indeed impossible to define with precision. The Empire after the
time of Constantine was predominantly Christian, yet paganism
still lingered in formidable though declining strength. A map of
religions designed to explain this period, even with unlimited
historical material, could hardly be executed by any system, for
the result could be little better than a chaos, the fragments of
the old religion everywhere disappearing or blending with the
new. The further treatment of the growth of Christianity by
cities or churches is now impossible; for the rapid increase of
the latter has carried the subject into details and intricacies
where it cannot be followed: on the other hand, to describe the
Roman world in the fourth century as a Christian world would be
taking an unwarranted liberty with the plain facts of history.
The last feeble remnants of paganism were in fact burned away in
the fierce heat of the barbaric invasions of the fifth century.
After that time we can safely designate the former limits of the
Roman Empire as the Christian world. From this point we can
resume the subject of church expansion by the "second method"
indicated at the head of this article. But concerning the
transition period of the fourth and fifth centuries, from the
time Christianity is predominant in the Roman world until it
becomes the sole religion of the Roman world, both methods fail
us and the map can tell us practically nothing.
BARBARIANS OF THE INVASION.
Another source of intricacy occurring at this point should not
escape notice. It was in the fourth century that Christianity
began its spread among the barbarian Teutonic nations north of
the Danube. The _Goths_, located on the Danube, between the
Theiss and the Euxine, were converted to Christianity, in the
form known as Arianism, by the missionary bishop Ulphilas, and
the faith extended in the succeeding century to many other
confederations of the Germanic race. This fact represented, for a
time, the Christianization, whole or partial, of some peoples
beyond the borders of the Empire. With the migrations of the
fifth and sixth centuries, however, these converts, without
exception, carried their new faith with them into the Empire, and
their deserted homes, left open to new and pagan settlers, simply
became the field for the renewed missionary effort of a later
age. It is a historical fact, from a cartographic standpoint a
fortunate one, that, with all the geographic oscillations of this
period between Christianity and paganism, the Christian world
finally emerged with its boundaries conforming, with only a few
exceptions, to the former frontiers of the Roman Empire.
Whether or not this is a historical accident it nevertheless
gives technical accuracy from the geographic standpoint to the
statement that Christianity first made the conquest of the Roman
world; from thence it went out to complete the conquest of
Europe.
CONVERSION OF EUROPE.
With the view, as afforded on the map, of the extent of
Christianity at the commencement of the seventh century, we have
entered definitely upon the "second method." Indeed, in Ireland,
Wales and Scotland, where the Celtic church has already put forth
its missionary effort, the method has, in point of date, been
anticipated; but this fact need cause no confusion in treatment.
Henceforth the spread of Christianity is noted as it made its way
from "people to people." At this point, however, occurs the
greatest intangibility of the subject. The dates given under each
country represent, as stated in the key to the map, "the
approximate periods of conversion." It is not to be inferred,
however, that Christianity was completely unknown in any of these
countries prior to the periods given, or that the work of
conversion was in each case entirely completed within the time
specified. But it is an absolute necessity to give some
definiteness to these "periods of conversion"; to assign with all
distinctness possible the time when each land passed from the
list of pagan to the list of Christian nations. The dates marking
the limits to these periods are perhaps chosen by an arbitrary
method. The basis of their selection, however, has been almost
invariably some salient point, first in the introduction and
finally in the general acceptance of the Christian faith. In
order that the reader may possess the easy means of independent
opinion or critical judgment, the explanation is appended of the
dates thus used, concerning which a question might legitimately
arise.
Goths.
Converted to Arian Christianity by Ulphilas, 341-381.
These dates cover the period of the ministry of Ulphilas,
whose efforts resulted in the conversion of the great body of
the Danubian Goths. He received his ordination and entered
upon his work in 341, and died at Constantinople in 381. (See
C. A. A. Scott's "Ulfilas.")
Suevi, Burgundians and Lombards.
These people, like the Goths, passed from paganism through the
medium of Arian Christianity to final Orthodoxy. Concerning
the first process, it is possible to establish nothing, save
that these Teutonic peoples appeared in the Empire in the
fifth century as professors of the Arian faith. The exact time
of the acceptance of this faith is of less consequence. The
second transition from Arianism to Orthodoxy occurred at a
different time in each case. The Suevi embraced the Catholic
faith in 550; the Visigoths, through their Catholic king
Reccared, were brought within the church at the third council
of Toledo (589). Further north the Burgundians embraced
Catholicism through their king Sigismond in 517, and, finally,
the Lombards, the last of the Arians, accepted Orthodoxy in
the beginning of the seventh century. The Vandals, another
Arian German nation of this period, figured in Africa in the
fourth century.
They were destroyed, however, by the arms of Belisarius in
534, and their early disappearance renders unnecessary their
representation on the present map.
Franks.
Christianity introduced in 496.
This is the date of the historic conversion of Clovis and his
warriors on the battlefield of Tolbiac. The Franks were the
first of the Germanic peoples to pass, as a nation, to
orthodoxy direct from paganism, and their conversion, as we
have seen, was soon followed by the progress from Arianism to
Orthodoxy of the other Germanic nations within the borders of
the Empire.
{xvi}
Ireland.
Christianity introduced by Patrick, 440-493.
St. Patrick entered upon his missionary work in Ireland in
440; he died on the scene of his labors in 493. This period
witnessed the conversion of the bulk of the Irish nation.
Picts.
Christianity introduced from Ireland by Columba, 563-597.
These dates cover the period of St. Columba's ministry. The
work of St. Ninian, the "apostle of the Lowlands" in the
previous century, left very few enduring results. The period
from 563, the date of the founding of the famous Celtic
monastery of Iona, to the death of Columba in 597, witnessed,
however, the conversion of the great mass of the Pictish
nation.
Strathclyde.
Christianity introduced by Kentigern, 550-603.
These dates, like the two preceding, cover the period of the
ministry of a single man, Kentigern, the "apostle of
Strathclyde." The date marking the commencement of Kentigern's
labors is approximate. He died in 603.
England.
The Celtic church had been uprooted in England by the
Anglo-Saxon invasions of the fifth and sixth centuries. While
its missionary efforts were now being expended on Scotland,
Strathclyde, and Cornwall, its pristine seat had thus fallen
away to complete paganism. The Christianization of England was
the work of the seventh century, and in this work the Celtic
church, though expending great effort, was anticipated and
ultimately outstripped by the church of Rome.
Kent.
Christianity introduced by Augustine, 597-604.
These dates cover the ministry of St. Augustine, the apostle
of Kent. This was the first foothold gained by the Roman
church on the soil of Britain.
Northumbria.--627-651.
Edwin (Eadwine), king of Northumbria, received baptism from
the Kentish missionary Paulinus on Easter Eve, 627.
The process of conversion was continued by the Celtic
missionary, Aidin, who died in 651. The Christianity of
Northumbria had begun before the latter date, however, to
influence the surrounding states.
East Anglia.--630-647.
East Anglia had one Christian king prior to this period; but
it was only with the accession of Sigebert (630) that great
progress was made in the conversion of the people. The reign
of king Anna witnesses the practical completion of this work.
In 647 the efforts of this sovereign led to the baptism of
Cenwalch, king of the West Saxons.
Wessex.--634-648.
The conversion of the West Saxons was begun by the missionary
Birinus in 634. The year 648 witnessed the restoration of the
Christian king Cenwalch.
Mercia.--654-670.
Mercia was one of the last of the great English kingdoms to
accept the faith. Their king, Penda, was indeed the most
formidable foe the church encountered in the British Isles.
The conversion of Penda's son Peada admitted the gospel to the
Middle Angles, who accepted Christianity in 653. The East
Saxons embraced the faith at about the same time. Finally in
654 the defeat and death of Penda at the hand of Oswy, the
Christian king of Northumbria, opened the doors of Mercia as
well. The conversion of the realm was practically accomplished
during the next few years.
Sussex.--681.
The leaders of the South Saxons received baptism at the hands
of the apostle Wilfred in 681. Sussex was the last retreat of
paganism on the English mainland, and five years later the
conversion of the inhabitants of the Isle of Wight completed
the spread of Christianity over every portion of the British
Isles.
Frisians.
Christianity introduced by Willibrord, 690-739.
The work of St. Willibrord among the Frisians was one of many
manifestations of the missionary activity of the Celtic
church. Willibrord introduced Christianity among these people
during the years of his ministry, but to judge by the
subsequent martyrdom of Boniface in Friesland (755) the work
of conversion was not fully completed in all quarters until a
later time.
Mission Field of Boniface.--722-755.
The object of the map is not merely to locate the mission
field of the great "apostle of Germany," but also to give the
location and date of the various bishoprics which owed their
foundation to his missionary efforts.
Saxons.--787-805.
Of all the nations converted to Christianity up to this time
the Saxons were the first conquest of the sword. The two most
powerful Saxon chiefs were baptized in 787; but it was not
until their complete defeat and subjugation by Charlemagne in
805 that the work of conversion showed a degree of
completeness. With the Christianization of the Saxons the
cordon of the church was completed around the Germanic
nations.
Moravia.
Christianity introduced by Cyrillus and Methodius, 863-900.
St. Cyrillus, the "apostle of the Slavs," entered upon his
mission in Moravia in 863. The political Moravia of the ninth
century, under Rastislav and Sviatopluk, exceeded greatly the
limits of the modern province; but the missionary labor of the
brothers Cyrillus and Methodius seems to have produced its
principal results in the modern Moravian territory, as
indicated on the map. Methodius, the survivor of the brothers,
died about 900. In the tenth century Moravia figures as
Christian.
Czechs.--880-1039.
The door to Bohemia was first opened from Moravia in the time
of Sviatopluk. The reactions in favor of paganism were,
however, unusually prolonged and violent. Severus, Archbishop
of Prague, finally succeeded in enforcing the various rules of
the Christian cultus (1039).
Poles.--966-1034.
The Polish duke Mieczyslav was baptized in 966. Mieczyslav II.
died in 1034. These dates cover the active missionary time
when, indeed, the efforts of the clergy were backed by the
strong arm of the sovereign. Poland did not, however, become
completely Christian until a somewhat later period.
Bulgarians.--863-900.
