fatigue itself.
[650] A. Moll, Der Hypnotismus, third edition, Berlin, 1895, p. 63.
[651] The principle of repetition in poetry, too, is sometimes like
this. See von Biedermann, Die Wiederholung als Urform der Dichtung bei
Goethe. Zeitschrift f. vgl. Literat.-Gesch., vol. iv (1891).
[652] Games of chance pre-eminently have this power over adults.
[653] Mental Development, p. 132.
[654] Souriau, Le plaisir du mouvement, Revue Scientifique, vol. xviii,
p. 365.
[655] O. Stoll, Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Völkerpsychologie, p.
129.
[656] G. H. Schneider, Der menschliche Wille, Berlin, 1882, p. 68.
[657] The Naturalist in La Plata, p. 281.
[658] _Op. cit._, p. 464.
[659] Sec F. v. Wagner, Das Problem der Vererbung. Die Aula, 1895.
[660] The much-discussed question of telegony seems to me out of
place in this connection, for if it actually exists at all it must be
effected by some intricate modification in the germ substance itself,
and does not concern the inheritance of somatogenic qualities.
[661] J. W. Spengel, Zweckmässigkeit und Anpassung, Giessener
Rectoratsrede, 1898.
[662] G. R. Romanes, Darwin and after Darwin, vol. ii.
[663] Baldwin, Organic Selection. Amer. Naturalist, June, July, 1896,
and Biolog. Centralblatt, vol. xvii (1897), p. 385. Weismann, Ueber
Germinal Selection, Jena, 1896. (Also in English translation.)
[664] Baldwin calls this directing influence of organic selection
orthoplasy; he attempts to replace Eimer’s “orthogenesis” by means
of a principle which does not involve the inheritance of acquired
characters. [A recent exposition of organic selection is by Conn
(Method of Evolution, 1900). See also Baldwin’s Dict. of Philos. and
Psychol., _sub verbo_.—TR.]
[665] The process is, of course, reversed in degeneration.
[666] Weismann insists that individual selection must give the impetus
to such specially directed evolution of the germ substance; but it
seems to me that his theory can not escape the objection that it lacks
proper grounds for selection unless the specially directed variations
in the germ substance arise independently of individual selection. It
may then be said that even in a quite constant species there are, as
a result of germinal selection, dispositions to specially directed
variations (the lower jaw of the Hapsburgs, for instance, or the
appearance of a specialised genius in a talented family), which, so
long as the environment remains constant, very soon meet the opposition
of individual selection. But when outer conditions are changed,
the useful variations arise again, encounter and finally overcome
individual selection. Whether the struggle for existence really plays
such a rôle in the germ substance, however, it is difficult to assert
with assurance.
[667] Ibid.
[668] The previous discussion of this question need not be repeated
here.
[669] R. Sommer, Grundzüge einer Geschichte der deutschen Phys. und
Aesth., Würzburg, 1892, pp. 98, 266.
[670] Gedanken zu einer Aesthetik auf entwickelungsgeschichtlicher
Grundlage. pp. 270, 273.
[671] A similar view is expressed in Lange’s work.
[672] _Op. cit._, pp. 404, 406.
[673] Ibid., p. 411. Here play is called “unconscious imitation
necessitated by hereditary impulses.” In this notice Wundt refers to
my views expressed in The Play of Animals as though to me “the playful
fights of dogs with their young appeared earlier in the evolution
of species than genuine fighting among animals.” But this is not my
meaning. I insisted on the presence of hereditary impulses, and assumed
that these are brought to perfection during a period of youth devoted
to play. Play would, on the whole, contribute more to the weakening of
existing instincts than to strengthen them or create new ones.
[674] Ibid.
[675] I have not made this distinction sufficiently clear in The Play
of Animals, as K. Lange rightly points out.
[676] See, too, K. Lange, Gedanken zu einer Aesthetik, etc., p. 258.
[677] [By “not psychological at all” was meant not psychological
semblance (Scheinthätigkeit) at all, while still such from an objective
point of view; so that psychological semblance can not be taken as a
universal criterion of play.—J. M. B.]
[678] Children show conscious self-illusion very clearly when they play
something like this: “Now I am playing that I am papa and have shot a
lion,” etc.
