_The Public Buildings--The Jail--Courthouse--Town
Hall--Firehouse--School Buildings--Wallace Library--Normal
School--Government Building, &c._
As it was found necessary to have courts to punish crimes, to settle
disputes and to enforce law and order in the Commonwealth for the good of
society, it was also found necessary to have buildings in which to hold
the courts, to keep their records, and a place to confine criminals until
they were tried by the courts, and then to punish them after conviction
for their crimes. Therefore, the act that gave Fredericksburg a name and a
place among the towns of the country, also gave it the authority, and
enjoined it as a duty, to erect a courthouse and a jail, which was soon
done; and it is almost certain that whatever court Fredericksburg had from
1727, when it was first incorporated, to 1781, when it was chartered by
the Legislature of Virginia, was held in that courthouse and that the
criminals were kept and punished in that jail.
When the hustings court was organized its sessions were held in the
"coffee-house," but as soon as preparations could be made it was held in
the old town hall, or market-house, on Main street, which appears to have
had rooms sufficient for all public uses, as it was a favorite resort for
the "lovers of balls and parties and other public gatherings."
The first thing, however, that claimed the attention of the court was the
repairing of the "courthouse and common gaol, where criminals could be
placed and safely kept and in due time brought before the court." The
first jail erected for the town seems to have been built partly with
brick, and, from a false notion of economy, was entirely too small, was
uncomfortable and not fit to keep prisoners in. This was so patent that
the matter was, at various times, and for several years, brought to the
attention of the court. Various grand juries, upon examination, had
reported that it was not a suitable place in which to confine prisoners.
In 1803 a grand jury brought in an indictment against the jail as a
nuisance, and charged that a colored criminal, who had been confined
therein, had contracted a disease of which he afterwards died. This
colored man was arrested, charged with entering a house in the night time
and stealing goods therefrom, which was a capital offence. He was tried by
the hustings court, after considerable delay, and sentenced to be hung,
but was recommended to the mercy of the Governor, who pardoned him.
It was while the colored man was awaiting a trial, and afterwards the
action of the Governor, that it was claimed he contracted a disease, of
which he died soon after his liberation. Upon this report of the grand
jury the court ordered the small, brick jail torn down and a new one of
stone to be erected in its place. This new building was completed in 1805,
when Wm. Taylor was appointed by the court and ordered to "sell the brick
and other materials of the old jail in this corporation on a credit of
sixty days and make return to this court."
This jail stood on Princess Ann street, just north of the present clerk's
office, and, long before it was torn down and removed, was "an eye-sore to
the public," and especially to those who lived in that locality. In 1851,
when it was decided to build a new courthouse, it was also decided to move
the jail. This was a joint action of the court and Common Council, and it
met with serious opposition by many of the tax-payers, on the ground that
it was a waste of public money, the present jail being all that was
needed.
But the order was given, and the jail was torn down and rebuilt in rear of
the courthouse, the public scales, which stood on the spot, to be "moved
to some more convenient place." The most of the stone in the old jail was
placed in the new one, but a portion of it was taken for the foundation of
the fence, which, until some six years ago, enclosed the courthouse yard
and sustained the wall on George street and in Jail alley. The present
granite alignment of the courthouse lot is a great improvement on the old
iron fence.
THE COURTHOUSE.
The first courthouse the town had was built on a part of the ground
occupied by the present building and stood several feet back from the
street. It was a small, brick structure and very uncomfortable. It is
supposed to have been the second courthouse built for the town, the first
having been built soon after the town was laid out. As early as 1820 the
courts complained of the building they had to occupy and declared that it
was unsuitable for court purposes. Various requests and complaints were
made and orders issued to the Common Council by the court, looking to the
erection of a new and commodious building, but the Council appeared to
take no action in the matter, except to lay on the table all
communications from the court on the subject.
It appears that the town and county were joint owners in the jail and
courthouse, they being public property and the town then being a part of
the county, and possibly contributed some way to their erection. This may
account to some extent for the tardiness of the Council in taking action,
but whether it does or not, the court was not satisfied and did not
attempt to conceal its displeasure.
