CROSSING THE MOUNTAINS IN MIDWINTER.--SURPRISE
OF THE C[OE]UR D'ALENES AND SPOKANES
Having made a good riddance of his troublesome colleague, and seen the
Indians depart their several ways with much hand-shaking and many
expressions of goodwill and satisfaction, the governor and his little
party packed up and started on the 24th, and reached Fort Benton the
following day. Two days were spent here preparing for the long return
journey across the mountains; for the animals were well worn by the hard
express service of the summer, and it was necessary to lighten loads as
much as possible. On October 28 the homeward start was made; the party
moved over to and up the Teton, continued up that stream the 29th, and
went into camp thirty-five miles from the fort.
Supper was just over, and the men were gathering around the camp-fires,
for the evening was frosty, when a lone horseman was discerned in the
twilight slowly making his way over the plains towards the camp, and
soon Pearson rode in, or rather staggered in, for his horse was utterly
exhausted, and tottered as it walked. The eager men crowded around, and
helped the wiry expressman from the saddle and supported him to a seat,
for he was unable to stand, and his emaciated, wild, and haggard
appearance bore witness to the hardships he had undergone. He delivered
his dispatches, and, after being revived with food and warmth, was able
to make his report, and surely one more fraught with astonishment and
consternation for that little party on the lonely plains, a thousand
miles from home, could not be imagined.
The great tribes of the upper Columbia country, the Cuyuses, Yakimas,
Walla Wallas, Umatillas, Palouses, and all the Oregon bands down to the
Dalles, the very ones who had signed the treaties at the Walla Walla
council and professed such friendship, had all broken out in open war.
They had swept the upper country clean of whites, killing all the
settlers and miners found there, and murdered agent Bolon under
circumstances of peculiar atrocity. Major Haller, sent into the Yakima
country with a hundred regulars and a howitzer, had been defeated and
forced to retreat by Kam-i-ah-kan's warriors, with the loss of a third
of his force and his cannon. The Indians west of the Cascades had also
risen simultaneously, and laid waste the settlements on Puget Sound and
in Oregon, showing that a widespread conspiracy prevailed. The Spokanes
and Coeur d'Alenes were hostile, or soon would become hostile under
the spur and taunts of the young Cuyuse and Yakima warriors sent among
them to stir them up, and even some of the Nez Perces were disaffected.
A thousand well-armed and brave hostile warriors under Kam-i-ah-kan,
Pu-pu-mox-mox, Young Chief, and Five Crows were gathered in the Walla
Walla valley, waiting to "wipe out" the party on its return; squads of
young braves were visiting the Nez Perces, Spokanes, and Coeur
d'Alenes, vaunting their victories, displaying fresh gory scalps, and
using every effort to cajole or force them into hostility to the whites.
The daring expressman's story of how he ran the gauntlet of the hostile
tribes with the dispatches and information upon which depended the lives
of the party heightened the impression made by his wretched appearance
and doleful tidings. He left the Dalles on his return trip, fresh and
well mounted, and, riding all day and night, reached Billy McKay's ranch
on the Umatilla River at daylight, and stopped to get breakfast. The
place was deserted. After eating he lassoed a fine powerful horse among
a large band grazing near by, and after a hard struggle managed to
saddle, bridle, and mount it. The steed was wild, and started off
jumping stiff-legged. As Pearson rode from under the trees surrounding
the house into the road, he saw a party of Indians racing down the hill
into the valley, evidently on his trail, and heard their yells as they
caught sight of him,--"Whup si-ah si-ah-poo! Whup si-ah!" "Kill the
white man! Kill the white!"--and redoubled their speed in pursuit. His
new mount proved of speed and bottom, and under whip and spur gave over
his jumping for swift running. As he climbed the hill leading out of the
valley on to the high plains and looked back, he again saw the red
devils and heard their yells; and for mile after mile, from the top of
every ridge and roll of the plains crossed by the trail, he would look
back and see his pursuers, or the dust rising under the hoofs of their
horses. But they could not lessen the distance between them; gradually
they fell behind farther and farther, and at length were lost to sight.
