OPERATIONS IMMEDIATELY AFTER CAPTURE OF BAGHDAD.
Baghdad had been captured, and a heavy blow struck at the Turks--a
heavier blow perhaps than any one understood at the time; but much
remained to be done before the British Commander in Mesopotamia could
give his troops the full repose they needed.
In the first place, the Turkish force which he had beaten at Kut and
driven through Baghdad must be pursued in its retirement northwards
until it was destroyed or hunted away out of reach. General Maude was
too good a soldier not to know that the annihilation of the enemy’s
armed force, rather than the capture of any city, was the real object
to be kept before him. And the necessity of a rapid pursuit to the
north, up the line of the Tigris, was all the more urgent because of
the near approach of the flood season. Control of the river “bunds,”
or dams, and irrigation works up-stream of the city must be secured,
or it would be possible for the Turks to cause extensive inundations,
not only crippling the movement of the British army, but doing serious
mischief in other ways.
Then it was important for the security of the military position that
the surrounding country on all sides, not only to the north, should be
cleared of Turkish troops for a considerable distance, so as to allow
of the pacification of the neighbouring Arabs, and the free collection
of supplies. To the westward there were Turkish troops on the Upper
Euphrates, which threatened mischief down the course of that river
on the British flank and rear. To the eastward, on the Diala, it was
believed that there were also some Turkish troops, dominating a tract
rich in crops and forage.
[Illustration: BAGHDAD--CLOCK TOWER IN TURKISH INFANTRY BARRACKS SQUARE]
[Illustration: A STREET IN BAGHDAD]
[Illustration: FRAMEWORK OF HANGAR IN BAGHDAD]
Moreover, General Maude had to keep in mind the great strategical
considerations involved--the exertion of continued pressure on the
Turkish base in Asia Minor, and the possibility of co-operating not
only with the Russians on the right, who were driving or following the
Turkish invading force out of Persia, but in a measure with General
Allenby in Palestine. The Russians, though weak, were comparatively
near, and it might be feasible actually to join hands with them.
Palestine was far away, out of reach, behind the great Arabian desert;
but the harder the Turks were pressed on their central front, the less
strength they would be able to spare for their right.
General Maude’s plan of operations therefore, after the capture of
Baghdad, was to follow up that blow without delay by pushing out three
strong columns. One was to strike at the Euphrates westward, and occupy
Feluja on that river, thirty-five miles from Baghdad; another was to
press the pursuit to the northward, up the line of the Tigris and of
the Baghdad Railway; the third was to move out north-east towards the
Persian frontier, so as to secure the rich Diala district, and if
possible, with the help of the Russians, to crush the Turkish force
retreating from Persia.
During the short campaign which followed, all these objects were in a
measure attained. By the 19th March the western column had established
itself on the Euphrates, and thus commanded the whole course of the
river down to the sea, clearing Maude’s left and rear from Turkish
pressure. The northern column had a hard fight at Mushaidi, twenty
miles up the railway line, where the retreating Tigris force turned to
bay, with the result that it was, on the 14th and 15th March, driven
from its intrenchments and completely beaten, streaming away to the
north in confusion. The eastern column at the same time surprised and
occupied Baquba, a point on the Diala thirty miles from Baghdad.
It was with this eastern column that the 7th Cavalry Brigade was
connected; and indeed during the remainder of the war, which was to
last for more than a year and a half yet, the Brigade was chiefly
employed in the country to the east of the Tigris.
The Thirteenth Hussars were left at the close of the last chapter in
occupation of the Turkish Cavalry barracks in Baghdad, resting after
their severe exertions. But their rest was short, for on the 23rd of
March, by which time they were becoming tired of the heat and the dirt
and the flies, they were warned for active service again, and on the
following day they rejoined the Brigade at Baquba. The Regiment was now
in good condition, men and horses restored and fit for service, and the
prospect of further work in the open was hailed with pleasure.
General Maude’s despatches of 1917 show what the work was. The Turks,
heavily defeated as they had been, were by no means inclined as yet to
give up the game as lost, and the British forces east of the Tigris
soon found that the enemy was still capable not only of resistance, but
of determined attempts at offensive action. His troops consisted of
two main sections, the 13th Corps, which was retiring from Persia, and
the 18th Corps lately beaten on the Tigris, but rallied and reinforced
in a few days from the Turkish reserves in the North. These two Corps
began to act in co-operation, and to threaten attacks upon the British
eastern and northern columns. It was an excellent example of the
tenacity of the Turks, and of their quick recovery after defeat.