The Bulgarian prince Bogoris was baptized in 863. Again, as in
so many other cases, the faith was compelled to pass to the
people through the medium of the sovereign. The second date is
arbitrary, although Bulgaria appears definitely as a Christian
country at the commencement of the tenth century.
Magyars.--950-1050.
Missionaries were admitted into the territory of the Magyars
in 950.
{xvii}
The coronation of St. Stephen, the "apostolic king," (1000)
marked the real triumph of Christianity in Hungary. A number of
pagan reactions occurred, however, in the eleventh century, so
that it is impossible to place the conversion of the Magyars at
an earlier date than the last one assigned.
Russians.--988-1015.
The Russian grand-duke Vladimir was baptized on the occasion
of his marriage to the princess Anne, sister of the Byzantine
Emperor, in 988. Before his death in 1015 Christianity had
through his efforts become the accepted religion of his
people.
Danes.--Converted by Ansgar and his successors, 827-1035.
The Danes had been visited by missionaries prior to the ninth
century, but their work had left no permanent result. The
arrival of Ansgar, the "apostle of the North" (827), marks the
real beginning of the period of conversion. This period in
Denmark was an unusually long one. It was not fully complete
until the reign of Canute the Great (1019-1035).
Swedes (Gothia).
Christianity introduced by Ansgar and his successors, 829-1000.
Ansgar made his first visit to Sweden in 829, two years after
his arrival in Denmark. The period of conversion, as in
Denmark, was a long one; but by the year 1000 the southern
section, Gothia or Gothland, had become Christian. The
conversion of the northern Swedes was not completed for
another century.
Norwegians.--935-1030.
The period of conversion in Norway began with the reign of the
Christian king Hakon the Good. The faith made slow progress,
however, until the reign of Olaf Trygveson, who ascended the
throne near the end of the tenth century. The work of
conversion was completed in the reign of Olaf the Saint
(1014-1030).
Pomeranians.
Christianity introduced by Otho of Bamberg, 1124-1128.
The attempt of the Poles to convert the Pomeranians by the
sword prior to these dates had proven unavailing, and
missionaries had been driven from the country. Within the
short space of four years, however, Otho of Bamberg succeeded
in bringing the great mass of the people within the pale of
the church.
Abotrites.--1125-1162.
The conversion of these people was clearly the work of the
sword. It was accomplished within the time specified by Albert
the Bear, first margrave of Brandenburg, and Henry the Lion,
duke of Saxony. The last heathen king became the first
Christian duke of Mecklenburg in 1162. Further south the
kindred Wend nations between the Elbe and the Oder had been
the object of German effort, both missionary and military, for
over two centuries, but had generally come within the church
before this time.
Lives and Prussians.
Christianity introduced by the Sword Brothers, 1202-1236,
and by the Teutonic Knights, 1230-1289.
These conversions, the work of the transplanted military
orders of Palestine, were direct conquests of the sword, and
as such possess a definiteness which is so unfortunately
lacking in so many other cases.
So much for the character and the purpose of the dates which
appear on this map. In the employment of the colors, the periods
covered are longer, and as a consequence the general results are
somewhat more definite. The use of a color system directly over a
date system is intended to afford an immediate though general
view, From this to the special aspects presented by the date
features is a simple step in the development of the subject.
Another feature of the map which may not escape notice is the
different systems used, respectively, in the Roman and Mediæval
period for the spelling of urban names. A development map
covering a long period of history cannot be entirely free from
anachronisms of this nature; but a method has nevertheless been
followed in the spelling of these place names:--to give in each
case the spelling current at the period of conversion. The fact
that the labors of the Christian missionaries were confined
mostly to the Roman world in the Roman period, and did not extend
to non-Roman lands until the Middle Ages, enables us to limit our
spelling of civic names to a double system. The cities of the
Roman and of the Mediæval period are shown on the map and in the
key in two different styles of type. Only in the cases of cities
like Rome, Constantinople and Antioch, where the current form has
the absolute sanction of usage even for classic times, has there
been any deviation from the strict line of this method.
In conclusion, the general features of the subject present
themselves as follows: Had the advance of Christianity, like
Mohammedanism, been by conquest, had the bounds of the Christian
faith been thus rendered ever conterminous with the limits of a
people or an empire, then, indeed, the subject of church
expansion would possess a tangibility and coherency concerning
which exact statement would be possible. The historical geography
of the Christian church would then partake of some of the
precision of political division. But the non-political element in
the Christian cultus deprives us, in the study of the subject, of
this invaluable aid. At a later time, when the conquests of the
soul were backed by the strong arm of power, and when the new
faith, as often happened, passed to the people from the
sovereign, a measure of this exactness is perhaps possible.
We have witnessed an indication of these tendencies in many
cases, as we approached the termination of the period covered by
this map. But the fact remains that the fundamental character of
the Christian faith precludes, in the main, the possibility of
its growth being measured by the rules which govern ordinary
political expansion.
This being then a subject on which definiteness is well nigh
impossible, it has been treated by a method correspondingly
elastic. A working basis for the study of the subject is,
however, afforded by this system. This basis secured, the student
may then systematically pursue his theme.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The historical geography of the Christian church, if studied only
within narrow limits, can be culled from the pages of general
church history. All of these accounts, however, are brief--those
in the smaller histories extremely so. If studied thus, the
reader will derive the most help from:
Neander's "History of the Christian Religion and Church,"
volume I, pages 68-86.
volume II, pages 1-84, 93-129;
Schaff's "History of the Christian Church,"
volume I, pages 224-406,
volume II, pages 13-84,
volume III, pages 10-71,
volume IV, pages 17-142,
Moeller's "History of the Christian Church."
{xviii}
These works may be supplemented by a vast number of books
treating of special phases of church history, though the number
in English dealing specifically with geographical expansion is
very small.
The most recent, dealing with the ante-Nicene period, is Ramsey's
"Church in the Roman Empire before A. D. 170," to which the same
author's "Historical Geography of Asia Minor" forms a most
indispensible prelude.
Entering the mediæval period, the best general guides are the
little books of G. F. Maclear, entitled respectively the
conversion of the Celts, English, Continental Teutons, Northmen
and Slavs. These works may be supplemented by Thomas Smith's
"Mediæval Missions," and for special subjects by G. T. Stokes'
"Ireland and the Celtic Church," W. F. Skene's "Celtic Scotland"
(volume II), and S. Baring Gould's "The Church in Germany."
The texts of the Councils as contained in Harduin, Labbe, and
Mansi are indispensible original aids in the study of church
geography.
Of German Works, J. E. T. Wiltsch's "Atlas Sacer," and the same
author's "Church Geography and Statistics," translated by John
Leitch, have long remained the standard guides for a study of the
historical geography of the church. The Atlas Sacer, containing
five large plates, is the only pure atlas guide to the subject.
The "Church Geography and Statistics," being an ecclesiastical
work, dwells with great fulness on the internal facts of church
geography, but the outward expansion, barring the early growth of
the church, is not so concisely treated. For the history of
mediæval missions the reader will be better served elsewhere. To
the reader using German, C. G. Blumhardt's "Die
Missionsgeschichte der Kirche Christi" (3 volumes, 1828-1837), and
a later work, "Handbuch der Missionsgeschichte und
Missionsgeographie" (2 volumes, 1863), may be noted.
For modern missions there is a very full literature.
Comprehensive works on this subject are Grundemann's "Allgemeine
Missions Atlas," Burkhardt and Grundemann's "Les Missions
Evangéliques" (4 vols.), and in English the "Encyclopædia of
Missions." Several articles in the "Encyclopædia of Missions"
should not escape notice. Among them are "Mediæval Missions," and
the "Historical Geography of Missions," the latter by Dr. Henry
W. Hulbert. The writer is glad at this point to return his thanks
to Dr. Hulbert for the valued aid extended in the location of the
Church of the ante-Nicene period.
A. C. Reiley
{xix}
APPENDIX E.
THE FOLLOWING NOTES AND CORRECTIONS TO MATTER
RELATING TO AMERICAN ABORIGINES.
(PP. 76-108) HAVE BEEN KINDLY MADE BY MAJOR J. W. POWELL
AND MR. J. OWEN DORSEY, OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
Adai.
This tribe, formerly classed as a distinct family--the
Adaizan--is now regarded by the Bureau of Ethnology as but a
part of the Caddoan or Pawnee.
Apache Group.
Indians of different families are here mentioned together:
(A) the Comanches, etc., of the Shoshonean Family;
(B) the Apaches (including the Chiricaguis, or Chiri cahua,
Coyoteros, etc., but excluding the Tejuas who are Tañoan) of
the Athapascan Family, the Navajos of the same family; and
(C) the Yuman Family, including the Cosninos, who are not
Apache (Athapascan stock).
Athapascan Family.
Not an exact synonym of "Chippewyans, Tinneh and Sarcees." The
whole family is sometimes known as Tinneh, though that
appellation is more frequently limited to part of the Northern
group, the Chippewyans. The Surcees are an offshoot of the
Beaver tribe, which latter form part of one of the
subdivisions of the Northern group of the Athapascan Family.
The Sarcees are now with the Blackfeet.
Atsinas (Caddoes).
The Atsinas are not a Caddoan people, but they are Algonquian,
as are the Blackfeet (Sik-sik-a). The Atsinas are the "Fall
Indians," "Minnetarees of the Plains," or "Gros Ventres of the
Plains," as distinguished from the Hidatsa, who are sometimes
called the "Minnetarees of the Missouri," "Gros Ventres of the
Missouri."
Blackfeet or Siksikas.
The Sarcee are a Tinneh or Athapascan tribe, but they are not
the Tinneh (see above). The "Atsina" are not a Caddo tribe
(see above).
Cherokees.
These people are now included in the Iroquoian Family. See
Powell, in Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 79.
Flatheads (Salishan Family).
The "Cherakis," though included among the Flatheads by Force,
are of the Iroquoian Family. The "Chicachas" or Chickasaws,
are not Salishan, but Muskhogean. See Powell, Seventh Annual
Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 95. The Totiris of Force, are
the Tutelos, a tribe of the Siouan Family. See Powell,
Seventh, Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 116. The
Cathlamahs, Killmucks (i. e., Tillamooks), Clatsops, Chinooks
and Chilts are of the Chinookan Family. See Powell, Seventh
Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, pages 65, 66.
Gros Ventres (Minnetaree; Hidatsa).
