capitalist, 6-7, 200-204, 210-230
cattle, importance of to, 113-115, 239-242
changes in methods of, _see_ Agrarian changes
commercial development, effect of on, 185-188, 195-197
common rights, importance of to, 238-242
communal elements in, 128-131, 159-161, 205-207, 243-246
corn growing, part played by in, 105-112
corn laws, effect of on, 112-113, 197
custom, effect of on, 75-78, 124-131, 292-301
enclosure by peasants, effect of on, 152-153, 158, 169-173
enclosure by manorial authorities, effect of on, 216-223
farmer of demesne, part played by in, 201-204, 210-230
for market, 214-216
for subsistence, 111-112
improvements in, 110-111, 170-172
markets, effect of on, 196-197, 214-215
mediæval, not incompatible with change, 75-97, 172, 404-405
methods of--
in Cornwall, 262, 405
" Devonshire, 167, 262, 405
" Essex, 167, 262, 405
" Kent, 167, 262, 405
" Lancashire, 63, 65
" Midlands, 65, 167, 192
" Norfolk, 63, 65, 405
" Northumberland, 63, 65, 189-192
" Suffolk, 63, 262
" Somerset, 110-111, 171, 262, 405
" Staffordshire, 63, 65
" Wiltshire, 63, 65, 212
on demesne farms, 200-230
" monastic estates, 382-383
" peasants' holdings, 105-115
open field system of, _see_ Open field system
pasture farming instead of, _see_ Pasture
rise in prices, effects of on, 197-200, 304-310
social importance of, 341-347
speculation, effects of on, 381-383
views as to, of Clarkson, 5, 189-190
" " Fitzherbert, 5, 109, 112, 117-118, 150, 151-152, 242
" " Norden, 5, 108, 110-111, 118, 150, 151, 171, 308
woollen industry, effects of on, 6, 195-197
Alien, _see_ Immigration
Alienation of land, effect of free, 86, 138-139
fines on, 127
_See also_ Speculation
Apprenticeship, effect of on marriage, 104-106
Arable land--
backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105-108
common rights, necessary for cultivation of, 239-242
conversion of to pasture, 223-230, 232-233, 258
corn yielded by acre of, 110-111
enclosure of for better cultivation by large farmers, 10, 221-224
enclosure of for better cultivation by peasants, 151-153, 162-164
estimated number of persons maintained by holding of, 261
proportion of to pasture and meadow in Staffordshire, 392-393
proportion of to pasture and meadow on demesne farms, 225-228
proportion of to pasture and meadow on peasants' holdings, 107
reconversion of pasture to--
Acts for, 353-355
by Royal Commissions, 359-360, 366-367, 374-375
" Council, 360-361
" Justices of Assize, 376
" Justices of Peace, 386, 418-420
" landlords, 390-391
Aristocracy--
acquisition of monastic estates by some of the, 380-384
attack of on Somerset's land policy, 367-368, 370-372
contrast between mediæval and that of sixteenth century, 191-194
growth of commerce, effect of, on the, 187-188, 191-194
Harrington's account of social changes in the, 38, 191
landholding peasants not an, 100-102
part played by in Pilgrimage of Grace, 322-324
relations of to tenants in North and South contrasted, 188-191
Tudor policy, effect of on powers of the, 188-195
unpopularity of administrative Courts with the. 397-400
_See also_ Index of Persons, Bath, Brudenell, Darcy, Derby, Englefield,
Harrington, Herbert, St. John, Shrewsbury, Saye and Sele, Somerset,
Warwick, Willoughby, Wolsey, Yorke, Leicester, Northumberland.
Assessment--
of subsidies, 169, 344-347
" enclosed land, 169
" wages, 23, 100, 308
Assize--
Justices of, disputes as to land referred to by Council, 373, 375-376
" " punishment of depopulating landlords by, 375-376, 419-420
rents of, 118
Assize of Novel Disseisin--
establishment of by Henry II., 122
remedy of freeholders by, 248
Authorities--
manorial, _see_ Manorial authorities, the
Authority--
part played by in organisation of manor, 92, 128-129
tendency of to stereotype manorial arrangements, 75-78, 92-93
Bailiffs, 82, 123, 209
Barton land, division of among peasants, 95
Beasts--
importance of for plough, 240-242
number of kept by peasants, 113
Black Death, _see_ Great Plague
Bodger, the, 349
Bondage, _see_ Villeinage
Bondman, _see_ Villeinage
Bord land, 95
Border--
agrarian conservatism on, 63-66, 188-191
copyholders on, 188-191
military importance of numerous tenantry on, 188-191
substitution of leases for copies on, 301-304
Border tenure--
Coke's remarks upon, 299
Customs involved in, 299
decision of Courts as to, 299
discussion by Long Parliament as to, 191
effect of Union of Crowns on, 190-191
service with horse and harness, an incident of, 190
Boundaries--
importance of to commoners, 241
uncertainty of, 235-236
Bovate, _see_ Virgate
Canon Law, the, as to usury, 307
Capital--
accumulation of by peasants, 82-83, 118
dealings in on money market, 186
investments of in farm stock, 6, 113-115, 170-172, 220
" " " joint-stock companies, 186
" " " land, 7
Capitalists--
appearance of among peasants, 71, 81-84, 136-139
farming on a large scale by, 6-7, 200-204, 210-230
loans by, 108-110
purchase of land by small, 78-95
results of growth of small, 95-97, 136-139
signs of appearance of large, 215
_See also_ Demesne land, Farmers, Enclosure, Pasture
Catholic--
conspiracy, supposed complicity of peasants in, 329
" fear of, reason for popular agrarian policy, 340-341
landlords, special measures suggested for, 341
revolts, parties in, 318-319, 323-324
Cattle, _see_ Agriculture, Beasts, Common Land
Chancery, _see_ Court
Chevage, 53
Childwite, still paid in seventeenth century, 54
Classes of landholders, see Peasants
Collective bargain by peasants with lord, 130, 295
Combinations--
among peasants, 131, 330-331
to reduce rents and prices, and to break down enclosures, illegal, 371
Commerce--
attention given by Tudor governments to, 185-186, 197
backwardness of in North, 190
effect of in breaking down equality of peasants' holdings, 66, 84-85
engaged in by aristocracy, 187-188
expansion of in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 185-186, 196
influence of on social conditions and land tenure, 187-188, 196-197
Commission of sewers, 395
Commissions, Royal--
activity of Hales in connection with, 167, 366-368, 371
" " Laud in connection with, 399, 420-421
" " Somerset in connection with, 362-370
anger of landlords at, 367-368, 370
appointment of on enclosure and depopulation in 1517, 261, 359
" " " " 1548, 261, 366
" " " " 1566, 261,
" " " " 1607, 261, 375
" " " " 1632, 261, 376
" " " " 1635, 261, 376
" " " " 1636, 261, 376
causes of appointment of, 358
counties visited by, 366
disappointment of peasants with, 319, 366
effects of in checking depopulation, 391-393, 419-420
evidence before, how collected, 263, 366-367
" " interpretation of, 263-265
fines imposed by, 391, 419-420
fiscal motives for, under Charles I., 391