“About the 26th of March,” writes General Maude, “there were
indications that a converging movement was being made by part of the
13th Corps down the right bank of the Diala from Deli Abbas, and by the
18th Corps along the left bank of the Tigris ... apparently with the
intention of assisting the withdrawal of the 13th Corps from before the
Russians.” These advances were resisted by the British northern and
eastern columns, the former driving back the 18th Corps northwards, and
the latter dealing with the 13th Corps. “On the 27th the enemy made a
determined attempt to move down the right bank of the Diala ... but
our Cavalry, skilfully handled in some difficult ground, resisted the
enemy’s advance from successive positions, inflicting severe losses,
and finally checked the forward movement that evening. Next day the
enemy fell back towards Deli Abbas, followed up by our Cavalry.”
[Illustration: INSIDE TURKISH CAVALRY BARRACKS, BAGHDAD]
On the 2nd of April the British and Russians joined hands. From that
time until the end of the month there was some stiff fighting all
over the country, and the troops suffered severely from the heat, the
constant dust-storms, and the difficulty at times of getting water. The
work of the Cavalry was incessant and very arduous, now in trying to
get round into the enemy’s line of retreat, now in falling back before
him and luring him on into a position where the Infantry could close on
him, and always in covering the front and flanks of the columns. There
was no conflict of the nature of that at Lajj, no mounted charge into
the enemy’s troops, but there was steady hard work, of great value to
the army; and of this the Thirteenth had to do its full share. General
Maude, who refers repeatedly to the Cavalry in his despatches, sums up
in the following words the effects of the operations in this part of
the country:--
“As a result of the fighting during the month of April the enemy’s 13th
and 18th Corps had been driven back on divergent lines.... The 13th
Corps had twice taken the offensive, with results disastrous to itself,
and the 18th Corps had been defeated and driven from its selected
positions on four occasions. Our total captures for the month amounted
to some 3000 prisoners and 17 guns, besides a considerable quantity of
rolling-stock and booty of all kinds. The objectives which we had set
out to reach had been secured, and the spirit of the enemy’s troops had
been broken.”
Coming so soon after the winter advance and the capture of Baghdad,
this was a good piece of work, and creditable to all the soldiery
concerned, whose spirit never faltered. Indeed, according to their
General, “as conditions became more trying, the spirit of the troops
seemed to rise,” and to the end their discipline, gallantry in action,
and endurance were as conspicuous as ever. But their exertions had of
course imposed a heavy strain upon them, and now that the enemy was for
the time powerless for further trouble, General Maude determined to
give them the rest they needed.
“The increasing heat,” he writes, “now rendered it necessary that the
troops should be redistributed for the hot weather, and that every
provision possible under existing conditions should be made with a view
to guarding against the trying period which was rapidly approaching.
Whilst it was necessary to hold the positions which had been so bravely
won, and to strengthen them defensively, the bulk of the troops were
withdrawn into reserve and distributed in suitable camps along the
river banks, where they could obtain the benefit of such breezes as
were available, and where a liberal supply of water for drinking,
bathing, and washing was obtainable.”
The Thirteenth, among other regiments, were allotted one of these
standing camps, a shady grove of palm-trees on the eastern bank of the
Tigris at Chaldari, about nine miles above Baghdad, and very thankful
men and officers were to settle down in it.
Nevertheless, it may be observed, the Regiment did not begin to enjoy
its comparative peace and comfort until nearer the end of May than the
end of April. They marched into Chaldari on the 14th of May, but on
the 16th they marched out again for another week’s hard work under the
blazing sun. Though the two Turkish Army Corps had ceased fighting,
the Arab tribes on the upper reaches of the rivers above Baghdad had
been giving trouble, and before settling down for the summer it was
found necessary to punish them for some of their misdeeds. Columns were
accordingly sent against them, and to one of these, which operated on
the Tigris, the Thirteenth were attached. Some tribes were duly brought
to book, and the troops did not get back to camp until the 24th May,
when the heat had become tremendous. But the tribesmen had learnt that
British troops could move against them whatever the temperature might
be, and the lesson was a very salutary one.