There are two distinct tribes which are often confounded, both
being known as the Gros Ventres or Minnetarees. 1. The Atsina
or Fall Indians, an Algonquian tribe, the "Gros Ventres of the
Plains," or the "Minnetarees of the Plains." 2. The Hidatsa, a
Siouan tribe, the "Gros Ventres of the Missouri," or the
"Minnetarees of the Missouri." The former, the Atsina, have
been wrongly styled "Caddoes" on page 81.
Hidatsa, or Minnetaree, or Gros Ventres.
Often confounded with the Atsina, who belong to the Algonquian
Family, the Hidatsa being a tribe of the Siouan Family. The
Hidatsa have been called Gros Ventres, "Big Paunches," but
this nickname could have no reference to any personal
peculiarities of the Hidatsa. It seems to have originated in a
quarrel between some Indians over the big paunch of a buffalo,
resulting in the separation of the people into the present
tribes of Hidatsas and Absarokas or Crows, the latter of whom
now call the Hidatsa, "Ki-kha-tsa," from ki-kha, a paunch.
Hupas.
They belong to the Athapascan Family: the reference to the
Modocs is misleading.
Iroquois Tribes of the South.
"The Meherrins or Tuteloes."
These were not identical, the Tutelos being a Siouan tribe,
the Meherrins being now identified with the Susquehannocks.
Kenai or Blood Indians.
The Kenai are an Athapascan people inhabiting the shores of
Cook's Inlet and the Kenai Peninsula, Southern Alaska; while
the Blood Indians are a division of the Blackfeet (Siksika),
an Algonquian tribe, in Montana.
Kusan Family.
The villages of this family were on Coos River and Bay, and on
both sides of Coquille River, near the mouth. See Powell,
Seventh, Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 80.
ALSO IN:
J. Owen Dorsey, The Gentile System of the
Siletz Tribes, in Journal American Folk-Lore,
July-Sept., 1890, page 231.
Minnetarees.
See above, ATSINA and HIDATSA.
Modocs (Klamaths) and their California and Oregon neighbors.
The Klamaths and Modocs are of the Lutuamian Family; the
Shastas of the Sastean; the Pit River Indians of the
Palaihnihan; the Eurocs of the Weitspekan; the Cahrocs of the
Quoratean; the Hoopahs, Tolewas, and the lower Rogue River
Indians of the Athapascan; the upper Rogue River Indians of
the Takilman.
Muskhogean Family.
The Biloxi tribe is not Muskhogean but Siouan. See Dorsey
(James Owen), "The Biloxi Indians of Louisiana," reprinted
from volume 42, Proc. American Association Advancement
of Science., Madison meeting, 1893.
Natchitoches.
A tribe of the Caddoan Family.
_Dorsey (J. Owen), MS. in the Bureau of Ethnology, 1882._
ALSO IN:
_Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, page 61._
Pueblos.
"That Zuni was Cibola it is needless to attempt to prove any
further."
A. F. Bandelier, Journal of American Eth. and Arch., volume 3,
page 19, 1892.
{xx}
Rogue River Indians.
This includes tribes of various families: the upper Rogue
River Indians being the Takelma, who are assigned to a special
family, the Takilman; and the lower Rogue River Indians, who
are Athapascan tribes.
See _Dorsey (J. Owen), "The Gentile System of the Siletz
Tribes," in Journal of American Folk-Lore,
July-September., 1890, pages 228, 232-236._
Santees.
Two divisions of the Siouan Family are known by this name: 1.
The I san-ya-ti or Dwellers on Knife Lake, Minnesota,
identical with the Mdewakantonwan Dakota. These figured in the
Minnesota outbreak of 1862. The survivors are in Knox County,
Nebraska, on what was once the Santee reservation, and near
Flandreau, South Dakota. 2. The Santees of South Carolina were
part of the Catawba confederacy. The Santee river is named
after them.
Sarcee.
These are not all of the Tinneh, nor are they really
Blackfeet, though living with them. The Sarcees are an
offshoot of the Beaver Indians, a tribe of one of the
divisions of the Northern group of the Athapascan Family.
Siouan Family.
All the tribes of this family do not speak the Sioux language,
as is wrongly stated on page 103. Those who speak the "Sioux"
language are the Dakota proper, nicknamed Sioux, and the
Assiniboin. There are, or have been, nine other groups of
Indians in this family: to the Cegiha or Dhegiha group belong
the Omahas, Ponkas, Osages, Kansas or Kaws, and Kwapas or
Quapaws; to the Tchiwere group belong the Iowas, Otos, and
Missouris; the Winnebago or Hochangara constitute another
group; the fifth group consists of the survivors of the Mandan
nation; to the sixth group belong the Hidatsa and the
Absarokas or Crows; the Tutelos, Keyauwees, Aconeechis, etc.,
constituted the seventh group; the tribes of the Catawba
confederacy, the eighth; the Biloxis, the ninth; and certain
Virginia tribes the tenth group. The Winnebagos call
themselves Hochangara, or First Speech (not "Trout Nation"),
they are not called Horoje ("fish-eaters") by the Omahas, but
Hu-tan-ga, Big Voices, a mistranslation of Hochangara. The
Dakotas proper sometimes speak of themselves as the "O-che-ti
sha-ko-win," or the Seven Council-fires. Their Algonquian foes
called them Nadowe-ssi-wak, the Snake-like ones, from nadowe,
a snake; this was corrupted by the Canadian French to
Nadouessioux, of which the last syllable is Sioux. The seven
primary divisions of the Dakota are as follow: Mdewakantonwan,
Wakhpekute, Sisitonwan or Sisseton, Wakhpetonwan or Warpeton,
Ihanktonwan or Yankton, Ihanktonwanna or Yanktonnai, and
Titonwan or Teton.
The Sheyennes or Cheyennes, mentioned in connection with the
Sioux by Gallatin and Carver, are an Algonquian people. Gallatin
styles the "Mandanes" a Minnetaree tribe; but as has just been
stated, the survivors of the Mandan nation, a people that
formerly inhabited many villages (according to Dr. Washington
Matthews and others) belong to a distinct group of the Siouan
Family, and the Hidatsa (including the Amakhami or "Annahawas" of
Gallatin) and the Absaroka, Upsaroka or Crows constitute the
sixth group of that family. The "Quappas or Arkansas" of Gallatin
are the Kwapas or Quapaws of recent times. The Osages call
themselves, not "Wausashe," but Wa-sha-she.
Takilman Family.
"The Takilma formerly dwelt in villages along upper Rogue
River, Oregon, all the latter, with one exception, being on
the south side, from Illinois River on the southwest, to Deep
Rock, which was nearer the head of the stream. They are now
included among the 'Rogue River Indians,' and they reside on
the Siletz Reservation, Tillamook County, Oregon, where Dorsey
found them in 1884."
_Powell, Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology,
page 121._
They call themselves, Ta-kel-ma
_Dorsey._
Dorsey had their chief make a map showing the locations of all
their villages.
{xxi}
[Transcriber's note:
The internet links listed were active at the time of this
production in 2021. The link may be to a different edition than
listed. Most are to _archive.org_ or _gutenberg.org_,
both excellent repositories of free books.
An internet search (duckduckgo, google, bing, ...) will provide
links to many other sources. These were produced by entering the
author and title, as shown in the list, eg.,
BANCROFT, GEORGE. History of the United States of America, site:archive.org
Without the site restriction (site:archive.org) the search
results are flooded with links to commercial sites, hiding the
actual targets.
Results can be extended by noting the sequence number in a link such as:
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds04banciala
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds05banciala
Try modifying the number for adjacent volumes of the same title.]
APPENDIX F.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
THE BETTER LITERATURE OF HISTORY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
ON SUBJECTS NAMED BELOW.
_In the following Classified List, the date of the first
appearance of each one among the older works is given in
parentheses, if ascertained. The period covered by the several
memoirs, and other works limited in time, is stated in
brackets._
AMERICA.
DISCOVERY.
EXPLORATION.
SETTLEMENT.
ARCHÆOLOGY.
ETHNOLOGY.
GENERAL.
BANCROFT, GEORGE.
History of the United States of America, part 1.
(Author's last revision.)
New York: D. Appleton & Company 1883-5. 6 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/historyoftheunit037605mbp
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofusa01bancrich
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyofunited32banc
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyofusa03bancrich
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds04banciala
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds05banciala
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds06banciala
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyoftheunit037606mbp
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds0004banc/page/n7/mode/2up
BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE.
History of the Pacific States of North America:
Central America, volumes 1-2;
Mexico, volumes 1-2.
San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company 1882-3.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics11bategoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics15bategoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics16bategoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics26bategoog
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics24bategoog
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics13bategoog
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics30bategoog
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics02bategoog
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics23bategoog
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics04bategoog
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics29bategoog
(Volume 9) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics03bategoog
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics06bategoog
(Volume 11) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics07bategoog
(Volume 12) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics05bategoog
(Volume 13) https://archive.org/details/historyofpacific13bancrich
(Volume 14) https://archive.org/details/historyofpacific14bancrich
(Volume 14) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics09bategoog
(Volume 15) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics01bategoog
(Volume 16) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics10bategoog
(Volume 17) https://archive.org/details/historyofpacific17bancrich
(Volume 17) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics22bategoog
(Volume 18) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics08bategoog
(Volume 19) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics20bategoog
(Volume 19) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics27bategoog
(Volume 20) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics31bategoog
(Volume 21) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics17bategoog
(Volume 22) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics18bategoog
(Volume 23) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics28bategoog
(Volume 24) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics19bategoog
(Volume 25) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics26bategoog
(Volume 26) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics12bategoog
(Volume 27) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics21bategoog
(Volume 31) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics25bategoog
(Volume 32) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics15bategoog
(Volume 33) https://archive.org/details/historypacifics14bategoog
BANVARD, REVEREND JOSEPH.
Novelties of the new world.
Boston: Gould & Lincoln. 1851.
https://archive.org/details/noveltiesofnew00banv
BELKNAP, JEREMY.
American biography, volume 1. (1794-8.)
New York: Harper & Brothers. 3 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/americanbiograph185101belk
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/cihm_48978
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/cihm_37965
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.
Notes of Americana.
(Bulletins, volume 3. pages 205-209.)