statistics derived from, as to average area of enclosures, 154-155
" " " " acreage enclosed, value of, 262-265
" " " " population displaced, value of, 262-265
Commons--
grant made by Lords to the, 335
"information and petition against the oppressors of the poor commons,"
366
proclamation of the, 323-324
prosperous condition of, 132-135
Commons, House of, _see_ Parliament
Common field system, _see_ Open field system
Common Land--
administration of, by Manorial Courts, 159-162, 244-246
" " at Burnham, 245
" " " Southampton, 245-246
" " " Wootton Basset, 251-252
beasts kept on by peasants, 113-114
colonising of by evicted tenants, 277-279
demands of Norfolk rebels as to, 335-336
division of by peasants, 157
enclosure of by peasants, 157, 169-170
" " manorial authorities, 219-221
" " Johnson on unimportance of, 9
importance of, reasons for, 239-242
" " Clarkson on, 189
" " Fitzherbert on, 242
" " Hales on, 4, 239-240
" " Hamberstone on, 240, 241
improvement of by capitalists, 394-395
monopolising of by large farmer, 220-221, 242-243
overstocking of, 170-172, 242-243
sale of at Burnham, 245
stinting of, 160, 241
view taken in seventeenth century as to, 394-396
_See also_ Common, Bights of, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste
Common Law--
complaints of landlords as to interference of government with, 397-398
complaints of Long Parliament as to interference of government with, 399
doctrine of as to Rights of Common, 246-250
ineffective remedy offered to customary tenants by, 358, 400
protection of copyholders by, 289, 291, 296
tenants at will at, 289
Common meadow, _see_ Meadow land
Common pastures, _see_ Pasture
Common waste, _see_ Waste
Common, rights of--
Bracton on, 247
Coke on, 248
communal element in, 244-246
compensation for loss of, 243
copyholders' remedy for loss of, 248-249, 287-301
cottagers' claim to, 247
difficulty of poor in enforcing, 252-253
dispute as to at Coventry, 250-251
" " " Wootton Basset, 251-253
Fitzherbert on, 249
freeholders' remedy for loss of, 248-249
legal theory as to common appendant, 247
" " " " appurtenant, 247
" " " " in gross, 247
" " " " par cause de vicinage, 247
Maitland on, 244
peasants' view of, 243-246
not conferred by residence, 247
tenements attached to, 247
_sicut quantitatem tenuræ_, 241
Vinogradoff on, 244
_See_ Common Land, Copyholders, Meadow land, Pasture, Waste
Communism--
denounced by landlords, 324, 384
elements of in manorial arrangements, 159-161, 206-207, 243-246
practical nature of in demands of rebels in sixteenth century, 338
theoretical nature of in demands of Diggers, 338
views as to, of Maitland, 244
" " " Vinogradoff, 244
Community, the village, _see_ Manor
Commutation, _see_ Labour services
Competitive rents, _see_ Rents
Consolidation of holdings, _see_ Holdings
Conversion to pasture, _see_ Pasture
Copyholders--
act to give security to, on Somerset's demesne lands, 294, 365
attitude of, to State, 122-124
cases as to, 296
compelled to surrender copies for leases, 301-304
customs affecting, at Aldeburgh, 411-412
customs affecting, at Bushey, 126-127
dependence of on custom of manor, 124-131, 292-301
effect on of fall in value of money, 304-310
fines paid by, 305-307
labour services rendered by, 52-53
marks of personal villeinage among, 53-54
on new land, 289-290, 293-294
preponderance of over other classes shown by statistics, 25, 48
rights of common enjoyed by, 248-258
rents of fixed by custom, 115-121
surplus enjoyed by, 119-121
subletting of land by, 81
tenure of, changes in, in sixteenth century, 1-2, 310-311
" definition of, 47
" demands of rebels as to, 334-337
" duration of, statistics as to, 300
" fines incidental to, certain or uncertain, statistics as to,
300
" origin in villein tenure, 50
" protected by custom of manor, 129-131, 292-297
" " " Court of Chancery, 289, 291-292, 294-295, 398
" " " Courts of Common Law, 289, 291, 294-295
" " " Court of Requests, 362, 367, 397
" " " Court of Star Chamber, 360
" " " Council, 296, 359, 373-374, 397
" theories as to, of Ashley, 290-292
" " " Coke, 289, 299
" " " Fitzherbert, 288-289
" " " Kitchin, 289
" " " Leadam, 289-290
" " " Norden, 47
" " " Savine, 287, 292, 297, 300
_See also_ Customary tenants, Manor
Corn--
consumed at home, 111-112
export of encouraged, 113
export of discouraged, 197
import of checked, 113
loans of, 109
output of per acre, 110-111
trade in, 111
Corn-growing--
backbone of peasants' livelihood, 105-112
commercial policy towards, 112-113, 197
conditions making profitable, 110-113
in Norfolk, 111-112
pastures broken up for at Coventry, 20
proposals for encouragement of, 416-417
unemployment caused by abandonment of, 232-233
wastes to be reclaimed for, 394-395
Corn laws, _see_ Corn
Cottagers--
commons used by, 247
driven from enclosed into open field villages, 277-279
loss of commons by, 7
statistics as to among freeholders, 31-33
" " " customary tenants, 63-66
Cottages--
Act requiring four acres to be attached to, 277, 354
erection of on waste, 277-278
Council--
Agrarian policy of under Charles I., 391, 399
attack on Somerset by, 370, 380
grantees of monastic estates members of, 380
intervention of to protect peasants, 357-359, 361-362, 372-376, 391, 399
of the North, 355, 374, 398
of Wales, 355, 373
returns made by Justices to, 356, 375-376, 386, 419-420
Court of Chancery--
cases heard in by Wolsey, 397-398
petitions to from peasants, 294
protection of customary tenants by in fifteenth century, 289, 291-292
Court of Manor--
agricultural arrangements of village controlled by, 159-162, 244-246
cases of villeinage heard in, 292
customs enforced by, 125
enclosers fined by, 161-162
pastures stinted by, 170, 241
villein land transferred in, 78-79, 86
Court of Requests--
cases before as to copyholds, 362
" " " fold-courses, 374, 397
" " " rack-renting, 285, 390
" " " villeinage, 42
constitution of, 357
Hall on, 357
popularity of with poorer classes, 357
powers of curtailed by prohibitions, 399
Somerset's use of, 367
unpopularity of with landlords, 397-398
Court of Star Chamber--
abolition of in 1641, 399
cases before, as to breach of peace, 374
" " " copyholds, 359, 360
" " " enclosure, 360, 391, 421
" " " villeinage, 43
constitution of, 357
denounced in Grand Remonstrance, 399
Sir Thomas Smith on, 358
unpopularity of with landlords, 397-398
Court Leet--
of Coventry, 20, 162, 181, 249, 251
of Southampton, 162, 170, 241, 245-246
Court Rolls--
evidence of, as to enclosure, 159
" " " encroachments on waste, 87-89
" " " land speculation, 75, 78-81
" " " tenure of copyholders, 362
" " " villeinage, 43
Courts of Common Law, _see_ Common Law.