The following extracts give the story of these two months, March 24th
to May 24th, from a more personal point of view.
_Lance-Corporal Bowie--Diary._--Lance-Corporal Bowie’s remarks about
the Cavalry barracks in Baghdad have been quoted in the preceding
chapter. His diary goes on:--
[Illustration: G.H.Q.]
[Illustration: HOSPITAL SHIP
BAGHDAD]
“Happily our stay here was very brief, every one being very thankful
to leave these so-called barracks, which we did on the morning of
the 23rd, rejoining our Brigade. The next morning we recommenced our
pursuit of the enemy, who were located by Captain Robinson (with ‘C’
and ‘D’ Squadrons as a patrol) on the banks of the Diala river the
following evening. We attacked them at dawn the following morning, and
for the next four days our two Brigades were hotly engaged with the
enemy, who were finally driven back on to Deli Abbas at the foot of
the Jebel Hamrin Range. We bivouacked some ten miles back, and there
formed a line of outposts. Meanwhile the enemy had apparently retired
right up into the hills. On April 8th, our Brigade moved out from
behind the huge mound where we had been under cover and marched down
to the river Diala, which was some ten miles distant, to refill our
water-carts and let the men do their washing and have a much-needed dip
in the river while the horses were grazing. After a pleasant day here,
during which our patrols saw no signs of the enemy, we went back to the
mound. On the following morning, the 9th, the Regiment left the Brigade
to make a reconnaissance of Deli Abbas. We had not travelled very far
before we encountered no less than seven columns of the enemy, who had
marched down from the hills during the night. This force proved to be
the 13th Army Corps, some 28,000 strong. The Regiment immediately took
up a position with all Hotchkiss guns, on a long low mound situated a
few miles S.W. of Deli Abbas, and from here we were able to inflict
heavy losses on the enemy, owing to their eagerness to surround and
annihilate what they took to be an isolated Regiment. In this action
Lieutenant Fitz-Gibbon, although wounded himself, succeeded in getting
all our Hotchkiss guns safely out of action, when we were in danger
of envelopment, and were forced to retire amidst a perfect hail of
lead and shell. Meanwhile the remainder of our Brigade and the 6th
Brigade had deployed for action. Now commenced what proved to be one
of the hardest fights in which the Cavalry had yet been engaged, the
enemy trying their hardest to effect an enveloping movement by forced
marches. This object we were only able to defeat by a most stubborn
‘rearguard action,’ which we had to maintain until the arrival of our
main force. Our two Brigades engaged them all day, and by nightfall
our outposts were on the Serri, some eight miles from the mound where
we had first come into contact with the enemy. Early the following
morning they renewed the attack with increased violence, and slowly
forced us back the whole day to the Tomb of ----, some few miles north
of Deltawa, where they succeeded in getting well round our left flank,
and were slowly enveloping us, when we received the most welcome news
that our Infantry had arrived, and had succeeded by forced marches
in getting well round the enemy’s right flank, which considerably
relieved the strain from us. Our outposts on this night, the 11th,
were about one mile south of the Tomb. Early the following morning we,
co-operating with our Infantry, made a very strong attack and succeeded
in driving the enemy from their position at Chaliyeh, where they left
315 dead on the field after a very fierce engagement. Renewing the
attack at dawn the following morning, we forced the enemy back again to
a small village called Serai Lik, where they again left the field full
of their dead and wounded: some 200 dead and 900 wounded were counted.
The following morning we again attacked the enemy, whom we completely
routed, and after a very short stand they speedily retired on to Deli
Abbas, a village situated right at the foot of the Jabel Hamrin range
of hills. For two more days we continued to harass the enemy’s flanks
until their main force had retired right up into the hills again. Our
Infantry now formed a line of outposts some few miles from Deli Abbas,
whilst on the 17th inst. the Cavalry marched back to the village of
Deltawa, where we went into bivouac. Here it was decided to form the
Regiment into two composite squadrons, owing to the great number of
casualties we had sustained amongst both men and horses through wounds,
sickness, &c. This was done on the morning of the 19th inst., and the
remaining men and horses were sent into bivouac at a small village
called Sindiyeh, some few miles farther back. In this district the Arab
rifle thieves were very active, and on several occasions succeeded
in getting clear away with rifles, in spite of the utmost vigilance,
during the time we had a bivouac near that village. During the next
fortnight the Regiment remained in bivouac at Deltawa, at the same time
making wide reconnaissances between the line held by our Infantry, who
had ‘dug in’ near the Serri, and the foot of the Jebel Hamrin Range.