Pearson pushed his horse on all day as rapidly as it could stand without
breaking down, and, when night fell, turned off the trail at right
angles for several miles, then struck a course parallel to it, traveled
all night, crossed the Walla Walla River and valley above the usual ford
and crossings, and, having found a secluded depression in the plains
beyond, stopped to rest and let his horse feed a couple of hours.
Pushing on without further adventure, and exchanging his worn-out steed
for a fresh one at Red Wolf's ground, he reached Lapwai the next day.
Here he obtained a day's rest.
Thus refreshed, and securing fresh horses and a young Nez Perce brave as
guide, he started across the Bitter Root Mountains by the direct Nez
Perce trail, the shortest but also the most rugged and elevated route,
and at dark made camp high up in the mountains. That night a furious
snowstorm set in. A tree fell and crushed his Indian companion. Pearson
dragged his insensible body from beneath the tree, and said to himself,
"Now the Nez Perces, too, will break out. They never will believe this
buck's death was accidental. They will deem me his murderer, and always
hunt my scalp after this." But to his great joy the young Indian came to
his senses, and proved not to be seriously hurt. The storm raged three
days; several feet of snow fell, too deep for horses to travel. When it
ceased, Pearson sent the Indian back with the horses, and, packing his
dispatches, blankets, and some dried meat on his back, continued across
on snowshoes, which he had made during the storm, cutting the bows with
his knife, and unraveling his lariat for the webs. The trail was hidden
under the snow, but he guided his course largely by the marks of packs
against the trees made by Indians who had crossed in winter. Struggling
on in this manner for four days, he emerged upon the Bitter Root valley
near Fort Owen, almost dead with fatigue and privation. Stopping only a
few hours for rest, and procuring a good horse and equipments from the
ever friendly Flatheads, he again took the saddle, and on the third day
staggered into the governor's camp on the Teton.
The dispatches fully corroborated Pearson's information. Among them were
letters from Acting-Governor Mason, Colonel Simmons, Major Tilton, and
others, warning the governor on no account to attempt to return home by
the direct route across the mountains, and urging him to descend the
Missouri and return by way of the Isthmus. He was assured that there
were scarcely any troops in the country, that it was impossible to
succor him, and equally impossible for him to get through so many
hostile Indians, and that his only way of safety lay down the Missouri
River.
Governor Stevens's decision was instant and unwavering. It was to force
his way back to his Territory by the direct route through all opposition
and obstacles. He fully appreciated the perils and difficulties of the
attempt, but his determination was unalterably fixed sternly to confront
them all, and by a bold, decided course and rapid movements to force a
passage through the hostile country and hostile savages.
Doty was sent back to the fort the next morning for additional arms and
ammunition. At noon the following day, October 31, leaving orders for
Doty to follow with the train on his return from the fort, the governor,
with Delaware Jim and Hugh Robie, his only companions, started for the
Bitter Root valley, and reached Fort Owen in four and a half days, a
distance of two hundred and thirty miles. Says the governor of this
trip:--
"The first night we camped on Sun River, having made a distance of
some twenty-nine miles from about noon to sundown. On the 1st of
November we were in the saddle at early dawn, pushed towards
Cadotte's Pass, between the Crown Butte and Rattlers, passed by the
Bird Tail Rock, crossed the Dearborn, and went into camp four miles
before reaching the divide, at a point which was the camp of
Lieutenant Grover and Mr. Robie in their winter trip of 1854. This
evening a snow came on about an hour before sundown, or we should
have crossed the divide that night. The weather in the morning was
clear and beautiful, but as we had no tent, we built up a large fire
in order to dry ourselves, and got breakfast before leaving camp,
and at half past eight we were on the road. There were some six or
seven inches of snow on the ground, but the weather was extremely
mild, and the snow was rapidly passing away. I went up the divide
on the ravine north of the usual trail, and was able to find a very
good route for our animals. There was little or no snow on the
western slope of the divide; continuing down the Blackfoot valley
five and one half miles, the snow was only an inch or two deep, and
entirely passed away before we reached Lander's Fork. We halted on
Lander's Fork for a few minutes to rest our animals; then, moving
very rapidly through the Belly prairie and cañon, we came out on the
large prairie of the Blackfoot at a little after dark, camping where
I had camped with Lieutenant Donelson in 1853. The next day we were
in the saddle early, and, moving over this prairie at a very rapid
rate, ate breakfast at a point some eighteen miles from our
morning's camp, and made our evening camp within about ten miles of
the Hell Gate crossing to Fort Owen. The next day we reached Fort
Owen, meeting at the crossing some Indians, by whom I was able to
communicate with Dr. Lansdale. On our way to Fort Owen we met a Nez
Perce delegation on their way home, and made arrangements to meet
them at the crossing of Hell Gate, in order to confer about
difficulties ahead. After waiting a day at Fort Owen, I moved down
to and established my camp at Hell Gate, to await the arrival of Mr.
