[1] Thought to be the ancient _Beræa_, _Beroe_, or _Berrhæa_.
[2] Two hours and four minutes on horseback, in the usual way of riding
for pleasure, which, I am apt to believe, is nearer four miles than three
and an half per hour.
[3] Divan is a part of the room raised above the floor, as is said in the
text: this is spread with a carpet in winter, in summer with fine matts,
along the sides are thick mattrasses about three feet wide, covered
commonly with scarlet cloth, and large bolsters of brocade hard stuffed
with cotton are set against the walls (or rails, when so situated, as not
to touch the wall) for the conveniency of leaning. See plate 15 and 16.
As they use no chairs, it is upon these they sit, and all their rooms
are so furnished. The word divan is also employed to signify a number of
people assembled in council.
[4] See plate 15.
[5] The ancient _Singas_.
[6] Xylon sive gossypium herbaceum J. B. i. 343. _Gossypium foliis
quinquelobis caule herbaceo._ _Hort. Upsal._ 203.
[7] Cicer sativum flore candido. C. B. P. 347.
[8] Lens vulgaris semine subrufo. C. B. P. 346.
Lens Monanthus, Hort. L. B.
[9] Faba rotunda oblonga seu cylindracea minor, seu equina alba, Mor.
Hist. ii. 85.
[10] Lathyrus sativus flore purpureo, C. B. P. 344.
[11] Vicia minima cum filiquis glabris Inst. R. H. 397.
[12] Phaseolus minimus fructu virido ovato.
[13] Melo vulgaris, C. B. P. 310.
Melo magnus cortice virente lævi semine parvo, J. B. i. 244.
[14] Anguria-citrullus dicta, C. B. P. 312.
[15] Nigella flore minore simplice candido, C. B. P. 145.
[16] Fœnumgrecum sativum, C. B. P. 348.
[17] Carthamus officinarum flore croceo Inst. R. H. 457.
[18] Nicotiana major latifolia, C. B. P. 169.
[19] Sapa vini.
[20] Cerasus sativa fructu rotundo rubro et acido, Tourn.
[21] Cerasus major fructu magno cordato albo.
[22] Cerasus.
[23] Armeniaca fructu majore nucleo amaro, T. 623.
Armeniaca.
[24] Persica molli carne et vulgaris viridis alba, C. B. P. 440.
[25] Prunus.
[26] Gorylus sylvestris, C. B. P. 418.
[27] Malus sativa.
[28] Pyrus sativa.
[29] Malus Cydonea vel Cotonea.
[30] Malus Punica sativa, C. B. P. 438.
[31] Amydalus dulcis et amara, J. B. i. 174.
[32] Morus fructu nigro, C. B. P. 459.
[33] Morus fructu albo, ditto.
[34] Nux inglans, J. B. i, 241.
[35] Ficus sativa.
[36] Cornus hortensis mas, C. B. P. 447.
[37] Terebinthus Indica Theophrasti, pistachio Dioscoridis Lob. adv. 413.
[38] Ziziphus Dodonæi pemp; 807.
[39] Olea sativa.
[40] Rhus folio ulmi, C. B. P. 414.
[41] Siliqua edulis, C. B. P. 402.
[42] Platanus Orientalis verus, Park. Theatr. 1427.
[43] Populus alba majoribus foliis, C. B. P. 429.
[44] Salix vulgaris alba arborescens, C. B. P. 473.
[45] Salix Syriaca folio oleagine argentea, Rawolf, 74.
[46] Carpinus Mathioli.
[47] Quercus latifolia.
[48] Fraxinus excelsior, C. B. P. 416.
[49] Lilac Mathioli, Tourn. 601.
[50] Zizipha alba Raw. p. 38. Azedarach Dod. pempt. 848.
[51] Lotus—Celtis fructu nigro, Tourn.
[52] Eleagnus Orientalis angustifoliis fructu parvo olivæ formi subdulce,
T. Cor. 53.
[53] Tamariscus Narbonensis Lobel.
[54] Terebinthus vulgaris, C. B. P.
[55] Mespilus vulgaris.
[56] Sambucus fructu in umbella nigro, C. B. P. 456.
[57] Rosa alba vulgaris major, C. B. P. 482.
Rosa Damascena Lob. Icon. 206.
Rosa rubra multiplex, C. B. P. 481.
Rosa lutea simplex, ditto 483.
Rosa Moschata simplici flore, ditto 482.
[58] Rhamnus prim. Clus. Ger. 1334.
[59] Punica flore pleno majore, T. 636.
[60] Cupressus Dod. 856.
[61] Rubus vulgaris, sive rubus fructu nigro, C. B. P. 479.
[62] Brassica capitata alba, C B. P. 111.
Brassica alba capite oblongo non penitus clauso, ditto.
Brassica Gangyloides, ditto.
[63] Spinachia vulgaris.
[64] Cichorium latifolium, sive endiva vulgaris, T. 479.
[65] Raphanus major orbiculat. vel rotundus, C. B. P. 96.
Raphanus minor oblongus, ditto.
[66] Rapa sativa rotunda radice candida, C. B. P. 89.
[67] Beta rubra radice rapæ, C. B. P. 118.
[68] Daucus sativus radice luteo, Inst. R. ii. 307.
Daucus sativus radice atro rubente, J. B. 3. part. ii. 64.
[69] Brassica cauliflora, C. B. P. 111.
[70] Lactuca.
[71] Faba rotunda oblonga seu cylindracea minor, seu equina alba, Mor.
Hist. ii. 85.
[72] Tubera terræ edulia.
[73] Cinara hortensis foliis non aculeatis, C. B. P. 385.
[74] Pisum hortense majus flore fructuque albo, C. B. P. 342.
Pisum arvense fructu albo, ditto 343.
[75] Portulaca latifolia seu sativa, C. B. P. 288.
[76] Cucumis vulgaris maturo fructu subluteo, C. B. P. 310.
Cucumis sativus vulgaris fructu albo, C. B. P.
[77] Melo vulgaris, C. B. P. 310.
Melo magnus cortice virente lævi semine parvo, J. B. i. 244.
[78] Anguria citrullus dicta, C. B. P. 312.
[79] Corchorus, sive melochia, J. B. ii. 982.
[80] Phaseolus vulgaris, Lob. Icon. 59.
[81] Cucumis flexuosus, C. B. P. 310.
[82] Ketmia Brasiliensis folio ficus fructu pyramidato sulcato, T. Inst.
100. Bamia.
[83] Lupinus.
[84] Cucurbita longa, folio molli, flore albo, J. B. ii. 214.
Cucurbita lagenaria, ditto, 216.
[85] Melongena fructu oblongo violaceo, Inst. R. H. 151.
Melongena fructu rotundo, ditto.
Melongena fructu incurvo, ditto, 152.
[86] Melopepo fructu maximo albo, Tourn.
[87] Pepo rotundus aurantii forma, ditto, 311.
[88] Apium hortense, seu petroselinum vulgo, C. B. P. 153.
[89] Nasturtium hortense vulgatum, C. B. P.
[90] Mentha.
[91] Cepa vulgaris floribus & tunicis candidis, C. B. P. 71.
[92] Allium sativum, C. B.
[93] Carvi Cæsalpin. 241.
[94] Coriandrum majus, C. B. P. 158.
[95] Anethum hortense, ditto, 147.
[96] Arundo vallatoria.
[97] Arundo vulgaris.
[98] Buglossum angustifolium majus flore cæruleo, C. B. P. 256.
Buglossum vulgare albo & violaceo colore, H. R. Par.
Buglossum sylvestre minus.
[99] Malva vulgaris flore minore, C. B. P. 314.
[100] Asparagus sylvestis tenuissimo folio, C. B. P. 490.
[101] Capparis spinosa fructu minore folio rotundo, C. B. P. 480.
[102] Dens leonis latiore folio, C. B. P. 126.
Dens leonis orientalis tenuissimo divisis tomentosis & incanis, T. Cor.
[103] Sisymbrium aquaticum Mathioli, 437.
Sisymbrium Creticum Raphani foliis eleganter dissectis, T. Cor. 35.
[104] Satureia sativa, J. B. iii. 272.
[105] Sisyrinchium majus flore lutea macula notata, C. B. P. 40.
