to see so wise and so pure a man as Langdon Cheves, putting forth the
doctrine, to South Carolina, that manufactures should be the last resort
of a country. With the greatest possible respect for the opinions of this
truly great man, and the humblest pretensions on my part, I will venture
the assertion, that a greater error was never committed by a statesman."
(Ibid., p. 14) For a very fine passage, omitted here only because of its
length, showing the fallacy of Cheves' position, and defining what Gregg
meant by "domestic manufactures"--not household industry, but the erection
of steam mills in Charleston, of cotton factories there and throughout the
State; "I mean, that, at every village and cross-road in the State, we
should have a tannery, a shoe-maker, a clothier, a hatter, a blacksmith
... a wagon maker ... this is the kind of manufactures I speak of, as
being necessary to bring forth the energies of a country, and give
healthful and vigorous action to agriculture, commerce and every
department of industry"--See Ibid., pp. 14-15-16. The Southern Quarterly
Review in 1845 quoted Cheves: "'Manufacturing should be the last resort of
industry in every country, for one forced as with us, they serve no
interests but those of the capitalists who set them in motion, and their
immediate localities'." And Mr. Kohn remarks, "This expression was not
peculiar to any one class of leaders in South Carolina at that time," and
he instances other examples. (Kohn, Cotton Mill of S.C., p. 13.) Cf. also
references to Burkett and Poe and to Brooks.
[107] Gregg, Essays on Domestic Industry, p. 14. See p. 52.
[108] Gregg, Essays on Domestic Industry, pp. 19-20.
[109] Ibid., p. 20.
[110] Gregg, Speech on Blue Ridge Railroad, p. 67.
[111] Gregg, Speech on Blue Ridge Railroad, p. 29.
[112] Quoted in The News and Courier, Charleston, March 9, 1881. Said
Olmsted in 1856: "Singularly simple, childlike ideas about commercial
success, you find among the Virginians.... The agency by which commodities
are transferred from the producer to the consumer, they seem to look upon
as a kind of swindling operation: ... They speak angrily of New York, as
if it fattened on the country without any good in return." (Olmsted,
Seaboard Slave States, p. 138.)
[113] "... the labor of negroes and blind horse can never supply the place
of _steam_, and this power is withheld lest the smoke of an engine should
disturb the delicate nerves of an agriculturist; or the noise of the
mechanic's hammer should break in upon the slumber of a real estate
holder, or importing merchant, while he is indulging in fanciful dreams,
or building on paper, _the Queen City of the South_--the _paragon_ of the
age. No reflections on the members of the City Council are here intended,
they are no doubt fairly representing public opinion on this subject...."
(Gregg, Essays on Domestic Industry, p. 23.)
[114] "The State of South Carolina has been extremely guarded in extending
grants to banking institutions, and in this she has shown her wisdom, for
it is an extremely dangerous power to exercise." He hoped, however, that
the danger to be apprehended from banking privileged would "not be
confounded with, and brought injudiciously to bear against the charters
which are necessary to develop the resources of our country, and give an
impetus to all industrial pursuits.... The practice of operating by
associated capital gives a wonderful stimulus to enterprise, and where
such investments are fashionable, no undertaking is too great to be
consummated. Why is it that the Bostonians are able in a day, or a week,
to raise millions at one stroke, to purchase the land on both sides of a
river, for miles, to secure a great water power and the erection of a
manufacturing city?... The divine, lawyer, doctor, schoolmaster, guardian,
widow, farmer, merchant, mechanic, common labourer, in fact, the whole
community is made tributary to these great enterprises. The utility and
safety of such institutions is no longer problematical.... If we shut the
door against associated capital and place reliance on individual exertion,
we may talk over the matter and grow poorer for fifty years to come,
without effecting the change in our industrial pursuits, necessary to
renovate the fortunes of our State. Individuals will not be found amongst
us who are willing to embark their 100, 200 or $300,000 in untried
pursuits: ... If liberal charters were granted, one hundred successful
establishments would spring into existence, where one, of feeble order,
could be expected from individual effort.... About three-fourths of the
manufacturing of the United States, is carried on by joint-stock
companies: ... We shall certainly have to look to such companies to
introduce the business with us...." He showed the perpetuity of the
corporate form by instancing one South Carolina cotton factory operated by
a joint stock company; "... there is but one of the original proprietors
living, yet the factory is still going on prosperously, producing as good
results as it ever has done ...", and this mill he contrasted with the
venture of an individual which was prosperous until his death, when the
legatees, not able to carry on the manufacture, forced the sale of the
property at half its value. (Gregg, An Enquiry into the Propriety of
Granting Charters of Incorporation for Manufacturing and Other Purposes,
in South Carolina, pp. 4-11.)
[115] Clark, in South in Building of Nation, Vol. V, pp. 314-315.
[116] Olmsted, Seaboard Slave States, p. 361.
[117] Ibid., pp. 358-359.
[118] Ingle, Southern Side Lights, p. 32 ff. "There were 101 persons in
the jails of Georgia on June 1, 1860; Virginia had 189; Massachusetts,
1161 and Illinois, 489. In the open life of the South and West, where men
could easily get to the land, there was little crime and jails were often
empty; in the industrial belt the prisons were always occupied. In like
manner and for the same reasons Southern and Western hospitals for the
insane and homes for the poor often showed very small percentages of these
unfortunates." (William E. Dodd, Expansion and Conflict, p. 231.) Cf. the
map on p. 188, showing the industrial belt of 1860 to extend along the
Atlantic Seaboard from New Hampshire to the head of Chesapeake Bay,
covering the coastal States, with scattering development indicated to the
westward. The territory south of Maryland shows a few plants of an output
of $250,000.
[119] Upon this whole matter, see Scherer, p. 179 ff. "In 1816, when
Webster opposed protection, there was a capital of only about $52,000,000
invested in textile manufacture, of which much still lay in the South. In
1828, when he reversed his position, this capital had probably doubled,
and had become localized in and about New England." (Ibid., p. 181.) Cf.
Ibid., p. 234.
[120] Scherer, p. 152. "When the United States of America was formed,
manufacturing interests were as well developed in the South as the North.
Slavery ... existed under protection of law more than a hundred years in
Massachusetts before it was tolerated by law in Georgia. At the beginning
of the nineteenth century the tariff was not a matter which was
exclusively political.... The subject ceased to be an economic one and
became a political one in proportion as slavery grew in the South and
diminished in the North, and in inverse proportion as manufactures dried
up in the South and became of greater importance in the North.... The time
came when the South stood for free trade and the North for protection.
This was because slavery made agriculture more profitable in the South and
protection made manufacturing more profitable in the North with the South
as a protected market." (Tompkins, The Tariff and Reciprocity.)
[121] Tompkins, Tariff and Protection.
[122] Clark, in South in Building of Nation, Vol. V, p. 316 ff. See pp.
30-31-32. Contrast Tompkins, History of Mecklenburg, Vol. I, pp. 133-137.