Doty. Just before reaching the Dearborn River, Delaware Jim shot a
deer, but on going up to it they were surprised to find a well-grown
fawn lying dead beside it, killed by the same ballet as it stood
beside and concealed by its mother."
Many of the Flatheads came with Dr. Lansdale in response to the
governor's summons to confer with him at this camp, and the conference
with them and also with the Nez Perce chiefs was most satisfactory. In
response to the governor's request to the latter that some of their
number would accompany him, the whole delegation, fourteen in number,
offered to do so, and declared their willingness to share any danger
that might be encountered, and accordingly joined the party. Says the
governor:--
"I was here able to gain no additional information of the condition
of the Indian tribes between the Cascade Mountains and the Bitter
Root, but the reports were that all were in arms except the Nez
Perces, a large portion of whom were said to be disaffected, and
some of them even hostile. I now purchased every good mule and horse
I could get in this valley, for it was my determination to have my
whole command in a position so that they could move rapidly and act
promptly. The question was, What should be our route home? It was
important, it seemed to me, to our success that we should be able to
cross the mountains and throw ourselves into the nearest tribes
without their having the slightest notice of our coming. I felt a
strong assurance that, if I could bring this about, I could handle
enough tribes, and conciliate the friendship of enough Indians, to
be sufficiently strong to defy the rest. There would certainly be no
difficulty from the snow down Clark's Fork; but it was known that
the upper and lower Pend Oreille Indians were along the road, and no
party could travel over it without its approach being communicated
to the Indians; whereas Indian report had it that the Coeur
d'Alene Pass was blocked up with snow at this season of the year,
and I felt satisfied that they would not expect us on this route,
and therefore I determined to move over it. It was the shorter route
of the two; it was a route where I wished to make additional
examinations; it was a route which enabled me to creep up, as it
were, to the first Indian tribe, and then, moving rapidly, to jump
upon them without their having time for preparation. I knew that
Kam-i-ah-kan and Pu-pu-mox-mox had sent a body of warriors to cut
off my party, and that we had to guard against falling into an
ambush; but an Indian has not patience to wait many days for such a
purpose, and I thought, looking to all these things, that the line
of safety was to move over the Coeur d'Alene Pass."
Mr. Doty arrived with the train on the 11th. At the camp on the Teton
occurred the only death that befell the party during the expedition,
that of H. Palmer, who died of a lingering and incurable malady, and was
laid at rest on the lonely prairie by his warm-hearted and sorrowing
companions. Three days more were spent after the arrival of the train in
making necessary arrangements with Dr. Lansdale, who was placed in
charge of the Flatheads as their agent, with Mr. Owen and the
missionaries.
[Illustration: CROSSING THE BITTER ROOTS IN MIDWINTER]
Keeping his decision as to the route to himself, the governor allowed
the report to become current that he would pursue the way by Pend
Oreille Lake, and this was universally believed, because both Indians
and mountain men pronounced the Coeur d'Alene impassable from snow so
late in the season. Still further to throw any hostile spies or runners,
who might be lurking about, off the scent, and prevent their carrying
word ahead of him, the governor, on the first day's march, November 14,
on reaching the forks, where the trails divided, took that by the Lake
route, moved down it two miles, and went into camp.
