Escaping from Macon--An adventure in Atlanta--In the disguise of a
Confederate soldier--My wanderings inside the Confederate army and
what I experienced there--I am captured as a spy--How I got out of
it all.
I have related how suddenly we prisoners were hurried from Libby Prison
in Richmond to the town of Macon in Georgia.
It was now the hot summer of 1864, that summer when Sherman, only a
hundred and fifty miles from our prison, was having a battle every day.
He was marching and fighting his way to Atlanta. Seven hundred of us,
all Federal officers, were now penned up in a hot stockade. I copy a
page from my diary:
"The walls here at Macon prison are twelve feet high. Sentries are
posted near the top of them on a platform running around the outside.
Their orders are to shoot any prisoners seen approaching the dead line.
This dead line is simply marked off by an occasional stake, and is
twelve feet inside the surrounding wall. It is fearfully hot here inside
this stockade. The ground is pure sand, reflecting the sun's rays
powerfully. We had no cover of any kind at first, save the blankets
stretched over pine sticks. It is as hot here at Macon as it was cold at
Libby Prison."
We tried digging a tunnel by which to escape. It was four feet under
ground and seventy-five feet long. It was barely ready when some spy
revealed it, and our chance was lost. For my own part, I was determined
to get away. The food was now again horrible, and all kinds of
indignities and insults were heaped upon the prisoners. One night during
a hard rain I attempted to escape through a washout under the stockade.
I remained by the spot till nearly midnight, not knowing that I was
being watched every moment. As I was about to give up the attempt and go
away Captain Gesner, of a New York regiment, came to the little brook
for a cup of water. The guard who had been watching me then fired, and
Gesner dropped dead. They came in with lanterns to see who had been
killed, and the guard who had fired related how he had watched the man
for nearly two hours trying to escape. I did not dare say that it was I,
not poor Gesner, who had been trying to get away.
Now I contemplated, too, a different means of escape. It was to get a
Rebel uniform, escape from the stockade by some means, and enter the
Rebel army in disguise, trusting my chance to get away during the first
battle.
There was but one gate or door to the stockade, and this door was kept
constantly closed. It was guarded by a sentinel who stood, gun in hand,
immediately above it while a corporal stood watch below. Once a day a
few guards and officers entered this door, closed it behind them, and
formed us into lines for counting. I had studied a small map of the
country for days, and by dint of trading tobacco, etc., with an
occasional guard who was dying for the weed I acquired, piece by piece,
a pretty decent Rebel uniform. This I kept buried in the sand where I
slept. July 15, 1864, came around. My term of enlistment expired that
day. I had been in the Union army three years; was it not a good time to
give the Rebels a trial? There were a few old sheds not far from the
gate, and in one of these one morning about nine o'clock I waited with a
friend, and saw the sergeants and the guards come in, when the bell
rang, to count the prisoners. I had resurrected my Rebel uniform and had
quietly slipped it on. It fitted amazingly. My friend was lingering
there, simply to see what would become of me. He has often declared
since then that he expected me to be shot the moment I should approach
the dead-line.
The prisoners were some way off, in rows, being counted. I stepped from
under cover and quickly walked up to and over the dead-line by the gate.
The guard walking above brought his gun from his shoulder, halted, and
looked at me. I paid no attention, but knocked, when the door opened,
and the corporal stepped in the opening and asked what I wanted. "The
lieutenant misses a roll-list, and I must run out and bring it from
headquarters," I answered, pushing by him hurriedly. There was no time
for questions, and the corporal, before getting over his surprise, had
passed me out as a Rebel sergeant. I quickly turned the corner, passed a
number of "Johnnies" sitting on the grass drinking coffee and went
straight up to the commandent's tent, near the edge of the wood, but did
not go in. I had not looked behind me once, but expected every moment to
hear a bullet whizzing after me. I passed behind the tent, walked slowly
into the wood, and then ran my best for an hour.
I was outside of prison. How free, how green, how beautiful all things
seemed! It was the joy of years in a few minutes. Of course I was
instantly missed at the roll-call, and bloodhounds were soon upon my
track. I avoided them, however, by different maneuvers. I changed my
course, shortly repassed the prison pen on the opposite side, and went
back and up into the city of Macon. After wandering through its streets
for an hour I again took to the woods. That night I slept in a swamp of
the Ocmulgee River. What bedfellows I had!--frogs, lizards, bats, and
alligators. But it was better than the inside of a war prison. All the
next day I lay in a blackberry patch, fearing to move, but feasting on
the luscious, ripe berries. What a contrast it was to my previous
starving! Never in this world shall I enjoy food so again.