[123] But some of the agitation in favor of industries in this period, as
in other ante-bellum and indeed post-bellum years, had a flavor not
symptomatic of healthy desire for improvement. One hundred and thirty-one
delegates represented nineteen North Carolina counties at a meeting held
in Salisbury in 1836, at which resolutions were adopted asking the
legislature to give assistance in the building of railroads; another
evidence of this interest was the Knoxville railroad convention of about
the same date. Of the advantages which it was agreed would flow from the
building of the Charleston and Cincinnati Railroad, it was declared that
"it will form a bond of union among the States which will give safety to
our property and security to our institutions." (Tompkins, History of
Mecklenburg, Vol. I, p. 125.) Of more positive character was the utterance
of a Southerner who viewed with deep concern the danger that the North
would crush slavery and place the South under complete submission to
tariff aggressions, congressional representation for the latter section
finding a stop in the limit to slave territory: "Under these
circumstances, the true policy of the south is distinct and clearly
marked. She must resort to the same means by which power is accumulated at
the North, to secure it for herself. She must embark in that system of
manufacturing which has been so successfully employed at the north.... All
civilized nations are now dependent upon our staple to give employment to
their machinery and their labor.... If, then, we manufacture a large
portion of it ourselves, we reduce the quantity for export, and the
competition for that remainder will add greatly to our wealth, while it
will place us in a position to dictate our own terms. The manufactories
will increase our population; increased population and wealth will enable
us to chain the southern States proudly and indissolubly together by
railroads and other internal improvements; and these works by affording a
speedy communication from point to point, will prove our surest defense
against either foreign aggression or domestic revolt." (J. D. B. DeBow,
Industrial Resources of the South and Southwest, Vol. II, p. 127.) J. H.
Taylor, of Charleston, combatted the antipathy toward massing the poor
whites in factories with the reflection that small farming in competition
with slave labor brought discontent that might mean social upheaval,
whereas the factory opened a door of opportunity that allowed of
intelligence and stability; with the chance of coming to own a slave,
"they would increase the demand for that kind of property, and would
become firm and uncompromising supporters of Southern institutions."
(Ingle, Southern Sidelights, pp. 25-26.)
[124] In earlier pages he has developed with much care the promising
industrial status of the Colonial and Revolutionary South. "In the
Southern colonies iron making became an important industry, even before
the beginning of the eighteenth century." The activity in Maryland,
Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia is shown:
Governor's Spottswood's ventures in Virginia, the passage in 1727 by the
Virginia General Assembly of "an act for encouraging adventures in
iron-works"; South Carolina forges built in 1773 are dwelt upon. His
original investigations reveal valuable facts as to iron-making in North
Carolina and upper South Carolina--details are given of the works of E.
Graham & Company, formed in 1826 and later merged with the King's Mountain
Iron Company; the Magnetic Iron Company, 1837, near the former plant, and
the South Carolina Manufacturing Company. It is to be noticed, however, as
a modification upon the good effect which might have been expected from
these enterprises, that the Graham Company had a considerable part of its
capital invested in slaves, and sixty per cent. of the Magnetic Company's
capital of $250,000 was used for the same purpose. (Richard H. Edmonds,
Facts About the South, Ed. 1894, pp. 3 ff.)
[125] Ibid., pp. 10 ff.
[126] Edmonds, p. 18 ff.
[127] In reference to the false idea of wealth and prosperity in the
ante-bellum South, it has been said, "A delusion of great wealth was
created in the listing as taxable property of slaves to the amount of at
least two thousand millions." (A. B. Hart, The Southern South, p. 218.)
[128] Edmonds, p. 2.
[129] Ibid., p. 14.
[130] Edmonds, pp. 1-2.
[131] Ibid., pp. 2-8, 19-20.
[132] Edmonds, p. 21. Cf. Ibid., pp. 19-20.
[133] E. G. Murphy, The Present South, p. 97.
[134] Murphy, p. 102.
[135] Murphy, pp. 10-11.
[136] Murphy, p. 21.
[137] There were earlier expressions of the same spirit, some, as if in
foretaste of the South's fate under the old system, before the Civil War,
and others immediately following the war. But the motives were liable to
be selfish and unsound, as for the purpose of retaining slavery, and if
they did not lack, that fire and conviction which marked the full movement
commencing fifteen years later, they were fruitless of large results. "We
are going to work in good earnest, not only to repair the waste places of
the war, but to build up and improve and prosper, and to show the world
that we can be good soldiers in peace as we are in war." (W. J. Barbee,
published 1866) Cf.
[138] News and Observer, Raleigh, N.C., Nov. 9, 1880.
[139] "... business is driving sentimental politics to the woods." (News
and Observer, Dec. 31, 1880.)
[140] Reprinted in News and Courier, Charleston, S.C., July 11, 1881.
[141] "... they (the New York Times, which carried an editorial
questioning the word of General Wade Hampton, and the 'malignants' of the
Republican party) must realize the difference between a Southern gentleman
and a Northern malignant. They know that the former cannot prevaricate,
while the Northern leaders of the Republican party and the malignants are
usually devoid of personal honor." This is from an editorial in the News
and Observer, Raleigh, N.C., and is too characteristic of most of the
political writing in the South which was an outcome of reconstruction.
[142] Reprinted in News and Courier, May 14, 1881.
[143] Reprinted from the Memphis Avalanche, in The Daily Constitution,
Atlanta, Ga., March 30, 1880.
[144] Reprinted in News and Courier, March 18, 1881. The writer had been a
slave-holder.
[145] A sentence occurring in an editorial of the News and Courier, in the
issue of March 24, 1881, is indicative of the love with which this city
looked upon the undertaking proposed: "A man who has been in the whirl of
New York or in any of the brand new cities of the great West coming into
Charleston might readily enough come to the conclusion that the old city
was in a sad state of decadence ... but our own people ... if they have
their eyes open (or hearts open would perhaps be the better expression)
could not fail to see manifest improvement."
"They dub thee idler, smilingly sneeringly, and why?--
How know they, these good gossips, what to thee
The ocean and its wanderers may have brought?
How know they, in their busy vacancy,
With what far aim thy spirit may be fraught?
Or that thou dost not bow thee silently
Before some great unutterable thought."
--Henry Timrod
[146] "The people of South Carolina are nothing if not heroic, and right
or wrong, they are sincere, earnest, and brave ... the same heroic
qualities are now leading in the restoration of the South to prosperity,
and on a basis that must speedily give the reconstructed States a degree
of substantial wealth and power that was never dreamed of before the war."
(A. K. McClure, "The South: Industrial, financial and political", p. 55,
published 1886.)
[147] The News and Courier, in an editorial on March 19, 1881: "Every true
South Carolinian must rejoice at the prudence and energy exhibited by the
citizens of Columbia in their management of the cotton mill campaign....