At earliest daylight the next morning the train was on the march,
retraced its steps to the forks, and struck rapidly down the Coeur
d'Alene trail a long distance, camping at the governor's camp ground of
October 7, 8, two years before. Pushing on by forced marches, the Bitter
Root River was crossed on the ice November 17, and the summit of the
mountains on the 20th, where, for lack of grass, the half-famished
animals had to be tied to trees all night. The snow was from three to
six feet deep for a long distance, and would have proved a serious
obstacle, had not a large party of Coeur d'Alene Indians crossed a
fortnight before and beaten down a passable trail; but ten dead horses
lying stiff and stark within a distance of eight miles showed how
severely their animals had suffered in the passage.
On this trip the governor adopted the plan of starting at daylight,
moving rapidly for the day's march, and encamping early in the
afternoon, thinking thus to give the animals the best opportunities for
finding grass, now dry and scanty, but their only feed. The precision
and rapidity with which the train packed up, started, and moved was
astonishing. An hour before daylight the cooks were up and preparing
breakfast; half an hour later the mules were driven up and the
pack-saddles placed upon them, and the riding animals were also saddled;
then breakfast, taking about twenty minutes; then the governor, watch in
hand, would give the command to load, and in five minutes from the word
every mule would be packed and the train moving out. The governor took
great pride in this feat every morning, and the men entered into the
spirit of it, strove to outdo themselves at every camp, and made the
gain of half a minute in packing and starting the subject of talk and
congratulation. The mules, by their perverse and vexatious conduct,
arising from their invincible repugnance to water and cold, gave rise to
many comical and diverting incidents. Dreading the icy water, they would
hold back from plunging into the fords, and would seek a dryer way by
going out on the skirt or points of ice which fringed the streams, only
to have it give way and drop them into deeper water. They were
continually getting off the narrow, beaten path in the snow, and
floundering helpless in the fleecy material, and then half a dozen
sturdy packers would unsling the packs, seize the unlucky mule by tail
and ears, neck-rope and saddle, and haul him back on the trail by main
strength.
[Illustration: C[OE]UR D'ALENE MISSION]
The party reached good grass the day after crossing the divide, and
rested another day to allow the exhausted animals to fill up and
recuperate. On the 23d a long march was made, and the party encamped
twenty-six miles from the Coeur d'Alene Mission. From the appearance
of everything around, the governor was satisfied that no Indian spies
had yet observed his march. He deemed it impracticable to move the train
to the mission in one day without breaking down the animals, yet he
counted on taking the Indians there by surprise, thus giving them no
opportunity to waylay his party if they were hostile, and relying upon
his sudden and unexpected appearance to retrieve their wavering
friendship, if they were not too far committed to hostility. At daylight
the next morning, with Craig, Pearson, and the four Nez Perce chiefs,
Looking Glass, Spotted Eagle, Three Feathers, and Captain John, the
governor pushed on, leaving directions for the train to follow and come
in next day. The evening sun was just sinking behind the mountains when
the seven well-armed horsemen dashed up in front of the Coeur d'Alene
village, rifles in hand and presented ready to fire, and in peremptory
tones demanded of the astonished Indians, as they poured out of their
lodges, "Are you friends or enemies? Do you want peace or war?" The
governor's orders, impressed upon his followers, were, that at the first
hostile act or word they were to fire upon the Indians, disabling as
many of them as possible, and then to fall back upon and occupy the
solidly built church on the knoll overlooking the village, and hold this
stronghold against all attacks until the main party should arrive the
next day.
The Coeur d'Alenes, thus taken by surprise, in response to this
formidable summons declared that they were friends and preferred peace,
and gathered around with apparently friendly greetings. In fact,
however, as became more apparent at the council next day, "they were
much excited, on a balance for peace or war, and a chance word might
turn them either way," as says the official journal. Some of their young
men had joined the hostiles; and the rumor was current that the son of
the chief, Stellam, had recently been slain by the whites. The chiefs
and elders were inclined to be friendly, and wished to avoid war. On the
way to the village the governor charged the four Nez Perce chiefs:--
"When you reach the Coeur d'Alenes, talk to them Blackfoot; tell
them about our great council and treaty at Fort Benton; tell them
that they can hunt buffalo without being disturbed by their
hereditary enemies, the Blackfeet; tell them the lion and the lamb
have laid down together; get their minds off their troubles here,
and turn them to other subjects in which they take an interest."