BROWNELL, HENRY.
North and South America Illustrated, from its first discovery.
Hartford: Hurlbut, Kellogg & Company 1800. 2 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/northsouthameric11brow
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/northsouthamill01browrich
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/northandsoutham00browgoog
BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN, and SIDNEY H. GAY.
Popular history of the United States, volume 1.
New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1870-81. 4 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/3704730.1-4
BUMP, C. W.
Bibliographies of America. Baltimore. 1892.
(Johns Hopkins University studies in historical
and political science. 10th series, nos. 10-11. appendix)
CARVER, ELVIRA, _and_ MARA L. PRATT.
Our fatherland. [Juvenile.]
Boston: Educational Publication Company. 1890. volume 1-.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/ourfatherland00carv
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/ourfatherlandvol01carvuoft
FISKE, JOHN.
The discovery of America: with some account of
ancient America and the Spanish conquest.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. 1892. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/discoveryamerica01fisk
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/discoveryofameri02fisk
GORDON, THOMAS F.
History of America, volumes. 1-2;
containing the history of the Spanish discoveries
prior to 1520. Philadelphia. 1832. 2 volumes.
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyamericab00gordgoog
HAKLUYT, RICHARD. collection
Divers voyages touching the discovery of America and
the Islands adjacent (1582); with notes by John W. Jones.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1850.
https://archive.org/details/diversvoyagesto00thorgoog
HARRISSE, HENRY.
The discovery of North America: a critical, documentary,
and historic investigation.
London: H. Stevens & Son. 1892.
HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH.
A book of American explorers.
Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1877.
Larger history of the United States of America, chapters 1-5.
New York: Harper & Brothers. 1880.
HOLMES, ABIEL.
The annals of America, 1492-1826 (1805); 2d edition.
Cambridge: Hilliard & Brown. 1829. 2 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/annalsamer00holmrich
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/annalsamerica02holmgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/cihm_47269
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/americanannals00unkngoog
HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER VON.
Cosmos (1845-58), translated by E. C. Otté,
part 2, section 6 (volume 2).
London: H. Bohn. 1847-58. 5 volumes
(Audio) https://archive.org/details/cosmos_1603_librivox
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/cosmosasketchap00dallgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/cosmossketchofph0002humb/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/cosmosofph03humbrich
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/sketchofphcosmos04humbrich
New York: Harper & Brothers 1850-. 5 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/cosmos01humbgoog
KERR, ROBERT, ed.
General history and collection of voyages and travels (1811-1824).
volumes 1-6.
Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. 18 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory06kerrgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryco02kerrrich
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory02kerrgoog
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zb46AAAAIAAJ
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory07kerrgoog
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory08kerrgoog
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryco05kerrrich
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory15kerrgoog
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory10kerrgoog
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory12kerrgoog
(Volume 9) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory09kerrgoog
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory11kerrgoog
(Volume 11) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory04kerrgoog
(Volume 11) https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.18187
(Volume 12) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory14kerrgoog
(Volume 13) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory05kerrgoog
(Volume 15) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory13kerrgoog
(Volume 18) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory10unkngoog/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 18) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory03kerrgoog
KINGSLEY, CHARLES.
The first discovery of America.
(Lectures delivered in America in 1874.
London: Longmans, Green & Company. 1875.
Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. 1875.)
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1360
https://archive.org/details/lecturesdelivere00king
LODGE, H. C.
Gravier's Découverte de l'Amérique.
(North American Review 119: 166. 1874.)
MACGREGOR, JOHN.
Progress in America.
London: Whittaker & Company. 1847. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/progressofameric01macguoft
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/progressamerica02macggoog
MACKENZIE, ROBERT.
America; a history.
London: Nelson & Sons. 1882.
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87679
MAVOR, WILLIAM.
Historical account of the most celebrated voyages.
volumes 1 and 17.
London: 1790-7. 20 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou01conggoog/page/n9/mode/2up
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou02conggoog/page/n6/mode/2up
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou13conggoog
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/cihm_37601
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/cihm_37604
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalacc03mavogoog
(Volume 13) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou11conggoog
(Volume 16) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou09conggoog
(Volume 17) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou17mavogoog
(Volume 19) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou09mavogoog
(Volume 20) https://archive.org/details/cihm_37614
(Volume 21) https://archive.org/details/cihm_37615
(Volume 22) https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalacc10mavogoog
(Volume 23) https://archive.org/details/cihm_37617
(Volume 24) https://archive.org/details/historicalaccou08mavogoog/page/n8/mode/2up
(Volume 24) https://archive.org/details/cihm_37618
PALFREY, JOHN G.
History of New England, volume 1, chapter 2.
Boston: Little, Brown & Company. 1858-90.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historynewengla23palfgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl02palf
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl0002palf/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl00palf
PAYNE, EDWARD JOHN.
History of the new world called America.
Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1892-. volume 1-.
New York: Macmillan & Company. 1892-. volume 1-.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/histnewworld01paynrich
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/histnewworld02paynrich
PINKERTON, JOHN, ed.
General collection of the best and most interesting
voyages and travels, volume 14.
London: Longman. 1808-14. 17 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/cihm_18698
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio01pink
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio02pink
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio04pink
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio04pinkuoft
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/ageneralcollect05pinkgoog/page/n15/mode/2up
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/cihm_18703
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio07pink
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/ageneralcollect03unkngoog/page/n11/mode/2up
(Volume 9) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio09pink
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio10pink
(Volume 11) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio11pink
(Volume 13) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio12pink
(Volume 14) https://archive.org/details/generalcollectio14pink
(Volume 16) https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.5489
(Volume 17) https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.1668
ROBERTSON, WILLIAM.
History of America (1777-96).
(Works, volumes 6-8.
Oxford: Talboys & Wheeler. 1825.)
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyamerica12robegoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/americarobertson00willrich/page/n3/mode/2up
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyamericab00robegoog
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica03robe
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/historyamerica01unkngoog
SCAIFE, WALTER B.
America, its geographical history, 1492-1892.
(Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and
political science, extra volume 13.) Baltimore. 1892.
https://archive.org/details/americaitsgeogra00scairich
SNOWDEN, RICHARD.
History of North and South America, from its discovery
to the death of General Washington. (1806.)
Philadelphia: B. Warner. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1, 2) /phttps://archive.org/details/historynorthand00snowgoog
STEVENS, HENRY.
Historical and geographical notes on the earliest
discoveries in America, 1453-1530.
London: Henry Stevens. 1869.
New Haven: American Journal of Science. 1869.
https://archive.org/details/historicalandge00stevgoog
WILLSON, MARCIUS.
American history.
New York: Mark H. Newman & Company. 1847.
https://archive.org/details/americanhistory00will
WINSOR, JUSTIN.
Harrisse's Discovery of North America
Nation, 55: 244. 264.
https://archive.org/details/jstor-196715/page/n11/mode/2up
Editor, Narrative and critical history of America
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company 1886. 8 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica01wins/page/n11/mode/2up
(Volume 1, 1)https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica51wins
(Volume 1, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica12wins
(Volume 2 )https://archive.org/details/narrcrithistamerica02winsrich
(Volume 2, 1) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica21wins
(Volume 2, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica22wins
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica0003wins/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 3, 1) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica31wins
(Volume 3, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica32wins
(Volume 4 ) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica04wins
(Volume 4, 1) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica41wins
(Volume 4, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica42wins
(Volume 5 ) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica0005wins/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 5, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica52wins
(Volume 6, 1) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica61wins
(Volume 6, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica62wins/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica0007wins/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 7, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica72wins
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica0008wins/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 8, 2) https://archive.org/details/narrativecritica82wins
YATES, JOHN V. N., _and_ MOULTON, JOS. W.
History of the state of New York, volume 1, part 1.
New York: A. T. Goodrich. 1924-6. 2 volumes.
(Volume1, 1)https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof12moul_0
(Part 2)https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof02moul/page/n3/mode/2up
PRE-COLUMBIAN DISCOVERIES.
ANDERSON, RASMUS B.
America not discovered by Columbus.
Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Company. 1874.
https://archive.org/details/americanotdiscov00andeiala
BEAMISH, NORTH LUDLOW.
The discovery of America by the Northmen in the 10th century.
London: T. & W. Boone 1841.
https://archive.org/details/discoveryameric00beamgoog
BOWEN, _Reverend_ BENJ. F.
America discovered by the Welsh in 1170. A. D.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company. 1876.
https://archive.org/details/americadiscovere00boweuoft
DALL, W. H.
Alleged early Chinese voyages to America.
(Science, 8: 402. 1886.)
DAVIS, ASAHEL.
Discovery of America by the Northmen.
Rochester: D. Hoyt. 1839.
https://archive.org/details/lectureondiscove00davi
DE COSTA, Reverend BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, editor.
The pre-Columbian discovery of America by the Northmen,
illustrated by translations from the Icelandic sagas.
Albany: Joel Munsell. 1868.
https://archive.org/details/precolumbiandisc00deco
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41221
{xxii}
DIMAN, J. L.
De Costa's Pre-Columbian discovery of America,
(North American Review, 109: 205. 1869.)
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41221
DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY THE NORTHMEN.
(Atlantic Monthly, 54: 282. 1884.)
DU BOIS, B. H.
Did the Norse discover America?
(Magazines of American History, 27: 369. 1892.)
ELLIOTT, CHARLES W.
The New England history, chapter 1.
New York: Charles Scribner. 1857. 2 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/newenglandhisto04elligoog
EVERETT, EDWARD.
Discovery of America by the Northmen.
(North American Review, 46: 161. 1838.)
FISKE, JOHN.
How America came to be discovered.
(Harper's Magazine, 64: 111. 1881.)
HIGGINSON, THOMAS W.
The visit of the Vikings,
(Harper's Magazine, 65: 515. 1882.)
HORSFORD, EBEN NORTON.
The problem of the Northmen.
Cambridge: J. Wilson & Son. 1889.
https://archive.org/details/problemofnorthme00hors
LEGENDS OF OLD America.
(Cornhill Magazine 26: 452. 1872.)
LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY.
The ante-Norse discoverers of America
(Continental Monthly, 1: 389,530. 1862)
Fusang: or the discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist
priests in the 5th century.