It will be a happy day for the whole State when the hum of myriad spindles
is heard on the banks of the historic canal. Columbia will then grow
rapidly, speedily rivalling Augusta in the number and success of the
cotton mills. Thousands will be added to the population, and from our
political center additional life and energy will flow to every part of the
State.... we confess to having a weakness for Columbia, which suffered so
sorely at the end of the war, and which is the only place of consequence
in South Carolina that has not improved its business and enlarged its
boundaries since the overthrow of Radicalism in 1876. But cotton mills
will soon make amends for the vicissitudes and hopelessness of the past,
and for that reason The News and Courier takes the warmest possible
interest in the cotton mill campaign at Columbia." The Observer, Raleigh,
N.C., July 11, 1800: "... when our people once begin to mingle freely,
having a community of interests and a common purpose, sectional feelings
will be obliterated, and we will forget that there has been an East, a
center, or a West, and remember only that we are all North Carolinians,
sharing the same fortunes, blessed with a common hope and ennobled with
the same proud memories of a glorious past." The News and Courier, January
25, 1881, carried a plea for State aid for Columbia in her enterprise to
build a 16,000-spindle mill, the same as forms the subject of the first
part of this note. The editorial especially advocated the placing of
convicts at work on the construction: "... The capital, _because it was
the capital_, was laid in ashes by Sherman's troops. In the person of
Columbia, all South Carolina was ravaged and laid waste. The city which
suffered so sorely may reasonably expect the just assistance of the State
in the endeavor to repair her losses caused by war, and intensified by
years of contact with political profligacy and misrule."
[148] "What the South should do is the caption that graces the editorial
effusions of all classes cf papers, and especially those of our own deeply
solicitous and anxious friends of the North. Many of us think we know. The
South should depend upon its own virtue, its own brain, its own energy,
attend to its own business, make money, build up its waste places, and
thus force upon the North that recognition of our worth and dignity of
character to which that people will always be blind unless they can see it
through the medium of material, industrial and intellectual strength. We
may proclaim political theories, but it is the more potent and powerful
argument of the mighty dollar that secures an audience there, and the
sooner we realize it the better for us." (News and Observer, Raleigh,
N.C., Nov. 27, 1880.)
[149] Editorial in News and Courier, Mar. 9, 1881.
[150] It is interesting and pathetic to observe how unaccustomed the South
was to the most obvious facts of business. Concentration upon one crop had
precluded from the Southern mind--speaking in the aggregate, of
course--the first reasonings springing from diversification of industry
and from ordinary competition. But once the necessity for a different
attitude became apparent, the statesmanlike manner in which this was
pressed must provoke admiration. The article in J. D. B. DeBow's
"Industrial Resources", etc., pp. 124-125, presents the consideration that
the cotton crop of Tennessee, amounting to 200,000 bales, 90,000,000
pounds at 6-1/2 cents an average pound, gave the producers 11-1/2 per
cent. profit on their investment, while the manufacturers of the same crop
made 24 per cent. profit--more than twice as great. "Are there any so
blind as not to see the advantages of the system?" Much earlier Southern
statements of the true fact from manufacturing cotton was to be found, but
in the delirium of the latter days of slavery these were lost sight of.
Wm. J. Barbee, in his "The Cotton Question" pp. 138 and following,
commends for the reflection of capitalists in 1866 the "Manufacture of
Cotton by its Producers, suggestions of S. R. Cockrill seventeen years
ago." Cockrill speculated as to the gain to be derived from cotton mills
in the cotton states, and said: "Facts like these should fix the attention
of the cotton planter, teach him his true interest, and stimulate him to
become the manufacturer of the product of his field, instead of permitting
others to reap the entire profit."
[151] News and Courier, Feb. 2, 1881. The editorial appeared apropos of
the opening of books for subscriptions to the Charleston Manufacturing
Company, which occupies a prominent place in the history of cotton
manufacturing in the South. The editorial concluded: "This is the logic of
the investment of money in cotton mills in Charleston. It will pay the
stockholders their ten or twelve per cent., and the city at large will get
a dollar's profit on every dollar's worth of raw cotton that the mills
consume."
[152] While the manufacture of cotton was the most prominent manifestation
of the newly quickened spirit in the South, it was by no means the only
one. Every opportunity for productive enterprise was eagerly investigated;
the discovery of one of these was hailed in the papers with an enthusiasm
like the joy of a child in a new-found plaything. Properties of soils, the
use of the telephone, the most profitable employment for State convicts
were some of the topics of interest. There was, of course, a complete
absorption for a time in railroads in the Southern Atlantic coast states,
either for the further building of small independent lines, the merging of
these into systems, or the extension of the coastal lines over the
mountains into Tennessee.
There was also a phase of the movement distinctly moral in tone, as, e.g.,
the wide formation of temperance societies about this time.
[153] News and Courier, Aug. 1, 1881.
[154] While it is clear that the purpose to build cotton mills in the
South arose irrespective of the means at the disposal of the people with
which to do so, and would have come about had their financial limitations
been even more discouraging, it is certainly true that a revival of
business at the time of the commencement of the cotton mill campaign was a
spur to the widespread investigation into the profitableness of cotton
manufacturing. That there was coming to be money seeking investment, or at
any rate capable of investment, was good reason for the searching out of
opportunities for productive industry. The following gives an insight into
the better times that had begun: "The year that is just finished will be
to the present generation a red-letter one, for it brought to an end the
long and weary period of enforced economy and restricted business that
followed the panic of 1873, and put every branch of industry at work.
Agriculture was encouraged in the West and South by good crops and
remunerative prices, the factories received more orders than they could
fill, the railroads were blocked with freight, the mines were pushed to a
greater extent than ever, and all other interests were quickened towards
the end of the old year in a way that was full of promise." This summary
of the year 1879 appeared in The Daily Constitution, Atlanta, January 7,
1880. The return to specie payments did much to stimulate trade. A
contribution to the Savannah, Ga. Morning News, quoted by W. H. Gannon in
"The Landowners of the South and the Industrial Classes of the North", pp.
6, 7 and 8. The article was probably written by Mr. Gannon himself.
[155] Quoted from Savannah Morning News by W. H. Gannon, The Landowners of
the South and the Industrial Classes of the North. "The cotton mill to the
cotton field" was the familiar dogma which crystallized out of the course
events were taking.
[156] The term is taken from The News and Courier, where it was used
first, perhaps, in the issue of January 31, 1881. Before long it had come
to be a phrase in everybody's mouth, and proved to be apt beyond any
thought, probably, of the editor who first ran the line over a column of
notices of new mills established.
[157] "The News and Courier busies itself with every enterprise, big and
little, that will turn a dollar's worth of raw material into more than a
dollar's worth of manufactures." (News and Courier, Mar. 19, 1881.)
[158] Reprinted in Daily Constitution, Mar. 9, 1880.
[159] News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.
[160] Ibid., Feb. 22, 1881, see p. 11, note 3.
[161] Ibid., January 26, 1881.