The train arrived the next day. A council was held with the Indians, and
they were exhorted to continue their friendly attitude, and keep their
young men from war. The emissaries of the Yakimas had left the mission
only five days before the arrival of the party, having despaired of its
crossing the mountains. All sorts of rumors were rife, but nothing
certain except that the tribes below were in arms, blocking up the road,
and that they had threatened to cut off the party, Pu-pu-mox-mox
especially having made his boast that he would take Governor Stevens's
scalp. It was learned, however, that four men, who had brought up the
goods for the proposed Spokane council, with the unfortunate agent
Bolon, were at Antoine Plante's, and that fifteen miners were also at
that point, fearing to go below on account of the hostiles, and
virtually blockaded by the Spokanes.
Governor Stevens at once determined to proceed to the Spokane to rescue
these men, and if possible to restrain the Spokanes from hostilities. He
dispatched Craig with all but three of the Nez Perce chiefs to Lapwai,
there to confer with Lawyer, assemble the nation, and prepare them for
the governor's arrival. He was also instructed to send an express to the
Spokane with information of his success, and the disposition of the Nez
Perces. The chiefs retained with the party were Looking Glass, Spotted
Eagle, and Three Feathers.
As at Hell Gate, the governor's determination rested in his own breast,
and it was currently reported and believed that the party would move
directly south along the base of the mountains to the Nez Perce country,
the shortest and safest route to the refuge of that friendly tribe. To
move away from it and adventure sixty miles farther among the supposedly
hostile, and certainly disaffected, Spokanes seemed little short of
madness. In the evening some of the men, in discussing the matter,
declared that if the governor started for the Spokane, they would not
follow him, but would take the Nez Perce trail; but Higgins swore that
no man should desert the governor if he started for Hell, and the
incipient mutiny went no farther. The next day, November 27, the party
marched down the Coeur d'Alene River to Wolf's Lodge, nineteen miles,
and, starting at daylight the following morning and making a rapid,
forced march of forty miles, reached the Spokane village, just below
Antoine Plante's, before sunset.
The last four miles across the prairie was made at a round trot, and
within thirty minutes after first sighting the rapidly approaching
column, the astonished Indians beheld thirty well-armed men gallop
boldly up, range themselves in front of their lodges ready to open fire,
and heard the peremptory summons to decide instantly for peace or war.
Needless to say that they, too, were friendly and for peace. They were
taken completely by surprise, and had no alternative but to choose the
olive branch. Only three hours before they had heard that Governor
Stevens had gone down the Missouri.
The Indian employees and goods and the miners were safe. They had built
a blockhouse, and were on terms of armed truce with the Indians rather
than actual hostility. Before midnight Indian messengers were dispatched
to Colville and the various camps, summoning the head chief Garry and
the other chiefs, the Hudson Bay Company's factor, McDonald, and the
Jesuit missionaries to meet the governor in council at Plante's. It is
noteworthy that during all these troubles the Hudson Bay Company people
and the Catholic missionaries were not molested by the hostile Indians.
The governor now gave his party, augmented by the four rescued
employees, a military organization and the name of Stevens Guards, the
name being the choice of the men, and appointed as officers C.P.
Higgins, captain; W.H. Pearson, first lieutenant; A.H. Robie, second
lieutenant; and S.S. Ford, third lieutenant. He also appointed Doty
lieutenant-colonel, aide-de-camp, and adjutant, and Tappan captain and
quartermaster. The miners were also formed into a military company, and
adopted the name of Spokane Invincibles, with Judge B.F. Yantis as
captain. The governor ordered guards regularly mounted at night.
A half-breed, who had been captured by Pu-pu-mox-mox and set free by him
on condition that he would take a message to the governor to the effect
that he, Pu-pu-mox-mox, intended to take the governor's scalp, came and
delivered his message.