London: Trübner. 1875.
New York: J. W. Bouton, 1875.
http://link.archive.org/portal/Fusang-or-The-discovery-of-America-by-Chinese/ZD2URRe5Nbs/
MacLEAN, J. P. Pre-Columbian discovery of America
(American Antiquarian, 14, 1892)
MAJOR, RICHARD HENRY.
The life of prince Henry of Portugal,
surnamed the navigator, and its results.
London: A. Asher & Company, 1868.
https://archive.org/details/lifeofprincehenr00majo
On the voyages of the Venetian brothers Zeno.
(Massachusetts History Society Proceedings, 1873-75.)
_Translator and editor._
Voyages of the Venetian brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno,
to the northern seas, in the 14th century.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1873.
https://archive.org/details/voyagesofvenetia00zenorich
ONDERDONK, J. L.
Pre-Columbian discoveries of America,
(National Quarterly Review, 33: 1. 1876.)
https://archive.org/details/precolumbiandis00ondegoog/page/n4/mode/2up
PILON, M. R.
Visits of Europeans to America
in the 10th and 11th centuries.
(Potter's American Monthly, 5: 903. 1875.)
RANKING, JOHN,
Historical researches on the conquest of Peru, Mexico, etc.,
in the 13th century, by the Mongols.
London: Longman. 1827.
https://archive.org/details/historicalresear00rank
REEVES, ARTHUR MIDDLETON.
The finding of Wineland the good.
London: Henry Frowde. 1890.
https://archive.org/details/winelandthegood00reevrich
ROPES, A. R.
Early explorations of America, real and imaginary.
(English Historical Review, 2: 78. 1887.)
SHORT, JOHN T.
Claims to the discovery of America
(Galaxy, 20: 509. 1875.)
SLAFTER, _Rev_. EDMUND F.
The discovery of America by the Northmen 985-1015:
a discourse delivered before the New Hampshire
Historical Society, April 24, 1888.
https://archive.org/details/winelandthegood00reevrich
_Editor._
Voyages of the Northmen to America; including extracts from
the Icelandic sagas in an English translation by N. L. Beamish,
opinion of Professor Rafn, etc.
Boston: Prince Society. 1877.
https://archive.org/details/voyagesofnorthme00slafiala
SMITH, JOSHUA TOULMIN.
The discovery of America by the Northmen In the 10th century;
comprising translations of all the most important original
narratives (1839). 2d edition.
London: William S. Orr & Company 1842.
https://archive.org/details/discoveryofameri00smit
SOUTHEY, ROBERT.
Madoc (1805).
London: Longmans.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/madoc03soutgoog/page/n11/mode/2up
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/madoc00soutgoog/page/n6/mode/2up
STEPHENS, THOMAS.
Madoc; an essay on the discovery of America by
Madoc ap Owen Gwynedd in the 12th century.
London: Longmans, Green & Company. 1893.
https://archive.org/details/madocessayondisc00stepuoft
STORM, GUSTAV.
Studies on the Vineland voyages.
Copenhagen: Thiele. 1889.
VINING, EDWARD P.
An inglorious Columbus; or, evidence that Hwui Shán
and a party of Buddhist monks from Afghanistan discovered
America in the 5th century.
New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1885.
https://archive.org/details/ingloriouscolumb00vini
VOYAGES TO VINLAND, THE; from the saga of Eric the red.
Boston: D. C. Heath & Company.
(Old South leaflets, general series, No.31.)
https://archive.org/details/cihm_07112/page/n5/mode/2up
WATSON, PAUL B.
Bibliography of the pre-Columbian discoveries of America.
(Library Journal, 6: 227. 1881.)
WINSOR, JUSTIN.
America prefigured: an address at Harvard, October 21, 1892.
Cambridge. 1893.
https://archive.org/details/prefiguredamerica00winsrich/page/4/mode/2up
COLUMBUS
ADAMS, CHARLES KENDALL.
Christopher Columbus, his life and work.
("Makers of America.")
New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 1892.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54929
https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00adamrich
Some recent discoveries concerning Columbus.
(Magazine of American History, 27: 161, 1892.)
ADAMS, HERBERT B., and HENRY WOOD.
Columbus and his discovery of America.
(Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political
science, 10th series, Numbers 10-11,)
Baltimore, October-November, 1892.
https://archive.org/details/columbusandhisd00woodgoog
BLIND, K.
The forerunners of Columbus.
(New Review, 7: 346, Living Age, 195: 387. 1892.)
CASTELAR, EMILIO.
Christopher Columbus.
(Century, 22: 123-921. 1892.)
https://archive.org/details/centuryillustrat44newyuoft
COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER.
Journal, 1492-3; and documents relating to the voyages of John
[and Sebastian] Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real; translated by
C. R. Markham.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1893.
https://archive.org/details/cihm_05312
The letter on the discovery of America; a facsimile
of the pictorial edition, with a new and literal translation.
Printed by the Lenox Library. New York. 1882.
https://archive.org/details/letterofcolumbus00colum
Letter to Gabriel Sanchez, 1493.
Boston: D. C. Heath & Company.
(Old South leaflets, general series, No. 33.)
https://archive.org/details/spanishletterco00kerngoog
Select letters, with other original documents; translated
and edited by R. H. Major.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1847.
Writings descriptive of the discovery and occupation
of the new world; edited by Paul Leicester Ford.
New York: C. L. Webster & Company. 1892.
COLUMBUS, FERDINAND.
The discovery of America; from the life of Columbus.
Boston: D. C. Heath & Company.
(Old South leaflets, general series, No. 29.)
ELTON, CHARLES.
The career of Columbus.
New York: Cassell Publishing Company. 1892.
https://archive.org/details/careercolumbus00eltogoog
GOODRICH, AARON.
History of the character and achievements of the
so-called Christopher Columbus.
New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1874.
https://archive.org/details/historyofcharact00good
HELPS, _Sir_ ARTHUR, and H. P. Thomas.
Life of Columbus.
London: Bell & Daldy. 1869.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15336
IRVING, WASHINGTON.
Life and voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828);
to which are added those of his companions (1831).
New York: G. P. Putnam. 3 volumes.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8519
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyoflifeand01irviiala
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyoflifeand02irviiala
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyoflifeand03irviiala
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc05irvigoog
LORGUES, ROSELLY DE.
Life of Christopher Columbus, from Spanish and Italian
documents; comp. from the French by J. J. Barry.
Boston: P. Donahoe. 1870.
https://archive.org/details/lifeofchristophe00rose
MACKIE, CHARLES PAUL.
The last voyages of the Admiral of the Ocean Sea,
as related by himself and his companions.
Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Company. 1892.
https://archive.org/details/lastvoyagesadmi00paulgoog
MACKINTOSH, J.
The discovery of America by Columbus and the
origin of the North American Indians.
Toronto. 1836.
https://archive.org/details/discoveryameric00mcingoog
MARKHAM, CLEMENTS R.
Life of Christopher Columbus.
London: George Philip & Son. 1892.
https://archive.org/details/cu31924020393413
MAURY, M.
An examination of the claims of Columbus.
(Harper's Magazines, 42: 425, 527. 1871.)
OBER, FREDERICK A.
In the wake of Columbus; adventures of the special
commissioner sent by the World's Columbian Exposition
to the West Indies.
Boston: D. Lothrop Company. 1893.
https://archive.org/details/inwakecolumbusa00obergoog
SEELYE, ELIZABETH EGGLESTON.
The story of Columbus; with introduction by Edward Eggleston.
New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1892.
https://archive.org/details/storyofcolumbus00seel
SPALDING, J. L.,
Columbus, (Catholic World, 56: 1. 1892.)
TARDUCCI, FRANCESCO.
The life of Christopher Columbus;
translated from the Italian by H. F. Brownson.
Detroit: H. F. Brownson. 1890. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/lifechriscolum01tardrich
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/lifechristopher00browgoog
WINSOR, JUSTIN.
Christopher Columbus, and how he received and imparted
the spirit of discovery.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. 1891.
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.158654
Columbiana. (Nation, 52: 297. 1891.)
POST-COLUMBIAN DISCOVERIES.
ARBER, EDWARD. editor.
The first three English books on America (?1511)-1555 A. D.;
being chiefly translations, compilations, &c., by
Richard Eden, from the writings of Pietro Martire,
Sebastian Münster, Sebastian Cabot.
Birmingham. 1885.
https://archive.org/details/firstthreeenglis00arberich
ASHER, G. M., editor
Henry Hudson the navigator: original documents in which
his career is recorded.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1860.
https://archive.org/details/henryhudsonnavig27ashe
BIDDLE, RICHARD.
Memoir of Sebastian Cabot.
Philadelphia: Carey & Lea. 1831.
https://archive.org/details/sebastiancabot00biddrich
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.
America in the 16th century
(bibliographical note in Bulletins, volume 3, pages 130-141).
Early English explorations in America
(bibliographical note in Bulletins, volume 3, pages 241-244).
Early explorations in America
(bibliographical note in Bulletins, volume 3, pages 103-100).
{xxiii}
BREVOORT, J. C.
Verrazano the navigator [from report of the American
Geographical Society of New York for 1873].
New York. 1874.
https://archive.org/details/verrazanonavigator00brevrich
CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE.
Voyages (1603-1610): translated Charles P. Otis, [editor]
with memoir by E. F. Slafter.
Boston: Prince Society. 1878-82. 3 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/cihm_26911
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/voyagessamuelde00massgoog
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/voyagessamuelde00unkngoog
DE VRIES. D. P.
Extracts from the voyages; translated from a
Dutch ms. in the Philadelphia Library, by Dr. G.
Troost. (Collections of the New York Historical Society.,
2d series, volume 1.
New York. 1841.)
Voyages from Holland to America, 1632-1644;
translated by H. C. Murphy. (Collections of the New
York Historical Society, 2d series, volume 3.
New York. 1857.)
https://archive.org/details/cu31924028729402/page/n25/mode/2up
FISKE, JOHN.
The romance of the Spanish and French explorers.
(Harper's Magazines, 64: 438. 1882.)
FORCE, M. F.
Some observations on the letters of Amerigo Vespucci (1879).
Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Company 1885.
https://archive.org/details/someobservation01forcgoog
HAKLUYT, RICHARD, editor.
The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and
discoveries of the English nation
(1589); edited by E. Goldsmid. volume 12-15.
Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid. 1889-90.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.178849
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/principalnavigat02hakluoft
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/principalnaviga00haklgoog
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/principalnaviga06hakl
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/principalnaviga00unkngoog
(Volume 9) https://archive.org/details/cihm_33125
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/principalnavigat10hakl
(Volume 11) https://archive.org/details/principalnavigat11hakl
(Volume 12) https://archive.org/details/principalnavigat12hakl
(Volume 13) https://archive.org/details/theprincipalnavi25645gut
(Volume 13) https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25645/
(Volume 16) https://archive.org/details/cihm_33132
HIGGINSON, THOMAS W.
The old English seamen.
(Harper's Mag., 66: 217. 1883)
The Spanish discoverers.
(Harper's Magazine. 65: 729. 1882.)
HUDSON, HENRY.
Divers voyages and northern discoveries.
(Purchas his pilgrimes, volume 3.
Collections of the New York Historical Society, volume 1.
New York. 1811.)
JUET, ROBERT.
Extract from the journal of the voyage
of the Half-Moon, Henry Hudson, master, 1609.
(Collections of the New York Historical Society,
2d series, volume 1.
New York. 1841.)
http://halfmoon.mus.ny.us/Juets-journal.pdf
KOHL, J. G.
History of the discovery of Maine; with
an appendix on the voyages of the Cabots.
(Collections of the Maine Historical Society.,
2d series, volume 1.
Portland: 1869.)
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofdiscove00kohl
LESTER, C. EDWARDS, and A. FOSTER.
Life and voyages of Americus Vespucius.
New York: Baker & Scribner. 1846.
https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyages00lestrich/page/n3/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/lifevoyagesofame00lestiala
https://archive.org/details/cu31924020421867
NICHOLLS, J. F.
Remarkable life, adventures and discoveries of Sebastian Cabot.
London: Sampson Low, Son & Marston. 1869.
https://archive.org/details/remarkablelifead00nich
PARKMAN, FRANCIS.
Pioneers of France in the New World.
Boston: Little. Brown & Company. 1865.
https://archive.org/details/pioneers_of_france_in_new_world_0908_librivox1
PAYNE, EDWARD JAMES.
Voyages of the Elizabethan seamen to America;
13 original narratives from the collection of Hakluyt.
London: Thomas de la Rue & Company. 1880.
https://archive.org/details/voyagesofelizabe02hakluoft
READ, JOHN MEREDITH, Jr.
Historical inquiry concerning Henry Hudson.
Albany: J. Munsell. 1866.
https://archive.org/details/historicalinquir00readuoft
SANTAREM, _Viscount_. Researches respecting Americus
Vespucius and his voyages (1842); translated by E. V. Childe.
Boston: C. C. Little & Jas. Brown. 1850.
https://archive.org/details/researchesrespe02conggoog
STANLEY OF ALDERLEY. Lord.
The first voyage round the world, by Magellan; translated from
the accounts of Pigafetta and other contemporary writers; with
documents, notes, etc.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1874.
https://archive.org/details/firstvoyageround00piga
TARDUCCI, FRANCESCO.
John and Sebastian Cabot, biographical notice, with documents;
translated from the Italian by Henry F. Brownson.
Detroit: H. F. Brownson. 1893.
https://archive.org/details/johnsebast00tardrich
TOWLE, GEORGE M.
Magellan.
Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1880.
https://archive.org/details/magellan00towl/page/n5/mode/2up
VERRAZANO, JOHN DE. The relation of.
(Collections of the New York Historical Society., volume 1.
New York. 1811.)
The same: a new translation, by J. G. Cogswell.
(Collections of the New York Historical Society,
2d series, volume 1.
New York. 1841.)
Voyage, 1524.
(Old South leaflets, general series, No. 17.)
Boston: D. C. Heath & Company.
VESPUCCI, AMERIGO.
Account of his first voyage; letter to Pier Soderini.
(Old South leaflets, general series, No. 34.)
Boston: D. C. Heath & Company.
The first four voyages; reprinted in facsimile and
translated from the rare original edition. (1505-6).
London: Bernard Quaritch. 1893.
https://archive.org/details/lettersofamerigo00vesp
https://archive.org/details/lettersofamerigo00vesprich
VOYAGES OF THE CABOTS, THE.
From Hakluyt's "Principal navigations."
Boston: D. C. Heath & Company.
(Old South leaflets, general series, No. 37.)
SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE CONQUEST AND OCCUPATION.
ANDAGOYA, PASCUAL DE.
Narrative of the proceedings of Pedrarias Davila [1514-1541];
translated and edited by C. R. Markham.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1865.
https://archive.org/details/narrativeofproce00anda
BANDELIER, ADOLF F. A.
Discovery of New Mexico [Cibola] by Fray Marcos of Nizza.
(Magazine of Western History, 4: 659. 1886.)
BENZONI, GIROLAMO.
History of the new world, shewing his travels in America,
1541-1556; translated and edited by W. H. Smyth.
London: Hakluyt Society. 1857.
https://archive.org/details/historynewworld00smytgoog/page/n10/mode/2up
BLACKMAR, FRANK W.
Spanish Institutions of the southwest.
Baltimore. 1801. (Johns Hopkins University studies in
history and political science. Extra volume 10.)
https://archive.org/details/spanishinstituti00blac
CHARLEVOIX, Father F. P. X. DE.
History of Paraguay (1756);
[translated from the French].
London: L. Davis. 1769. 2 volumes.
(French) https://archive.org/details/histoireduparag04chargoog
(English) https://books.google.com/books?id=40sIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
CHEVALIER, MICHEL.
Mexico, ancient and modern; translated by T. Alpass.
London: J. Maxwell & Company. 1864. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/gri_33125000251625/page/n3/mode/2up
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/mexicoancientan01alpagoog
CIEZA DE LEON, PEDRO DE.
Travels, A. D. 1532-50, contained in the first and
second parts of his Chronicle of Peru (1553-):
translated an edited by C. R. Markham.
London: Hakluyt Society 1864-83.
https://archive.org/details/travelsofpedrode33ciez/page/n31/mode/2up
CLAVIGERO, _Abbé_ D. FRANCESCO SAVERIO.
History of Mexico, collected from Spanish and Mexican
historians, from MSS. and ancient paintings of the Indians;
translated from the Italian by Charles Cullen.
Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson. 1804. 3 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/historyofmexicoc03clav
CORTEZ, HERNANDO.
Despatches addressed to the emperor Charles V. during
the conquest: translated from the Spanish, with
introduction and notes by George Folsom.
New York: Wiley & Putnam. 1843.
https://archive.org/details/despatchesofhern0cort
DIAZ DEL CASTILLO, BERNAL.
Memoirs, containing a true and full account of the
discovery and conquest of Mexico and New Spain (1612):
translated from the Spanish by John I. Lockhart.
London: J. Hatchard & Son. 1844. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/memoirsofconquis01dauoft
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/memoirsconquist01lockgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.40349/page/n3/mode/2up
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/memoirsofconquis02di
DISCOVERY and conquest of Terra Florida, by Don Fernando de Solo;
written by a gentleman of Elvas (1557), and translated out of
Portuguese by Richard Hakluyt: edited by W. B. Rye.
London: Hakluyt Society 1851.
https://archive.org/details/discoveryandcon00haklgoog
FANCOURT, CHARLES. ST. J.
History of Yucatan.
London: J. Murray. 1854.
https://archive.org/details/historyofyucatan00fanc
HELPS, _Sir_ ARTHUR.
Life of Hernando Cortes.
London: Bell & Son. 1871. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/lifehernandocor00goog/page/n9/mode/2up
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.85399/page/ii/mode/2up
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/lifeofhernandoco01helpuoft
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/lifeofhernandoco02helpuoft
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.86033
Life of Las Casas.
London: Bell & Son. 1868.
https://archive.org/details/lifeoflascasasth00help/page/n7/mode/2up
Life of Pizarro.
London: Bell & Son. 1869.
https://archive.org/details/lifeofpizarrowit00help
The Spanish conquest In America.
London: Parker & Son. (1855-61.)
New York: Harper & Brothers. 1867. 4 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/spanishconquesti01helpuoft
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/spanishconquest00conggoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/spanishconquest06oppegoog
(Volume 3) https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/agf7071.0003.001
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/spanish_conquest_in_america_vol4/page/n3/mode/2up
IRVING, THEODORE.
History of De Soto's conquest of Florida (1835).
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/conquestflorida01irvirich/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/conquestflorida01irvigoog
MARKHAM, CLEMENTS R.
History of Peru, chapters 1-4.
Chicago: C. H. Sergel & Co. 1892.
https://archive.org/details/ahistoryperu01markgoog
_Edited and translated_.
Reports on the discovery of Peru.
London: Hakluyt Society 1872.
https://archive.org/details/reportsondiscove04mark
MAYER, BRANTZ.
Mexico, Aztec, Spanish and republican, book. 1.
Hartford: S. Drake & Company. 1851. 2 volumes.
https://books.google.com/books/about/Mexico_Aztec_Spanish_and_republican.html?id=4QNQAQAAIAAJ
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/mexicoaztecspan01mayegoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/mexicoaztecspani02maye
RESCOTT, WILLIAM H.
History of the conquest of Mexico (1843);
edited by J. F. Kirk.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company. 3 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/conquestofmexico01presrich
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/conquestmexico02presuoft
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyconmex03pres
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/historyofconques04pres
History of the conquest of Peru (1847);
edited by J. F. Kirk.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofconques01presiala
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyofconques02presiala
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyofconques03presiala
RAYNAL, _Abbé_.
A philosophical and political history of the settlements and
trade of the Europeans in the east and west Indies (1770);
translated from the French by J. O. Justamond.
London. 1788. 8 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol01rayn
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol02rayn
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol03rayn
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol04rayn
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol06rayn
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol05rayn
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol07rayn
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpol08rayn/
RIVERO, M. E., and TSCHUDI, J. J. VON.
Peruvian antiquities:
translated from the Spanish by F. L. Hawks.
New York: G. P. Putnam & Company. 1853.
https://archive.org/details/peruvianantiqui01tschgoog/page/n10/mode/2up
SIMPSON, J. H.
Coronado's march in search of the "Seven cities of Cibola."