[162] "While Charleston and other points in the State are discussing and
initiating their cotton manufactories, Spartanburg is pushing ahead with
her grand enterprise. (Spartanburg correspondence of News and Courier,
Feb. 4, 1881.) The same purpose to encourage new mills actuated the News
and Observer, December 24, 1880, in referring to Edward Richardson, of the
firm of Richardson and May, cotton factors, in New Orleans ... the cotton
king of the world. He runs ten to twelve plantations.... Has built a town
(Cresson) ... where he has factories employing 400 looms, 18000 spindles
and 800 hands. He is worth from $15,000,000 to $18,000,000, all
accumulated in the South, the poor South." The encouragement lent by one
mill to others to come into the field was recognized. In working for the
establishment of the Charleston Manufacturing Company, the News and
Courier was starting a force that would grow in power through the years:
"When this pioneer company shall have made a good start, other companies
will speedily follow...." (January 28, 1881). And again (Observer, January
2, 1880): "Another large cotton factory. The Charlotte Observer chronicles
the erection in the immediate future of a cotton factory in that city, and
regards it as the beginning of a prosperous growth of manufactures." An
item in the Barnwell, S.C. Sentinel, reprinted in the News and Courier,
Feb. 8, 1881, declared: "The people of Charleston should have never
hesitated as long as they have about embanking in the manufacture of
cotton goods, and we firmly believe, as the ball is started, that it will
be kept moving...." The Keowee Courier, in an editorial also reprinted in
the Charleston paper, commended Charleston as setting an example to the
entire State. A Georgia note, carried in the News and Courier of February
24, 1881, is especially specific in this connection: "If the organization
of this manufacturing company (the Enterprise Factory, Augusta, Georgia,
which was to be greatly enlarged after making good profits) proves a good
omen--its extension may work as an invaluable stimulus to other
enterprises now. It will hurry up the walls of the stupendous Sibley Mill,
where 25,000 spindles will soon mingle in our industrial acclaim. It will
quicken the shuttles of that giant corporation, the Augusta Factory." "It
will spur on the Globe Factory and the Summerville Mills to renewed
effort, while our South Carolina neighbors cannot but catch the spirit of
improvement."
[163] Reprinted in the News and Courier, Jan. 31, 1881.
[164] Reprinted in the News and Courier, Feb. 23, 1881.
[165] Ibid., Jan. 27, Mar. 20 and May 4, 1881.
[166] The commencement of the movement was right clearly marked in the
minds of the people. The News and Courier (August 1, 1881) in an editorial
commenting on the address of Major Hammett on cotton manufacturing in the
South, printed in that issue of the paper, had these words: "Major Hammett
was the founder of the Piedmont Factory, which, under his management, is
one of the finest and most profitable cotton mills in the South. The
Piedmont Factory was projected and built before the opening of the cotton
mill campaign in the South, and Maj. Hammett ranks, therefore, as one of
the pioneers in cotton manufacturing in South Carolina."
[167] News and Courier, Oct. 13, 1881.
[168] "We people of the South should embrace every opportunity which, like
the opportunity offered by this exposition, will bring among us
intelligent and interested observers of our industrial condition,
resources and aptitudes. We have in the midst of us the raw material, so
to speak, of a magnificent prosperity. We lack knowledge, population and
capital. These may be slowly accumulated in the course of years, or they
may be rapidly by well directed efforts to obtain them from beyond our own
borders. We advocate the latter plan." (Interview with one of the
officials of the exposition, printed in News and Courier, Mar. 14, 1881.)
[169] News and Courier, Dec. 27, 1881.
[170] An Atlanta dispatch to the News and Courier, February 25, 1881, said
the executive committee of the exposition was fully organized, with H. I.
Kimball, chairman and J. W. Rickman, secretary. By March 8 (News and
Courier) $20,000 had been subscribed in Atlanta, and General Sherman had
headed the Northern subscription to the capital stock with $2,000. By the
17th (News and Courier) the stock had reached $40,000, four subscriptions
of $1,000 each having been received from private individuals, and eleven
of $500 each from like sources. Railroad subscriptions at this date were:
Western and Atlantic Railroad Company, $10,000; Louisville and Nashville,
$5,000; Richmond and Danville Road, $2,500; East Tennessee, Virginia and
Georgia Road, $2,000. By the first day of April (News and Courier still)
New York bankers seemed likely to increase by $5,000 the amount of
subscriptions sought from them, and make their shares $30,000. Inman, Swan
& Co. subscribed to $2,000 worth of stock Drexel, Morgan & Co. took
$1,000; and Brown Bros. & Co. $1,000. Before the week was out, (News and
Courier, April 5) the Boston Herald had taken $1,000 worth of stock. The
executive committee had sent an agent to Europe and had made a tour of
investigation through the North earlier.
[171] News and Courier, Oct. 21, 1881.
[172] Ibid., Oct. 7, 1881.
[173] News and Courier, Oct. 10, 1881.
[174] November 1, 1881. This paper maintained Mr. Hemphill as staff
correspondent at the exposition for some time after its opening.
[175] News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1881. The speech details the number of
miles of railroads that spread like a web over New England. "I have said
that there is no better simple standard than the proportion of railroads
to the square mile of territory of any State, by which to gauge the
condition and prosperity of the people. I ask you, gentlemen of Georgia,
if you will lag behind. I ask you men of the South what you will do in
this matter." "I told you last year you needed the savings bank more than
any other institution; there is a vast unused capital in your Southern
States in the hordes of the working people waiting for us, but there is
one condition precedent to the savings bank--you must set up schools."
This paragraph illustrates Mr. Atkinson's ideas singularly well. His
advocacy here of common schools was a part of his great desire to see the
South rebuilt, and so was his proposal of savings banks. But he could not
understand how the South wished to see money taken out of savings banks
and placed immediately in cotton mills, where it would be more productive
to its owners, and to the country. As far as Mr. Atkinson went, his
reasoning was astonishing sound, but where he stopped, he stopped
irrevocably.
"Where are your dairies? You farmers of the hills of Georgia, from the
mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee, aye, from the North Cumberland
valley, from the French Broad River, even from that great blue grass
country of Kentucky. Where are your dairies?" he seemed to think of
everything but what to his hearers seemed most obvious. He suggested stock
raising as profitable in the South, and finally the culture of Pongee,
Tussah or Cheefoo silk worms, though the latter would be, he thought,
perhaps of doubtful success. A week after this speech, Mr. Atkinson had a
talk, reported in the News and Courier of May 8, 1881, with the press
representatives in their pavilion. He discussed first "whether a single
roller gin, operating against a saw gin, will do an equal amount of work
with less motive power and less labor." He had arranged to take to Boston
to lay before the New England Cotton Manufactures' Association samples of
cotton from all the gins on the grounds. "Mr. Atkinson has proposed
another trial of every kind of gin, cleaner, press and picker, to be made
in the building of the New England Mechanics' Institute in Boston, in
December, 1882. Every man in the South who is especially interested in
cotton production and manufacture will be invited to plant a specific acre
for use at this trial, which will be the second step in what has been so
well begun in Atlanta. The picking and saving the cotton wasted on the
ground, the cleaning, ginning and packing of the staple in good condition,
offers to the Southern States a branch of manufacturing the most important
in the whole series of operations which neither the Northern States nor
Europe can share, but in which there is greater opportunity for profit in
ration to the capital invested than in any other department of
manufacture. 'No staple in the world,' said Mr. Atkinson, 'except the
sugar raised by the Maylays, is treated so barbarously as the cotton
produced in the Southern States of the American Union'." Tests, Mr.