Finding its requests and orders disregarded, the court issued an order
declaring that the Council must build a new courthouse or provide a better
place for holding court, but even this did not appear to hurry the
Council, which moved along in its own quiet way. This controversy went on
for several years, the court requesting, ordering, even threatening,
without avail. It finally reached a point where it seems to have exhausted
its patience and determined to assert its authority.
On the 14th of June, 1849, the court being composed of Mayor Semple and
Justices Wm. H. White and Peter Goolrick, the following order was made and
entered on the record book:
"It is ordered, that Thomas B. Barton, John L. Marye, Robert B.
Semple, Wm. C. Beale and John J. Chew, who are hereby appointed a
committee for that purpose, do examine and report to this court, some
plan for the enlargement and repairs or rebuilding of the courthouse
for this corporation, for the convenient administration of justice;
and the said committee are also requested to examine and report
whether any other public building, belonging to this corporation, can
be so changed as to answer the above purpose, and to inquire and
report the probable cost of such plan or plans as they may approve
and report upon, and it is ordered that the justices for this
corporation be summoned to attend here at the next court to consider
and decide upon said report."
While this order and the appointment of the committee, with its
instructions, created considerable comment, it did not seem to excite the
Council or precipitate any action favorable to the proposed building. At
the next court eight justices were present in answer to the summons issued
at the last session of the court. Those present were R. B. Semple, Robert
Dickey, Beverly R. Wellford, Wm. C. Beale, Wm. H. White, Peter Goolrick,
Wm. Slaughter and Wm. Warren.
The report of the committee appointed at the previous court, was made, and
the court declared "that in obedience to the act of the General Assembly,
which requires that courts for the corporations within this Commonwealth
should cause to be erected one good and convenient courthouse, that it is
necessary and proper to build a courthouse for this corporation," and the
report of the committee "having been returned to court, and therewith an
order from the county court of Spotsylvania, releasing to this court all
title and interest the said county has to the jail and courthouse, within
this corporation, and the said lots on which they stand, being considered
by this court, it is approved and confirmed."
The court then appointed a commission, consisting of Mayor Semple, Beverly
R. Wellford, Wm. H. White, Thomas B. Barton and John L. Marye, who were
instructed to contract with some responsible party to erect a good and
substantial courthouse on lots 42 and 44, or either of them, according to
the plan submitted to the court, or that plan modified, if it was found
necessary, the cost not to exceed four thousand dollars. The commission
was to report from time to time to the court.
This action looked as if the court intended to exhaust its powers or have
a new courthouse, but a few days' mixing with the people seems to have
raised a doubt in the minds of the members of the court as to the wisdom
of their action. At any rate, when the August term came the full corps of
magistrates was present. A petition, and counter petition of the citizens
of Fredericksburg, in relation to the action of the court upon the
subject of rebuilding the courthouse, were severally presented, when, on a
motion made to rescind the order for building the courthouse and laying a
levy therefor, the vote stood as follows:
For rescinding, Robert B. Semple, Peter Goolrick, Wm. C. Beale, Robert
Dicky, 4. Against rescinding, Beverley R. Welford, Wm. H. White, Wm.
Slaughter, Wm. Warren, 4. The court being divided on the question of
repealing or enforcing its own order, the subject was dropped so far as
any action of the court was concerned, and was not again brought up for
several months.
At the April term, in 1850, however, the court respectfully requested the
Council to appoint a day to have an election, that the voters might
express their wishes as to whether or not a levy should be made for the
purpose of building a courthouse. This paper, although it placed the court
before the Council in the attitude of an humble suppliant, was read before
the Council and laid on the table, as all former papers from that source
had been.
This seems to have ended the efforts of the court to secure a new
courthouse or the repairing of the old, either by entreaties, threats or
by the power given it under the acts of the General Assembly. Thus things
continued for one year, although the question was warmly discussed by the
citizens, who were very much divided on the subject. An election was to be
held the following March, and the court, finding itself defeated in all
former efforts, transferred the question to the people in their selections
for members of the Council. This was a wise move for the friends of the
measure. The election was held and a Council in favor of building a new
courthouse was elected. The eyes of the public were now turned from the
hustings court to the Common Council which had just been elected. The
contest was not long delayed.
The election for Councilmen was held on the third Monday in March, 1851,
and at the meeting, held on the first day of April, Messrs. Thomas B.