[106] Tordylium orientale secacul Arabium dictum, Boer. Ind. Alt. 68.
[107] Rosa centifolia Batavica, Clus. H.
[108] Rosa omnium calendarum, H. R. Par.
[109] Granadilla.
[110] Jasminum vulgatius flore albo, C. B. P. 397.
Jasminum luteum, vulgo dictum bacciferum, ditto, 398.
Jasminum Arabicum, Cluss.
[111] Nerium floribus rubescentibus, C. B. P. 464.
[112] Myrtus.
[113] Lawsonia ramis inermibus, Flor. Teyl. _Ligustrum Ægyptiacum
latifolium_, _C. B. P._ 476.
[114] Cenista juncea, J. B. i. 395.
[115] Alcea rosea hortensis maxima folio ficus flore albo, H. R. Par.
Alcea rosea hortense folio ficus, ditto.
[116] Solanum bacciferum fruticosum, C. B. P. 166.
[117] Alkekengi officinarum, Inst. R. H. 151.
[118] Hyacinthus Indicus tuberosus flore hyacinthi orientalis, C. B. P.
[119] Tagetus.
[120] Campanula Indica, J. B. _Convolvulus Indicus folio subrotundo flore
violacea_, _C. B. P._
[121] Jalappa flore purpureo, Inst. R. H. 129.
Jalappa flore flavo, ditto.
[122] Capsicum siliquis longis propendentibus, I. R. H. 152.
Capsicum siliqua propendente rotunda & cordiformi, ditto, 153.
[123] Lycopersicon Galeni Ang. 217.
[124] Rosmarinus hortensis angustiore folio, C. B. P. 217.
[125] Ocimum vulgatius, C. B. P. 326.
[126] Amaranthus maximus, C. B. P. 120.
[127] Balsamina fœmina, C. B. P. 306.
[128] Ruta.
[129] Absynthium.
[130] Aurantium acri medulla vulgare, Fen. Hesp.
[131] Aurantium medulla dulci vulgare, ditto.
[132] Aurantium sinense, ditto.
[133] Limon vulgaris, ditto.
[134] Limon dulcis, ditto.
[135] Citreum vulgare, Tourn.
Citreum magno fructu, ditto.
[136] It must be observed, that all the various species of each plant are
placed together, though to be met with at different seasons, and such as
are produced only by culture, are marked with *.
[137] Hyacinthus orientalis flore violaceo, C. B. P. 44.
Hyacinthus orientalis primus albus.
[138] Narcissus pallidus medio aureus, C. B. P. 50.
* Narcissus orientalis flore multiplico & pleno albo luteo, ditto, 49.
* Narcissus juncifoliis luteis minor, ditto, 51.
[139] Tulipa precox rubra.
Tulipa.
[140] Viola martia purpurea flore simplice odoro, C. B. P. 199.
Viola martia alba, ditto.
Viola martia multiplice flore purpureo, ditto.
Viola montana.
Viola tricolor hortensis repens, L. B. P. 199.
Viola orientalis tricolor arvensis longifolia flore minimo, T. Cor. 30.
[141] Geranium tuberosum majus, C. B. P. 318.
Geranium cicutæ folio inodorum, C. B. P. 319.
Geranium robertianum 1. rubens, C. B. P. 319.
Geranium orientale batrachoides aconiti folio flore variegato, T. Cor. 20.
Geranium latifolium longissima acu, C. B. P. 319.
[142] Bellis chalepense precox.
[143] Colchicum commune, C. B. P. 67.
[144] Iris vulgaris Germanica, sive sylvestris, C. B. P. 30.
Iris alba Florentina, C. B. P. 31.
[145] Xyphion angustifolium flore cinereo, Inst. R. H. 364.
Xyphion angustifolium flore vario, ditto.
[146] Narcisso Leucoium pratense multiflorum, Inst. R. H. 387.
[147] Buphthalmum.
[148] Calendula flore citrino, C. B.
[149] Lamium purpureum fœtidum folio subrotundo, sive galeopsis
Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 230.
Lamium orientale foliis eleganter laciniatis, T. Cor.
[150] Fumaria officinarum & Dioscoridis flore purpureo, C. B. P. 143.
Fumaria officinarum & Dioscoridis flore pallescente, ditto.
[151] Bursa pastoris major folio sinuato, C. B. P. 108.
[152] Dens leonis latiore folio, C. B. P. 126.
Dens leonis orientalis tenuissime divisis tomentosis & incanis, T. Cor.
35.
[153] Hypecoon tenuiore folio, Inst. R. H. 230.
Hypecoon orientale latiore folio flore magno, T. Cor. 17.
Hypecoon orientale fumariæ folio, ditto.
[154] Muscari arvense junci folium cæruleum minus, Inst. R. H. 348.
Muscari Byzantinum flore candicante, Inst. R. H. 347.
[155] Crocus vernus latifolius flavo varius, C. B. P. 65.
[156] Ranunculus grumoso radice, C. B. P. 180.
An Ranunculus stellatus echinatus Creticus, ditto.
Ranunculus nemorosus luteus, C. B. P. 178.
Ranunculus nemorosus purpureus, Tab. Icon. 45.
Ranunculus arvensis foliis chamomæli flore minore atro rubente, Inst. R.
H. 291.
Ranunculus foliis chamomæli flore citrino, ditto.
Ranunculus arvensis parvus folio trifido, T. 101.
Ranunculus rutæ folio scrotinus flore aureo pleno, H. R. P.
Ranunculus vernus rotundifolius minor, Inst. R. H. 286.
Ranunculus orientalis pulsatillæ folio flore magno, T. Cor.
Ranunculus Illyricus radicibus bulbosis foliis longis, J. B. iii. 863.
Ranunculus Lanugenosus angustifoliis grumosa radice minor, C. B. P. 181.
Ranunculus arvensis echinatus, C. B. P. 179.
Ranunculus arvensis foliis chamomæli flore minore luteo, Inst. R. H. 291.
Ranunculus orientalis aconiti folio flore luteo maximo, T. Cor. 20.
Ranunculus nemorosus ex rubro purpureus, Lob. Icon. 46.
Ranunculus ceratophyllus seminibus falcatis in spicam adactis, Mor. H.
ii. 440.
[157] Rubia tinctorum sativa, C. B. P. 333.
Rubia sylvestris monspesulana major, J. B. iii. 715.
[158] Aparine vulgaris, C. B. P. 334.
Aparine minimo Raii; Galium Parisiense tenui folio flore atro purpureo,
Tourn.
[159] Pervinca vulgaris angustifolia flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 123.
[160] Plantago latifolia sinuatis, C. B. P. 183.
Plantago angustifolia major, ditto.
[161] Androsace vulgaris latifolia annua, Inst. R. H. 123.
[162] Pimpinella sanguisorba minor hirsuta, C. B. P. 160.
[163] Veronica orientalis hederæ terrestris foliis flore magno, T. Cor. 7.
Veronica orientalis ocimi folio flore minimo, ditto.
Veronica verna trifido vel quinquifido folio, Inst. R. H. 145.
Veronica mas supina & vulgatissima, ditto, 143.
Veronica aquatica minor folio subrotundo, ditto.
Veronica Chia cymbalaria folio verno flore albo umbilico virescente,
Tourn. Cor. 7.
Veronica orientalis minima foliis laciniatis, T. Cor. 7.
Veronica aquatica major folio subrotundo, Inst. R. H. 145.
Veronica terrestris annua folio polygani flore albo, Morris. H. ii. 322.
[164] Arum angustissimo folio, Inst. R. H. 160.
Arum Byzantinum, J. B. ii. 185.
Arum venis albis Italicum maximum. H. R. Par.
[165] Dracunculus polyphyllis, C. B. P. 195.
[166] Linaria segetum numullariæ folio villoso, Inst. R. H. 169.
Linaria angustifolio flosculo albis longius caudatus, Triumfet. 87.
Linaria Constantinopolitana lini sativi folio flore luteo, T. Cor. 9.
Linaria minima hirsuta folio acuminato in basi articulato flore luteo
minimo, Mor. Hist. ii. 503.
[167] Horminum coma purpurea violaceo, J. B. iii. 309.
Horminum orientale foliis rugosis et verruscosis angustis flore albo,
Tourn. Cor. 10.