During these we occasionally came into contact with enemy patrols, with
whom we had several sharp skirmishes. It was during one of these that
Private Keany of ‘C’ Squadron was captured while carrying despatches.
“On May 4th we received orders to march down to Chaldari and there
pitch our summer camp. We accordingly marched to Sa Salekh and from
here to Chaldari, where we proceeded to erect our summer camp on the
left bank of the Tigris some nine miles north of Baghdad. On the camp
being completed, we went into it on the 13th inst., and on the same day
the following awards appeared in our Regimental Orders for gallantry in
our action of 9th April: Lieutenant Fitz-Gibbon the M.C. and Private
Roberts the D.C.M. Private Roberts died from the wounds he received
the day following the action.[54]
[Illustration: BAGHDAD--STORKS]
[Illustration: BAGHDAD--THE NORTH GATE FROM INSIDE]
[Illustration: THE TRAMWAY--BAGHDAD TO KHAZIMAIN]
“Three days after this, the 16th inst., the Regiment received sudden
orders to turn out at 4.30 P.M. on an Arab strafe. It was made
known to us later that these Arabs had literally cut to pieces the
whole of a British survey party, consisting of three British officers
and their orderlies, and some sixteen native soldiers who were their
escort.
“We marched at 4.30 and crossed the river at Baghdad. We bivouacked
that night some ten miles east of it. Marching again at daybreak, we
encountered a terrific sand-storm which made the going very difficult,
nevertheless we succeeded in covering some thirty-nine miles over the
waterless desert before bivouacking for the night.
“Continuing again early the following morning, we trekked another
eighteen miles or so in the direction of Mushada, when a halt was made.
Reconnoitring from here, we located the Arabs some distance from the
village. We rested until dawn the 19th inst., when we attacked them and
inflicted heavy casualties amongst them, at the same time driving them
before us on to General Cobbe’s column, which had marched down from
Samarrah. This column exacted a terrible revenge for those murders,
and literally mowed them down with machine-gun fire. We inflicted some
3000 casualties in all amongst this huge band of Bedouin Arabs. This
incident had a wonderful effect on the Arabs throughout the country,
and no doubt prevented them from committing many similar outrages.
“On the conclusion of this we marched back to our camp at Chaldari.”
_Private C. T. Massey, ‘D’ Squadron--March 24._--“On the 24th we
turned out to graze, and while the horses were grazing Private Cox
came up with the order to ‘turn in and stand to.’ We moved off in a
north-easterly direction about midday, after buying oranges and limes
from Arabs on the square. We rejoined the portion of the Regiment that
moved off earlier in the day, at a camp next morning, the 25th.
“We were now on the right bank of the river Diala, and I kept no notes
of daily events, but we had many severe engagements with the enemy.
It was on Easter Sunday or Monday that we met the Turkish army coming
out of the Jebel Hamrin Range. We were then at Deli Abbas. It was the
1st and 3rd troops of ‘D’ Squadron which bore the first shock of the
Turkish attack, but we were greatly outnumbered, and retired only in
the nick of time under a hail of bullets. A few horses came down; one
man was killed and two wounded. My riding-horse got away, so I jumped
on top of the pack-horse, but the gun-case had not been properly
strapped up and the Hotchkiss gun fell out; but No. 5 on the gun, a
man named Cartwright, who was riding behind, dismounted and picked
it up, and I halted and it was put in the case again. We continued
to retreat for several days, but it was part of a clever scheme; the
Infantry meant to get in between them and the hills from which they
came. The Infantry, however, came up too close, and the Turks retired
again, before our Infantry could get behind them, but they suffered
heavy losses in the retreat back to the hills. It was during these
twenty-five days on the Diala that our horses suffered more than in the
whole fighting up from Kut. We could only water once a day, and many a
time I have felt faint from thirst and chewed grass for moisture, as
well as wild oats and barley.”
