_The Armies Transferred to Richmond and Petersburg--Gen. Lee's
surrender--Citizens Return Home--Action of the Council--Fredericksburg
Again Under the Old Flag--The Assassination of President Lincoln
Denounced and Deplored--Reconstruction Commenced--An Election Set
Aside--The Iron-Clad Oath--All Offices Vacated and Strangers
Appointed--The Financial Condition of the Town--The Town Again in the
Hands of its Citizens--Splendid Financial Showing, &c._
At the conclusion of the battles around Spotsylvania, during which time
Fredericksburg was the base of supplies for the Federal army, the two
armies moved south and the scenes of war were transferred from
Fredericksburg to Richmond and Petersburg. From the time the main armies
moved south to the close of the war Fredericksburg was first in the
Federal lines and then in the Confederate lines. After the base of
supplies for the Union army was moved from Fredericksburg to City Point
about the only troops that visited the town were scouting or raiding
parties, and be it said to their credit very little damage to property was
done by them. Communication was kept up all the time with Richmond and the
citizens were not without hope that the Federal army would be driven back
and the scenes of war transferred to other parts. But these hopes were
delusive. General Grant was constantly receiving reinforcements, until he
had over 200,000 men, by which he was enabled to extend his lines, while
General Lee's small army, not exceeding 45,000 men, was becoming smaller
and his lines of battle thinner by reason of casualties, resulting from
daily engagements with the enemy. In consequence of this he was unable to
hold his long lines against the vigorous attacks of General Grant.
About the first of April General Lee suffered several reverses on his
extreme right, which resulted in turning his right flank on the 2nd of
April. On the morning of the 3rd he commenced the evacuation of Richmond,
abandoned his entire line in front of Petersburg and retreated in the
direction of Danville. The overwhelming numbers of Grant against him made
his retreat very difficult and enabled the Federals to harass him on
every side. When General Lee reached Burkeville he found the Federals
between him and Danville, his objective point, and it became necessary for
him to change the direction of his column. There was but one way open for
him and that was the road to Lynchburg. But this road was soon closed. At
the battle of Sailors' Creek, near Farmville, on the 6th of April, the
Confederates lost over six thousand men and several general officers. From
the result of this engagement it was plainly seen that the end had come.
By fighting in the day and marching at night General Lee reached
Appomattox Courthouse on the 9th, with what few soldiers he had left,
broken down from hunger and marching, his horses jaded and unable to do
their work, and his artillery and wagon trains were falling an easy prey
to the pursuing army. Although the men's courage never failed them, in the
condition in which Gen. Lee found himself, there was nothing to do but to
surrender. General Grant had already communicated with him and demanded
his surrender, upon the ground that he could not longer resist, but he had
not felt a willingness to yield until the morning of the 9th.
On that eventful morning General Lee opened communication with General
Grant and invited a conference, to discuss the terms of surrender. They
met, it is said, under an apple tree and adjourned to the residence of Mr.
Wilmer McLane,[40] where the terms were agreed upon, written out and
signed. It was from this building that General Lee mounted old
Traveller,[41] to return to his lines to announce the sad news to the
remaining remnant of his once magnificent army. General Hooker declared
the army of the Potomac, prior to his move to Chancellorsville, "the
grandest army on the planet," but more than one of the Federal generals of
high rank, who served in the Army of the Potomac, have since the war
declared "that for sacrifice, suffering and for fighting qualities the
world could not surpass the Army of Northern Virginia."
The terms of the surrender were liberal, even generous, and bore testimony
to the affectionate consideration General Lee had for his men and the
magnanimity of General Grant to those who had surrendered their arms. It
was agreed that the officers were to give their individual paroles not to
take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly
exchanged, and each company or regimental commander was to sign a similar
parole for their men. The arms, artillery and public property were to be
stacked and packed and turned over to a United States officer. The
officers and men were allowed to take their side arms, private horses and
baggage and return to their homes unmolested and so remain as long as they
observed their paroles. In addition to this, at the suggestion of General
Lee, General Grant furnished the Confederate army with rations, which they
had been without for several days. It is said that when it became known by
the advanced lines of the Federal troops and those of the Confederate army
that the terms of surrender had been signed and peace was at hand, their
long pent-up feelings gave way in the loudest tumult of rejoicing.