Atkinson thought, showed that cotton from the Charlotte steam compress
worked up more smoothly, though the yarn was somewhat weaker, perhaps,
than cotton from the county compresses and loose cotton just as it came
from the field. It may be that this interview was written by Mr. Atkinson
himself, and run into the reports of the day at the exposition as sent out
by the correspondents.
[176] Examples of this abound. The Manufacturer and Industrial Gazette,
Springfield, Mass., was quoted in the News and Courier, Feb. 3, 1881:
"They (the Southern States) have the advantage of cotton location, and,
when they have secured new and improved machinery, will do any unrivalled
business. They can save freights, buy cheaper and hire cheaper labor. They
save buyers' commission, and warehouse delivery and cartage, sampling,
classing, pressing, shipping, marine risks and freight and cartage to
interior towns, which amounts in all to some seven dollars per bale. The
Northern mills also lose from receiving cotton poorly ginned, containing a
good deal of leaf and sand, which is computed at six per cent. of the
entire crop. The difference between the cost of a bale sent to Fall River,
Mass., and a bale sent to Columbia, Ga., is eight dollars and six cents.
This makes a tax of eighteen per cent. which Fall River pays in
competition with Columbus. It is estimated that, if the planters could
manufacture their cotton near home, they would save $50,000,000 in
transportation.... As yet the South manufactures principally coarser
goods, yarns, ducks, unbleached muslins, sheetings, shirtings, osnaburgs,
jeans, etc., but the time is not distant when it will come to make prints,
cambrics, laces, and all the finer qualities of staple goods."
[177] News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1881. (In the same issue excerpts from the
address were printed.)
[178] News and Courier, Oct. 13, 1881. In the following editorial comment
of the Augusta, Ga., Chronicle and Constitutionalist (reprinted in the
News and Courier, Dec. 8, 1881) the contrast between Mr. Atkinson's views
and the facts as the South was finding them is made sharp: "Augusta has an
abiding faith in her manufactories, despite Mr. Edward Atkinson, and
people outside seem to think as well of them, at any rate they are willing
to invest their money in such enterprise.... For such factories as the
Augusta, the Enterprise and Sibley and the King are of immense importance
to a city. There will be when all of them are at work, fully twenty
thousand people dependent upon them, including the operatives and their
families, to say nothing of the stores that will be supported by their
trade. Each factory like the Sibley or the King adds five thousand to the
population."
[179] "We have found that we cannot stand alone, that our fight must be
made within the Union." (News and Courier, Oct. 24, 1881.)
[180] News and Courier, Charleston, S.C., July 13, 1881. When Garfield was
shot, July 2, this paper carried an editorial of similar content. Five
days after the appearance of the editorial here quoted, when recovery
seemed assured, the paper said this: "One thing the President's desperate
illness has unquestionably effected. It has done more than years of
ordinary events in bringing the North and South together--vainly will the
politicians flourish the 'bloody flag'. The people will not rally on the
ensanguined colors again. For the Republic, as well as the President, the
danger line is well nigh, passed."
[181] News and Courier, Sept. 20, 1881. Garfield died at Elberton, N.J.,
September 19. That Charleston meant what she said is shown in the
reception which was accorded the First Connecticut Regiment, invited to
visit the city after attending the Centennial Celebration at Yorktown,
Virginia. The New Englanders came six weeks after the death of
Garfield--October 24. On this day the newspaper carried at the head of the
first column the Connecticut and South Carolina flags crossed, above them
the words "Yankee Doodle Came to Town", and below "A Welcome Invasion!" An
editorial headed "Happy Day" had these words: "It does not strain the
probabilities to believe that the visit of the First Connecticut Regiment
to Charleston is the outgrowth and sentiment and interest which found
expression when the President of the United States lay dying, and when
after his long agony he died. Had not President Garfield been slain, and
the South felt differently and, therefore, acted differently, this present
unpremeditated fraternization would have been impossible. There is no
shock now in removing mourning trappings to make room for the wreaths and
garlands of joy. It is the fit succession of events, a consequence of the
murder of the President. The blood of the Chief Magistrate is the seed of
union. Yorktown in itself a reminder of the days when North and South had
felt one aim and purpose, furnished the opportunity or occasion, and the
unselfish sorrow of the Southern people during the President's mortal
illness furnished the motive. The relation of the two events is too plain
to be ignored or misunderstood. This is the significance of the coming of
the Connecticut First from the land of abundance and diversified wealth to
battle-scarred and struggling Charleston."
[182] Interview with C. C. Baldwin In the New York Herald, reprinted in
News and Courier, July 11, 1881.
[183] The Daily Dispatch, Richmond, Va., March 5, 1880.
[184] News and Observer, Dec. 1, 1880.
[185] News and Observer, Mar. 25, 1881.
[186] Mar. 18, 1881. In this instance also it is apparent that the State
was looked to as a natural unit upon which the company had claims. The
dispatch says: "The estimates of the subscriptions here has (have) been
raised, in view of the encouragement received already, to at least
$125,000, and it is believed that with this substantial backing the whole
State will be assured of the character of the organization, and join in
the enterprise."
[187] News and Courier, Jan. 14, 1882.
[188] News and Observer, Raleigh, Nov. 9, 1880.
[189] Dec. 24, 1880.
[190] Newberry Herald, quoted in News and Courier, Feb. 8, 1881.
[191] Quoted in News and Courier, Feb. 8, 1881.
[192] January 28, 1881.
[193] The same dual basis of appeal was recognized in a notice
supplementing an advertisement of the company appearing the day before the
editorial here quoted (Jan. 27, 1881): "The advantages, direct and
incidental, accruing to every citizen of Charleston from this industry
about to be started in our city are so manifest that those who have
inaugurated the enterprise have every reason to feel confident of a ready
response to the call for capital and for abundant success."
[194] News and Courier, Apr. 13, 1881.
[195] Quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 31, 1881.
[196] Quoted in News and Courier, Jan. 31, 1881.
[197] News and Courier, Sept. 1, 1881.
[198] Thompson, P.
[199] Rock Hill Correspondent in News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.
[200] News and Courier, Dec. 17, 1881.
[201] Yorkville Correspondence, Ibid., March 25, 1881.
[202] Ibid., Feb. 26, 1881.