A few days later the writer was sent on leave to India, and his diary
comes to an end.
_Letter from 2nd Lieutenant F. Norman Payne--March 25, 1917._--“After
the Regiment getting nicely settled down to their garrison work they
were suddenly ordered away, and are now seventy miles beyond Baghdad.
“Poor chaps may be out weeks and weeks, and already have been five
weeks without any kit, it all still being at Bassouia Camp.[55] The
boats coming up river are fully laden and won’t stop to pick up
anything like that.”
[Illustration: DEPARTURE FROM BAGHDAD]
[Illustration: DEAD TURKS]
[Illustration: CAPTURED ARABS AWAITING EXECUTION
THE DIALA AND KHALIS CANAL CAMPAIGN]
* * * * *
_From Private Hugh H. Mortimer to his Mother, April 3, 1917._
ON THE TREK, 3. 4. 17.
“MY DEAREST MOTHER,--No doubt you all thought my last letter a
bit of a hash, which it verily was, but if you only knew the conditions
under which I wrote it you’d think I was lucky to get it off as
it was. I wrote part of it in Baghdad, as I was in the City Military
Police for a week, and could not manage to post it then, so I had to
take it with me when the order came to get on the move again. Do you
think they could do without the Thirteenth Hussars here when there’s
any dirty work to be done? Not likely. We got the job as Cavalry
garrison in the capital because we’d distinguished ourselves on the
drive-up, and incidentally lost more than half, but when reinforcements
came up and not many of them, out we had to go again: the Cavalry
Division could not manage without us.
“We’ve been living mainly on fresh air, biscuits, dates, and water,
with an occasional bully or fresh-meat stew when we can buy or pinch
a sheep from Mr Arab. Lor’ knows where we are now, but we can’t be
far from the Russians; in fact, I believe one column of ours is in
communication with them. Our aeroplanes have been over to ’em several
times.
“Well, that’s that. We have had some very exciting little times since
we left B. [Baghdad?], and I thought it was all up when ten of us, all
that’s left of the 4th troop, ‘C’ squadron, had to go out twelve miles
in advance on reconnaissance, as we got cut off by their Cavalry twice,
and had to gallop miles for life and ford a canal, known as Kelly’s
Canal,[56] about eight feet deep. Still we got back none much the worse.
“Have you ever experienced the thrill one gets when something happens
to lift one out of the blackest depths of depression, &c.? Well, it was
like this, I hadn’t got a fag or shred of baccy, and hadn’t had a smoke
for days; was browned off to the eyebrows on bully and biscuit diet
with occasional spoonful of jam thrown in here and there--more then
than now--and was trying to snatch forty winks--we were having a rest
day--under my saddle with flies and mosquitoes buzzing around, sweating
like a bull with the heat of the aft’noon even with one thin shirt on,
when a bloke kicked my feet and shouted, ‘Cheero, Morty, mail’s up.’
“Please keep the newspaper cuttings of all our doings out here. Now
don’t forget that, as I shall love to read ’em over afterwards, and we
don’t get much news of our own doings out here.
“I think I shall manage to wangle the ten-shilling note as soon as we
get settled somewhere, sometime. Please thank ---- and ---- and all
other well-wishers and contributors for me separately and individually.
“Yes, I received a very nice little parcel from St Silas’s, but have
not had any time at all to acknowledge it, as you can guess by your
mail, which always takes precedence with me.... I expect we shall
be slackening off out here shortly as ’tis getting very hot again,
especially from about 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., when every
effort is an effort and one sweats rivers, lying down--in fact,
it’s really worse lying down than knocking slowly, one doesn’t seem
to notice the heat so much then. We have to make bivouacs with our
blankets thrown across swords and twigs stuck in the ground to get a
little shelter from the sun, as there is next to no shadow here, and
the sun is nearly overhead again. Roll on, we’ve just about got J. Turk
beat to the wide now, so it’s about time we had a long rest. Then we
are made to clean and polish everything up, and it’s some job that, as
all steelwork is eaten in with rust, and everything more or less the
same since we came on service.