Washington. 1871.
https://archive.org/details/coronadosmarchin00simprich/page/n11/mode/2up
SOLIS, _Don_ ANTONIO DE
History of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards (1684);
translated from the Spanish by T. Townsend,
revised and corrected by N. Hook.
London: T. Woodward. 1738. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_the_Conquest_of_Mexico.html?id=ejQVAAAAQAAJ
SOUTHEY, ROBERT.
History of Brazil, volume 1.
London: Longman. 1810-19. 3 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofbrazil01sout
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofbrazil02sout
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historyofbrazil03sout
SOUTHEY, THOMAS.
Chronological history of the West Indies, volume 1.
London: Longman. 1827. 3 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/chronologicalhis01sout
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/chronologicalhis02sout
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/chronologicalhis03sout
TOWLE, GEORGE M.
Pizarro.
Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1879.
https://archive.org/details/pizarrohisadvent00towlrich/page/n5/mode/2up
TYLOR, EDWARD B.
Anahuac; or Mexico and the Mexicans, ancient and modern.
London: Longman, Green & Company. 1861.
https://archive.org/details/b24883360
WASHBURN, CHARLES A.
History of Paraguay, chapters 1-4.
Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1871. 2 volumes.
(volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofparagua01washuoft/page/n3/mode/2up
(volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyofparagua02wash
WATSON, ROBERT G.
The Spanish and Portuguese in South America during
the colonial period, volume 1.
London: Trübner & Company. 1884. 2 volumes.
(volume 1) https://archive.org/details/spanishportugues01watsuoft
(volume 1) https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50990
(volume 2) https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52252
WILSON, ROBERT A.
A new history of the conquest of Mexico, in which
Las Casas' denunciations of the popular historians
of that war are vindicated.
Philadelphia: Jas. Challen & Son. 1859.
https://archive.org/details/anewhistoryconq00goog
{xxiv}
ENGLISH AND FRENCH COLONIZATION.
ACRELIUS, ISRAEL.
History of New Sweden. (Memoirs of the Pennsylvania
Historical Society, volume 11.
Philadelphia. 1876.)
https://archive.org/details/historyofnewswed11acre
https://archive.org/details/historyofnewswed00acre
https://archive.org/details/cihm_12822/page/n5/mode/2up
ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS.
Three episodes of Massachusetts history.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. 1892 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/threeepisodesofm01adamuoft
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/threeepisodesofm02adam
BAYLIES, FRANCIS.
Historical memoir of the colony of New Plymouth (1830).
Boston: Wiggin & Lunt. 1866. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historicalmemoir11bayl
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historicalmemoir02bayl
BEVERLEY, ROBERT.
History of Virginia (1705).
Richmond: J. W. Randolph. 1855.
https://archive.org/details/historyvirginia00campgoog
BOZMAN, JOHN LEEDS
History of Maryland, 1633-1660.
Baltimore: Lucas & Deaver. 1837 (introduction 1811.)
Baltimore: John Murphy & Co.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofmarylan00bozm
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historymaryland02bozmgoog
BRADFORD, WILLIAM.
History of Plymouth Plantation.
(Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
4th series, volume 3. Boston. 1856.)
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofplymout1162brad
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historymaryland02bozmgoog
BRIDGES, GEORGE W.
Annals of Jamaica, volume 1.
London: J. Murray. 1827. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/annalsofjamaica01briduoft
(Volume 2 )https://archive.org/details/annalsjamaica05bridgoog
BRODHEAD, JOHN R., _editor_
Documents relating to the colonial history
of the state of New York.
Albany. 1856-87. 14 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ01brod
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ02brod/page/n9/mode/2up
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ03brod/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ04brod/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ05brod/page/n9/mode/2up
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ06brod/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ07brod/page/n9/mode/2up
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ08brod/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 9) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ10brod/page/n7/mode/2up
History of the state of New York, volume 1.
New York: Harper & Brothers. 1853. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ01brod
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ02brod
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ03brod
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ04b/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ05brod/
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ06brod/
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ07brod/
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ08brod/
(Volume 9) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod/
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ10brod/
(Index) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ11brod/page/n7/mode/2up
BROWN, ALEXANDER editor
The genesis of the United States [a collection of
historical mss. and tracts, with notes, etc.].
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. 1890. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/genesisofuniteds01brow
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/genesisofuniteds02brow
BROWN, WILLIAM HAND, editor.
Archives of Maryland.
Baltimore. 1883-.
https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000021/html/am21p--1.html
Has links to other volumes.
BURKE, EDMUND.
An account of the European settlements in America.
London: R. & J. Dodsley. 1757. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/accountofeuropea01burk
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/accountofeuropea02burk
BURY, _Viscount_.
Exodus of the western nations.
London: Richard Bentley. 1865. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/exodusofwesternn01albeuoft
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/exodusofwesternn02albeuoft
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82499
CAMPBELL, CHARLES.
Introduction to the history of the colony and
ancient dominion of Virginia.
Richmond: D. B. Minor. 1847.
https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00campb
History of the colony and ancient dominion of Virginia.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company.
https://archive.org/details/historyofcolonya00camp
CAMPBELL, DOUGLAS.
The Puritan in Holland, England and America.
New York: Harper & Brothers. 1892. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/puritaninholland01camp
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/puritaninholland02camp
CARROLL, B. R., _editor_.
Historical collections of South Carolina.
New York: Harper & Brothers. 1836. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historicalcolle00carrgoog/page/n9/mode/2up
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historicalcolle02carrgoog/page/n6/mode/2up
CHARLEVOIX, _Father_ PIERRE F. X. DE.
History and general description of New France (1744):
translated, with notes, by John G. Shea.
New York: J. G. Shea. 1866-7.2. 6 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/cihm_32251
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/cihm_32765
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/historygeneralde03char
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/historygeneralde04char
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/historygenerald05achar
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/historygeneralde06char
CHEEVER, GEORGE B., _editor_
Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620.
New York: J. Wiley. 1848.
https://archive.org/details/journalofpilgrim00mouruoft
DALTON, HENRY G.
History of British Guiana, chapter 2.
London: Longmans. 1855. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historybritishg01daltgoog
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historybritishg02daltgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historybritishg03daltgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historybritishg00daltgoog/page/n10/mode/2up
DOUGLASS, WILLIAM.
Summary, historical and political, of the British settlements
in North America.
London: R. Baldwin. 1755. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/summaryhistorica01doug/page/n7/mode/2up
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-rbsc_lc_summary-historical-political_Lande00193_v2-15869
DOYLE, JOHN A.
The American colonies (Arnold prize essay).
London: Rivingtons. 1869.
The English In America: Virginia.
Maryland and the Carolinas (1882).
The Puritan colonies (1887), 2 volumes.
London: Longmans, Green & Company.
New York: Henry Holt & Co.
https://archive.org/details/englishcoloniesi01doyl
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/englishcoloniesi03doyl
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/englishcoloniesi04doyl/page/n7/mode/2up/page/n7/mode/2up
DRAKE, SAMUEL ADAMS.
The making of New England, 1580-1643.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1886.
https://archive.org/details/makingofnewengla00drakrich
The making of Virginia and the middle colonies.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1893.
https://archive.org/details/makingofvirginia00drak
DRAKE, SAMUEL G.
History and antiquities of Boston, 1630-1770.
Boston: L. Stevens. 1856.
https://archive.org/details/historyantiquiti00dra
EDWARDS, BRYAN.
History, civil and commercial, of the British colonies
in the West Indies. [Caribs, etc.]
London: J. Stockdale. 1793-1801. 3 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/cihm_44458
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historycivilcomm04edwa
https://archive.org/details/historycivilcomm06edwa/page/n5/mode/2up
FERRIS, BENJAMIN.
History of the original settlements on the Delaware.
Wilmington: Wilson & Heald. 1846.
https://archive.org/details/historyoforigina00ferr
FISHER. GEORGE P.
The colonial era (American History series).
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1892.
(1906) https://archive.org/details/colonialera00fishuoft
(1910) https://archive.org/details/colonialerabygeo00fish
FISKE, JOHN.
The beginnings of New England.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. 1889.
(1897) https://archive.org/details/beginningsofne00fisk
FORCE, PETER. editor.
Tracts and other papers relating principally to the origin,
settlement and progress of the colonies in North America.
Washington. 1886-47. 4 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/tractsotherpaper01forc
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/tractsotherpaper02forc
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/tractsotherpaper1844forc
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/tractsotherpaper04forc
GAYARRÉ, CHARLES.
History of Louisiana; the French domination (1851-4).
New York: William J. Widdleton. 1861.
(1867) https://archive.org/details/historyoflouisia03gaya
GOODWIN, JOHN A.
The pilgrim republic.
Boston: Ticknor & Company. 1888.
https://archive.org/details/pilgrimrepublich00good/page/n11/mode/2up
GRAHAME, JAMES.
History of the rise and progress of the United States
of North America. till 1688, volume 1.
London: Longman. 1827. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historyofrisepro01grah/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historyofrisepro02grah/page/n5/mode/2up
(Volume 4, 1836) https://archive.org/details/historyriseandp01grahgoog/page/n8/mode/2up
The same, enlarged [to 1776] and amended [edited by
Josiah Quincy, and published under the title of
"History of the United States"].
Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. 1846.
HAWKS, FRANCIS L.
History of North Carolina [to 1729] (1857-60).
Fayetteville: Hale & Son. 2 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/cu31924028788374
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historynorthcar00lillgoog
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/historynorthcar00pittgoog
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/historynorthcar00unkngoog
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HIGGINSON, THOMAS W.
The French Voyageurs.
(Harper's Mag., 66: 505. 1883.)
HUBBARD, _Rev_. WILLIAM.
General history of New England, to 1680 (1815).
(Collections of the Massachusetts History Society,
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https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof00hubb
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS.
History of the colony [and province] of Massachusetts-Bay
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Boston: T. & J. Fleet. 1764-7. 2 volumes.
https://archive.org/details/historyofcolonyo00hutc
LAMBRECHTSEN, N. C.
Short description of the discovery and subsequent history
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(Collections of the New York Historical Society,
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LODGE, HENRY CABOT.
Short history of the English colonies in America.
New York: Harper & Brothers. 1881.
https://archive.org/details/histenglishcolonies00lodgrich
MARSHALL, JOHN.