[168] Cyclamen vernum anguloso folio triplici viriditate sericea vario
maximis floribus albis imo osculo purpurascente Antiochenum nuperorum, H.
R. Par.
[169] Sclarea vulgaris languinosa amplissimo folio, Inst. R. 179.
Sclarea orientalis betonicæ folio acutissimo coma purpurascente, T. Cor.
10.
Sclarea Syriaca flore albo, Inst. R. H. 179.
Sclarea rugosa verrucosa laciniato folio, ditto.
Sclarea Syriaca flore cæruleo, ditto.
Sclarea folio salviæ flore purpureo, Inst. R. H. 180.
[170] Rapistrum monospermum, C. B. P. 95.
Rapistrum arvense folio auriculato acuto, Inst. R. H. 211.
Rapistrum montanum, sive sylvestre irionis folio, Column.
[171] Thlaspi arvense perfoliatum majus, C. B. P. 106.
Thlaspi orientale saxatile flore rubeate foliis polygalæ petalis florum
æqualibus, T. Cor. 15.
Thlaspi montanum sempervirens, C. B. P. 106.
[172] Thlaspidum hirsutum calyce flore auriculato, Inst. R. H. 214.
[173] Leucoium incanum simplex sativum diversorum colorum.
Leucoium luteum vulgare, C. B. P. 202.
Leucoium maritimum sinuato folio, C. B. P. 201.
Leucoium orientale siliqua eleganter lunata, T. Cor. 16.
[174] Hesperis peregrina siliquis articulatis, C. B. P. 202.
Hesperis maritima supina exigua, Inst. R. H. 223.
Hesperis orientalis glastifolio flore magno violaceo, T. Cor. 16.
Hesperis sicula frutescens siliqua tricuspide, Inst. R. H. 223.
[175] Raphanistrum Alepicum flore diluto violaceo, T. Cor. 7.
Raphanistrum arvense flore albo, Inst. R. H. 230.
[176] Alsine spergula dicta major, C. B. P. 251.
Alsine.
[177] Myosotis hirsuta altera viscosa, Inst. R. H. 245.
Myosotis arvensis polygonii folio, ditto.
Myosotis orientalis perfoliato lychnidis folio, T. Cor. 18.
Myosotis Hispanica segetum, Inst. R. H. 245.
[178] Sedum minus teretifolium album, C. B. P. 283.
[179] Tribulus terrestris ciceris folio seminum integumento aculeato,
Mor. Hist. ii. 102.
[180] Anemone, 2 spec.
[181] Apium anisum dictum semine suaveolente, Inst. R. H. 305.
Apium palustre & apium officinarum, C. B. P. 154.
* Apium dulce celeri Italorum, H. R. Par.
* Apium hortense petroselinum vulgo, C. B. P. 153.
[182] Rubeola angustiore folio, Inst. R. H. 130.
[183] Tordylium minus limbo granulato Syriacum, Mor. Umbel. 37.
[184] Scandix semine rostrato vulgaris, C. B. P. 152.
Scandix Cretica minor, ditto.
Scandix orientalis flore maximo, T. Cor. 23.
[185] Caryophyllus sylvestris, C. B. P. 209.
Caryophyllus altilis major, C. B. P. 208.
[186] Allium angustifolium umbellatum flore albo, Inst. R. H. 385.
Allium montanum.
Allium montanum latifolium maculatum, C. B. P. 74.
Allium saxatile acori radice flore purpureo, Bocc. Mus. ii. 84.
Allium Pyrrhinum, C. B. P. 75.
[187] Convolvulus major, J. B. Lin. Sp. pl. 2.
Convolvulus argenteus folio altheæ, C. B. P. 285.
[188] Tithymalus Myrsinites latifolius, C. B. P. 296.
Tithymalus Cyparissias, ditto, 291. _Euphorbia_ 49. _Lin. Sp. pl._ 50.
Tithymalus tuberosa pyriformi radice, C. B. P. 252. Lin. Sp. pl. 33.
Tithymalus Cyparissias Pros. Alp. exot. Lin. Sp. pl. 38.
Tithymalus Græcus Helioscopius maximus foliis eleganter crenatis, T. Cor.
[189] Marrubium album villosum, C. B. P. 230.
Marrubium album vulgare, ditto.
[190] Clinopodium orientale hirsutum foliis inferioribus ocymum
superioribus hyssopum referentibus, T. Cor. 12.
Clinopodium Austriacum, Clus. Hist. 353.
[191] Jonthlaspi luteo flore incanum montanum Dioscordis, Colum. Par. i.
280.
[192] Isatis sylvestris vel angustifolio, C. B. P. 113.
[193] Cicuta major, C. B. P. 160.
[194] Sium.
[195] Cotyledon Cretica tuberosa radice flore luteo parvo, T. Cor.
[196] Acanthus aculeatus, C. B. P. 383.
[197] Myagrum sativum, C. B. P. 199. _Alysson segetum foliis auriculatus
acutis_, _Inst. R. H._ 217.
[198] Sisymbrium annuum absynthis minoris folio, Inst. R. H. 226. _Sophia
Chyrurgorum, Lob. Icon._
[199] Hypecoon tenniore folio, Inst. R. H. 230.
Hypecoon orientale fumariæ folio, T. Cor.
Hypecoon orientale latiore folio flore magno, ditto.
[200] Myrrhis orientalis foliis chamomæli, T. Cor. 23.
[201] Caucalis orientalis arvensis tenuifolio flore purpureo magno
fructu, T. Cor. 23.
Caucalis Monspeliaca echinato magno fructu, C. B. P. 153.
Caucalis erecta maximo fructu longius aculeis donato, T. Cor. 23.
[202] Bupleurum orientale angustifolium semine longiore, ditto, 22.
[203] Thapsia carroti folio, ditto, 148.
[204] Papaver erraticum majus, C. B. P. 171.
Papaver.
Papaver hortense semine albo sativum Dioscoridis album Plinio, C. B. P.
170.
[205] Campanula pentagoniæ flore amplissima Thracica, Tourn. Inst. 312.
[206] Lithospermum minus repens latifolium, C. B. P. 258.
Lithospermum arvense minus, Inst. R. H. 137.
[207] Symphitum orientale echii folio ampliore longissimis villis horido
flore croceo, T. Cor.
Symphitum orientale echii folio flore albo tenuissimo, ditto.
[208] Verbascum pulverulentum flore luteo parvo, J. B. iii. 872.
[209] Salvia montana maxima foliis hormini flore flavescente, Inst. R. H.
180.
Salvia major calyce florum purpurascente, ditto.
Salvia minor aurita & non aurita, C. B. P. 237.
[210] Eruca Halepensis caulibus & siliquis hirsutis.
Eruca latifolia alba sativa Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 98.
[211] Erysimum orientale folio sonchi flore sulphureo siliquis
longissimis, Boer. Ind. Alt.
Erysimum vulgare, C. B. P. 100.
An Erysimum Græcum angustifolium majus procerius & minus hirsutum, T.
Cor. 17.
[212] Sinapi arvense precox semine nigro, Mor. Hist. ii. 216.
An Sinapi Græcum maritimum tenuissime laciniatum flore purpurascente, T.
Cor. 17.
[213] Glaucium flore violaceo, Inst. R. H. 254.
Glaucium flore luteo, ditto.
Glaucium orientale flore magno aureo, T. Cor. 18.
[214] Lychnis orientalis saponariæ folio subhirsuto, T. Cor. 24.
Lychnis viscosa flore muscoso minor, H. R. Par.
Lychnis sylvestris hirsuta annua flore minore carneo, Mor. Hist. ii. 541.
Lychnis sylvestris quæ saponaria vulgo, Inst. R. H. 356.
Lychnis papaver spumeum angustifolio glabra flore purpureo, H. R. Bloss.
Lychnis orientalis calyce pyramidato striato longissimo, T. Cor. 24.
Lychnis segetum rubra foliis perfoliata, C. B. P. 204.
Lychnis sylvestris alba spica reflexa, Bot. Monsp.
Lychnis sylvestris pluribus foliis simul junctis, C. B. P. 205.
Lychnis segetum rubrum foliis perfoliatæ amplioribus, Jussieu.
Lychnis supina sicula calyce amplissimo striato, T. Cor. 24.
Lychnis sylvestris viscosa rubra altera, C. B. P. 205.