Near to me was a watering-station for the railway to Atlanta. As I lay
in the bushes I heard trains halting all the day. With night came a
glorious moon. Such a flood of heaven's own light I had never seen
before. By ten at night a long, empty train halted, and in two minutes I
had sprung from the bushes and was inside of an empty freight car. In
ten minutes more I stood in the door of the car watching the fair farms
and the hamlets of Georgia sleeping under the glorious moonlight, while
I was being hurled along heaven knew where.
That was the strangest ride of my life. The conductor came along when we
were near Atlanta, swinging his lantern into the cars, and found a
strange passenger. He threatened all sorts of things if my fare were not
paid, of course I had no money, but I put myself on my dignity, told him
I was a convalescent soldier coming back from a furlough, and dared him
or any other civilian to put me off the train. That ended the colloquy,
and just before daylight the whistle screamed for Atlanta, and I was
inside the lines of Hood's army.
I left the train and in a few moments was tucked away in the haymow of a
barn near the station. So far, good; but daylight brought a squad of
Rebel cavalry into the barn, who, to my dismay, soon commenced climbing
up to the mow for hay for their horses. My presence of mind was about
leaving me utterly when I happened to notice an empty sugar hogshead in
the corner of the mow. Before the Rebels were up I was in it, and there
I sat and perspired for six mortal hours. Those hours were days, every
one of them. All of this time Sherman's army, then besieging Atlanta,
was throwing shells into our neighborhood. At last, at last! the Rebels
saddled their horses and rode out of the barnyard.
I was not long in changing my headquarters. For days and days I walked
up and down Atlanta among the troops, to the troops, away from the
troops, always moving, always just going to the regiment, to which I had
attached myself as ordnance sergeant. I was very careful, however, to
keep far away from that particular regiment. I knew its position, its
chief officers, knew, in fact, the position of every brigade in Hood's
army. It was to my interest, under the circumstances, to know them well,
for I was continually halted with such exclamations as, "Hallo! which
way? Where's your regiment? What you doing away over here?" A hundred
times I was on the point of being arrested and carried to my alleged
command. For every man I met I had a different tale, to suit the
circumstances. At night I slept where I could--under a tree, behind a
drygoods box; it made little difference, as my lying down on the ground,
hungry, pillowless, and blanketless, and fearing every moment to be
arrested, could not be called sleeping. This life was growing monotonous
at last; the more so as, aside from an occasional apple, I had nothing
at all to eat.
About the fifth day I overheard an old Irishman, hoeing among his
potatoes, bitterly reviling the war to his wife. I made his acquaintance
and discovered our sentiments as to the rebellion to be very nearly
identical. Under the most tremendous of oaths as to secrecy, I told who
I was and that I was absolutely starving. If he would help me, I knew
how to save his property when Sherman's army should enter. That it would
enter, and that Atlanta would be razed to the ground, and every human
being's throat cut, he had not a doubt. Still, if detected in secreting
or feeding me, he would be hanged from his own door-post. There was no
doubting that, either.
However, that night I slept in his cellar and was fed with more than the
crumbs from his table. It was arranged that I should wander about the
army day-times, and come to his cellar--unknown to him, of course--about
ten every night, when his family were likely to be in bed. The outside
door was to be left unlocked for me. Prisoners did not carry timepieces
in the South. Mine disappeared with my pistols on the battlefield of
Chattanooga, and as an unfortunate result I went to my den in the cellar
an hour too early one evening. None of my protector's family seemed to
have been aware of the guest in the cellar.
I was sitting quietly in a corner of the dark, damp place when the
trap-door opened above and a young lady, bearing a lamp, descended and
seemed to be searching for something. It was a romantic
situation--destined to be more so. Groping about the cellar, the young
lady approached me. I moved along the wall to avoid her. She unluckily
followed. I moved farther again. She followed, cornered me, screamed at
the top of her voice, dropped the lamp, and fainted. In half a minute
three soldiers who had happened to be lunching upstairs, the old lady,
and my friend, her husband, rushed down the steps, armed with lights.
The old gentleman recognized me and was in despair. I think I too was in
despair, but, rightfully or wrongfully, I took to my heels and escaped
through the door which I had entered, leaving the fainting girl, the
despairing father, and the astonished soldiers to arrange matters as
they might. The girl recovered, I learned years afterward, and her
father's house was one of the few that escaped the flames when Sherman
started to the sea.
From that night on I slept again at the roadsides, and as for rations, I
might say I did not have any. The weather was terribly hot, but I spent
my days wandering from regiment to regiment and from fort to fort,
inspecting the positions and the works. I knew if I did get through, all
this would be equal to any army corps for Sherman.