[679] Note, however, the rhythmic action of attention, which frequently
admits of “coming to” at relatively regular intervals.
[680] Lipps’s dritten Aesthetischen Litteraturbericht (p. 480) seems
to me to state the problem clearly, but does not contribute to its
solution.
[681] Lange has treated of the contrary case where Nature is regarded
as a work of art. I do not think, however, that it has the significance
that belongs to the conversion of appearance into reality.
[682] “À la vue d’un objet expressif,” says Jouffroy, “qui me jette
dans un état sympathique de soi-même désagréable, il y a en moi un
plaisir qui résulte de ce que je suis dans cet état.”—_Op. cit._, 270.
[683] Raumästhetik, p. 6.
[684] _Cf._ Baldwin, Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 146.
[685] Baldwin, _op. cit._, p. 141.
[686] K. A. Schmid, Geschichte der Erziehung, vol. iv, p. 282.
[687] Colozza’s book on play contains in its second part, Il guoco
nella storia della pedagogia, a good historical review of this subject.
[688] Moller on Play, in the Encyklopädie des gesammten Erziehungs- und
Unterrichtswesens.
[689] This Swabian preacher had made a prodigy of his son by this
method.
[690] K. A. Schmid, Geschichte der Erziehung, vol. iv, pp. 279, 401.
[691] See Max Reischle, Das Spielen der Kinder, etc., p. 32.
[692] I refer not merely to rivalry, but to the accomplishment of tasks
as well.
[693] Brough Smith, The Aborigines of Victoria, London, 1878, vol. i,
p. 50.
[694] Reischle, _op. cit._, p. 24.
[695] See Colozza, _op. cit._, p. 253.
INDEX
Alix, observation of animals, 123.
Allen, Grant, on beauty, 269.
Allin, play with physical pain, 159;
teasing, 227;
the comic, 280;
imitation of animals, 203.
Altum, on sexual selection, 265;
nursing play, 310.
Amaranthes, swinging, 71;
trials of patience, 102.
Andree, drumming, 46;
recognising pictures, 125;
wagering, 192;
gambling, 210;
indecent drawings, 277.
Anstruther-Thomson, inner imitation, 328, 331.
Arabians, wagering, 208.
Aristotle, catharsis, 163.
Astragalus, 209.
Autenrieth, experimental play, 96.
Bain, imitation, 285.
Baldwin, repetition, 6;
circular reaction, 34;
persistent imitation, 39;
righthandedness, 76;
recognition, 122;
imagination, 136;
imitation, 282-291, 305-321;
nursing play, 311;
self-exhibition, 348;
mass suggestion, 367;
organic selection, 372;
kinds of play, 396.
See also the Editor’s Preface.
Bashkirtseff, the luxury of grief, 161.
Bastian, speech practice, 40;
kite-flying, 97;
throwing at a mark, 114;
gaming, 208;
tensing, 230;
hide-and-seek, 243.
Beauregard, Egyptian caricature, 227.
Berlepsch, throwing play, 106;
ring fighting, 178.
Biederman, repetition in poetry, 367.
Boas, figures in skating, 103.
Böhme, melodies of children’s songs, 230;
sound imitation, 298.
Brehm, teasing, 280.
Bridgman, movement play, 76.
Bücher, work and rhythm, 25;
songs of primitive peoples, 35;
origin of instruments, 46.
Büttikofer, plays of women, 192.
Caine, oracles, 207.
Chamberlain, jumping, 85.
Chinese, effect of music, 30;
games, 208;
pitching quoits, 210.
Colozza, hearing ploys, 48;
mental contests, 201;
social plays, 335;
dangers of the imagination, 406.
Compayré, play with taste, 9;
kissing, 12;
voice practice, 31;
constructive play, 100;
playful lying, 142;
play with the reasoning powers, 154;
teasing, 228.
Couturat, imitatation and æsthetic satisfaction, 328.
Curtmann, social influence, 335.
Darwin, art and sexual selection, 18-24;
observation of movement, 164;
the comic, 297.
Daudet, playful lying, 142.
Dickens, imagination, 138.