Lychnis orientalis supina maritimi capsulis lychnidis coronaria, T. Cor.
24.
An Lychnis orientalis minime granimeo folio calyce purpurascente striato,
T. Cor. 24.
[215] Anagallus cæruleo flore, C. B. P. 252.
[216] Scrophularia orientalis chrysanthini folio flore minimo atro
purpureo, T. Cor. 9.
[217] Cucubalus Lugd. 1429.
[218] Linum orientale pumilum flore luteo magno, T. Cor. 24.
Linum sativum humilius flore majore, Mor. Hist. ii. 573.
[219] Gladiolus floribus uno verso dispositis major & procerior flore
purpureo rubente, C. B. P. 41.
[220] Lilio narcissus polyanthus flore incarnato fundo ex luteo
albescente, Sloan.
Lilio narcissus luteus autumnalis major, Inst. R. H. 386.
[221] Delphinium segetum flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 426.
Delphinium arvense flore versicolore, Clus. App. 2.
[222] Buglossum angustifolium majus flore cæruleo, C. B. P. 256.
Buglossum vulgare albo & violaceo colore, H. R. Par.
Buglossum sylvestre minus, C. B. P. 256.
[223] Galium luteum, C. B. P. 335.
Galium arvense flore cæruleo, Inst. R. H. 115.
Galium album linifolium Micheli.
[224] Aristolochia longa vera, C. B. P. 162.
Aristolochia orientalis foliis lanceolatis.
[225] Sideritis orientalis phlomidis folio, T. Cor. 12.
Sideritis foliis hirsutis profunde crenatus, C. B. P. 233.
Sideritis Cretica viscosa angustifolia, Zan.
[226] Cassida orientalis chamedrys folio flore luteo, T. Cor. 11.
[227] Trifolium capitulo spumoso aspero majus, C. B. P. 329.
Trifolium pratense luteum capitulo lupuli vel agrarium, C. B. P. 328.
Trifolium pratense album, ditto, 327.
Trifolium stellatum, ditto, 329.
Trifolium cum glamerulis ad caulium nodos rotundis, Raii Syn. 194.
[228] Melilotus Messanenses procumbens foliculis rugosis sublongis spicis
florum brevibus, Raii Hist. 952.
Melilotus.
[229] Antirrhinum arvense majus, C. B. P. 212.
[230] Moldavia orientalis salicis folio flore parvo cæruleo, T. Cor. 11.
[231] Medica major erectior floribus purpurascentibus, J. B. ii. 382.
Medica cochleata δικαρπος capsula rotunda spinosa foliis eleganter
dissectis, H. L. Bat.
Medica sylvestris, _an. Tourn._ 47.
Medica orbiculata elegans orbiculis circumoras rugosis, Raii Hist. 962.
Medica sylvestris floribus e luteo pallescentibus, Inst. R. H. 410.
Medica Cretica orbiculata fructu utrinque turbinato, T. Cor. 28.
Medica orbiculata fructu lato simplice voluto, Raii Hist. 962.
[232] Anonis spinis carens ruteo minor, Bot. Monsp.
Anonis flore luteo parvo, H. R. Par.
[233] Galega vulgaris floribus cæruleis.
[234] Reseda vulgaris, C. B. P. 100.
[235] Vulneraria flore purpurascente, Inst. R. H. 391.
[236] Valerianella fructu stellato.
[237] Orchis.
[238] Jacea montana pumila capite magno straboli, J. B. iii. 30.
_Centaurium majus incanum humile capiti pini_, _Inst. R. H._ 448.
[239] Coronilla Cretica herbacea flore parvo purpurascente, T. Cor. 44.
[240] Aquilegia sylvestris, C. B. P. 144.
[241] Scabiosa orientalis argentea foliis inferioribus incisis, T. Cor.
34.
[242] Thymus vulgaris tenuiore folio, C. B. P. 219.
[243] Echium vulgare, C. B. P. 254.
Echium majus & asperius flore diluto purpureo, Bot. Monsp.
Echium foliis angustis & villosis, Inst. R. H. 130.
Echium rorismarini folio, ditto.
Echium Creticum angustifolium rubrum, C. B. P. 234.
Echium orientale majus & asperius flore leucophæo, T. Cor.
[244] Chamæpytis lutea vulgaris, sive folio trifido, C. B. P. 249.
Chamæpytis Austriaca Gerard. Ruyschiana flore cæruleo magno, Boer. Ind.
Alter.
[245] Nasturtium orientale foliis inferioribus millefolium, superioribus
perfoliatum referentibus, Inst. R. H. 214.
Nasturtium hortense vulgatum, C. B. P. 103.
[246] Alysson vulgare polygoni folio caule nudo, Inst. R. H. 217.
Paronychia vulg. Dod. pempt.
[247] Alysson orientale polygoni folio flore luteo, T. Cor.
[248] Eryngium stellatum capitulis cæruleis, Rawolf.
[249] Onobrychis foliis viciæ fructu echinato major floribus dilute
rubentibus, C. B. P. 350.
Onobrychis orientalis incano flore luteo fructu magno radiato, T. Cor. 26.
Onobrychis orientalis Galegæ foliis erectior floribus lineis purpereis
utrinque reticulato, ditto.
[250] Ornithopodium scorpoides siliqua compressa, Inst. R. H. 400.
Ornithopodium portulacæ folio, ditto, 401.
[251] Ferrum equinum siliqua singulari, C. B. P. 349.
[252] Lotus.
[253] Medicago annua trifolii facie, Inst. R. H. 412.
Medicago vulnerariæ facie Cretica, ditto.
[254] Vicia segetum siliquis singularibus glabris, C. B. P. 345.
Vicia orientalis flore suave rubente siliquis brevissimis, Boer. Ind.
Alt. 2.
Vicia sylvestris hirsuta incana, C. B. P. 345.
Vicia angustifolia purpuro violaceo siliqua lata glabra, Bot. Monsp.
[255] Astragalus orientalis incanus foliorum alis prodeuntibus, T. Cor.
28.
Astragalus orientalis incanus foliorum conjugationibus densissimus,
ditto, 29.
Astragalus incanus siliqua incurva, Bot. Monsp.
Astragalas orientalis maximus incanus erectus caule ab imo ad summum
florido, T. Cor. 29.
Astragalus luteus annuus Monspelianus procumbens, Mor. Hist. ii. 108.
An. Astragalus montanus vel onobrychis aliis, J. B. ii. 339.
[256] Betonica orientalis sideritidis facie flore dilutissime
purpurascente, T. Cor. 13.
[257] Jacea montana pumila capite magno straboli, J. B. iii. 30.
Centaurium majus circanum humile capite pini, Inst. R. H. 448.
[258] Borago floribus cæruleis, J. B. iii. 574.
[259] Asperago vulgaris, Inst. R. H. 135.
[260] Cynoglossum Creticum latifolium fœtidum, C. B. P. 257.
[261] Orobanche major garophyllum olens, C. B. P. 87.
Orobanche subcæruleo flore sive 2 Clus. Hist. 271.
[262] Mentha sylvestris longiore folio, C. B. P. 227.
Mentha angustifolia spicata, ditto.
Mentha.
[263] Juncus.
[264] Melissa hortensis, C. B. P. 229.
[265] Thymus vulgaris tenuiore folio, C. B. P. 219.
[266] Verbena tenuifolia, C. B. P. 269.
Verbena.
[267] Lepidium latifolium, C. B. P. 97.
Lepidium humile minus incanum Alepicum, Inst. R. H. 216.
[268] Malva rosea folio subrotundo flore dilutius rubente, C. B. P. 315.
Alica, Lin. Sp. pl. 1.
Malva rosea flore candido, ditto.
[269] Quinquefolium.
[270] Lilium album vulgare, J. B. ii. 685.
Lilium purpuro croceum majus, C. B. P. 76.
[271] Lappa major arctium Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 198.
[272] Artemisia.
[273] Leontopetalon foliis costæ ramosæ innascentibus, T. Cor. 49.
Leontopetalon foliis costæ simplici innascentibus, ditto.
[274] Hyosciamus rubello flore, C. B. P. 169.
Hyosciamus vulgaris vel niger, ditto.
Hyosciamus Creticus luteus major, C. B. Prodrom. 92.