Once I crept into a little deserted frame house and, happening to find
an old white palmetto hat there, I changed it for my own, on account of
the heat. I then laid my Rebel jacket and cap under the boards and,
fastening my pantaloons up with a piece of broad red calico that
happened to be with the hat, sallied out, seeing what I could see. I
very soon saw more than I had calculated on. I had wandered well off to
the right of the army and was quietly looking about when a squad of
cavalry dashed in, shouting, "The Yankees are on us!" There was a
regiment of infantry close by, which sprang to its feet, and every man
in sight was ordered to seize a gun and hurry to the front. I, too, was
picked up, and before I had time to explain that I was just going over
to my division a gun was in my hands and I was pushed into the line. The
whole force ran for a quarter of an hour into the woods, firing as they
ran, and shouting. Suddenly, as a few shots were fired into us, we
stopped and formed line of battle.
The skirmish was soon over. Some cavalry had flanked the Yanks and
brought them in, and while their pockets were being gone through with by
my fellow-soldiers I slipped to the rear, and was glad to get back into
my own cap and jacket.
I lay in the little empty house that night. Sherman's army had been
banging at the city fearfully, and setting houses on fire all night. It
was a little revenge, I presume, for the losses in the skirmish in which
I had taken so picturesque a part. These shelled houses had emptied
their occupants into the street, and a little after daylight I noticed a
family, with its worldly baggage piled on a one-mule wagon, stop in
front of my residence. "Here's a house out of range of bullets. Why not
move in?" I heard a manly voice call to the women and children,
following with the traps. "Move in," I thought to myself. "Well, they
can stand it, if I can." The house consisted of but one large room,
unceiled, and reaching to the rafters, with the exception of a small
compartment, finished off and ceiled, in one corner. On top of this
little compartment were my headquarters.
In they moved, bag and baggage, and the women folks soon commenced
preparing a meal outside, under the shadows of the front door. This
half-finished room had been used as a butcher shop in the past, it
seemed, and the meat hooks in the corner had served me as a ladder to
mount to my perch on the ceiling. "Now, Johnny," chirped the wife, "do
run uptown and buy some red and white muslin. We will make a Union flag,
and when Sherman gits in, as he's bound to, we're jest as good Union
folks as he is. You know I'm dyin' for real coffee. I'm tired of chicory
and Injun bread, and I don't keer if Sherman's folks is in to-morrow.
We'll draw government rations, and be Union."
These good people were probably "poor trash" of the South, not caring
much which way the war went provided they could get rations. Their
general talk, however, was of the real Rebel character, and it was an
unsafe place for me to stop in. In an hour the banquet before the front
door was prepared, and all hands went out to partake. Soon they were
joined by a Rebel soldier, who seemed to be on a half-hour's furlough
to visit the young lady of the party, whom I took to be his sweetheart.
Sherman's army, I was sorry to learn from this soldier, was being simply
"mowed out of existence." "All the woods about Atlanta were as a reeking
corpse." Sherman himself was in flight northward.
By looking more closely through a chink in the weather-boarding of my
hiding-place I discovered that he was reading all this dreadful
information from a Copperhead newspaper from Chicago, and then I felt
easier.
Again, there was the talk about money purses made of Yankee's scalps and
finger rings from Yankee bones; and during the dinner I was no little
astonished to see this valiant Southerner exhibit to his eager listeners
a veritable ring, rough and yellow, made, as he said, from the bones of
one of Sherman's cavalrymen. This was probably brag.
The banquet of cucumbers, chicory, and Injun bread was about
terminating. My soldier with the ring had used up his furlough and was
gone. The house was still empty, and it was now, or never, if I proposed
getting down from my perch without alarm. My plan was silently to climb
down the meat hooks which I had ascended and to slip out at the still
open back door of the house. On peeping over the edge of the ceiling,
however, what was my amazement to see a bull-dog of immense proportions
tied to one of my hooks!
Here was a "situation"! He was sound asleep, but had an amiable
countenance. I dropped a bit of plaster on his nose. He looked up
amazed, and smiled. Then I smiled, and then he smiled again; and then I
carefully crept down, patted him on the head, said good-by in a whisper,
and in a twinkling was out at the back door. My gratitude to this dog is
boundless.
I had found it unsafe to be about houses, and again I took my lodgings
in the field. Again I was busy, just _going to my division_, but never
getting there. Once, near the sacred quarters of a brigadier, the guard
arrested me. I protested, and our loud talk brought the brigadier to the
rescue. I explained how I was "just going to my regiment," and how my
pass had been lost, and the necessity of my going on at once. The
brigadier took in the situation at a glance, and with a pencil wrote me
a pass, good for that day.
Fighting was going on about Atlanta constantly, but with so many
apparent reverses to our arms that I feared I should never get away.
The memorable 22d of July came, and with it the most terrific fighting
on Hood's right, and in fact all round the semi-circle about the city. A
division, with my Alabama regiment, entered the battle on Hood's right
wing, and I followed, at a safe distance, as an ordnance sergeant.
Everybody was too busy and excited to ask me questions, and in the hope
that Hood would be defeated and an opportunity for getting through the
lines be at last presented, I was feeling good. Hundreds, thousands
possibly, of wounded men fell back by me, but all shouting, "The Yankees
are beaten, and McPherson is killed."