There was no demand made by General Grant for the surrender of General
Lee's sword, and there was no offer of the surrender of his sword on the
part of General Lee. The officers were to retain their side arms which
included the sword. "The number of men paroled was about twenty-six
thousand, of whom not more than nine thousand had arms in their hands.
About sixteen thousand small arms were surrendered, one hundred and fifty
cannon, seventy-one colors, eleven hundred wagons and caissons and four
thousand horses and mules. The Confederate troops, immediately upon
receiving their paroles, separated and returned to their homes."[42]
The scene of separation of soldiers and commanders, who had served nearly
four years together, and who were linked together by the strongest bonds
of comradeship, not to say of genuine affection, was the saddest and most
trying that had ever occurred in the past history of the army. Farewells,
amid tears and audible sobbing of the brave, rough soldiers, were
exchanged and they parted, never to meet as soldiers, in arms again!
Before leaving for home, however, and as the last act of the closing
drama, and the last act of General Lee as the Commander of the Army of
Northern Virginia, the day following the surrender he issued a farewell
address.[43] The address was printed on slips of paper and distributed to
the soldiers, who felt unwilling to leave for their homes until they
received the parting blessing and loving benediction of their idolized
commander.
FREDERICKSBURG AGAIN UNDER THE STARS AND STRIPES.
The first news of General Lee's surrender received at Fredericksburg came
from soldiers returning to their desolated homes, and with the sad tidings
came also the feeling that the fate of the Confederacy was sealed. The
population of Fredericksburg at this time had been increased by the
presence of strangers and adventurers. The trade of the town was
conducted, to a considerable extent, by those who were not permanent
residents of the town, and there was but little population, business or
general appearance to remind one of the Fredericksburg of other days.
But what a change in other respects had come over the town as to its
character and condition! For four years it had been a part of the Southern
Confederacy, and its devotion to the Southern cause had been demonstrated
time and again by its sacrifices, sufferings for and contributions to that
cause. Now the collapse of the Confederacy had come and the town was again
a part of the United States and subject to its laws. The question was what
shall be done to place the town in its proper position, and who shall take
that action? That was the question.
After a conference of the leading citizens of the town it was decided that
the Council was the only body that could represent the people, and that it
should be convened to take such steps as might be suggested by the proper
authorities. This step was deferred, however, until the 27th of April,
when it was known the Confederate government had ceased to exist, on which
day the Council was convened, the following members being present: M.
Slaughter, Mayor; Wm. A. Little, Recorder; Charles Herndon, George
Gravatt, Joseph W. Sener, Horace B. Hall, Wm. H. Cunningham, Charles S.
Scott, Beverley T. Gill. John G. Hurkamp, James McGuire, John J. Young,
Thomas F. Knox, Councilmen. The following paper was submitted and
unanimously adopted:
"Whereas, this community finds itself, after four years of disturbing
war, all of whose evils and sacrifices they have been called upon to
endure, subject to the laws of the United States, and under the
control of its authority;
And whereas, they are satisfied that the war is at an end, and that
their interests and duty alike require that they should recognize the
situation and submit to said authority and laws, and, as quiet and
orderly citizens, acknowledge the powers that be, and endeavor to
preserve that character of a law abiding and peaceable community,
which it has been their purpose to maintain;
And whereas further, it is deemed proper that this community should,
through their constituted representatives, give expression at this
time to those views and communicate the same to the United States
authorities, therefore resolved--
1. That M. Slaughter, Esq., Mayor, be, and he is, hereby appointed a
Commissioner to proceed to Richmond and present a copy of these
proceedings through General M. R. Patrick to said authority.
2. Trusting that as the community and State is in no way responsible
for the causes which led to the revolution and have already suffered
so seriously during its progress, a magnanimous government will be
satisfied with the restoration of its authority, and adopt towards us
the policy of leniency and reconciliation which will tend with the
people of Virginia to restore friendly relations, soften the
asperities and heal the wounds of the past, and enable us to resume
our former position as peaceful and prosperous citizens of Virginia
and the United States.