Dodge, the comic, 279.
Du Bos, intensive stimuli, 163, 383.
Eckstein, fighting play, 190.
Edler, play with taste, 12;
hearing play, 24.
Ellendorf, sight play, 51.
Erdmann, gaming, 214.
Eskimos, ornamentation, 58;
figure-skating, 119.
Eyre, Australian dance, 73.
Fedde, contest in Faust, 179.
Fénelon, play and judgment, 130.
Feuerbach, imagination, 158.
Fewkes, dolls and idols, 312.
Finsch, endurance plays, 102.
Fischart, destructive play, 98;
ball play, 109;
throwing, 114.
Fischer, wit, 158;
on Schopenhauer, 162.
Flashar, social influence, 335.
Forbes, football, 109;
goal plays, 114.
Fouquières, stloppus, 34;
ancient drums, 46;
Athenian feast, 93;
throwing play, 107;
the Gordian knot, 210;
teasing, 222-224;
hide-and-seek, 243.
Fritsch, love play, 259.
Froebel, learning to walk, 82;
kindergarten, 402.
G. Marie, touch sensations, 8;
taste, 15;
hearing play, 22;
poetic efforts, 35-39;
pleasure in colour, 71;
recognition, 125;
exercise of reason, 129;
speech imitation, 296;
dramatic drawing, 318.
Gildemeister, 345.
Goethe, chain rhymes, 37;
hearing plays, 43;
praying to the light, 52;
throwing play, 105;
illusion, 132;
playful lying, 142;
the luxury of grief, 165;
fighting play, 182.
Grasberger, divisions of play, 1-15;
play with insects, 85;
gymnastic play, 85;
hustling things about, 97;
ring games, 114;
blind-man’s-buff, 128;
hunting play, 240.
Grey, 229.
Grosse, primitive poetry, 35;
instruments, 44;
critique of Bücher, 47;
display in the dance, 73;
rhythm, 89;
stories of Eskimos, 142;
mental rivalry, 202;
derisive songs, 229;
primitive pictures, 315;
dance feasts, 354.
Gurney, enjoyment of music in children, 20;
hearing play, 23.
Gutsmuth, throwing plays, 107;
teasing, 224.
Gutzmann, voice practice among children, 31-33.
Guyau, pleasure in warmth, 14;
in pleasant odours, 17;
playful lying, 142;
theory of play, 388.
Hall, taste, 8;
play with physical pain, 159;
cruelty, 233;
teasing, 288;
the comic, 280;
imitation of animals, 203.
Hanslick, pleasure in music, 27.
Hartmann, endurance play, 103;
rivalry, 182;
betting, 206;
lottery, 208;
apparent and real I, 388.
Hecker, the comic, 165.
Hellenes, drumming, 44;
gymnastic play, 85;
Livingston, 93;
hustling things about, 97;
board plays, 204;
betting, 206.
Helmholtz, 129.
Herbart, the child as a plaything, 403.
Hudson, impulse for contact, 286;
mass play by birds, 346;
Lamarckian principle, 361.
Hugo, 17;
enjoyment of the grotesque, 167.
Ibsen, J. G. Borkmann, 82;
tragedy, 146.
Indian, 182;
games of chance, 208.
Jacobson, Indian child feast, 304.
James, reverence for light, 52;
collective impulse, 100;
desire for knowledge, 147;
hunting impulse, 240;
social play, 352.
Jean Paul, social play, 396.
Jodl, sensory impulses, 3;
teasing, 222;
decapitation, 309.
Johnson, taste play, 11;
hearing play, 34.
Jouffroy, inner imitation, 328.
Kant, colour perception, 60;
the comic, 165.
Kaufmann, recognition in poetry, 127.
Keller, pleasure in colour, 72;
destructive play, 98;
love play, 255.
Kleist, the luxury of grief, 161.
Klutschak, skating figures, 103.
Köhler, the social sense in little children, 335.
Köstlin, tone, 28.
Kraepelin, rhyming, 38;
sensation in play, 74.
Kraus, 343.
Kries, practice of the will, 172.
Külpe, 365;
the reasoning powers, 329.
Kussmaul, taste in the infant, 14.