“Well, my candle has just given me the wink and I’m finishing this by
moonlight, so cheerio to all of you. Hope you are all in the pink....
Take great care of yourself, mother, love, and all the others as well.
Am fit as a fiddle myself when I can get enough to eat.”
Private Mortimer was decorated soon afterwards with the Military
Medal for bravery in action, and after reading his letter one is not
surprised to hear it.
The Regiment, it may be observed, though weak in men, and still weaker
in horses, was now strong in officers again. Colonel Richardson and
others wounded at Lajj had returned, and though one or two more had
since been hit, they were doing well. But one, unhappily, had lost his
life in a very sad way: Captain Newton, who had commanded a squadron at
Lajj, and had afterwards gone through the April fighting, was drowned
in the Tigris on the night of the 25th.
He stepped overboard in the darkness from a river steamer, and though
life-belts were thrown out at once he was swept away by the current,
which was very strong. A boat was lowered, but could find no trace
of him. Captain Newton’s death was much deplored. An officer on the
staff of the Division, in a private letter to his own people, writes
of him: “Poor Tiger Newton is dead. He walked overboard and fell into
the Tigris on his way to India on leave.... He is a great loss to the
Thirteenth Hussars, where he was immensely popular. He was a splendid
character, was greatly esteemed by all who came in contact with him,
and exercised great influence in his Regiment.” His Colonel wrote:
“Quite apart from my personal sorrow, I know how grieved the whole
Regiment will be, for both officers and men were very fond of him.”
And General Jones, who had commanded the Brigade at Lajj, wrote of him
as follows: “At the fighting at Lajj, where the Thirteenth Hussars had
such heavy losses, he was the Senior Officer left of the squadrons in
the most advanced line, and was in constant communication with me by
telephone after the charge. It was an anxious time for most of us, and
perhaps especially for me, as I was commanding the Brigade. Nothing
cheered me so much as his cheery voice. We were momentarily expecting
a counter-attack in greatly superior strength, and our Battery was
stricken silent; but he never lost heart, and I am sure his example
went far in putting heart into his men, if such was necessary. It did
me good anyhow. It was also greatly due to him that at dusk we were
able to carry away the officers and men who were lying wounded between
the lines. Had he been alive now, his name would have gone in for a
Mention in Despatches. He died as many others have died, but he has not
lived in vain.”
In other letters mention is made of “his outspoken Christian life,” and
he is described as “one whom everybody loved.”
It may be noted that in the meantime one of the Thirteenth subalterns,
2nd Lieutenant J. H. Hirsch, had passed through a very tragic
experience, being on board the _Cameronian_ transport, on the way to
join, with several men of the Regiment, when she was torpedoed in the
Mediterranean. His letter describing the affair shows that “there
was no panic,” all the men going quietly to their posts on deck, and
setting to work to lower the boats. The two destroyers which formed
the escort “were simply wonderful--the rate they came alongside! When
we were hit they dashed round, making a smoke-screen. Then they dashed
round the boats and rafts and swimmers, like two old hens guarding
their young, picking up men when it was possible, who were shouting for
help. A lot we passed were drowned, as they had put their life-belts
on wrong....”
Then the submarine was sighted. The writer was by that time on board
one of the destroyers. “The other destroyer had signalled there was a
submarine near us, so the guns were manned, and we saw the wake of the
beast, so we fired and only just missed.” Luckily the shot was enough
to drive away the submarine, otherwise the slaughter might have been
terrible, for, according to Lieutenant Hirsch, “there were about 1200
men on the destroyer and about 50 officers,” and she was, of course,
exposing herself to great danger in trying to save life. However, no
second torpedo was fired, and after circling round the wreckage for
some hours after the ship had gone down, the destroyers made for Malta,
and in spite of a “very, very rough” sea, succeeded in getting there
safely next day. But 140 lives were lost, among them the lives of eight
privates of the Thirteenth.
[Illustration: Lieut. E. BRISTOL]
[Illustration: Lieut. A. E. ANNETT]
[Illustration: Lieut. C. A. F. WINGFIELD]
[Illustration: Major and Q.M. A. COOKE]
[Illustration: Lieut. W. MADGIN]
[Illustration: Lieut. A. WILLIAMS]
[Illustration: Lieut. L. A. ORMROD]