It was too true! McPherson had fallen and, if reports were correct,
Sherman's army had met with an awful disaster. For me, there was nothing
left but to get back to the rear and try another direction. I knew that
Sherman's advance was at the ford, at Sandtown, on the Chattahoochie
River, at our left. Could I only get there, I might still be saved. I
had now been seen among the Rebel forts and troops so much that there
was the greatest danger of my being recaptured, and shot as a spy. On
the night of the 22d I took refuge under a hedge, near to a field
hospital.
No food and no sleep for days was killing me. Still there was no rest,
for all the night long I heard the groans of the poor fellows whose arms
and legs were being chopped off by the surgeons. The whole night was
simply horrible. I might have died there myself; I wonder that I did
not. Only the hope of escape was keeping me alive. I had not eaten a
pound of food in days.
Daylight of the 23d came. It was my birthday. Auspicious day, I thought,
and again my hopes gave me strength and courage to work my way past
lines of infantry and cavalry.
All day, till nearly sunset, I had crept around in the woods, avoiding
sentinels, and now I was almost in sight of the longed-for goal. It was
not a mile to the ford. When darkness set in I should swim the river and
be a free man. More, I had news that would help Sherman's army to
capture Atlanta. A thousand pictures of home, of freedom, peace, were
painting themselves in my mind. One hour more, and all would be well.
Hark! a shot, and then a call to halt and hold up my arms. I was
surrounded in a moment by fifty cavalrymen who had been secreted in the
bushes--how or where I know not. We were in sight of the river, and the
Union flag was just beyond. It was no use here to talk about being a
Confederate. I was arrested as a spy, and in great danger of being shot
then and there, without a hearing. I was partly stripped, searched
thoroughly, and then marched between two cavalrymen to General Ross, of
Texas, who, with his staff, was also at a hidden point in the woods.
General Ross treated me kindly and gave me lunch and a blanket to rest
on. It was his duty, however, to send me to the division headquarters,
to be tried. I was again marched till nine at night, when I was turned
over to General H----. He was sitting by a fire in the woods roasting
potatoes and reviling the Yankees. As I was arrested as a spy, and to be
tried, I deemed it best to say nothing. "Try to escape from me tonight,"
shouted General H----, as if he were commanding an army corps, "and I'll
put you where there is no more 'scaping." Through the whole night a
soldier sat at my head with a cocked pistol, but for the first time in
days I slept soundly. Why not? The worst had happened. By daylight a
guard marched me up to the city, where Hood had army headquarters in the
yard of a private residence.
On the way there my guard, a mere boy, was communicative, and I
persuaded him to show me the paper that was being sent around with me,
from one headquarters to another. I read it. Sure enough, I was
considered a spy, and was being forwarded for trial. The paper gave the
hour and place of my capture, with the statement that one of those
capturing me had seen me inspecting a fort on the previous Sunday.
When we reached Hood's tents, in the dooryard of the Atlanta mansion, I
was turned over to a new guard, and the document brought with me was
carelessly thrown into an open pigeon-hole of a desk out on the grass by
a clerk who seemed too much disturbed about other matters to ask where
the guard came from or what I was accused of. I, at least, noticed where
the paper was put. There was the most tremendous excitement at
headquarters. Orderlies and officers were dashing everywhere at once,
fighting was constantly going on, and an immediate retreat seemed to be
determined. I was left that night in a tent with a few other prisoners,
among them two deserters, sentenced to be shot. Close by on the lawn was
the desk where the clerk had deposited my paper. Our guard was very
accommodating, or very negligent, for he allowed different persons to go
in and out from our tent at all hours during the night. Daylight brought
the provost-marshal general to the tent, to dispose of the prisoners.
The name of each was called, and all but myself were taken out, heard,
and sent off.
"And who are you?" he said, pleasantly enough to me. I stepped forward.
The clerk was asked for the paper, but it was gone. "It certainly had
been misplaced," said the clerk, in embarrassment. He had put it in that
particular pigeon-hole. I testified to that myself, and added,--this
sudden inspiration coming to me in the emergency,--that "it was of
little consequence, as it was from an officer,--I didn't know whom,--who
had simply picked me up as an escaped prisoner." The provost-marshal
took me aside and asked me if I had been about the works or the troops
any. I told him my name, that I was really an escaped prisoner, and that
I had just walked up from Macon and had hoped to get away. "You have had
a hard time of it," he said, "and I almost wish you had got away. I hope
you will soon be free," he added, "and that the cruel war is almost
over." It was a sudden and great relief to me to know that now I was not
to be regarded as a spy. What became of the "papers" and the charges
against me afterward in the midst of war excitements, I never knew. The
next night the provost-marshal sent me under guard back to Macon prison
whence I had escaped.