Cultivation, _see_ Agriculture
Cultivators, _see_ Peasants
Crown, the, _see_ Council, Court, and Index of Persons
Crown tenants--
at Wheatley 302, 413-415
in Wales, 298, 302
on Northumbrian border, 190-191, 299
Custom of the Manor, the, _see_ Copyholders, Manor
Customary--
of Aldeburgh, 411-412
" Bushey, 126-128
" High Furness, 101
Customary Court, _see_ Court of Manor
Customary tenants--
statistics of, 24-26, 48
_see also_ Copyholders
Dairy farming, 215
Day work of copyholders, 52-53
Demesne land--
absent from some northern manors, 203
acreage of farms on, 212-213
added to peasants' holdings, 93-95, 204-209
changes in use of after Great Plague, 93-95, 204-209
conversion to pasture of, 223-228
customary routine of agriculture on, 217, 228-229
difficulty of discriminating between peasants' land and, 95
effect of division of among peasants, 91-93
foundation of large farm in sixteenth century, 202-203
gradual consolidation of, 221-223, 254-256
insecurity of copyholders on, 289, 293-294
leased to capitalist farmer, 210-212
leased to smallholders, 94-95, 204-205
leased to village community, 205-207
lying in compact blocks, 221-223, 254-256
lying in scattered strips, 221-222
peasants' land merged in, 257-258
progress of enclosure on, 216-223
proportion of manorial area formed by, 259
rents paid for, 256
rights of common over, 234
statistics as to use of, 225-226
unemployment caused by enclosure of, 232-233
Depopulation--
Commissions of Inquiry into, _see_ Commissions
counties most affected by, 8-9, 153-154, 262-263, 404-405
contemporary accounts of, 6-8
effect of on pauperism, _see_ Poor Law
individual instances of, 257, 260-261
proposals for checking, 416-417
statistics of Royal Commissions as to, 261-265
Statutes against, _see_ Acts of Parliament
views of Gay as to exaggerated accounts of, 10-11, 263-265
Diggers, 321, 337-338
Dissolution of monasteries, _see_ Monasteries
Domesday Book--
large extent of arable land in, 228
_liberi homines_ and _sochemanni_ in, 27
Domesday of Enclosures--
classes entered in as enclosing, 154-155
enclosing by _villata_ in, 156
size of enclosures in, 154-155
_See also_ Enclosures
Economic rent, _see_ Rent, Copyholders
Education obtained by some peasants, 134-135
Enclosure--
by agreement, between individuals, 162-165
" " better cultivation produced by, 169-172
" " early progress of in East and South-West, 167-168, 405
" " Fitzherbert on, 150, 152-153, 171
" " Hales on, 151, 167, 171
" " Lee on, 151
" " Moore on, 167
" " Norden on, 150, 151, 171
" " no harm resulting from, 152-153, 172-173
" " of arable land, 157, 162-165
" " of meadow and pasture, 157, 161-162
" " of whole village, 156-158
" " opposed by Court of Manor, 159-162
" " peasants' approval of, 168-170
by manorial authorities, attitude of Government to,
_see_ Acts, Council, Court
" " " counties most affected by, 8-9, 182, 262-263
" " " in Middle Ages, 180-182
" " " motives for, 185-200
" " " of arable land, 221-223
" " " of eighteenth century, 183-184
" " " of meadow and pasture, 219-221
" " " of peasants' holdings, 150-173
" " " peasants' dislike of, 147-150
" " " preceded by consolidation, 222-223
" " " reaction of on peasants, 231-280
Encroachments--
on lords' land, 235-236
on peasants' land, 234-235
on waste, 87-89, 285-287
Engrossing--
of corn, 274
of holdings, 253-265
Equality--
of holdings, disappearance of in South and East, 63-66
" " influence of trade on, 66, 84-85
" " maintained in dividing demesne, 206-207
" " survival of in North, 63-66, 189-190
Escheats of freehold land unascertainable, 30
Eviction--
liability to of copyholders, 287-301
" " leaseholders, 282-287
" " tenants at will, 282-287
number displaced by, 260-265
_See also_ Depopulation
Exchange, the, 186-187
Exchanging of strips, 164-165, 395-396
Exports of woollen piece goods, 196-197
" " corn, _see_ Corn
Famines--
fear of, 35
local, 112
Farm, _see_ Demesne, Farmers
Farmers--
acreage occupied by large, 212
advantage to lord of letting land to large, 213-216
agents through whom agrarian change took place, 201-202
capitalists among, 215-216
consolidation of strips by, 221-223, 254-256
conversion to pasture by, 225-228
demesnes leased to large, 209-211
disputes between peasants and, 234-237
economic conditions favouring, 214-216
enclosing practised by, of arable land, 221-223
" " " common meadow and pasture, 219-221
importance in sixteenth century of large, 204
manorial rights leased to, 211
peasant subtenants of, 211
soldiers recruited from, 343-344
subsidies collected from, 344-347, 415, 418
Feudal--
conditions of land tenure, decay of in South, 191-195
" " " " among freeholders, 29-30
" " " Harrington on decay of, 38, 191
conditions of land tenure, survival of in North, 190-191
lords, character of, 191-192
Final concords in Staffordshire, 392-393
Financial, _see_ Fiscal
Fines--
for depopulation, 391, 419-421
of copyholders, customs as to, 127, 295-301, 411-412, 413-415
" " declared unreasonable by courts, 296
" " demand for reasonable, 294, 307, 335-336
" " rise in prices, effect of on, 308-309
" " statistical analysis of, 300
" " upward movement in, 305-310
of freeholders, 127
Fiscal reasons for protecting peasants, 344-347
Fold-courses, cases as to, 374, 395
Forests--
claim of Crown to under Charles I., 391
enclosures of to be spared, 335
Freedom, growth of personal, _see_ Villeinage
Freeholds--
interference of Council with, 399
_See also_ Freeholders
Freeholders--
enclosing by, 32-33, 157-158, 236
eviction of in fifteenth century, 37
holdings of, statistics as to, 32-33
independence of, 30, 35-38
large numbers of in Norfolk and Suffolk, 24-27
little affected by agrarian changes, 28-29, 134, 406
loss of rights of common by, 250-253
political interests of, 121-122
rents of, 29-30
rights of common of, how protected, 247-249
social importance of, 34-37
suits of Court due from, 29
statistics as to, 25
upward movement among in sixteenth century, 37-40
_See also_ Yeomen
Gentlemen--
complaints of by peasants, 193
copyholders among, 55-56
distrust of by rebels, 323-324
part played in rebellions by, 322-323
yeomen made into, 383
Geographical distribution of enclosures, _see_ Enclosures
Germany--
survival of serfdom in, 43-44
social distinctions in, 187
Reformation in, 339
German peasants--
programme of, 339
revolt of, 368
Gilds--
apprenticeship insisted on by, 105-106
exclusion of immigrants by, 275-276
loans by, 109
meadows belonging to, 369
Government, the, _see_ Acts of Parliament, Council, Court
Grazier, _see_ Pasture
Grazing, _see_ Pasture
Great Plague--
effect of on land tenure, 90-91, 208-209, 286
" " population, 138
remembered in reign of Elizabeth, 130
Half-virgate, _see_ Virgates
Hallmote tenants, land sublet to, 81
Hedges, _see_ Enclosure
Heriots, 43, 53, 126-131
Holdings--
added to demesne farm, 257-258
addition to, of demesne land, 93-95
" " of waste, 87-89
enclosing of, _see_ Enclosure
equality of, in North, 63-66, 189
exchanging of, 164-165, 395-396
formation of compact, 162-165
growth in size of, 70
held by same family for many years, 189
inequality of in South and East, 63-66, 70-72
of customary tenants, statistics as to, 63-66
" freeholders, 32-33
" land, basis of economic life of village, 99-104
rents of, on customary land, 115-119, 141-147
" " on new encroachments, 141-147
services due from, 76-77
subdivision of, 79-80
subletting of, 80-81
use made of by peasants, 105-108
_See also_ Agriculture, Farmers
Horse and harness, tenure by, _see_ Border tenure
Hospitality, meaning of, 233
Households, equipment of with land, _see_ Holdings
Husbandry, _see_ Agriculture
Immigration--
caused by enclosures, 3-4, 275
from enclosed to open field villages, 277-279
into towns, 275-277
Imports, _see_ Commerce
Import duties, _see_ Corn
Indenture, tenants by, _see_ Leaseholders
Industry--
backwardness of in North, 63-66, 189-190
growth of in sixteenth century, 185-188, 192
progress of in East and South, 63-66, 84-85
_See also_ Commerce, Woollen industry
Inequality--
of holdings, absence of in North, 63-66, 189
" " general in South and East, 63-66
" " effect of trade in producing, 84-85
" " transference of land, 78-79, 86
Inmates, statute of, 4, 277, 279
Intensive cultivation, 110-111, 171
Intimidation of tenants by landlords, 7, 251-253, 263, 302-304, 325
Judges--
decisions of as to fines, 296, 299, 307
" " " foldcourses, 395-396
address of Lord Coventry to, 398
_See also_ Court.