[275] Ruta sylvestris flore magno albo, C. B. P. 336. _Harmala Dod.
pempt._ 121.
Ruta sylvestris linifolia Hispanica, Bocc. Mus. p. ii. 82. tab. 73.
[276] Tabago Belgarum, sive peplus Parisiensium, Lugd. 456.
[277] Capparis spinosa fructu minore folio rotundo, C. B. P. 480.
[278] Asphodelus albus ramosus mas, C. B. P. 28.
Asphodelus albus minimus, ditto, 29.
Asphodelus luteus & flore & radice, ditto, 28.
Asphodelus flore suave rubente, Lob. Icon. 91.
[279] Ornithogalum majus spicatum flore albo, C. B. P. 70.
Ornithogalum angustifolium bulbiferum, ditto, 71.
Ornithogalum umbellatum angustifolium medium, ditto, 70.
Ornithogalum spicatum flore viride lactescente, ditto.
Ornithogalum Byzantinum flore albo, Inst. R. H. 380. _Hyacinthus
stellaris amænus flore albo_, _C. B. P._ 46.
Ornithogalum Lusitanicum capillaceo flore luteo, T. Inst. 380.
[280] Glycyrrhiza siliquosa vel Germanica, C. B. P. 352.
[281] Solanum officinarum acinis luteis, C. B. P. 166.
Solanum bacciferum fruticosum, ditto.
[282] Fœniculum sylvestre perenne færulæ folio breviori, Inst. R. H. 311.
Fœniculum dulce majore & albo semine, ditto.
Fœniculum annuum umbello contracta oblonga, ditto. _Visnaga_, _J. B._ 3.
2. 31.
Fœniculum orientale cuminum dictum, Inst. R. H. 312.
[283] Cnicus sylvestris hirsutior sive carduus benedictus, C. B. P. 378.
Cnicus exiguus capite cancellato semine tomentoso, Inst. R. H. 351.
[284] Cucumis sylvestris asininus dictus, C. B. P. 314. _Elaterium_,
_Boer. Ind._
[285] Al hagy Maurorum, Rawolf 94. T. Cor. 54.
[286] Acacia.
[287] Tragacantha orientalis humillima incana flore purpurante, T. Cor.
29.
[288] Kali.
[289] Carduus stellatus luteus foliis Cyani, C. B. P. 387. _Spina
solstitialis_, _Dod. pempt._ 734.
Carduus orientalis lanceolatus flore parvo purpureo, T. Cor. 31.
Carduus orientalis calcitrapa folio flore flavescente odoratissimo, ditto.
Carduus tomentosus acanthi folio Alepicus magno flore, Inst. R. H. 441.
[290] Gundelia orientalis acanthi aculeati folio floribus intense
purpureis capite araneosa lanuguine obsito, T. Cor. 51.
[291] Molucca lævis, Dod. pempt. 92.
Molucca spinosa, ditto.
[292] Stachys major Germanica, C. B. P. 236.
[293] Marrubium nigrum fœtidum Ballote Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 230.
[294] Chamænerion villosum majus flore parvo, Inst. R. H. 303.
[295] Ricinoides ex qua paratur turnsol Gallorum, Inst. R. H. 655.
Ricinoides Americana verbasci folio, Plum. lat.
[296] Stramonium fructu spinoso rotundo flore albo simplice, Inst. R. H.
118.
[297] Heliotropium majus Dioscoridis, C. B. P. 253.
Heliotropium minus supinum, C. B. P. ditto.
[298] Plumbago quorundam, Clus. Hist. 123.
[299] Anagallis cæruleo flore.
[300] Dipsacus.
[301] Cotula Cretica montana abrotani folio, T. Cor. 37.
[302] Ptarmica orientalis foliis santolini incanis semiflosculis florum
pallide luteis, ditto.
Ptarmica orientalis santolini folio radice repente, Miller.
[303] Millefolium orientale altissimum luteum abrotani folio, T. Cor. 37.
[304] Elichrysum sylvestre latifolium flore magno singulare, Inst. R. H.
452.
[305] Conyza orientalis pumila incana oleæ folio. T. Cor. 33.
[306] Gramen pratense.
Gramen segetale.
Gramen panaceum.
Gramen dactylum Ægyptiacum.
[307] Jacobea orientalis cacaliæ folio, T. Cor. 37.
Jacobea senecionis folio tenuissime diviso non incano flore magno.
[308] Chenopodium fœtidum, Inst. R. H. 506.
[309] Chenopodium folio sinuato candicante, ditto.
[310] Scorzonera purpureo flore chalepense, Cat. Stirp. Or.
Scorzonera foliis laciniatis supina, Bocc. Boer. Ind. Alt.
Scorzonera latifolia sinuata, C. B. P. 275.
[311] Buphthalmum.
[312] Calendula.
[313] Chrysanthemum majus folio profundus laciniato magno flore, C. B. P.
134.
[314] Tragopogon purpureum.
Tragopogon pratense luteum majus, C. B. P. 274.
[315] Achillea.
[316] Phytolacca Americana majori fructu, Inst. R. H. 299.
[317] Lathyrus latifolius, C. B. P. 344.
Lathyrus Bæticus flore luteo, Park. Theat. 1064.
Lathyrus luteus latifolius, Bot. Monsp.
Lathyrus angustissimo folio semine rotundo, H. R. Par.
[318] Clymenum Hispanicum flore vario siliqua plana, Inst. R. H. 396.
[319] Hedysarum clypeatum flore suaviter rubente, Hort. Eyst.
[320] Matricaria orientalis tannaceti folio incano & villoso flore parvo,
T. Cor. 37.
[321] Chamomælum Chium vernum folio crassiore flore magno, ditto.
Chamomælum orientale foliis pinnatis, ditto.
[322] Cannabis.
[323] Lapathum acutum sive oxylapathum, J. B. ii. 983.
[324] Lapathum folio acuto rubente, C. B. P. 114.
[325] Parletaria orientalis polygani folio canascente, Hort. Pis.
[326] Adianthum foliis coriandri, C. B. P. 355.
[327] Urtica urens minor, C. B. P. 232.
Urtica pilulifera folio angustiore caule viride belliarica of Salvadore,
Boer. Ind.
[328] Rhagodiolus alter, Cæsalp. 511.
[329] Senecio minus vulgaris, C. B. P.
[330] Salix orientalis flagellis deorsum pulchre pendentibus, T. Cor.
[331] Nymphœa lutea major, C. B. P. 193.
[332] Convolvulus Syriacus. _Scammonia Syriaca_, _C. B. P._ 294.
[333] Siliquastrum, Cast. Dur. 415.
Cotinus coriaria, Dod. P. 780.
Tamariscus Germanicus, Lob. Icon. 218.
Vitex foliis angustioribus cannabis modo dispositis, C. B. P. 475.
Paliurus, Dod. pemp. 756.
Agnus castus.
Emerus Cæsalpini.
Colutea foliolis ovatis integerrimis caule fruticoso.
Erica humilis cortice cinericeo arbuti flore albo, H. R. Par.
Cistus fœmina folio salviæ elatior & rectis virgis, C. B. P.
Cistus mas folio oblongo incano, C. B. P.
Genista tinctoria Lusitanica maxima, Inst. R. H.
Aristolochia Cretica scaudens altissimæ pistalochiæ foliis.
Securidaca lutea, C. B.
Valeriana hortensis, C. B.
Echium Creticum.
An. Valeriana orientalis minime flore leucophæo.
Tithymalus myrsinites angustifolius, C. B. P.
Horminum orientale annuum sativo simile coma carens flore violaceo.
Trifolium bituminosum arboreum angustifolium ac sempervirens, Hort. Carth.
An. Campanula angustifolia pumila floribus cæruleis uno versu dispositis.
Bupleurum orientale angustifolium semine longiore.
Bryonia Cretica maculata, C. B.
Cuminoides.
Chamædrys Alpina frutescens folio splendente.
Gallium montanum latifolium ramosum.
Quinquefolium orientale erectum montanum hirsutum luteum flore majore.
Anonis viscosa spinis carens lutea major, C. B. P.
Cannabina Cretica fructifera.
An. Phlomis orientalis hormini folio flore minore calyce Glabro.
Phlomis orientalis angusto & longiore folio flore luteo.
Elichrysum montanum longiore folio & flore purpureo.