Resolved, That the crime of assassination, which has so recently
deprived the United States of its President,[44] has, in all ages and
countries, received the unqualified detestation of all honorable and
civilized communities, and that the perpetrator of this crime deserves
the utmost punishment of the law and the condemnation of all upright
men."[45]
This action of the Council was Fredericksburg's declaration of her
allegiance to the United States, and made her a part of the Union, so far
as that action could make her. She had passed through the fiery furnace of
suffering and sacrifice since Virginia had withdrawn from the Union, but
she hesitated to take any action by which her loyalty and devotion to the
Confederate States could be questioned, and declined to take any steps
transferring her allegiance to the Union until she knew that the
Confederate government had disbanded and ceased to exist.
[Illustration: Marye's Heights and section of old Stone Wall. These
heights were crowded with artillery in the battle of December 13, 1862.
(See page 91)]
[Illustration: Office of Trustees of the Town from 1727 to 1781;
constructed into a residence. (See page 153.)]
Fredericksburg had suffered as no other town in the South had suffered and
had sacrificed her all, yet instead of complaining she showed herself
grand in her sufferings and glorious in her sacrifices. There clustered
around her hallowed memories, grand historic events, individual
achievements, that, with her war record, imparted to her a beauty and
nobility of character that made her sublime even in her desolation.
As time progressed population increased. The old citizens who had refugeed
returned to their homes; young and middle-aged men, who had faithfully
served their country in the army, exchanged their weapons of war for the
implements of peace, and business began to assume its legitimate channels
and the old town was well nigh restored to its wonted activity and
prosperity. The census of 1870, very imperfectly taken, gave
Fredericksburg at that time a population of about four thousand
inhabitants.
RECONSTRUCTION COMMENCED.
_Virginia Military District No. 1_
The period in Virginia known as Reconstruction, extending from the
cessation of hostilities, in 1865, to the first day of July, 1870, when
the officers, elected under the new constitution, assumed their places and
performed their duties, free of military restraint, was one of deep
humiliation to the people of Virginia, and especially to the citizens of
Fredericksburg. Just after the close of the war Virginia appears to have
been neither a State nor a territory, but was declared to be Military
District No. 1, and United States army officers were placed in authority
over her affairs, civil as well as military. It is true that soon after
the order proclaiming Virginia a military district a provisional governor
was appointed by the authorities, but he was dominated by the military in
his administration of affairs of State, and was powerless, it appears, to
do anything in his office as Governor not sanctioned and approved by the
commanding military officer.
While the town was in the hands of the civil authorities--the Mayor and
Common Council, elected at the last election held before the close of the
war--it was only nominally so. They were powerless to do anything unless
it met the approval of the military authority. This was plainly shown by a
communication received from Brigadier-General T. M. Harris, commanding,
on the first day of August, 1865, addressed to the Mayor. In that
communication General Harris said:
"The sanitary condition of your town will, of course, claim the first
and earnest attention of your Council. I am desirous of coöperating,
so far as I am able, in this matter and desire the coöperation of the
city authorities in return. It will be indispensable to have labor,
which cannot be procured without money. I would, therefore, suggest
that you take into consideration the propriety of levying a small per
capita and also property tax for this purpose."
Of course, under the condition of things, a suggestion from the General
commanding was virtually an order, and it was so understood. Accordingly,
on the 8th of August, the Common Council was convened by the Mayor, when
General Harris's communication was laid before it, considered and the
following tax levied:
"On all real and personal property, fifty cents on the one hundred dollars
value; on moneys, solvent bonds and securities, except the bonds of the
corporation, forty cents on the one hundred dollars value; on all capital
invested or used in any manufacturing business or investment, used or
employed in any trade or business, twenty-five cents on every one hundred
dollars; on the moneys and personal property of joint-stock companies,
forty cents on every one hundred dollars; on every white and colored male
above twenty-one years of age, two dollars." The same tax was levied for
1867.
AN ELECTION SET ASIDE.
The municipal government that found itself in possession of the town at
the close of the war continued without any election, or any attempt to
hold an election, until the Spring of 1867. At that time it seemed to be
the opinion and desire of the Mayor and Common Council that an election
should be held and that a full corps of officers for the town should be
chosen. The only law under which the Council could act and order an
election was the charter which was in force prior to the war and which
prescribed that elections for Mayor and Common Council should be held on
the third Monday in March of each year.