Juries--
address of Hales to, 366-367
evidence as to depopulation before, 263, 366-367, 385
packed by landlords, 263, 385
service of 40s. freeholders on, 28, 36, 121
Justices--
of Assize, cases referred to, 373-376
" " action taken by, 374-376
of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Lincolnshire, 386,
419-420
of the Peace, actions taken by against depopulation in Nottinghamshire,
386, 418-419
of the Peace, assessment of enclosed land by in Warwickshire, 169
" " failure of to administer Acts against depopulation, 384-385,
390
of the Peace, letters of Council to, 358, 376
" " orders of as to relief of poor in Cornwall, 272
" " presentments before of enclosers in Yorkshire, 375
" " returns sent to Government by, 386
" " social prejudices of, 384-385
" " views of as to enclosing in Nottinghamshire, 418-449
Kind, rent paid in, 211-212
King, _see_ Council, Court, and Index of Persons
Knight service, tenure by, 29
Labour, _see_ Labourers
Labour services--
Commutation of, 52, 58, 93, 98
of copyholders, 52-53
Labourers--
assessment of wages of, 23, 100, 308
at Axholme, 104
commons used by, 247
effect of enclosing on habits of, 106
immobility of, 270-272
immigration to towns of, 275-277
in Norfolk, 21-22
" Worcestershire, 23
" Yorkshire, 22
King's estimate of number of, 21
on monastic estates, 22
scarcity of, 100
social unimportance of, 342
unemployment of, 232-233
Land--
speculation in, 78-86, 381-382
wide distribution of, 99-104
_See also_ Agriculture, Arable land, Common land, Demesne, Holdings,
Meadow land, Pasture, Waste
Landholders, _see_ Peasants
Landless population, _see_ Labourers
Landlords, _see_ Manorial authorities
Land tenure, _see_ Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders
Leasehold tenure--
advantages of to lord, 213-214
competitive rents under, 141-147
early development of among peasants, 80-81
effect of plague on, 93-95. 208, 286
on demesne land, 93-95, 201-214
on waste, 87-89, 141-144
substitution of for copyhold tenure, 301-304
Leaseholders--
division of demesne among small, 93-95, 204-209
eviction of, 283-287
letting of demesne to large, 210-211
manorial rights held by, 211
rack-renting of, 285
statistics as to, 25
rents paid by, 256
_See also_ Leasehold tenure
Levellers, complaints by as to enclosing, 149, 320-321
Leyrwite, 53
Lords of manors, _see_ Manorial authorities
Manor, the--
agricultural routine of, 102
changes in, produced by Great Plague, 88-95, 207-209
classification of tenants on, 25, 48
communism in, 159-161, 243-246, 338
copyholders kernel of, 288
court of, 47, 78-79, 86, 125, 159-160, 244-246, 292
custom of, 47, 124-131, 292-301
customs of, at Aldeburgh, 411-412
" " Bushey, 126-128
" " High Furness, 101
fiscal interests of lord in, 76-77
interpretation of documents relating to, 75-78
leased in sixteenth century, 201-213
part played in by authority and communal arrangements, 92-93
rigidity of exaggerated, 76, 89-90, 172
views of held by Maitland, 244, 305, 433
" " " Seebohm, 163
" " " Vinogradoff, 77, 92, 244, 290
unprofitableness of to lord, 304
Manorial authorities, the--
bargains made by with villagers, 205-207
bound by custom, 128-129
contemporary accounts of action of, 6-8
effect on of Tudor policy, 191, 197
" " rise in prices, 195-196
" " growth of woollen industry, 197-200
enclosing by, _see_ Enclosures
eviction by, _see_ Eviction
identity of interests of peasants with those of, 229, 257
large enclosures made by, 148-150, 154-155, 216-223
leasing of demesne by, _see_ Demesne, Leasehold tenure
opposition of to interference of Government, 397-399
" " " Somerset's policy, 367-368, 370
pasture-farming by, _see_ Pasture
permission to enclose given by, 157
petitions of copyholders to, 302-304
rack-renting by, 141-147, 285
resumption of land by, 285-287
small control of over freeholders, 29-30
speculation in land by, 381-382
villeins claimed by, 42-43
Maps, consolidation of strips shown by, 163, 222-223, 254-255
Map--
of Crendon, 221
" Edgeware, 172
" Maids' Moreton, 221
" Salford, 163
" Weedon Weston, 222
" Whadborough, 223
Markets--
effect of growth of, 215
in Norfolk, 22, 111-112
small development of, 110-112
Marriage, age of, 104-106
Meadow land--
belonging to a gild, 369-370
divided among peasants, 208
enclosed by manorial authorities, 219-221
" " peasants, 157
Mercantile system, the, 185, 313-315
Merchants, _see_ Commerce
Merchet, immunity from claimed by peasants, 53-54
Middleman, the farmer a, 234
Midlands--
chiefly affected by enclosure and conversion, 8-9, 167, 262-263, 405,
416-417
economic condition of, 63-66, 107
granary of country, 262
legal classification of tenants on manors in, 24-26
Military defence, importance of peasants for, 343-344, 415, 416, 418
Mobility of labour checked by law, 270-272
Monasteries--
agriculture on estates of, 225
demesne lands of leased, 203
oppression of tenants by, 43, 382
pasture-farming on estates of, 225, 382
persons acquiring estates of, 380
political effects of dissolution of, 383-384
rebellions partly motived by, 318-319, 322-323
social effects of dissolution of, 380-384
views of Aske on dissolution of, 319, 383
" " Cobbett on dissolution of, 382
" " Hibbert on dissolution of, 383
" " Gasquet on dissolution of, 383
Money--
increase in supply of in sixteenth century, 197-200
" " " effects of, 199-200, 304, 308-310
scarcity of, 198
Money rents--
corn payments substituted for, 198
general in sixteenth century, 211-212
"Nativi," _see_ Villeinage
New allotments--
distinction between customary holdings and, 95, 284-287, 289-290, 293-294
rents on, 141-147
resumption by lords of, 285-287
North of England--
absence of demesne from some manors in, 203
administration of Acts against depopulation in, 374-375
copyhold tenure in, 190-191
customary of a manor in, 101
demands of rebels in, 335-336, _see also_ Pilgrimage of Grace
economic conservatism of, 63-66, 189-191
enclosing by peasants in, 157-158
equality of holdings in, 63-66, 189
eviction from a manor in, 257-258
importance of numerous tenantry in, 189-191
labour services on a manor in, 52-53
preponderance of customary tenants in, 25-26
rebellions in, _see_ Pilgrimage of Grace
relations between lords and tenants in, 189-191
size of enclosures in, 154
undermining of customary tenures in, 303-305
Open field system, the--
advantage of, to peasants, 103-104
arrangement of demesne land under, 222-223, 254-256
early decay of in Kent, Essex, and Devonshire, 167, 202-263, 405
gradual modification of by peasants, 165-166, 172
ideas underlying, 169-170