Elichrysum angustifolium incanum maximo flore.
Onobrychis.
Thymbria legitima, Clus.
Alysson fruticosum incanum.
Clematites.
Carduus Creticus rapifolio.
Stæchas purpurea, C. B. P.
Vulneraria flore purpurascente.
Pastinaca sylvestris altissime.
Astragalus Alpinus procerior alepecuroides.
Lunaria leucoii folio siliqua oblonga majore.
Nigella orientalis flore flavescente semine alato plano.
Atriplex latifolia sive halimus fruticosus, Mor. Hist.
An. Thymellæa Cretica oleæ folio utrinque glabro.
Marrubium sideritidis folio flore luteo.
Satureia sativa.
Vicia perennis incana multiflora, Bot. Monsp.
[334] A rotoloe of _Aleppo_ is five pounds.
[335] Leban is a coagulated sour milk, usually prepared by boiling the
milk, and, when hot, putting a small proportion of leban into it, which
coagulates the whole before next morning. How it was made originally,
I could never learn, the natives never using any other than the above
method: but, from some experiments which I have been told were made,
it would appear, that by first letting some milk stand till sour, then
putting a little of it to some fresh milk, which it will turn also, next
day repeating the same with this new-turned milk, and so continuing for a
number of days, one may at last produce the true leban.
[336] I dissected a male of this species, which was shot a few hours
from the city. It was a little bigger than a large mastiff-dog, which
it resembled in many respects. Its colour was grey, and streaked
transversely with black; the hair harsh, and somewhat longer than that
of a dog; and from the hind-part of the head, down the neck and back, it
had a long white mane, as described by Aristotle[A]. The opinion of
this animal’s being incapable of moving the neck, _&c._[B], is without
foundation, it having vertebræ, and as easy a motion of the head as
dogs, or other animals of that species. I could not observe any thing in
the eye particular when dead: however, as I saw it not alive, I cannot
contradict what Pliny says, _Oculis mille esse varietates colorumque
mutationes_. Just over the anus was an aperture, which at first sight
appeared like a female pudendum, but proved on examination only a shallow
kind of sack. Its use I could not find out: but this seems to have given
rise to what the ancients report of this animal, and what the natives of
this country still believe, _viz._ that it changes its sex every year.
The penis differed from that of a dog, in having no bone. The scrotum was
but small, and at first sight seemed to contain but one testicle, the
other being close bound up by the skin, so as not to appear externally.
The vasa præparantia and deferentia were traced from the testicle through
the rings of the muscles; but they were unfortunately cut out with the
entrails, which the person who killed the animal had thrown away for the
lighter carriage.
[A] Hist. Animal. lib. 8. cap 899.
[B] Plin. Hist. Natural. vol. 2. lib. 8. p. 184.
[337] Rana arborea, seu ranunculus viridis.
[338] Gallus gallinaceus & gallina domestica.
[339] Gallus & gallina ex Persia.
[340] Gallo pavo.
[341] Anser.
[342] Anas.
[343] Galinula choloropus major Aldrovandi.
[344] Rallus aquaticus Aldrovandi.
[345] Anser ferus.
[346] Boscas major, anas torquata major Aldrovandi.
[347] Penelope Aldrovandi.
[348] Tulica.
[349] Platea seu Albordeola.
[350] Querquedula secunda Aldrovandi.
[351] Scolopax Aldrovandi.
[352] Coturnix.
[353] Ortygometra Aldrov. Crex Aristotelis.
[354] Oriolus Alberti.
[355] The kata (See plate IX.) is about the size of a partridge, and its
shape between that and a pigeon. The bill is of a light colour, tipp’d
with black, short, and thick; the legs white, covered with short feathers
on the fore-part; three toes stand forward, and a small spur behind.
There is a good deal of variety in their plumage. The bird now described
is one of the most beautiful. Round the eyes, and the fore-part of the
neck (except under the throat, where it is black), the feathers are of
a bright colour; the tips being black, form a sort of ring on the upper
part of the breast, which is of a cinnamon colour, terminated at the
lower part by a ring of black, like the former. The belly is white. The
back, and that part of the wing next to it, is of a mouse-colour, with
most of the feathers tipp’d with a bright yellow. Of the same colour
is the tip of the pinnion; but the short feathers under it are broad,
and tipp’d with black, or a coffee-colour, with a narrow rim of white
at the very extremity, having the appearance of so many half-moons. The
long feathers of the wing are of a mouse-colour, with the quill black.
The feathers on the rump are agreeably variegated with black, white,
and yellow. The tail, which is short, like that of a pigeon, ends in
two long, very narrow, black feathers or quills, running out near three
inches beyond the others, and ending in a point. These birds are in such
plenty in the months mentioned in the text, that a whole ass-load has
often been taken at once shutting of a clasp-net.
[356] Otis seu tarda avis.
Stella avis.
[357] Perdix ruffa Aldrov.
[358] Francolinus olinæ, known to the French by the name of _gelinot_.
[359] Alauda vulgaris.
[360] Totavilla olinæ.
[361] Alauda cristata galerita.
[362] Calandra.
[363] Hortulanus Aldrovandi.
[364] Citrinella.
[365] Galinago minor.
[366] Galinago minime.
[367] Turdus.
[368] Turdus Iliacus.
[369] Turtur.
[370] Œnas, sive vinago.
[371] Columba tabellaria.
[372] Vultur niger.
[373] Anocratulus sive pelicanus Aldrov.
[374] Tinnunculus vel centheris.
[375] Ciconia alba vulgaris.
[376] Ciconia nigra.
[377] Buba.
[378] Grus Γερανος.
[379] Grus Numidica.
[380] Ardea cinerea major sive pella.
[381] Phœnicopterus.
[382] Corvus aquaticus.
[383] Œdicnemus Bellon. Charadrius Gesner.
[384] Corvus.
[385] Cornix cinerea frugilega.
[386] Cornix.
[387] Monedula.
[388] Pica varia caudata.
[389] Ardea cinerea minor, Germanis nycticorax.
[390] Sturnus.
[391] Merula vulgaris.
[392] This bird is about the size and shape of a starling, and seems of
that species. The bill is short, and black; of which colour are also
the legs. The plumage on the body is of a flesh-colour: the head, neck,
wings, and tail, are black.
[393] Larus cinereus tert. Aldrov.
[394] Hirundo domestica.
[395] Hirundo agrestis sive rustica Plinii.
[396] Hirundo apis.
[397] Upupa.
[398] Merops sive apiaster.
[399] Passer domesticus.
[400] Fringilla.
[401] Carduelis.
[402] Linaria vulgaris.
[403] Turdus pilaris.
[404] Motacilla alba.
[405] Cuculus.
[406] Ispida, An veterum Alcyon?
[407] Picus varius major.
[408] Œnanthus nostra tertia. Muscicapa tertia Aldrov.
[409] Passer troglodites Aldrov.
[410] Jaquacati guacu Margrav.
[411] Pluvialis viridis.
[412] Pluvialis cinerea.
[413] Luscinea, seu philomela.
[414] See Plate X. where it is drawn with its neck stretched out, being
the common action of this bird. The length of the bird in this posture,
from the point of the bill to the end of the tail, is 15 inches; the
neck, from the setting on of the shoulders, 5½; the bill 2 inches; from
the tip of one wing to that of the other, when extended, 20½ inches. The
body of the bird is but small, about the size of a rail; and the colour
of the feathers resemble also those of that bird. The top of the head,
and tips of the wings, are black; the legs are long, of a greenish white
colour: the toes four. This bird is common on the river Coic near Aleppo.
[415] See Plate XI. The description is as follows. From the tip of the
bill to the end of the tail, 11½ inches; the breadth between the tips
of the extended wings 23 inches; weight of the bird 4 ounces. The bill
is somewhat more than an inch in length, the upper mandible being the
longest, and a very little crooked at the extremity. From the upper part
of the thigh to the extremity of the middle claw, is 7 inches. These long
legs are bare of feathers from the middle of the thigh, and black. The
claws are also black, three in number; of which the middle one is the
longest, and is joined by a membrane to the outer claw. This bird has no
back-claw.