In accordance with this provision of the charter the Council ordered an
election to be held on the 18th of March, 1867, for the election of a
Mayor and Common Council, but the question of the qualification of voters
having arisen, and the Council being unable to decide who were entitled to
vote under the new order of things, referred the question to General John
M. Scofield, who was then in command of Military District, No. 1.
General Scofield suspended the election "until the necessary preparations
can be made to fully and fairly carry out the provisions of the act of
Congress of March 3rd, 1867, concerning the elective franchise and the
qualification of officers." On receipt of this order of suspension the
Council passed the following resolution:
"That in pursuance of said order, the election heretofore advertised to be
held on Monday, the 18th instant, for Mayor and Common Councilmen, be and
it is hereby suspended until further orders. And whereas, further, under
General Orders No. 1, issued from the same headquarters, all officers
under the existing provisional government of Virginia are continued in
office for the present, this Council, in accordance with said orders, do
hereby resolve that the persons at present, discharging the duties
required by the charter of this corporation, be and they are hereby
continued in their respective offices until further orders." And there was
a peculiar significance in the word orders!
THE IRON-CLAD OATH.
In April, 1867, the famous order was issued from "Headquarters, Military
District, No. 1, of the State of Virginia," requiring every officer in the
Commonwealth, State, municipal and county, to take the oath adopted by
Congress in 1862, commonly called the test oath, and which was known
through the South after the close of the war as the Iron-clad oath. This
order affected every officer in the State, from the Governor down to the
smallest officer, and it created quite a sensation. The oath was as
follows:
"I, --------, of the county of -------- and State of --------, do
solemnly swear that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the
United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have
voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel or encouragement to
persons engaged in hostility thereto; that I have neither sought nor
accepted, nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office
whatsoever under any authority or pretended authority in hostility to
the United States; that I have yielded no voluntary support to any
authority, pretended authority or constitution within the United
States inimical thereto. So help me God!"
Fredericksburg had no officer serving at that time who could take such an
oath. Some of the officers had, at some time during the war, been active
participants on the Confederate side, and those who were too far advanced
in age to enter the army had sympathized with the Confederate cause and
had otherwise aided it, therefore every officer, from Mayor down to
policeman, was removed and their places supplied, in some few instances,
by residents who took the required oath, but in most instances the
appointees were strangers and citizens of Northern States, who had floated
down South in search of some office at the hands of the military
commander.
The venerable and efficient clerk of the courts, Mr. John James Chew, who
had held the office for forty years, was removed and an inexperienced and
inefficient stranger was installed in his place and given the keeping and
custody of our court papers and records. Many of the appointees of the
Common Council were men of that class, and were therefore unable to
conduct the affairs of the town, provide a revenue to meet the running
expenses and pay the interest on the city bonds.
The Military Council was placed in possession of the city government in
1867, and conducted public affairs on the revenues brought in by the tax
bill levied by their predecessors by permission of the commanding general.
In the latter part of 1867 the creditors of the town were demanding their
money, and no money was in the treasury. They threatened suits to enforce
payment of their dues, and in order to meet these obligations, on the 23rd
of May, 1868, the Military Council passed a tax bill levying a tax of one
dollar and a quarter on the one hundred dollars value of all real and
personal property, and on all males over twenty-one years of age a
capitation tax of three dollars, but the Commissioner of Revenue never
made up his tax books and the tax was never collected. This state of
things continued through the year 1869; therefore, when the Common Council
of the people's own choosing took charge of the city government on the
first of July, 1870, under the provisions of the new State constitution,
they found municipal affairs in a wretched condition.
THE NEW CHARTER FOR THE CITY.
The new charter for the town, granted under the new State constitution,
was passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor on the 23rd of
March, 1871. It differed very much from the charter under which the town
was governed before the war, both as to new offices provided for and the
term of officers. The officers to be elected by the people were one Mayor,
who should hold his office for two years; twelve Councilmen, who should
hold for one year; but this was subsequently changed so that six
Councilmen should be elected from each ward--the town having been divided
into two wards--and they were to hold office for two years; one City
Sergeant for a term of two years; one Commissioner of the Revenue for two
years, which has since been changed to four years, and one City Treasurer
for three years. Any person who was a qualified voter was eligible to any
one of the offices named above, and when they were elected and qualified
they were to "have the powers, perform the duties and be subject to the
liabilities and responsibilities prescribed by the general laws" of the
State.