History of the colonies planted by the English on the continent
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Philadelphia: A. Small. 1824.
https://archive.org/details/plantedcolonies00marsrich
MOORE, N.
Pilgrims and Puritans: the story of the planting of Plymouth
and Boston.
Boston: Ginn & Co. 1888.
https://archive.org/details/pilgrimspuritans00tiff
MOURT, GEORGE.
Relation, or journal of the plantation at Plymouth (1622);
with introduction and notes by H. M. Dexter.
Boston: J. K. Wiggin. 1865.
https://archive.org/details/mourtsrelationo00dextgoog
NEILL, EDWARD D.
English colonization of America during the 17th century.
London: Strahan & Company. 1871.
https://archive.org/details/cu31924032746145
History of the Virginia Company of London.
Albany: J. Munsell. 1869.
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Virginia vetusta [Supplement to above].
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O'CALLAGHAN, E. B.
Register of New Netherland, 1626-1674.
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PALFREY, JOHN G.
History of New England during the Stuart dynasty.
Boston: Little, Brown & Company. 1858-1864. 3 volumes.
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PRINCE, THOMAS.
Chronological history of New England [to 1633] (1736-55).
Boston: Cummings, Hilliard & Company. 1826.
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SAINSBURY, W. N. _editor_.
Calendar of state papers: colonial series
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London: Longman. 1860-89. 3 volumes. 1860-84. 6 volumes.
(1675-1676) https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa19offigoog
(1677-1680) https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa08offigoog/page/n11/mode/2up
(1685-1688) https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa18offigoog/page/n9/mode/2up
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(1696-1697) https://archive.org/details/cu31924087794685
(1719-1720) https://archive.org/details/colonialrecordsc31greauoft/page/n3/mode/2up
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SHURTLEFF, N. B., _editor_.
Records of the governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay,
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Boston. 1853-4; 5 volumes in 6.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/recordsofgoverno01mass
(Volume 4, Part 1) https://archive.org/details/cu31924091024590
(Volume 4, Part 2) https://archive.org/details/recordsofgoverno42mass
SHURTLEFF, N. B., and D. PULSIFER. _editors_.
Records of the colony of New Plymouth.
Printed by order of the Legislature.
Boston. 1855-61. 12 volumes. in 10.
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https://www.plymouthcolony.net/resources/pcr.html#pcrarchive
STITH, WILLIAM.
History of the first discovery and settlement of Virginia (1747).
New York: Reprinted for Jos. Sabin. 1865.
https://archive.org/details/101292821.nlm.nih.gov/page/n3/mode/2up
TARBOX, _Rev_. INCREASE N.
Sir Walter Raleigh and his colony in America.
Boston: Prince Society. 1884.
https://archive.org/details/sirwalterralegh00lanegoog
TRUMBULL, BENJAMIN.
General history of the United States of America to 1792.
Boston: Farrand, Mallory & Company. 1810. volume 1.
https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof03trum
(Volume 1 of 3) https://archive.org/details/ageneralhistory01trumgoog/page/n8/mode/2up
https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof03trum/page/n13/mode/2up
TYTLER, PATRICK F.
Historical view of the progress of discovery on the
more northern coasts of America; with natural history,
by Jas. Wilson.
Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1832.
New York: Harper Brothers.
https://archive.org/details/historicalviewp00goog
WHITEFIELD, WILLIAM A., _editor_.
Documents relating to the colonial history of the state of New
Jersey.
Newark. 1880-. 11 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelati01socigoog/page/n10/mode/2up
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelati04socigoog/page/n12/mode/2up
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelati05socigoog/page/n6/mode/2up
(William Nelson)
(Volume 10) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelati03socigoog/page/n10/mode/2up
(Volume 19) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelati02socigoog/page/n4/mode/2up
(Volume 22) https://archive.org/details/documentsrelati00socigoog/page/n10/mode/2up
WILSON, JAMES GRANT, _editor_
Memorial history of the city of New York, volume 1.
New York: History Co. 1892. 4 volumes.
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/cu31924024757290
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/memorialhistoryo01wilsuoft
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/memorialhistoryo02wilsuoft/page/n9/mode/2up
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/memorialhistoryo03wilsuoft/page/n7/mode/2up
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WINTHROP, JOHN.
History of New England, 1630-1649 (1825-6). New edition.
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YOUNG, ALEXANDER.
Chronicles of the first planters of the colony of
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https://archive.org/details/chroniclesoffirs00youn
https://archive.org/details/chroniclesoffirs00youn_0
Chronicles of the pilgrim fathers, 1602-1625.
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https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofpilg00youn
{xxv}
AMERICAN ARCHÆOLOGY.
ABBOTT, CHARLES. C.
Primitive Industry; or illustrations of the handiwork, in
stone, bone and clay, of the native races of the northern
Atlantic seaboard of America.
Salem: G. A. Bates. 1881.
https://archive.org/details/primitiveindustry00abborich
Traces of an American autocthon.
(American Naturalist, 10: 329. 1876.)
AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN AND ORIENTAL JOURNAL.
Chicago. 1878-.
AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.
Proceedings.
Boston.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHÆOLOGY.
Baltimore. 1885-7.
Boston: Ginn & Company. 1888-.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.
Proceedings (1879-).
(Smithsonian miscellaneous collections, volume 25-.
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ATWATER, CALEB.
Description of the antiquities discovered in Ohio and other
western states.
(Archæologia Americana, volume 1.
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https://archive.org/details/descriptionofant0000atwa/page/n3/mode/2up
BACON, A. T.
Ruins of the Colorado valley.
(Lippincott's Magazine, 20: 521. 1880.)
BAILEY, _Rev_. JACOB.
Observations and conjectures on the antiquities of America.
(Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society.,
volume 4. Boston. 1795.)
BALDWIN, JOHN D.
Ancient America.
New York: Harper & Brothers. 1872.
https://archive.org/details/ancientamericain00bald/page/n7/mode/2up
Pre-historic nations.
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BANDELIER, ADOLF
A historical introduction to studies among the sedentary Indians
of New Mexico. Report on the ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos.
Boston: A. Williams & Company. 1881.
(Papers Archæological Institute of America.)
https://archive.org/details/historicalintrod00bandrich/page/n7/mode/2up
Report of an archæological tour in Mexico, in 1881.
Boston: Cupples, Upham & Company. 1884.
https://archive.org/details/archaeologmexico02bandrich/page/n5/mode/2up
BARBER, EDWIN A.
Ancient pueblos, Rio San Juan.
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https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/272184
Pueblo pottery. (American Naturalist, 15: 453. 1881.)
Rock inscriptions of the "ancient pueblos."
(American Naturalist, 10: 716. 1876.)
BAXTER, SYLVESTER.
The father of the pueblos [Zuni].
(Harper's Magazine, 65: 72. 1882.)
BEAUCHAMP, W. M.
Indian occupation of New York.
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BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.
America before Columbus.
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BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
Palæolithic implements of the valley of the Delaware;
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Cambridge. 1881.
BRINTON, DANIEL G.
The books of Chilan Balam, the prophetic and historic records
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Essays of an Americanist.
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Prehistoric chronology of America.
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BRYANT, W. C.
Interesting archæological studies in and about Buffalo.
[Buffalo. 1890.]
BRYCE, GEORGE.
The mound builders.
Winnipeg Historical Society. 1884-5.
https://archive.org/details/moundbuilders00bryc
CARR, LUCIEN.
The mounds of the Mississippi valley, historically considered.
Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Company. 1883.
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CHARNAY, DÉSIRÉ.
Ancient cities of the new world, being voyages and
explorations in Mexico and Central America, 1857-82;
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New York: Harper & Brothers. 1887.
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CONANT, A. J.
Footprints of vanished races in the Mississippi valley.
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CUSHING, FRANK H.
The nation of the willows [Zunis].
(Atlantic Monthly, 50: 362,541. 1882.)
Zuni social, mythic and religious systems.
(Popular Science Monthly, 21: 186. 1882.)
DALL, W. H.
On the remains of later pre-historic man obtained from caves
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(Smithsonian contributions to knowledge, volume 22.
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EVERETT, J. T.
The earliest American people.
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https://archive.org/stream/magazineamerica05stevgoog/magazineamerica05stevgoog_djvu.txt
FISKE, JOHN.
The discovery of America.
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(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/discoveryofameri02fisk
FORCE, M. F.
Some early notices of the Indians of Ohio;
to what race did the mound builders belong.
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FOSTER, J. W.
Prehistoric races of the United States of America:
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GANNETT, HENRY.
Prehistoric ruins in southern Colorado.
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HABEL, S.
The sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumalwhuapa in Guatemala (1878).
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HALE, HORATIO.
Indian migrations, as evidenced by language; comprising the
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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
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HAVEN, SAMUEL F.
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HIGGINSON, T. W.
The first Americans.
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HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER von.
Researches concerning the Institutions and monuments of the
ancient inhabitants of America;
translated by Helen M. Williams.
London: Longman 1814. 2 volumes.
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JACKSON, W. H.
Ancient ruins in southwestern Colorado.
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JONES, CHARLES C. Jr.
Antiquities of the southern Indians, particularly of the
Georgia tribes.
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Monumental remains of Georgia, part 1.
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JONES, JOSEPH
Explorations of the aboriginal remains of Tennessee (1876).
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JOURNAL OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY AND ARCHÆOLOGY.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1891-.
KINGSBOROUGH, _Lord_.
Antiquities of Mexico: comprising fac-similes of ancient
Mexican paintings and hieroglyphics, etc., illustrated by many
valuable inedited mss.
London. R. Havell. 1830-48. 9 volumes.
(Volume 1) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexi1King
(Volume 2) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexiv2King
(Volume 3) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexiv3King
(Volume 4) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexi4King
(Volume 5) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexi5King
(Volume 6) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexi6King
(Volume 7) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexi7King
(Volume 8) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexiv8King
(Volume 9) https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesMexiv9King
LAPHAM, I. A.
The antiquities of Wisconsin (1853),
(Smithsonian contributions to knowledge, volume 7.
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https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofwis00laph
LARKIN, FREDERICK.
Ancient man in America. 1880.
MacLEAN, J. P.
The mound builders.
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MINDELEFF, V.
Origin of pueblo architecture.
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MITCHILL, _Dr._ SAMUEL.
Communications [on American antiquities, ethnology, etc.].
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