Barton, John James Chew, J. Minor, Wm. Allen and Beverly R. Wellford were
appointed a committee by the Council to consider the subject of the
location and erection of a new courthouse and report thereon all matters
connected with the cost, style and site of said building.
The next meeting of the Council was held on the 26th of April. It was one
of unusual importance, because the committee on the new courthouse was to
report, and every member except two was in his seat, and the chamber was
crowded to its full capacity by citizens, who felt a special interest in
the subject. The committee was in favor of erecting a new courthouse, and
therefore reported to the Council plans and specifications for the
building, drawn by J. B. Benwick, Jr., of Baltimore, giving the style and
the probable cost at $14,000.
The committee recommended the site of the old courthouse, the removal of
the jail to the back of the new building and the removal of the clerk's
office and engine houses. The report was adopted and the committee was
instructed to contract for the erection of the building inside of the
estimated cost. This looked as if the Council meant business, and for the
next three weeks the question was warmly discussed, and the opponents of
the measure undertook to prevent the great waste of money, as they termed
it, by petition and other influences. The Council met on the 21st of May
to receive the report of the committee, appointed to contract for the
building, and every member was present. The interest was intense and the
opposition determined.
The committee made its report and the clerk of the Council made this
record: "A contract with Wm. M. Baggett, for building a new courthouse,
jail, &c., for the sum of $13,850, together with drawings and
specifications of said buildings made by James Benwick, architect, and to
be taken as part of said contract, and a bond executed by said Baggett, J.
Metcalfe, J. S. Caldwell, and George Aler, in the sum of ten thousand
dollars, for the faithful performance of said contract, by said Baggett,
were submitted to the Council by T. B. Barton, chairman of the committee
appointed for that purpose, for their approval or rejection.
"Whereupon, and before any action was had thereon, Mr. J. M. Whittemore,
asked and obtained leave to be heard by the Council in support of a
petition, signed by one hundred and seventy-two of the voters of the
corporation, remonstrating against the extravagant scheme of pulling down
the jail and other buildings on the courthouse lot, and praying the
appointment of a committee of their own board,[56] to contract for the
erection of a spacious and comfortable courthouse at a cost not exceeding
six thousand dollars. Said petition was accordingly presented by Mr.
Whittemore, and, being read, was, on motion, laid on the table.
"On motion, said contract was then approved and confirmed by the following
vote to-wit: Ayes: F. Slaughter, Joseph Sanford, J. Minor, D. H. Gordon,
J. Pritchard, L. J. Huffman, B. S. Herndon, Thomas F. Knox, Charles C.
Wellford and John J. Berrey, 10. Nays: Hugh Scott and Wm. Allen, 2. And it
was ordered that the Mayor, as evidence of said approval and confirmation,
do sign an endorsement to that effect on said contract, and cause the
corporation seal to be affixed thereto, and that said contract together
with the drawings and specifications, be then delivered to the clerk of
the hustings court for safe keeping," &c.
After this action was completed the Council appointed Messrs. Thomas B.
Barton, John James Chew, J. Minor, Wm. Allen and Beverly R. Wellford a
committee to superintend the entire work and see that it was done
according to the plans and specifications. And so a question that had
vexed the people of the town for more than thirty years, and had caused
considerable friction between the hustings court and the Common Council,
was settled and the town was to have a new courthouse.
The building was completed in 1852, when the courts and clerks were
removed to spacious and comfortable quarters, and have remained there to
the present day. The south wing on the lower floor has been used for fire
engines until the companies were disbanded prior to the war; but, for
several years in the past, they have been used for the public schools of
the city, while the large room on the second floor is used for an armory.
The vault, for the records and papers of all the courts of the past and
present, as well as of those of the Common Council, is ample for the
purpose and absolutely fire-proof. The building is one of the handsomest
in the State and always attracts the attention of strangers.