Lange, conscious self-deception, 130;
value of illusion, 300;
aim in play, 379.
Lazarus, struggle with danger and difficulty, 174;
card games, 195;
recreation theory, 364;
rivalry, 190.
Lee, æsthetic observation, 328.
Legras, movement play, 78.
Lenz, climbing impulse, 87.
Lessing, pleasure in strong excitement, 14;
pleasure in learning, 130;
effect of the tragic, 163;
the task of poetry, 383.
Lewes, attention, 145.
Linde, chess games, 193.
Lindley, logical experimentation, 154.
Lippert, ecstatic condition, 25.
Lipps, the comic, 165;
charm of forbidden fruit, 287;
the Doric column, 323;
æsthetic illusion, 388.
Livingstone, imitative play, 304.
Lombroso, imagination, 140;
impulse to opposition, 187;
destructiveness, 218.
Lotze, 129.
Lubbock, reduplication, 88.
Lukens, children’s drawings, 316.
Mantegazza, love play, 266.
Marcano, caricature, 227.
Marshall, art instinct, 345.
Marty, speech and sympathy, 341.
Meumann, rhythm, 35.
Mexico, 208.
Meyer, E. H., teasing, 230.
Meyer, R. M., refrain, 35, 127.
Mill, J., imitative impulse, 285.
Minor, imitation, 127.
Mörike, touch sensations, 13;
sight play, 52.
Moll, repetition in hypnosis, 367.
Moller, on play, 399.
Monroe, comradeship and sex, 356.
Morgan, Lloyd, organic selection, 294.
Munkacsy, collective impulse, 101.
Nachtigal, plastic production by children, 420.
Nansen, sight play, 51;
leaping, 85;
curiosity, 147.
Necker de Saussure, destructive impulse, 218;
social sense in children, 335.
Niebuhr, ball play, 113.
Nietzsche, intoxication and art, 24;
tragedy, 252;
low ideals, 90.
Nordenskiold, throwing play, 115.
Parkinson, swinging, 93;
throwing play, 107;
catching, 119;
wagering, 206.
Perez, touch sensations, 6-11;
smell, 15;
hearing, 20, 22, 41;
hustling things about, 96;
playful lying, 142;
curiosity, 157;
teasing imitation, 227, 291;
imitation of self, 322.
Petermann, 192;
gaming, 209.
Pfänder, movement and will, 285.
Pfisterer, social sense in children, 335.
Pilo, smoking, 17;
the comic, 238.
Plischke, reason play, 191.
Ploss, hearing play, 41;
rocking, 93;
throwing, 109;
teasing, 225.
Preyer, touch sensations, 6;
hearing play, 41;
sensations of brightness, 50;
perception of movement, 75;
learning to walk, 81;
dancing, 89;
constructive play, 100;
throwing, 103;
recognition, 123;
attention, 147;
imitation, 291.
Rabelais, throwing play, 145;
satire, 228.
Raehlmann, sight play, 48;
sounding, 50.
Raydt, boxing, 180.
Reischel, prehistoric drums, 45;
play and character building, 400.
Ribot, instinct, 34;
gaming, 210;
play with physical pain, 160;
luxury of grief, 162;
the comic, 230;
pleasure in the tragic, 248.
Ricci, plastic art among children, 320.
Richepin, sympathy between artists, 345.
Richter, A., 114.
Richter, W., fisticuff, 180;
gaming, 209.
Rochholz, children’s rhymes, 39;
hustling things about, 97;
throwing play, 114;
finger play, 170;
gaming, 208.
Rötteken, pleasure in strong emotion, 163;
poetic enjoyment, 330.
Romanes, play with temperature sensations, 14, 51;
endurance play, 102;
throwing, 181;
instinct, 372.
Rousseau, meaning of youth, 121.
Rudeck, self-exhibition, 263.
Rückert, riddle contest, 190.
Sand, fear, 166;
imaginative play, 406.
Scaino, football, 108.
Schaller, chance games, 193-204;
card games, 194;
wagering, 213.
Schellong, hearing play, 43.
Schiller, dancing, 89;
superfluous energy, 339;
courage, 392.
Schliemann, Trojan instruments, 46.