The crown of the head is black; the neck white, except a streak of black,
which is continued from the chin to the breast. The breast, with the
greater part of the belly, is black; the feathers of the lower part of
the belly and the thighs white. The back is of a mouse-colour. The tail
is not forked, and about 4 inches in length; the half next to the body
white, the other half black[C]. The nine longest quill-feathers of the
wings are black; the others white, but black at the tips; so that the
whole lower part of the wing appears of that colour. The covert-feathers
are of the same colour with the back[D]. In the fore-part of each wing
is a little sharp, straight, blackish horn, like a cock’s spur; below
which for a little way the covert-feathers are white.
This bird is also found nigh the river Coic.
[C] The two outer feathers tipp’d with white.
[D] Seven of the outer covert-feathers black.
[416] Cyprinus Rondeletii, Gesneri, & aliorum.
[417] Mystus Niloticus Bellonii.
[418] Barbus Rondel.
[419] Nasus Alberti, Aldrov.
[420] Tœnia cornuta Schonfeldii.
[421] Anguilla Rondeletii, & omnium fere autorum.
[422] The fish, Plate XII. No. 1. in its shape resembles very much the
Silurus Rondeletii, like it too having no scales. Its length (from the
nose to the tip of the tail) 20 inches, weight 20 ounces; but they are
of different sizes. The head and back are black: the lateral line runs
quite from the head to the tail, on the middle of the side; below which,
to the belly, the colour generally changes to a dark purple. Of the same
colour is the under-part of the head. The head is flat, and in length
near 5 inches; the body is round, till within a few inches of the tail,
where it grows flat. The mouth is not so large in proportion as that of
the silurus. It has no tongue; and the structure of the mouth and palate
agree exactly with the description of that fish. From the edge of the
nostril on each side arises a small cirrus, and from the angles of the
mouth two others, that are stronger, and twice as long. On the lower lip
are four more, the two external being the longest. The eyes are situated
near the corner of the mouth, close upon the inferior edge of the upper
jaw. The branchiæ are four on each side; and all of them have a double
row of sharp points, like the teeth of a comb. It has two fins near
the branchiæ, consisting of seven radii; to the anterior part of which
joins a pretty strong prickly bone. About an inch above the anus are two
smaller fins. A long fin extends from under the anus to the tail, as
another of the same kind does from the neck all along the back: neither
of these join with the tail, which is round at the tip, and composed of
about 22 feathers.
This fish is found in the river Orontes, and, I believe, also in some
stagnant waters near it. The markets of Aleppo are plentifully supplied
with it from the month of November till the beginning of March. The flesh
is red, like beef, of a rank taste; and though, for want of better, ate
much by the people, yet is esteemed unwholsome. The name it usually goes
by is _simack il aswad_, which signifies the black fish. Its proper name
however among the natives is _siloor_.
[423] Silurus Rondeletii, Gesneri, P. 1047.
[424] Cobitis fluviatilis barbatula Gesner.
[425] Alburnus Ausonii.
[426] Capito sive cephalus Ges. p. 215.
[427] Rutilus sive rubellus fluviatilis Gesner.
[428] Gobius fluviatilis Gesner.
[429] Mugilis vel cephali fluviat. spec. min.
[430] Leuciscus Bellonii.
[431] Carassius simpliciter dictus.
[432] Phoxinus squamosus major.
[433] The fish, Plate XII. fig. 2. has, upon a slight view, so much the
appearance of an eel, and, except its not being so fat, eats so like
that fish, that though it is much oftener brought to the tables of the
Europeans at Aleppo than any other fish found in the river Coic, it has
never been suspected of being any ways different from the common eel; and
yet, upon examination, it will be found of quite another genus.
The head is long and small: the extremity of the upper jaw runs out
to a narrow point, like the bill of a bird; on each side of which, a
little distant from the extreme point, are two tubuli, or processes. As
in the common eel there are two fins at the gills, from the occiput,
all along the ridge of the back, small prickles are placed at little
distances, resembling the teeth of a saw. These terminate at the origin
of a membranaceous fin, rising about four inches from the tail, and is
continued (as in the eel) along the lower part of the belly to the anus;
at which place are also found two or three prickles. The colour of the
head and back is blackish, variegated with dark yellow spots; the lower
belly white, changing gradually into a yellowish cast. The fin of the
lower belly, near to the anus, is yellow; the other half spotted with
black. The length of the fish described was eleven inches.
[434] The fish, Plate XIII. fig. 1. is about four inches long. The head
is large and flat, the body oblong and compressed. Its colour is mostly
of a dark silver. The eyes are large and protuberant. From the lower jaw
arise four cirri; the longer measure one inch, the shorter two-thirds of
an inch. From the upper jaw arise two longer, each measuring two inches
and a half, of a firmer texture than either those of the lower jaw, or of
two other small ones placed just by the nostrils. Between the two long
cirri are two small tubuli. The whole of the cirri are of a white colour,
excepting the two longest, which are of a darkish colour, like the upper
part of the head. The fins are eight in number; two by the gills, each
furnished with a strong saw-like bone: two small ones near the anus; one
of eight radii, situated half-way between the anus and the tail; one
consisting of seven radii on the back. Another fin, of a membraneous and
fleshy texture, arises from the middle of the back, and is continued all
along to the tail. The tail is forked.
[435] Plate XIII. fig. 2. represents a fish, which in its general form,
somewhat resembles the above. It is in length three inches: the head
is rather flatter: the mouth has a more inferior situation, and is in
proportion larger, than that of the former fish: eyes much smaller. The
cirri, situated as in the other, are eight in number, but much shorter,
these that rise from the upper jaw (being the longest) measuring only
one inch; they are also flatter at their origin. They both agree in the
number of their fins; neither has the saw-like bone in the fin of the
back, but only in those near the gills. The fleshy fin of the back is
much smaller than in the _zakzuk_, and rises at a much greater distance
from the backfin. The colour is a pale silver, marbled with grey,
particularly the lower part of the fins and tail; the two larger cirri
likewise marbled, the others white.
These two fishes, fig. 1. & 2. have no scales; and the palate, and other
structure of the inside of the mouth, is like that of the silurus.
This last described fish is also from the river Coic.
[436] This calculation was made by some priests from the harach, (a
pole-tax levied upon the male Christians and Jews, after they arrive at
a certain age that they are supposed to be capable of work): an estimate
of the bread consumed in the city, and the number of those who died
of the plague in 1742; which they found to be among the Christians in
the proportion of five to the hundred, and from thence they calculated
the Turks to be in the same proportion, and so reckoned the number at
300,000: but as all the Christians who can afford it keep out of the way
of infection, which but few Turks dare do, it is plain a much greater
proportion of the latter must die of the disease, and so cause a fallacy
in this calculation; so that I have only reckoned them at 200,000.
[437] Their menses begin from the age of twelve to fourteen, and continue
till forty, sometimes forty-five. In most they return once in four weeks,
and continue from three to seven days.
[438] See Plate XIV.
[439] This appears to be the same with what in India they call _bing_,
and is no other than the leaves of the female hemp, first powdered, then
put into wet pepper, and covered with hot ashes till it forms a sort of
paste, which they press into a thin cake, and then cut it into small
lozenges, and dry it. About half a drachm of this put into a pipe of
tobacco, or rather the nargeery, and smoked with the tobacco, will make a
person drunk, or rather mad; and a few grains, mixed with any thing sweet
(particularly, as they say, figs, though perhaps what it is swallowed in
is of little consequence), will, if taken inwardly, have the same effect.
They assert that acids will immediately put a stop to its effects. This
intoxicating quality of the hemp is mentioned by Galen.
[440] Composed of 720 drachms of quick-lime, and 90 drachms of orpiment
powdered. This they moisten a little at the time of using.
[441] _Jareed_ is a kind of javelin, or small stick, about two feet and
a half long, which they learn to throw very dextrously, so as to go
pointed as a dart. The exercise here meant is the throwing this when on
horseback, a mock-fight with this weapon being a common entertainment:
and it is surprising to see with what dexterity they manage their horses,
so as to avoid running one against another, when numbers are galloping
seemingly in the greatest disorder.
[442]
Forsitan expectes ut Gaditana canoro
Incipiat prurire choro plausuque probata
Ad terram tremulo descendant clune puellæ.
Juv. sat. xi. l. 162.
[443] Zumr.
[444] Napheer.
[445] Snooge.
[446] Tabble.