They were not to enter upon their respective duties until they qualified
before some person authorized to administer oaths, and, in addition to the
oath of fidelity and the anti-duelling oath, each one had also to swear
"that I recognize and accept the civil and political equality of all men
before the law." This was another reminder to us that the "negroes were
free," and was "intended as the lash to compel Southern courts to
administer to them justice and to election officers to accord them all the
privileges at the polls they were allowed."
The Mayor was to preside at the meetings of the Council, give the casting
vote on questions before that body in case of a tie and act as a justice
of the peace in civil and criminal matters arising in the corporation. He
was to have control of the police of the town and appoint special police
officers when he deemed it necessary; and, in addition to these duties, he
was empowered to try all offences and controversies arising under the
ordinances of the town, to impose fines and collect the same, saving to
the parties the right of appeal when the matter in controversy exceeded
the sum of ten dollars.
The Council was authorized to establish and regulate markets, to alter or
improve streets, alleys, sidewalks and bridges, and keep the same in
order; to provide for the lighting of streets, against accidents by fire;
to establish fire companies, purchase engines, and to provide wells or
cisterns for supplying water. It was authorized to prevent and punish, by
reasonable fines, the practice of discharging fire-arms and running horses
in the town; to license and regulate shows and other exhibitions, and tax
them in such manner as may be expedient and lawful; to lay off public
grounds and provide for and take care of public buildings, grounds and
cemeteries; to conduct and distribute water into and through the town; to
adopt rules for its own government and the transaction of its business. It
was also to define the powers, prescribe the duties and fix the term of
service and compensation of its own appointees, necessary for conducting
the affairs of the town, not otherwise provided; to fix the salary of the
Mayor and all other officers, but no compensation was to be allowed to any
member of the Council unless he should act as clerk of the body. The
Council was to make all such by-laws and regulations as it might deem
necessary, consistent with the constitution and laws of the State, for the
good government of the town, and to enforce the same by reasonable fines
and penalties, not exceeding for any one offence the sum of ten dollars.
The Council was authorized to provide a revenue for the town and
appropriate the same, and for that purpose it was made the duty of the
Commissioner of the Revenue to make an annual assessment of taxable
persons and property within the town, such as should be taxable under the
revenue laws of the State, including dogs and other animals running at
large.
This was the release of the liberty-loving people of Fredericksburg from
military bondage and misrule, signed, sealed and delivered, for which they
rejoiced as did the captive Israelite of old as he again returned from
bondage to his beloved native land.
CITIZENS AGAIN IN CONTROL.
_The Ante Bellum Debt of the Town._
Prior to the war the Council, by direction of the people, given through
the ballot, had made large appropriations to public improvements, with a
view of building up the town by retaining the trade of the surrounding
country, which was threatened by other cities, and by drawing trade from
other sections of the country that found markets elsewhere. From these
improvements the hopes of the town were not realized. Some of them
remained in an unfinished condition, while others had been rendered
worthless by new lines of railroad that had diverted their business and
rendered them worthless; yet, the debt owed by the town, by reason of
these appropriations and other expenditures, amounted to $244,521.48.[46]
All this debt was hanging over the desolated town and not a dollar's worth
of property to show for it.
In addition to this loss no provision had been made by former Councils to
meet the interest on these bonds for the past four or five years, and
suits had been brought and judgments obtained to enforce payment and other
suits were threatened. Under judgments and executions obtained against the
corporation, all property belonging to the town, available, was sold at
public auction by the officer of the law. Even the chairs in the council
chamber, in which the members of the Council sat to conduct the public
business of the town, were sold by the constable at public outcry under
execution. The members of the Council attended this sale and each one
purchased his chair, and thereafter the members furnished their own seats
at the council board, while they legislated for the public good, without
fee or reward, other than the consciousness of duty nobly done.
The Common Council that took charge of municipal affairs in 1870 had many
grave and difficult questions to meet and determine. Debts had accumulated
against the city, while the taxable values had greatly diminished by the
destruction of property during the war and the emancipation of the slaves.
A large portion of the inhabitants had recently returned home--the women
and children from refugeeing and the men from the army--almost penniless,
to find their homes in ruins or badly damaged and despoiled of what had
been left in them. Nearly everybody had to commence life anew.