inconvenience of, 171-172
picture of in maps, 163-164, 222-223
prevalence of in seventeenth century, 401-402
uncertainty of boundaries under, 235-236
_See also_ Common Land, Enclosures, Maps, Strips
Pannage paid by copyholders in sixteenth century, 53
Parks--
made by landlords, 148, 201
spared in Pilgrimage of Grace, 335
Parliament--
Act of to fix fines demanded, 335
Acts of, ineffectiveness of, 352-353, 355
attitude of freeholders to, 36, 39, 121-122
debates in on Enclosures, 343, 387-388
" " Poor Law, 273-275
" " subsidies, 345-346
petition of peasants to, 251
request to return member to refused, 387
_See also_ Acts of Parliament
Pasture--
acreage of held by customary tenants, 107
" " " farmers of demesnes, 225-226
" " on monastic estates, 225
administration of by village, 102, 159-161, 243-246
apportionment of to arable holdings, 240-241, 247
conversion of arable to, 223-230
division of by peasants, 157
enclosure of by peasants, 157, 170
" " manorial authorities, 219-221
importance of to peasants, 235, 239-242
reconversion of to arable, 367, 391-393
_See also_ Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers
Pasture-farming, _see_ Agriculture, Common Land, Farmers, Pasture
Pauperism, _see_ Poor Law
Peasants, the--
agricultural methods of, 105-112
contemporary pictures of, 132-134
demands of, 334-337
education of, 134-135
effect of loss of common rights on, 240-241, 253
enclosure by, 151-173
encroachments on waste by, 87-89, 284-287
eviction of, 253-265
helplessness of, 302-304, 325
importance of, fiscal, 344-347
" " military, 343-344
independence of, 29-30, 34-39, 132-134, 325-328
leasing of demesne by, 94-95, 204-210
national pride in, 20-21, 132-134
pauperism among, 270, 273-279
prosperity of, 132-134, 325
protection of by Government, 316-317, 351-400
rebellions of, 317-340
rents of, 115-121, 141-147
size of holdings of, 32-33, 64-65
upward movement among, 72, 75, 81-84, 96-98, 136
_See also_ Agriculture, Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders,
Tenants at will
Pilgrimage of Grace--
agrarian demands put forward in, 322-324, 334-335
classes taking part in, 318-319, 322-324
Plague, _see_ Great Plague, the
Plantations, emigration to suggested, 270
Ploughmen, military importance of, 343-344
Policy, agrarian, _see_ Council, Court, Acts of Parliament
Poor Law, the--
agrarian causes of, 272-275
debates in Parliament on, 273-275
expenditure on caused by depopulation, 278-279, 418
Mackay's view as to origin of, 266-267
mobility discouraged by, 270-272
Orders of 1631, 279
slow development of, 269
vagrancy chief problem of, 268-269
Population, checks upon, 104-106
Population, the manorial, _see_ Peasants, Copyholders, Leaseholders,
Freeholders
Poverty, _see_ Poor Law
Prices--
effects of rise in, 199, 304, 308-310
regulation of, 308
Steffen's statistics of, 198
Programme of peasants--
in Pilgrimage of Grace, 334-335
" Norfolk, 335-337
Proletariat, peasants not a, 102
Protector, the--
Act protecting tenants on demesne lands of, 294, 365
attack of colleagues on, 367-368, 370
Court of Requests used by, 367
difficulties of agrarian policy of, 362-364
fall of, 370
proclamation against enclosures issued by, 367
" pardoning rioters issued by, 367
Royal Commission appointed by, 366
_See also_ Council, Court
Rackrents, _see_ Rents, Fines
Reaction, under Warwick against Somerset's agrarian policy, 367-368, 370,
372, 380
Reformation, the 339, 380-384
Rents--
competitive, growth of, 139-147
fixed, demand for in Peasants' Revolt, 146
" effect of on landlords, 199-200, 304-310
" " " peasants, 117-121
" neutralised by exorbitant fines, 118, 120, 305-307
" statistics as to, 115-117
fixing of by commissioners, 354
" " council, 369
paid in kind, 211
per acre of demesne land, 256
racking of, complaints as to, 235, 414
reasonable, demand for, 336
Revolts, agrarian, the--
conservative aims of, 333, 338-340
counties affected by, 318-320
directed against landlords, 323-324
in North of England, 318, 322-324
" Derbyshire, 329
" Norfolk, 324, 331-333
objects of, 333-337
organised character of, 325-326, 330-332
political importance of, 329, 340-341
sixteenth century, last age of, 318
Riots, agrarian, _see_ Revolts
Royal Commissions, _see_ Commissions
Salt silver, paid by copyholders, 53
Serf, _see_ Villeins
Service, _see_ Knight service
Services, labour, _see_ Labour services
Servants--
number of, employed in agriculture, 21-23
scarcity of, 21-23, 100
wages of, 100
Settlement laws--
origin of, 269, 275-276
popularity of, 276
Sewers, the Commission of, 395
Shack, common of, 234
Sheep--
driving of, 326
number of kept by peasants, 113
slaughtering of, 331, 332
Sheep-farming--
Acts restricting, 353-354, 360
by peasants, 113-115
by manorial authorities, 223-228
Slavery, legalisation of in 1547, 44, 269
Socage--
freeholders holding by, 29
tenants, rent of, 29
Sochemanni, large number of in East Anglia, 26-27
South of England--
contrast between conditions of North and of, 57, 63-66, 97, 103, 189
holdings of peasants in, 63-66
Speculation--
in land by peasants, 78-81
in monastic estates, 380-382
on money market, 186
Statutes, _see_ Acts of Parliament
Stinting of pastures, 160, 220, 241
Strikes, agrarian, 131, 330
Strips--
advantage of scattered, 103-104
difficulty of enclosing, 162-163
exchanging of, 164-165
formed into compact blocks by peasants, 163-165
" " " " manorial authorities, 221-223
inconvenience of to manorial authorities, 254-255
merged in demesne farm, 256
picture of, in maps, 163, 222-223
Subletting of land by peasants, 80-81
Subsidiary income of peasants from woollen industry, 114-115
Subsidies--
assessment of enclosed land to, 169
difficulty of collecting, 346
how assessed, 344-345
payment of by yeomen, 345-346
Subsistence, farming for, 111-112
Sub-tenants, taking of forbidden, 275-276
Surplus over rent retained by tenants, 118-121, 304-305
Surveyors--
account of agrarian conditions by, 5
attitude of in Northumberland, 189-191
unpopularity of, 349
Tallages, 53-54
Taxation, _see_ Subsidies
Tenants, _see_ Copyholders, Freeholders, Leaseholders, Tenants at will,
Peasants
Tenants at will--
insecurity of, 283
landlord compelled to grant leases to, 362
meanings of phrase, 47
statistics of number of, 48
Textile industries, the, _see_ Woollen industry, the
Tillage, _see_ Arable land
Trade, _see_ Commerce
Trade unionism among peasants, 131, 330
Tramps, _see_ Vagrancy
Transferring, the, of land--
facilities offered by court of manor for, 86
importance of in building up a middle class, 78, 85, 97