[447] Nakara.
[448] Santeer.
[449] Tamboor.
[450] Naii.
[451] Kaman jee.
[452] Diff.
[453]
Jampridem Syrus in Tiberim defluxit Orontes,
Et linguam & mores, & cum tibicine chordas
Obliquas necnon gentilia tympana secum
Vexit.
Juv. sat. iii. l. 62.
[454] Explanation of Plate XV. The windows are represented as opening on
the outer court-yards of a great house, where the colonade, or gallery,
and stair-case, are easily distinguished. In the front of the picture,
the Turkish method of decorating their rooms with Arab inscriptions,
painting and carving, is exhibited. The carpet, matrass, and cushions,
denote the divan properly furnished; in the nearest corner of which sits
a _kadee_, smoking the nargeery after the Persian manner. He is dressed
in what they call a _ferragee_, which is lined with fur, and has wide
sleeves. This dress, though most commonly worn by the lawyers, is also
sometimes wore by other persons of distinction: but the turbant is of
that sort which is peculiar to that profession. In the centre sits a
_sardar_, or aga of the Janizaries. The form of his turbant is that which
belongs to the officers of that body; but that of his robe is what is
wore indiscriminately by all well-dressed people, only peculiar to such
vests as are lined with short-haired furs, as sable, ermin, squirrel,
_&c._ which they wear in the spring and autumn. He is drinking coffee;
and before him stands a servant to receive the coffee-cup, in that dress,
and humble, submissive attitude in which they are accustomed to wait upon
their masters. In the farther corner sits a bashaw, smoking a pipe after
the manner of the Turks. His turbant is in the form that all the people
of fashion in that country wear, and his robe that which constitutes a
full dress in the winter; when it is lined with long-haired fur, such as
is taken from the ounce, foxes of different kinds, _&c._ The whole forms
a scene of a Turkish entertainment.
Plate XVI. represents a Turkish lady of condition in the proper dress of
Aleppo. She is represented as sitting carelessly on a divan, smoking a
pipe, and her servant presenting a dish of coffee in the usual manner.
[455] They have several methods of doing this; but the most common
composition is the following, _viz._ Take 120 drachms of sumach, and
boil it in 360 drachms of water, to the consumption of two-thirds of
the liquor. In this decoction, when strained, infuse the following
ingredients for some days; green vitriol, galls, allum, fresh branches of
walnut-tree, of each 5 drachms. With this the beard being first washed,
and well dried, is rubbed over, and the tincture suffered to remain on
about the space of an hour, after which they wash with warm water.
[456] The composition is as follows. Put 60 drachms of oil into an
earthen vessel on a gentle fire; and, when it begins to boil, throw in by
degrees 60 drachms of galls: cover the vessel with a smooth stone, and
let it remain on the fire till the galls become of a black, burnt colour.
It is then to be removed from the fire, and what is found sticking to the
cover being taken off, mixed with the finer part of what remains in the
vessel. To this must be added the following ingredients, finely powdered,
crude sal. ammoniac 20 drachms, æs. ust. 20 drachms, henna 120 drachms:
the whole, by kneading with the hands, is formed into little pieces or
tablets. It is applied with a little bit of wet stick.
[457] This is made of a mineral substance, called also _Ispahany_, from
the place it is brought from. It appears to be a rich lead-ore, and
is prepared by roasting it in a quince, apple, or trufle: then it is
levigated with oil of sweet almonds on a marble-stone. If intended to
strengthen the eyes, they often add flowers of olibanum or amber.
[458] The method of applying the henna is thus. They take some of the
henna in powder, and making it into a paste with water, roll or spin it
out into small threads; then they take a piece of leaven, and with a
rolling-pin roll it out into a very thin cake, which they cut out into
proper forms, for covering the hands, feet, fingers, and toes; and upon
this the threads of the henna-paste are placed in the forms they intend
to imprint upon the parts. A piece of the henna-paste is applied to the
tip of each finger and toe; and then the pieces of leaven-cake, prepared
as above, are tied on to the different parts they are intended for, and
suffered to remain there for two or three hours; at the expiration of
which all is taken off, and the mark of the several figures made with the
henna are found imprinted on the parts to which they were applied. They
then cover the whole hands and feet with a paste made of wheat-flour, a
small proportion of crude sal ammoniac, and a little quick-lime, with a
sufficient quantity of water, which in about half an hour turns all the
parts that had been before dyed of a dirty red or yellow, with the henna,
into a sort of black, or rather very dark green colour.
[459] Chinganas are a race of people, who are generally esteemed to be
the same with our Gypsies. They very much resemble Arabs, and, like them,
live under tents; but they are not acknowledged by them, or esteemed
orthodox Moslems. They are extremely poor, and some few are lodged
in tents round the skirts of the town all the year round, and hire
themselves for labourers, and other menial offices; but the greatest
number come thither in the spring from all parts, to assist in reaping
the corn.
[460] Shorba.
[461] Kabab.
[462] Yahny.
[463] Kharoof Mahshee.
[464] Yaprak.
[465] Kheiar Mashsee.
[466] Badinjan Mahshee.
[467] Paloosa.
[468] _Kennafy_ is a mixture of flour and water, made just thin enough to
run through the holes of a vessel they have on purpose, held over a hot
copper plate, which dries it quickly; so that it has the appearance of a
number of threads. This is mixed with butter and honey, and baked in the
oven.
[469] The fast of _Ramadan_ happens successively in every season of the
year: for as the Turks keep the lunar months, without any allowance, as
the Jews have, to make them correspond with the seasons, so they lose
about eleven days in every solar year; and by this means the month of
_Ramadan_ anticipates about that number of days every year. In other
affairs, that are requisite to fall at particular seasons, as farming
their duties on tobacco, _&c._ they observe the Greek months, which
correspond to the Julian calendar.
[470] _Sallah il Subh_, at day-break.
_Sallah il Dohr_, at noon.
_Sallah il Assr._ The common opinion is, that this praying-time is
mid-way between noon and sunset; but their true calculation, I have been
told, is as long after noon as half the distance of time between _Sallah
il Subh_ and _Sallah il Dohr_ amounts to.
_Sallah il Muggreb_, at sunset.
_Sallah il Ashie_, at an hour and a half after sunset.
[471] The Koran expressly says, that they shall have but four women,
whether wives or concubines (Sale’s Koran, ch. iv. p. 60.); and most
of the learned among them know this strictly to be their law: but what
I have mentioned above being the common practice, the far greater part
of the people believe it to be lawful. See Sale’s Koran, Preliminary
Discourse, § 6. p. 133.
[472] The tokens of virginity are expected by all sects in this country,
but more indecently exposed by the Turks than any other.
[473] _Sheih_ here signifies a saint, or holy man; but the name is also
applied to the head person in a village.
[474] _Hara_ is the general name given to the different divisions of the
city, which answers to our word _parish_.
[475] This service in English may be rendered thus. “O man, from the
earth thou wert at first created, and to the earth thou dost now return.
This grave being the first step in thy progress to the mansions of the
other world, if in thy actions thou hast been benevolent, thou art
absolved by God; but if, on the contrary, thou hast not been so, the
mercy of God is greater than all things. But remember what thou didst
believe in this world, That God is thy Lord, Mohammed thy Prophet, and in
all the Prophets and Apostles, and pardon is extensive.”
The Curds have a different service; which though it does not so much
regard the people of Aleppo, yet for its singularity I shall mention.
“If thou hast taken, thou shalt give: If thou hast done, thou shalt find:
If thou believest not, thou shalt see presently.”
[476] _Burgle_ is wheat boiled, then bruised by a mill, so as to take the
husk off, then dried, and kept for use. The usual way of dressing it is
either by boiling it like rice into a pilaw, or made into balls with meat
and spices; and, either fried or boiled, these balls are called _cubby_.
[477] The Greeks, Syrians, and Maronites, are kept upon the same
occasions, but differ as to the number of days. They are as follows:
Greeks. Syrians. Maronites.
_Soom il Kebeer_, or Great Lent before
Easter 48 days. 48 days. 48 days.
_Soom il Rassle_, or Fast of the Apostles 12 12 4
_Soom il Seida_, or Fast of the Holy Virgin 15 15 15
_Soom il Milaad_, or Lent before Christmas 40 25 20
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