[203] Ibid., Apr., 6, 1881; see p. 19.
[204] The Observer, Sept. 10, 1880. The Daily Constitution, Atlanta, on
Mch. 9, 1880, carried from the Columbus Enquirer: "... there are 213,157
spindles to Georgia's credit.... Of this number Columbus has 60,000--near
a third of the whole.... The Eagle and Phenix mills alone operate 44,000
spindles. All this has been done since 1866 ... with Southern capital and
brains." The editor of The Observer, Raleigh, paid a visit to Durham and
Winston, North Carolina, and went back to his desk glowing with enthusiasm
for what they had accomplished. In an editorial (May 19, 1880) headed
"Manufacturing Towns"; he wrote of Durham: "Literally the town has been
created through the energy and enterprise of its inhabitants. They began
with no capital to speak of, and now they levy contributions on hundreds
of thousands of people who live in distant parts of the Union, and with
their gains have built and beautified a town whose history should be
continually kept in view by all who would have their own homes to
prosper."
[205] C. C. Baldwin, president Louisville and Nashville Railroad; the
interview was reprinted in News and Courier, July 11, 1881.
[206] Staff correspondence from Spartanburg to News and Courier, May 21,
1881.
[207] Ibid., Feb. 4, 1881.
[208] News and Courier, Oct. 24, 1881.
[209] News and Courier, Mch. 8, 1881.
[210] News and Courier, Mar. 19 and 25, 1881. The personnel of committees
appointed from among the early subscribers is significant. The names are
all, or nearly all, old ones in South Carolina, and some of the men are
still among the first citizens of the capit. The committees were made up
of W. A. Clark, Jno. C. Seegers, Nathaniel B. Barnwell, F. W. McMaster,
Preston C. Lorick, T. A. McCreery, Jno. T. Sloan, Jr.
[211] Ibid., Mar. 17, 1881.
[212] Columbia Dispatch, Ibid., Mar. 31, 1881.
[213] News and Courier, Jan. 28, 1881.
[214] See p. 14.
[215] News and Courier, Jan. 9, 1882.
[216] News and Courier, Dec. 14, 1881.
[217] Ibid., Mch. 25, 1881.
[218] "Brutus", writing from Barnwell to News and Courier, May 25, 1881.
[219] Sumter, S.C. Southron, quoted in News and Courier, May 14, 1881.
[220] News and Courier, June 28, 1881.
[221] Ibid., Mar. 14, 1881.
[222] Quoted News and Courier, Aug. 18, 1881.
[223] Observer, June 27, 1880.
[224] Dispatch quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 25, 1881. Francis
Fontaine, commissioner of immigration for Georgia, did not represent the
method of appeal of his fellow Georgians, when he said tritely and smugly:
"The truth is only to be made known, when capital will find its own way to
the sunny land." (Observer, Mar. 20, 1880.)
[225] Gannon, W. H., The Landowners of the South, and the Industrial
Classes of the North, pp. 6, 7 and 8.
[226] News and Courier, Aug. 9, 1881.
[227] Quoted in News and Courier, July 7, 1881. The isolation of this
editor and the provincial quality of his utterance are clearly seen in
such phrases as "we welcome foreign capital down here". Even without the
context.
[228] Quoted from New York Herald, in News and Courier, July 11, 1881.
Hon. Cassius M. Clay, writing in The Industrial South declared: "I am
tired of hearing the deprecating cry of 'We want Yankee brains and
enterprise.' We don't want any such thing; We want Southern brains and
enterprise." (Quoted in Gannon, pp. 18 and 19.)
[229] Quoted in News and Courier, Nov. 5, 1881.
[230] Feb. 13, 1880.
[231] News and Courier, Nov. 5, 1881.
[232] Quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 8, 1881.
[233] Quoted in News and Courier, Annual Trade Summary, Sept. 1, 1881.
[234] Winnsboro (South Carolina) News, quoted in News and Courier, Feb. 8,
1881.
[235] July 30, 1881.
[236] Quoted in News and Courier, Apr. 25, 1881.
[237] Ibid., Apr. 9, 1881. The Batesville Cotton Factory, built by William
Bates forty years before, was bought by G. Putnam, of Massachusetts for
$8,000, and he invested $10,000 additional in the plant. The building was
frame, two and half stories high, all was burned in March of 1881,
catching from sparks from the boiler room. It was believed that Mr. Putnam
would rebuild the plant on better lines. (Ibid., Mar. 2, 1881, et seq.)
[238] Ibid., July 11, 1881.
[239] Ibid., Nov. 10, 1881.
[240] News and Courier, July 11, 1881.
[241] Ibid., Jan. 14, 1882.
[242] News and Courier, Jan. 12 and 14, 1882. When the Sibley
Manufacturing Company of Augusta, Georgia, was increasing its capital by
$400,000, President W. C. Sibley received from Boston a telegram ordering
$20,000 of the new stock. (News and Courier May 21, 1881.) Cf. Thompson.
[243] News and Courier, Apr. 6, 1881.
[244] Ibid., Mch. 15, 1881.
[245] Ibid., Mch. 29, 1881.
[246] News and Courier, Apr. 1, 1881. These subscriptions may have been
partly influenced by the purpose of Mr. Atkinson to have the Exposition
further the cultivation and preparation, and not the manufacture, of the
staple.
[247] Jan. 27, 1881.
[248] March 21, 1881.
[249] News and Courier, Jan. 21, 1881.
[250] It seems to have been usual to call first for a payment of 10 per
cent. of the stock subscribed, rather than to require a certain proportion
in cash at subscription. Thus the books of subscription of the Charleston
Manufacturing Company were opened January 27th; on March 29th the
directors called for the payment of the first instalment of 10 per cent.,
and at 2 o'clock on the morning of April 9th--how closely the progress of
the undertaking was watched by papers and public!--more than half of the
amount was in the hands of the officers of the company.
[251] Ibid., Feb. 10, 1882.
[252] Ibid., Feb. 5, 1881.
[253] Ibid., Feb. 7, 1881.
[254] News and Courier, Mar. 25, 1881.
[255] Hartsell, J. L., interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.
[256] C. B. Armstrong, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[257] Joseph Separt, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[258] S. N. Boyce and J. Lee Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept.
14, 1916.
[259] Ibid., Feb. 26, 1881.
[260] News and Courier, S.C., Feb. 24, 1881.
[261] Augusta Trade Review, Augusta, Ga., Oct., 1884.
[262] News and Courier, Apr. 9, 1881. This paper in the issue of Feb. 26th
spoke of the additional stock as being $350, but puts the amount at
$100,000 lower in this later notice.
[263] North Carolina Herald, Salisbury, N.C., Nov. 9, 1887, quoted in
minute book of Salisbury Cotton Mills.
[264] The meeting was held Dec. 2nd; the minute book record is signed by
F. J. Murdoch, sec. pro tem.
[265] Klutz, Theodore F., interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1918.