[Illustration: "The Lodge" at Mary Washington Monument. Constructed of
Virginia Granite for Superintendent of Monument and Grounds. (See page
160)]
[Illustration: The "Wallace Library," now near its completion. The
building and library a donation by the late Capt. C. Wistar Wallace. (See
page 145)]
The old courthouse, that was torn down to make room for the new one, was
provided with a bell for calling the people together. It was used to call
public meetings, to notify the people of the assembling of the courts,
and, until another bell was provided for the purpose, to sound the alarms
for fires. This bell now hangs in the belfry of the present courthouse. It
was presented to the town by Silas Wood in 1828 and has been on duty more
than three-quarters of a century. Mr. Wood married a Fredericksburg lady,
and it is reported that he was a believer in the adage that a fair
exchange (rather an exchange for the fair) was not robbery; therefore, as
he had taken one bell (belle) from Fredericksburg he ought to give it
another in exchange. The bell has this inscription on it: "Revere, Boston.
Presented to the Corporation of Fredericksburg by Silas Wood, A. D. 1828."
MARKET-HOUSE, OR TOWN HALL.
The first market-house, or town hall, Fredericksburg had, of which we have
any account, either by record or tradition, was located on the west side
of Main street, just below the present "Market alley." It was constructed
mainly of brick, and had several rooms in it that were used for the
courts, the Common Council, balls, sociables, public meetings and lodge
rooms. The Common Council held its sessions in that building, when it
organized at the "coffee-house," which no doubt was one of the rooms in
the market-house, after the rooms were properly fitted up, and continued
there from 1781 until the building was taken down in 1813.
At what period the market-house was built we do not know, but it was
certainly prior to 1752, as we have record evidence of its existence at
that time, and also evidence that it needed repairs, which shows that it
had been standing for some years. During the Revolutionary war colonial
troops used a portion of the building for barracks, and it was in this
house that the great peace ball was given in 1783, which was attended by
General Washington and his mother. In the year 1813 this old building was
taken down and the present market-house erected.
While this information was obtained from Benj. Peyton, a very old colored
man, who died some twenty-five years ago, who assisted in taking down the
old and erecting the new building, the truth of it is borne out by the
records. He was a youth at the time, learning the trade of brick mason,
and was employed on both buildings. The present market-house is a
substantial, two-story brick building, with market lot in the rear, market
stalls in the basement and work shops for the city water and gas works. It
has two wings, which have been at different times used for school rooms
and printing offices, but are now used, the south wing for the Council
Chamber and the north wing for the commissioner of revenue and city tax
collector. The second floor is used by the Washington Guards as a reading
room. In 1824 the building was brilliantly illuminated and beautifully
decorated for a grand ball and reception in honor of Gen. Lafayette, who
was then visiting this country, and passed through Fredericksburg, where
he remained for several days.
THE FIRE-HOUSE.
The substantial brick house for the Fire Department, just south of the
courthouse, was erected in 1890. It is two stories high, with a belfry on
the front part of the building. The first floor is used for the reels, the
hook and ladder truck and other fire apparatus. The belfry, or tower, is
so constructed that in addition to its holding the fire bell, the fire
hose can be suspended in it for drying after a fire.
SCHOOL BUILDINGS.
At present we have but two school buildings, one at the corner of Main and
Lewis streets, known as the Union House, and the other at the corner of
Princess Ann and Wolfe streets. The historical Union House, used by the
white pupils, was built in the first part of the last century by a Mr.
Ross for a residence and is quite substantial, being constructed of brick
and spacious, and is three stories high, with a basement. Mr. Ross was a
Frenchman, and royally entertained Gen. Lafayette and his retinue when he
visited Fredericksburg in 1824. Seven grades occupy this building, while
three grades are provided for elsewhere. The school authorities, in the
discharge of their duties, have repeatedly called attention of the City
Council to the fact that this building was inadequate for the rapidly
increasing school population; that it was constructed for a residence and
not for school purposes, the rooms being too small for the large number of
pupils that had to be crowded in them.
A year ago conditions were investigated by the School Committee of the
City Council (Prof. S. W. Somerville, chairman), which resulted in a
movement of said committee to provide a suitable building for the schools.
Soon plans and specifications were drawn and laid before the Council which
were fully considered and finally adopted, and the committee was
instructed to advertise for bids, let the contract and have the building
completed as soon as possible. Work is now progressing on the building,
which is to be quite a commodious one, with twelve rooms, with all the
modern improvements as to heating, fire protection, &c. The contract price
(Mr. E. G. Heflin, contractor, and Mr. Frank P. Stearns, inspector,) is
$37,700, and the building is to be completed by February 1, 1909.