Schneegan, teasing, 222.
Schneider, the hunting impulse, 230;
Lamarckian principle, 370.
Scholz, destructive impulse, 220.
Schopenhauer, effect of rhythm, 25-28;
power and will, 384.
Schultz, hearing play, 46;
fighting play, 186-201;
seeking, 244.
Schuster, 204, 205;
gaming, 191-211.
Schweinfurth, throwing play, 114.
Seidel, riddles, 157;
animal stories, 205.
Selenka, singing apes, 19;
rhythmical movement, 89.
Semon, play with taste, 16;
hunting play, 238.
Semper, imitative dancing, 312.
Shinn, hearing, 21;
recognition, 125;
imitation, 295;
dancing by children, 302;
drawing, 314.
Siebeck, musical enjoyment, 28.
Sighele, destructive impulse, 220.
Sigismund, rhythm, 20;
sight play, 50;
learning to walk, 80;
hustling things about, 96;
throwing, 104;
recognition, 123;
teasing, 225;
imitation, 294.
Sikorski, sense of taste, 9;
recognition, 123;
attention, 145.
Sittl, teasing, 231.
Slatin, cruelty, 225.
Smyth, Brough, 402.
Sommer, 488.
Souriau, æsthetics and suggestion, 24;
illusion, 131;
pleasure in movement, 93, 361;
throwing, 104;
fear, 166.
Spencer, superfluous energy, 362;
art and sexual selection, 18;
rhythm, 89;
curiosity, 148.
Spengel, Lamarckian principle, 372.
Spinoza, rivalry, 197.
Steinen, v. d., swinging, 93;
hustling things about, 97;
recognition, 125;
curiosity, 147;
ring fighting, 176;
the comic, 274;
origin of drawing, 314;
beginnings of plastic art, 42;
dancing, 353;
exclusion of women from feasts, 355.
Steinthal, recreation, 365.
Stern, L. W., perception of movement, 145.
Stern, P., sympathy and association, 325.
Sticker, righthandedness, 76.
Stöckel, the nude in art, 276.
Stoll, hypnotism, 25;
dancing dervishes, 369.
Stricker, inner imitation, 329.
Strümpell, touch sensations, 8;
hearing play, 41;
endurance play, 102;
counting, 136.
Strutt, old English snowshoeing, 95;
endurance play, 102;
ball play, 120;
fighting play, 185;
hunting impulse, 238.
Stumpf, a prodigy, 129.
Sully, hearing play, 20, 41;
recognition, 123;
memory, 128;
playful lying, 142;
fear, 167;
opposition, 186;
the comic, 230;
voluntary submission, 338.
Svoboda, fighting play, 182;
play of children, 397;
dancing, 350.
Tarde, imitation and repetition, 282;
obedience as imitation, 348.
Tiedemann, curiosity, 150.
Töllner, on play, 398.
Tracy, beginnings of imitation, 291.
Tylor, backgammon, 194;
wagering and soothsaying, 207, 208;
counting games, 210;
drawing by deaf-mutes, 230.
Vierordt, movement in children, 75;
righthandedness, 76.
Vischer, 279;
inner imitation, 328.
Volkett, enjoyment of tragedy, 246;
inner sympathy, 322.
Wagner, F. v., Lamarckian principle, 372.
Wagner, H., top spinning, 111;
ball games, 120;
experimentation, 169.
Wagner, L., shipwreck, 222;
April fool, 225.
Wagner, R., recognition, 126.
Wallaschek, rhythm and melody, 26;
critique of Spencer, 29.
Weinhold, K., leaping play, 86;
dancing, 89;
snowshoeing, 95;
throwing play, 181, 203;
gaming, 186, 191.
Weismann, germinal selection, 373.
Werner, poetic rivalry, 189.
Westermarck, courtship contest, 263.
Wetz, province of the drama, 247.
Wölfflin, touch sensations, 10.
Wünsche, betting among the Arabians, 208.
Wundt, love plays, 253;
eye movements, 328;
criterion of play, 379.
Zettler, tests of strength, 178.
Zingerle, sense of taste, 9;
chain rhymes, 36;
sight plays, 50.
Zola, 136.
THE END