[266] J. B. Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.
[267] News and Courier, Mar. 31, 1881.
[268] Barbee, Wm. J., The Cotton Question, pp. 138 ff.
[269] March 18, 1880.
[270] Clement F. Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[271] J. L. Hartsell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.
[272] W. R. Odell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.
[273] L. Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[274] News and Courier, Feb. 23, 1881.
[275] Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[276] From Cotton Field to Cotton Mill, pp. 82 ff.
[277] Hartsell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.
[278] L. G. Porter, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[279] Potter, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[280] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.
[281] B. B. Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[282] Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[283] Ibid.
[284] Hartsell, interview. Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.
[285] Rogan, G. W., interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[286] Sterling Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.
[287] C. S. Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[288] Hartsell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.
[289] Charles McDonald, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 3, 1916.
[290] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.
[291] J. W. Norwood, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[292] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916. J. A.
Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916. The mills around
Spartanburg had a nucleus of local capital, and the commission houses and
machinery manufacturers took an interest in the development.
[293] Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[294] Wood, Interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[295] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[296] Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916.
[297] A. A. Thompson, interview, Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 16, 1916.
[298] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.
[299] Clark, David, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.
[300] C. D. Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[301] Seport, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[302] Wood, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[303] Separk, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[304] Charles E. Johnson, interview, Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 16, 1916.
[305] Bernard Case, interview, Greensboro, N.C., Aug. 30, 1916.
[306] Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916.
[307] Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[308] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[309] Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[310] Odell, W. R., interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[311] Norwood, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[312] Ibid.
[313] Norwood, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[314] Clark, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.
[315] Ibid., Also Separk, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916; also
H. D. Wheat, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[316] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.
[317] Ibid.
[318] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916, also J. A.
Brock, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[319] Separk, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916; also Thackston,
ibid.
[320] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.
[321] Boyce, and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916; also
Ragan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14th, 1916.
[322] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.
[323] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[324] Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916; also Boyce and
Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[325] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[326] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[327] Wood, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[328] News and Courier, Apr. 29, 1881.
[329] April 28, 1881.
[330] News and Courier, Apr. 28, 1881.
[331] Ibid., Apr. 29, 1881.
[332] One commission house thirty years ago took all the bonds of a mill.
A. A. Thompson, interview, Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 16, 1916.
[333] Wheat, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[334] News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.
[335] Ibid., Jan. 14, 1882.
[336] Boyce, and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[337] Bernard Cone, interview, Greensboro, N.C., Aug. 30, 1916.
[338] Henry E. Litchford, interview, Richmond, Va., Aug. 29, 1916.
[339] News and Courier, Jan. 14, 1882.
[340] Klutz, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[341] O. D. Davis, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[342] McDonald, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 3, 1916. The Caborrus
Mill, at Concord, previously referred to as having been financed on the
co-operative plan was begun by others and taken over by Mr. Cannon when
its prospects had declined. (Ibid.)
[343] Interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 5, 1917.
[344] James W. Cannon, interview, Concord, N.C., Jan. 6, 1917.
[345] J. H. Meaus Beattie, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.
[346] W. W. Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.
[347] Thompson, pp. 82 ff.
[348] W. W. Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917. A minor episode
partaking of the character of both of the above may be worth mentioning.
Mrs. M. Putnam Gridley, who, until her retirement from the presidency of
the Batesville, S.C. Mill, was the only woman cotton mill president in
America, said that the Boston commission house which owned and operated
the factory under her father's control, was "about to commit a wrong" when
the enterprise failed of its own accord. (Mrs. M. Putnam Gridley,
interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.)
[349] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.
[350] Jas. D. Hammett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[351] Marshall Orr, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 10, 1916.
[352] Charles Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916. "When I was
mayor of Augusta and Black was City Attorney, we ran the city on the
commission plan and didn't know it. I used to draft ordinances in my own
handwriting, show them to Black to see whether they were legal, and to
Blum to see if they were grammatical, and that was all there was to it!"
[353] David, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916. The financial
administration of this mill is attributable in its form to the
conservatism of the company, and to the peculiar conditions of its
inception. One director has nervous prostration, and another is too aged
to attend meetings, but none have been elected in their places.
[354] Samuel Stradley, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.
[355] McDonald, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 3, 1916.
[356] Thomas W. Loyless, interview, Augusta, Ga.
[357] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[358] T. S. Raworth, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916.
[359] D. S. Thompson, Cotton Mill, Commercial Features, p. 51.
[360] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.
[361] John W. Fries, interview, Winston-Salem, N.C., Aug. 31, 1916.
[362] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.
[363] Mar. 18, 1880.
[364] News and Courier, Aug. 12, 1881.
[365] Observer, Feb. 13, 1880.
[366] Quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 22, 1881.
[367] p. 271.
[368] Thompson, pp. 82 ff.
[369] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.
[370] Orr, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 10, 1916.
[371] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.
[372] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884
[373] Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[374] Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[375] Mrs. Gridley, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.
[376] J. A. Brock, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[377] Jas. D. Hammett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.
[378] Washington Clark, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 1, 1917.
[379] Thompson, pp. 89 and 90.
[380] Tracy I. Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[381] Thomas Purse, interview, Savannah, Ga., Dec. 26, 1916.
[382] Geo. W. Williams, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.
[383] W. P. Carrington, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.
[384] Geo. Williams, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.
[385] H. R. Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.
[386] Julius Koester, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.
[387] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[388] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.
[389] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[390] Royan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[391] J. Lee Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.
[392] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916, and
Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.
[393] C. B. Armstrong, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[394] Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.
[395] Rogan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[396] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[397] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.
[398] The trained men in the industry are in the technical branches, and
that when a leader is wanted at the top, as for the president of a mill, a
man is still chosen who enjoys a general business reputation rather than
specific mill experience.
[399] Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[400] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.
[401] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884.
[402] G. T. Lynch, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916, and Tracey I.
Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[403] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[404] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884.
[405] News and Observer, Nov. 16, 1880.
[406] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884.
[407] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[408] News and Courier, Feb. 24, 1881.
[409] Ibid., Aug. 12, 1881.
[410] Ibid., Aug. 12, 1881.
[411] Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.
[412] Keatz, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[413] Davis, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[414] Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917, and Davison's Textile
Blue Book, 1916.
[415] Brock, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916. See p.
[416] Thompson, pp. 82 ff.
[417] Interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 5, 1917.
[418] Goldsmith, p. 6.
[419] Tompkins, Cotton Mill, Commercial Features, p. 172.
[420] Goldsmith, p. 6.
[421] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916. A mill man
near Greenville said: "The money actually paid in was more or less local
in those days (the early years of the period) but not much paid in."
(Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.)
[422] W. J. Thackston, letter, Greenville, S.C., Nov. 28, 1916.
[423] Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.
[424] News and Courier, Feb. 24, 1881.
[425] Raworth, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916. He knew of no
Southern mills quoted on any of the exchanges.
[426] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[427] Raworth, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916.