The only objection that any one could offer against these changes (and no
one is likely to offer it) is the demolition of the venerable landmark, so
long known as the Union House and the headquarters of Gen. Lafayette when
he visited the town for the last time.
The school building at the corner of Princess Ann and Wolfe streets, a
two-story, brick structure, with four spacious rooms, was constructed for,
and is occupied by, the colored schools. For years after its construction
it was found to be large enough to accommodate all the grades of that
school, but when a grammar department was added this building was found to
be fully occupied and the high grade had to be provided for elsewhere.
THE WALLACE LIBRARY.
By his will Capt. C. Wistar Wallace, a valuable citizen of the town, who
was born and raised in Fredericksburg, and who died May 20, 1907, left to
the town, under certain conditions, $15,000 for a public library, which
was to bear his name. The conditions were that the city was to adopt legal
papers binding itself to establish said library, within three years of the
donor's death, as a permanent institution of the city and properly
maintain the same; that the city was not to expend more than $5,000 of the
legacy for the purchase of a suitable lot and the erection thereon of a
suitable library building, and the balance of the legacy was to be
expended for the purchase of books for the library. These books are to be
purchased by a board not to exceed five members, to be chosen from time to
time by the President of the University of Virginia, Washington and Lee,
Richmond College and Randolph Macon College. In order to make these
conditions binding upon the city, it was provided that necessary
legislation should be procured by the General Assembly of Virginia as
might be necessary to authorize and enable the city to comply with all of
the conditions of the bequest.
The whole matter having been laid before the City Council and explained by
the city attorney, Mr. St. Geo. R. Fitzhugh, and discussed, that body
adopted the following:
[57]Be it resolved, that the city of Fredericksburg, Va., decides to
establish and maintain a public library to be known as the "Wallace
Library," and hereby accepts the said bequest of $15,000 upon the
conditions and according to the terms of said bequest, and hereby binds
itself to carry out the same.
Under the provisions of the Code of Virginia the duty of appointing the
board of directors of this library devolved upon Major Thomas P. Wallace,
Mayor of the town, the Council concurring. The following letter,
therefore, was communicated to the Council by the Mayor:
"I herewith transmit, in pursuance to the resolution of your honorable
body, passed at your meeting on the 18th day of July, 1907, the following
named citizens, who shall constitute the board of directors contemplated
by your resolutions: St. Geo. R. Fitzhugh, S. J. Quinn, A. T. Embrey, Rev.
J. W. Roseboro, D. D., James S. Knox, E. D. Cole, A. P. Rowe, B. P. Willis
and James T. Lowery."
The board of directors organized by the election of Mr. St. Geo. R.
Fitzhugh, president, and S. J. Quinn, clerk.
The Council and the General Assembly united in permitting the library
building to be constructed on the courthouse lot, and the board of
directors authorized the construction of the building to be proceeded with
at once. It is a two-story house, with basement, and is now nearing
completion. It is constructed under the direction of Mr. Wm. E. Bradley,
chairman of the Public Property Committee, Mr. Geo W. Wroten, contractor,
and Mr. A. M. Garner, inspector.
THE NORMAL SCHOOL BUILDING.
In addition to these public buildings the General Assembly has
appropriated $25,000 and will supplement that with $25,000 additional to
construct in or near the town a female normal school. The board of
directors of this institution are now endeavoring to select a site for
this school, and will likely succeed in the near future. The buildings
will be commenced next Spring and pushed to completion.
The United States Government has also appropriated money for the erection
of a very commodious brick building on the corner of Princess Ann and
Hanover streets. This site has already been purchased by the government
and will soon be in condition for the brick masons and carpenters. The
work, however, has been delayed for an additional appropriation, in order
to enable them to construct such a building as was contemplated by the
architect of the postoffice department. When the building is completed it
is to be occupied by the postoffice.
Having inspected the public buildings of the town, and discussed those now
in course of erection and those which soon will be, we will now visit the
private historical buildings and take a view of the monument erected by
the ladies of the country to Mary, the mother of the illustrious
Washington, and the handsome statue of Gen. Hugh Mercer, recently erected
by the United States Government, who stands upon his pedestal, sword in
hand, ready to strike for Liberty and Independence, for Truth and Victory.
They both stand on Washington avenue.