The Council, therefore, had to provide for these debts, and, at the same
time, not place a burden upon an impoverished people, in the form of
taxation that they could not bear. It was a trying ordeal, but the members
were equal to the emergency. That Council was composed of Walker Peyton
Conway, J. Gordon Wallace, Hugh S. Doggett, George W. Eve, Patrick
McCracken, Wm. C. Morrison, Joseph W. Sener, John T. Knight, John H. Myer,
George Gravatt, Thomas Harrison and John James Young.
The finance committee of that Council, which was expected to provide for
the finances and bring before the Council, for its consideration and
adoption, such measures as would meet the emergency and not oppress the
tax-payers, consisted of W. P. Conway, J. Gordon Wallace and Hugh S.
Doggett. With great diligence they applied themselves to their task. A tax
bill was formulated and brought before the Council levying a tax, which
was adopted, and in a short time money was raised, the debts were paid in
installments until all creditors were paid or satisfactory arrangements
made with them.
In 1876 the old bonds of the city were funded, by mutual agreement of the
Council and the bond holders, at sixty-six and two-third cents on the
dollar, the new bonds to bear seven per cent. interest and run thirty
years. This was a wise arrangement of the Council, notwithstanding there
was considerable opposition to it, the opponents of the measure claiming
that the rate of interest of the new bonds should not exceed six per
cent., although money was then bringing from ten to twelve per cent., and
sometimes more than twelve. The amount of bonds issued under this funding
act amounted to $125,000.
By this arrangement of funding one-third of the principal of the bonds was
eliminated, the threatened suits for past-due interest were averted, and
it put the Council in a position to provide for the interest as it should
fall due, take care of the floating debt, and at the same time reduce the
rate of taxation, which the tax-payer hailed with delight. Thus the
delinquencies of the former years were met and provided for, the rate of
taxation was not oppressive, and the town, being under the control of its
own citizens, untrammelled by military authority, rapidly moved forward,
public confidence in its ability to meet its obligations was restored and
thus municipal affairs were placed in a satisfactory condition. The credit
of the city is as good at present as any city of the State, and no bonds
have been funded or sold in the last twelve years at a greater rate of
interest than four per cent., or at any figure below their face value.
PRESENT INDEBTEDNESS, INCLUDING ANTE AND POST BELLUM BONDS.
The bonded indebtedness of the city, and the improvements for which said
bonds were issued is a matter that concerns every citizen, and for their
information are here given as of 1908:
Five per cent. water bonds, issued July 1, 1895, due
January 1, 1909, coupons payable January and July 1st $ 30,000
Four per cent. gas bonds, issued January 2, 1900, coupons
due July and January 2nd, bonds due January 2, 1920 25,000
Four per cent. bridge bonds, issued July 2, 1900, coupons
due January and July 2nd, bonds due July 2, 1920 25,000
Four per cent. electric light bonds, issued January 1,
1901, coupons due July and January 1st, bonds due January
1, 1931 12,000
Four per cent. sewer bonds, issued April 1, 1901, coupons
due October and April 1st, bonds due April 1, 1931 18,000
Four per cent. street improvement bonds, issued April 1,
1901, coupons due October and April 1st, bonds due April
1, 1931 20,000
Four per cent. water and gas bonds, issued April 1, 1905,
coupons due October and April 1st, bonds due April 1, 1931 20,000
Four per cent. gas and water bonds, issued September 1,
1905, coupons due September 1st, $5,000 to be paid each
year till paid, $5,000 already paid 20,000
Four per cent. bonds funding the old 7 per cent. bonds,
issued May 1, 1906, coupons due May and November, bonds
due May 1, 1936 119,400
Three bonds of $5,000, due National Bank of Fredericksburg
and payable $5,000 on November 1, 1908, and yearly
thereafter, bearing 4 per cent. interest 15,000
Making the total bonded debt of the town $304,400
Many of these public improvements were constructed by the authority of the
freeholders of the town, by a majority vote cast at special elections
appointed and held for that purpose; others were constructed by action of
the City Council under authority granted them by the new constitution
enlarging the powers and duties of city councils, and appeared to have the
sanction of a large majority of the tax-payers of the town.
[Illustration: Confederate Cemetery at Fredericksburg. The pyramid of
stones marks the battle-field at Hamilton's Crossing, between Jackson and
Meade. (See page 185)]