instances of, 80-81
Tudors, the, _see_ Index of Persons, Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI.,
Elizabeth
Unemployment--
caused by enclosure, 232-233, 273, 278
methods of coping with, 269
Uses, Statute of, 323
Usury, 20, 109, 147, 307, 349
Vagrancy, chief feature of pauperism in sixteenth century, 268
effect of on towns, 275-277
" " open field/villages, 277-279
obstacles in the way of, 270-272
punishment of, 44, 269
Village community, the, _see_ Manor, the
Villagers, _see_ Peasants
Villeinage--
attitude of State towards, 43, 359
compatible with considerable prosperity, 43
examples of in sixteenth century, 42-43
reference to in Somersett's case, 44
traces of among copyholders, 52-54
views on of Fitzherbert, 46
" " Norden, 46
" " Savine, 41
" " Smith, 46
Virgates--
aggregation of in fewer hands, 59-60, 66-70, 72-75
examples of arrangement of, 66-67, 73-74
use of as a measure, 67-68
Virgators, _see_ Virgates
Wages, assessment of, 23, 100, 308
Wage labour, _see_ Labourers
Waste land of manor--
enclosure of by manorial authorities, 219-221
encroachments on, 87-89, 285-287
erection of cottages on, 277-278
great extent of, 88-89
improvement of under Statute of Merton, 87, 248
insecurity of tenants on, 285-287
overstocking of, 172, 242-243
reclamation of by capitalists, 394-395
rents of, 140-147
stinting of, 160, 220
Wool, _see_ Woollen industry
Woollen industry--
chief manufacture in sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries,
3, 186
effect of on agrarian conditions, 195-197
encouraged by Government, 197
expansion of in fifteenth century, 113, 196
spread of in rural districts, 114
Schanz's figures as to growth of, 196
Yeomen--
accounts of by Bacon, 28
" " Coke, 133
" " Fuller, 36-37
" " Harrison, 132
" " Latimer, 134
" " Reyce, 40
" " Smith, 28
education of children of, 134-135
forcible disseisin of, 37
legal definition of, 27-28
importance of, fiscal, 344-347
" " military, 343-344
" " social, 34-40, 132
national pride in, 20-21
_See also_ Freeholders, Peasants
INDEX OF PERSONS
Abbey of St. Albans, the, improvement of wastes by, 87
Abbot of Cerne, the, agreement by to enclose, 181
" Glastonbury, the, agreement by to enclose, 181
" Malmesbury, the, agreement by to enclose, 180-181
" Peterborough, the, dispute of with copyholders, 360
" St. Peter's, Gloucester, the, agreement by to enclose, 181
All Souls College--
enclosing on estates of, 156
scale of landholding, 69-70
maps of, 163, 172, 221, 222, 223
petition of in Chancery, 235-236
Ashley, Professor W.J.--
views of as to date of enclosing movement, 11
" " " legal position of copyholders, 290-292
Aske, Robert--
evidence of as to agrarian grievances, 319
" " " monastic economy, 383
Pilgrimage of Grace led by, 134, 319
Bacon, Francis--
bills against depopulation introduced by, 387
history of King Henry VII. by quoted, 28, 346
ideal of government of, 398
use of word "yeoman" by, 28
views as to pauperism of, 274
Bath, the Earl of, property of villeins seized by, 42-43
Becon, views of as to agrarian changes, 6, 7
Bell, William, commons enclosed by, 373
Berkeley, Lord Thomas, agreement by to enclose, 181
Bolen, Sir William, enclosing by, 380
Bracton--
on assize of novel disseisin, 122
villeinage, 292
Brudenell, Lord, fine imposed on for enclosing, 391
Buckingham, the Duke of--
enclosing by, 380
park made by, 148
Burleigh, Lord, advice of to Queen Elizabeth, 341
Cade, Jack, 194
Captain Pouch, part played by in revolt of 1607, 318
Cecil, Sir Robert--
views of on poor law, 273-274
" " military importance of ploughmen, 343
" " Statute of Inmates, 4, 279
Cecil, Sir William, letter to concerning Somerset's policy, 347-348, 368
Celys, the, wool purchased by, 196
Charles I., agrarian policy of government of, 391, 398, 399
Clarkson--
Northumbrian manors surveyed by, 5
views of as to equal use of commons, 235
" " " importance of commons, 160
" " " importance of numerous tenantry, 189-190
Cobbett, view of as to social effects of reformation, 382
Coke, Sir Edward--
petition of tenants to, 412-413
reports of, 247
view of as to acts against depopulation, 379
" " " copyholders, 289, 291
" " " border tenure, 299
" " " Statute of Merton, 248
Combe, William, enclosing by, 375
Cotton, Sir J., enclosing by, 380
Coventry, Lord, address of to Judges of Assize, 398
Cromwell, Thomas--
letter of to Henry VIII., 360-361
" " Rich, 361
responsibility of for agrarian distress, 360
tenants protected by, 361
Crowley--
"Information and Petition against the Oppressors of the Poor Commons" by,
365-366
views of as to agrarian changes, 6, 179
" " " attitude of landlords, 384
" " " excessive fines and rents, 307
Cunningham, Dr., account of origin of corn laws, 3
Cushman, Robert, remarks of on emigration, 270
Danbury, Lord, enclosing by, 380
Darcy, Lord--
dispute of with tenants, 380
letter to from Commons of Westmoreland, 322
Darrell, William, complaints of tenants against, 374
Davenport, Miss--
evidence as to leasing of demesne, 209
" " " progress of pasture-farming, 224
Dawney, Sir John, ordered to reinstate tenants, 361
De Malynes, Gerard, views of as to effect of rise in prices, 199-200
Defoe, "Giving Alms no Charity" by, 105
Delavale, Joshua--
account of depopulation at Hartley by, 258
"Seaton Delavale," 257
Delavale, Robert, enclosing and depopulation carried out by, 192, 257-258
Derby, the Earl of, eviction of tenants by, 361
Durham, the Dean of, account of depopulation by, 261
Edward VI.--
agrarian policy in reign of, 352, 362-372
Book of Private Prayer of quoted, 20
Remains of quoted, 6
Elizabeth, agrarian policy in reign of, 14, 372-374
Ely, the Bishop of, letter of Lord North to, 349
Englefield, Sir Francis, enclosing by, 148, 251-252
Everard, diggers led by, 321
Firth, _The House of Lords during the Civil War_ by, 38
Fitzherbert--
_Book of Husbandry_ and _Surveying_ by, 5
" " " on commons, 242
" " " borrowing, 109
" " " duty of housewives, 112
" " " enclosing, 151
_Surveying_ on commons, 249
" " copyholders, 288-289
" " enclosing, 150, 152
" " land taken from demesne or waste, 285
" " rack-renting, 150
Fortescue--
_On the Governance of England_ by, quoted as to fiscal importance, 346
" " " " " prosperity of peasants, 98, 133
Fowler, Dr. G.H., evidence of as to conditions at Aspley Guise, 73
Fuller--
_The Holy and Profane State_ by, quoted as to yeomen, 36-37
" " " " " fiscal importance, 346
Gairdner--
_Letters and Papers of Henry VIII._ edited by, quoted,
319, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 334, 343, 347, 350, 361, 380
_Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution_ by, quoted, 399
Gardiner, _History of England_ 1603-1642 by, quoted, 398
Gaskell--
_Artisans and Machinery_ by, 106
_The Manufacturing Population of Great Britain_, 106
Gasquet, _Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries_ by, 383
Gay, Professor--
views of as to progress of pasture-farming, 10, 195, 224, 263-265
" " revolt of 1607, 318, 320
" " small disturbance caused by enclosure, 11
Gneist, R. von, 400
Gonner, Professor--
evidence of as to continuity of enclosures, 11
" " " enclosures of eighteenth century, 263
" " " fines for depopulation, 386
" " " immigration into towns, 275
Grenvilles, the, lands of Buckland Abbey granted to, 194
Hales, John--
bills introduced by, 367, 385
charge to juries by, 367
departure from England of, 371
evidence of as to enclosing by peasants, 151, 167
" " " in fifteenth century, 11-12, 166
" " population, 105
" " rack-renting, 199
" " rise in prices, 199
part played by on Royal Commission of 1548-1549, 167, 360-367
remarks of on commons, 7
value of evidence of, 5-6, 386
Warwick's attack on, 368
Hammond, J.L. and Barbara, views of as to enclosures of eighteenth
century, 3, 183
Harrington, Sir J.--
views of as to decay of feudalism, 191
" " " effect of Tudor agrarian policy, 388-389
" " " rise of middle-classes, 38
Harrison--
views of on copyholders, 49, 56-57
" " depopulation, 105
" " diet of artificers and husbandmen, 132-133
" " Poor Laws, 271, 273
" " prosperity of yeomen, 10, 21, 40
" " superfluous trades, 19
Harry Clowte, 333
Hasbach--
quotation by as to advantages of copyhold tenure, 86
views of on age of marriage, 106
" " effects of Tudor commercial policy, 13
Henry II., Assize of Novel Disseisin established by, 122
Henry VII.--
commercial policy of, 112-113, 197
demand of peasants for conditions obtaining under, 98-99
enclosures made before reign of, 11-12, 166
Harrington on agrarian policy of, 38, 191, 388-389
Henry VIII.--
commercial policy of, 112-113, 197
intervention to protect tenants under, 360-362
letter of Cromwell to, 360-361
Herbert, Lord, _History of King Henry VIII._ by, quoted, 398
Herbert, William, Earl of Pembroke--
estates of, consolidation of peasant holdings on, 67-69
" " demesne lands on usually leased, 203
" " " " leased to capitalist farmers, 210
" " " " " " small holders, 204-205
" " " " " " village, 205-206
" " " " " proportion of pasture on, 225-226
" " statistics of duration of tenure and of fines on, 298
" " " " tenants on, 25
" " villeins on, 42
park of attacked by peasants, 194, 326
rebellion in West put down by, 324
share of in monastic estates, 324, 380
Humberstone--
manors of Duke of Devonshire surveyed by, 5
remarks of, on relation of lords to tenants, 349-350
" " on variety of manorial customs, 293
Huntingdon, the Earl of, request to elect his nominee, 387
Jack of the North, 333
Jack of the Style, 318
Jackson, Cyril, Report of on Boy Labour, 342
James I., agrarian policy of Government of, 374-375, 394, 398
Johnson, the Rev. A.H.--
views of, on decay of yeomanry in nineteenth century, 139
" " enclosure of commons, 9
" " entailing of land, 39
" " geographical distribution of enclosures, 261
Kalm, _Account of a Visit to England_ (translated by J. Lucas) by, on open
field system, 389
Ket, Robert--
manor held by, 326
programme of agrarian reform put forward by, 334-337
rebellion in Norfolk led by, 331-333
King, Gregory--
statistics of as to population, 21
" " " yield of an acre, 111
Kitchin, _Court Leet_ by, on copyhold tenure, 289
Latimer, Bishop--
complaints of by landlords, 368
remarks of on education of yeomen, 134-135
views of on agrarian changes, 6, 134-135, 347, 365, 386
Laud, Archbishop--
activity of on Depopulation Commission, 391, 399, 420-421
complaints of by landlords, 420-421
Lamond, Miss E.M., introduction by to _The Commonweal of this Realm of
England_, 7, 11, 105, 263, 331, 364, 366, 367, 368, 377, 385
Leadam, I.--
evidence of as to independence of peasants, 120-121, 325, 330
" " " protection of tenants by Government, 357, 360, 362
" " " size of enclosures, 154-155
" " " status of enclosers, 154-155
views of on copyhold tenure, 289-290, 292, 293
" " enclosing for arable, 10, 195, 224
" " geographical distribution of enclosures, 8, 262
Lee, J.--
_A Vindication of a Regulated Enclosure_ by, evidence of as to enclosures
of seventeenth century, 11, 151
number of labourers employed, 22
views of on uselessness of legislation, 319
" " yardlands, 67
Leicester, the Earl of, manor purchased by, 502
Leonard, Miss E.M.--
evidence of as to exclusion of immigrants by towns, 376
letter from Justices quoted by, 278-279
views of on enclosures of seventeenth century, 11
" " results of agrarian policy of Tudors and Stuarts, 348,
389-390
Lever, sermons by, 6
Lloyd, oppression of tenants by, 390
Locke, _Two Treatises of Government_ by, quoted as to limits of Government
action, 400
Mackay, T., views of on origin of Poor Law, 266-267
Maitland, F.W.--
evidence of as to fixed copyhold rents, 119, 305
view of as to nature of common rights, 244
Merton College--
letter to subwarden of, 30, 410-411
rents on estates of, 119
scale of landholding on estates of, 66-68, 73, 76, 85, 163
Moore, John--
evidence of as to enclosures of seventeenth century, 5, 11, 167
" " " pauperism caused by enclosures, 278
More, Sir Thomas--
evidence of as to enclosing for pasture, 6
" " " monastic economy, 382
remarks of on condition of workmen and artificers, 45
" " " nature of Government, 274, 372
Nasse, view of as to objects of enclosure, 10
Norden--
evidence of as to agriculture in Somersetshire, 110-111, 171
" " " constitution of a manor, 350
" " " copyhold and customary tenure, 47, 50
" " " enclosure by peasants, 151
" " " fixity of copyholders' rents, 118
" " " relations between lords and freeholders, 30
" " " rise in prices, 308
" " " security of freeholders, 30, 35
" " " unpopularity of surveyors, 349
" " " villeinage, 46
" " " wickedness of depopulation, 150
North, Lord, letter of to Bishop of Ely, 349
Northumberland, the Earl of--
fines on estates of, 299, 305
letter to, 303
petition to, 303-304
Page, statistics of as to commutation of labour services, 52
Paget, Sir William, letter of to Somerset on peasants' revolts, 319,
338-339, 368
Parker, Archbishop, address of to Norfolk rebels, 332
Pembroke, the Earl of, _see_ Herbert, Sir William
Petruschevsky--
_The Rebellion of Wat Tyler_ by, on improvement of wastes, 87
on land speculation by peasants, 81
Pollard, Professor, 264, 371