[428] Ball, interview, Columbia, Jan. 3, 1917.
[429] Ibid.
[430] Ragan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[431] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[432] Goldsmith, The Cotton Mill South.
[433] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[434] Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.
[435] Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.
[436] Washington Clark, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 1, 1917.
[437] Wool, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.
[438] Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.
[439] A Rock Hill correspondent in News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.
[440] In ibid., A Rock Hill correspondent in News and Courier, Jan. 12,
1882.
[441] Walter Montgomery, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916.
[442] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.
[443] Augusta Trade Review, Oct. 1884.
[444] News and Observer, Nov. 16, 1880.
[445] Augusta Trade Review, Oct. 1884.
[446] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.
[447] Davis, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.
[448] Ibid.
[449] Ragan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.
[450] Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.
Transcriber's Notes:
Underlined passages are indicated by _underline_.
The original text includes a blank spaces in Footnote 49 which is
represented by ______ in this text version.
The following typographical and spelling errors have been corrected:
"evidenes" corrected to "evidences" (page 2)
"be lieved" corrected to "believed" (page 4)
"American" corrected to "America" (page 15)
"powerul" corrected to "powerful" (page 16)
"controservy" corrected to "controversy" (page 16)
"Carolinaian" corrected to "Carolinian" (page 17)
"Id" corrected to "If" (page 18)
"build" corrected to "built" (page 19)
"newsness" corrected to "newness"(page 19)
"propserous" corrected to "prosperous" (page 22)
"mangers" corrected to "managers" (page 22)
"temas" corrected to "teams" (page 26)
"tage" corrected to "stage" (page 29)
"advances" corrected to "advanced" (page 29)
missing "in" added (page 29)
"steambot" corrected to "steamboat" (page 31)
"sucess" corrected to "success" (page 33)
"delcared" corrected to "declared" (page 45)
"Calhoung" corrected to "Calhoun" (page 46)
"feel" corrected to "fell" (page 48)
"quote" corrected to "quite" (page 49)
"imiginary" corrected to "imaginary" (page 52)
"repating" corrected to "repeating" (page 58)
"reproahced" corrected to "reproached" (page 59)
"expression" corrected to "expressing" (page 67)
"tectile" corrected to "textile" (page 69)
"warm" corrected to "war" (page 71)
"seaw" corrected to "sea" (page 75)
"where" corrected to "were" (page 75)
"perosns" corrected to "persons" (page 76)
"charged" corrected to "changed" (page 77)
"an" corrected to "as" (page 82)
"advances" corrected to "advanced" (page 83)
"repvailed" corrected to "prevailed" (page 89)
"understodd" corrected to "understood" (page 95)
"munitiae" corrected to "minutiae" (page 95)
"Herland" corrected to "Herald" (page 98)
"sawrm" corrected to "swarm" (page 100)
"officiaals" corrected to "officials" (page 100)
"Sate" corrected to "State" (page 105)
"and" corrected to "an" (page 112)
"grow" corrected to "grew" (page 117)
"happaned" corrected to "happened" (page 123)
missing "is" added (page 126)
"back-bitting" corrected to "back-biting" (page 127)
"wlecomed" corrected to "welcomed" (page 128)
"bounds" corrected to "bound" (page 128)
"adhorred" corrected to "abhorred" (page 129)
"whol" corrected to "whole" (page 129)
"di" corrected to "do" (page 130)
"pilosophy" corrected to "philosophy" (page 132)
"telehone" corrected to "telephone" (page 133)
"capaign" corrected to "campaign" (page 134)
"loca" corrected to "local" (page 134)
"natice" corrected to "native" (page 137)
"capitalists" corrected to "capitalist" (page 139)
"urges" corrected to "urged" (page 139)
"Souther" corrected to "Southern" (page 148)
"anive" corrected to "naive" (page 150)
"hav" corrected to "have" (page 150)
"struglle" corrected to "struggle" (page 159)
"renumerated" corrected to "remunerated" (page 160)
"Crhonicle" corrected to "Chronicle" (page 162)
"If" corrected to "It" (page 170)
"And" corrected to "An" (page 171)
"Heraldn" corrected to "Herald" (page 173)
"1811" corrected to "1881" (page 174)
"pressent" corrected to "present" (page 181)
"porblem" corrected to "problem" (page 181)
"he" corrected to "the" (page 181)
"ot" corrected to "to" (page 182)
"aided" corrected to "added" (page 184)
"wss" corrected to "was" (page 186)
"neat" corrected to "near" (page 189)
"mil;" corrected to "mill" (page 194)
"sotkc" corrected to "stock" (page 201)
"sone" corrected to "some" (page 202)
"in" corrected to "is" (page 203)
"orgin" corrected to "origin" (page 205)
"yed" corrected to "yes" (page 207)
"ouright" corrected to "outright" (page 211)
"consideraion" corrected to "consideration" (page 218)
"intented" corrected to "intended" (page 221)
"build" corrected to "built" (page 221)
"or" corrected to "of" (page 222)
"propsered" corrected to "prospered" (page 222)
"Unitl" corrected to "Until" (page 227)
"annul" corrected to "annual" (page 232)
"Salsibury" corrected to "Salisbury" (page 233)
"wanters" corrected to "wanted" (page 234)
"deciaion" corrected to "decision" (page 242)
"theys" corrected to "they" (page 251)
"unproftiable" corrected to "unprofitable" (page 266)
"laides" corrected to "ladies" (page 270)
"inheirtance" corrected to "inheritance" (page 270)
"Commerical" corrected to "Commercial" (footnote 2)
"us" corrected to "up" (footnote 19)
"2n" corrected to "2nd" (footnote 17)
"destroyer" corrected to "destroyed" (footnote 29)
"Commerical" corrected to "Commercial" (footnote 45)
"Grenville" corrected to "Greenville" (Footnote 47)
"suidical" corrected to "suicidal" (footnote 57)
"Ibis." corrected to "Ibid." (footnote 82)
"sgainst" corrected to "against" (footnote 86)
"Olmstead" corrected to "Olmsted" (footnote 97)
"Ble" corrected to "Blue" (footnote 110)
"itno" corrected to "into" (footnote 114)
"intenal" corrected to "internal" (footnote 123)
"1811" corrected to "1881" (footnote 144)
missing "to" added (footnote 147)
"solicitious" corrected to "solicitous" (footnote 148)
"to" corrected to "the" (footnote 150)
"ot" corrected to "to" (footnote 162)
"acaclim" corrected to "acclaim" (footnote 162)
"Nasvhile" corrected to "Nashville" (footnote 170)
"unusued" corrected to "unused" (footnote 175)
"you" corrected to "your" (footnote 175)
"rebuilt" corrected to "rebuild" (footnote 237)
"Bid." corrected to "Ibid." (footnote 237)
"Grenville" corrected to "Greenville" (footnote 291)
"Grenville" corrected to "Greenville" (footnote 421)
Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and
hyphenation have been retained from the original.