Pollock and Maitland, _see_ Maitland
Powell, E., _The East Anglian Rising_ by,
evidence of as to landholders, 21-22
Poyntz, Sir Nicholas, oppression of tenant by, 362
Pseudonismus--
_Considerations concerning Common Fields and Enclosures_ and
_A Vindication of the Considerations concerning Common Fields and
Enclosures_, evidence of as to the abuse of commons, 171, 278
evidence of as to depopulation, 167
" " " enclosing in seventeenth century, 11, 388
" " " legislation checking conversion to pasture, 388
Pyrce Plowman, 202, 318, 333
Raleigh, Walter (junior), on subsidies, 346
Raleigh, Walter (senior), part played in revolt of 1549, 194
Reyce, account by of prosperity of freeholders in Suffolk, 40
Rich, Lord--
enclosing by, 380
letter of Cromwell to, 361
Rogers, Thorold, statistics of as to prices, 13, 196, 198
Rous, evidence of as to enclosing in fifteenth century, 12
Russell, _Ket's Rebellion in Norfolk_ by, quoted, 98, 321, 324, 335, 368
St. John, Sir John, oppression of tenants by, 362
Sanders, part played by in agrarian dispute at Coventry, 326
Sandes, Richard, paper by on the evils of depopulation, 416-417
Sandys, Archbishop, letter of to Queen Elizabeth, 48-49
Savine, Dr. A.--
views of on copyhold tenure, 287, 292, 300
" " monastic economy, 203, 225, 226, 383
" " villeinage in sixteenth century, 41
Saye and Sele, Lord, name of returned among enclosers, 376
Schanz, Professor G., statistics of as to export of woollen cloth, 196
Seebohm, Dr. F., Domesday statistics quoted by, 27
Shakespeare, references to works of, 194, 343
Sheffield, Sir R., enclosing by, 380
Shrewsbury, the Earl of--
dispute of with tenants, 327
enclosing by, 380
letter from, 338-339
Slater, Dr. G.--
Summary of Depopulation Acts by, 353
views of on effect of statutes against depopulation, 389
" " geographical distribution of enclosures, 262
" " policy of Clarendon, 400
Smith, Sir Thomas--
_De Republica Anglorum_ by, on copyholders, 56-57
" " " " Court of Star Chamber, 358
" " " " villeinage, 46
" " " " yeomen, 28, 32
Somerset, the Duke of--
Act giving security to tenants on demesnes of, 294, 365
agrarian policy of, 362-370
Commission on Enclosures appointed by, 366
Court of Requests used by, 367
execution of, 370
proclamation issued by, 7, 367
Starkey, Thomas, _A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset_ by,
on agrarian changes, 5
Starkey, Thomas, _A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset_ by,
on encouragement of marriage, 105
Starkey, Thomas, _A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset_ by,
on entailing of lands, 39
Starkey, Thomas, _A Dialogue between Cardinal Pole and Thomas Lupset_ by,
on relations between lords and tenants, 195
Steffen, Dr. G., statistics of as to price changes, 13, 198
Strype, J., _Ecclesiastical Memorials_ by, quoted, 315, 331, 366, 367, 368,
370, 380
Stuarts, the, _see_ Charles I., James I.
Throgmorton, Sir John, oppression of tenants by, 373
Tom of Trumpington, 333
Tusser, _Six Hundred Points of Husbandry_ by,
evidence of as to agrarian changes, 5
Unwin, Professor G.--
evidence of as to formation of compact holdings by peasants, 84, 164
" " " growth of capitalists in woollen industry, 186
Vermuyden, engaged to drain Great Level, 395
Vinogradoff, Professor P.--
Domesday statistics quoted by, 27
rights of common explained by, 244
views of as to equality of shares in fields, 77, 92
Walter of Henley on yield of an acre, 111
Warwick, the Earl of--
attack of on Hales, 368
" on Somerset led by, 380
character of Government of, 371-372
Ket's rebellion crushed by, 324, 332
share of in monastic estates, 380
Westmoreland, the Earl of, disputes of with tenants, 380
Willoughbys, the, 192
Wilson, Dr. Thomas--
views of on Canon Law, 307
" " usury, 109, 147, 307
Winstanley--
diggers led by, 321, 337-338, 376
views of, 337-338
Witte, Sir J., enclosing by, 380
Wolsey, Cardinal, agrarian policy of, 359-360, 397-398
Yorke, Sir John--
land speculation by, 381
oppression of tenants by, 285, 390
Young, Arthur--
views of as to open field system, 401, 405
" " " rents, 118
THE END
Transcriber's Notes
Obvious punctuation errors and omissions have been silently corrected,
while those requiring interpretation have been left open.
"philosphical" changed to "philosophical" (page viii)
"engineeers" changed to "engineers" (page ix)
"For willsof husbandmen" corrected to "For wills of husbandmen"
(page 2)
"he" corrected to "the" (page 3)
the closing parenthesis was added to "(19.04%)" in Table I (page
25)
"Christain" corrected to "Christian" (page 42)
Footnote 145 had no anchor in the text; placement is based on
context (page 69)
A spurious ")" was removed following "No 324" (page 81)
an unclear fraction was rendered as "6-1/8" (page 107)
"writtings" corrected to "writings" (page 114)
"Wordonand Bilton" changed to "Wordon and Bilton" (page 158)
"Asslegge" was changed to "Asselegge" (page 181)
"Harrington's _The Art of Lawgiving_" was corrected to
"Harrington's _The Art of Law-giving_" (page 191, note 346)
Footnote 399 had no entry in the text, its placement is
speculative, based on the context (page 211)
"arbitarily" was corrected to "arbitrarily" (page 248)
"clases" was changed to "classes" (page 282)
"ntromittere" was corrected to "intromittere" (note 511) (page
292)
"beantiful" was corrected to "beautiful" (page 327)
"protecting the clsss" was corrected to "protecting the class"
(page 340)
"impoverishing the fines fighting material" was corrected to
"impoverishing the finest fighting material" (page 343)
Footnote 670 had no entry in the text, its placement is
speculative, based on context. (page 371)
"wasloste" was corrected to "was loste" (page 410)
"commonweath" was changed to "commonweal" (page 461)
The index page reference for the Earl of Leicester of "502" was
corrected to "302"
Hyphenation is sometimes inconsistent in the text. These inconsistencies
have been retained:
bye-laws/byelaws
re-action/reaction
reallotment/re-allotment
sub-let/sublet
land-holding/landholding
over-stocking/overstocking
sub-tenants/subtenants
corn-fields/cornfields
sub-letting /subletting
foodstuffs/food-stuffs
lease-holders/leaseholders
countryside/country-side
re-adjustment/readjustment
sub-divided/subdivided
re-arranged/rearranged
re-arrangement/rearrangement
over-estimated/overestimated
If the discrepancies is between the text and the indexes, the indexes have
been corrected to match the text.
"rackrenting" was changed to "rack-renting"
"foldcourses" was changed to "fold-courses"