Education—The highest studies—Russian history—Infallibility
of the Czar—Moral excellence—Devotedness of a young
lady—Profiting by instruction—Noble culprits—Education
of the serfs—The University—The students’ costume—Naval
school—School for the deaf and dumb—Academy of Fine
Arts—Priouts—Education of boys—Studies—Ladies’ institutes—Plan
of education—Uniforms—Private education—Remarks on education in
Russia.
Education in Russia, unless strictly private and superintended by
tutors and governesses at home, is entirely under the surveillance and
control of the government, in which undoubtedly there is great policy.
“Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will
not depart from it.” This is a truth from too high an authority to be
called in question, and it is on this principle that the government
acts, justly judging that what is instilled into the mind of youth
is the most difficult to efface, and possesses an influence in after
years that can never be entirely shaken off, although it may become
weakened. Even ordinary schools are visited by inspectors appointed by
the authorities, who examine the pupils, the branches of instruction
studied by them, the books used, &c. By this means they possess immense
power over the rising generation, as of course only such an amount of
knowledge as the government approves of is allowed to be taught—history,
in which the names of the Czars and the dates alone can be regarded as
true, the remainder being merely an historical romance written for the
glorification of Russia and all that appertains to it or to the imperial
family, in which every prince that ever reigned in Muscovy, excepting the
false Dmitri,[15] is recorded as having been possessed of all the virtues
under heaven, while not the slightest notice is taken of their violent
exit from the world; geography and statistics, which magnify every object
within the frontiers of the empire, giving the most fabulous account of
all the possessions and might, the resources and riches of the Czar, and
diminishing those of every other country; and so on of every other study
that can be turned to advantage by the government.
Religion is also taught by priests at all public establishments, and it
must be confessed that one of the chief uses to which it is put is to
inculcate the most slavish reverence for the Emperor, who, according to
them, is infallible in all spiritual and temporal matters, and as holy as
the Pope is in the eyes of fanatical Roman Catholics.
Submission and obedience, or rather slavishness and servility, are
qualities infinitely more valued by the authorities than any other
virtue. On making inquiries of students concerning rewards, &c., we were
always answered, “O, good conduct (_i.e._ submission) is the first
consideration, much greater than the progress we make in our studies.”
All St. Petersburg was in extasy some months ago at an anecdote that
ran the round of the court, and was cited everywhere as the very climax
of moral perfection. It was this. A young lady in one of the first
Institutes of that city, whose brother had been slain at Kalafat by
the Turks, received one morning the news of his death. On its being
communicated to her she smiled and said that she was “rejoiced to hear
it, as he had died for the Emperor.” A sentiment so elevated and noble
was of course repeated to imperial ears, and the pseudo-Spartan damsel
was handsomely rewarded by a splendid dowry, and the assurance that her
future fortune should be cared for. “Pour encourager les autres,” as
Voltaire said on another occasion. When such encouragements are given to
youth of both sexes, and what we should consider as a vice is held up as
the highest point of excellence, and inculcated from the earliest age,
when the heart can be moulded to any form, it would be worse than useless
to expect a just sense of moral independence, nobility of soul, or true
sentiments on liberty, from men and women so educated. To do the Russians
justice, they have “minded what their teachers said,” and have perfected
themselves in the lesson, for, notwithstanding many good natural
qualities which they undeniably possess, I think it would be impossible
to find in any country so much baseness, deceit, and hypocrisy as are to
be met with every day in Russia, and especially in the capital.
One of the greatest punishments to the nobility is the being banished
from St. Petersburg and from the light of the Emperor’s countenance. I
remember, a few years ago, when four ladies of rank, one of whom was,
they say, a Countess O——f, thought proper to go to a masquerade and
afterwards to a restaurant, where they all became “tellement ivres” that
they were taken home by the police on droshskies. Two of them were exiled
to their estates for five years, and it was remarked, _par les mauvaises
langues_, that his Majesty had shown his usual discrimination, for the
two who were endowed with pretty faces were allowed to remain in the
capital (where I believe they are still an _ornament_ to his court), and
the others were sent away.
The government, in its excessive care regarding instruction, has
established colleges and schools for every branch and for every rank in
society excepting _the serfs_, who, poor people! know very little more
than the cattle they drive, or beyond their own name and that of their
village. It is not an exaggeration to say that they do not know their
grandfathers, for among the serfs there are no surnames; like a dog,
they only bear one name while alive, and leave none behind them when
they are dead. Nine out of every ten cannot tell you how old they are,
so it may readily be imagined what the extent of their knowledge is. In
speaking of this wronged and “evil entreated” class, I may mention, as _à
propos_ to the subject of education, that I once went to a school which
M. S——, a gentleman of the province of Twer, boasted he had established
on his estate. He was possessed of nearly four thousand souls (_i.e._
men), so, of course, I expected to see a noisy crowd of merry boys all
busily engaged in learning their A B C. I was shown into a small room
in which were six or eight young lads standing with a dull and heavy
look over some dirty books, the contents of which I had the curiosity to
examine. The first one I took up was a Latin catalogue of the names of
plants, with the pronunciation in Russian letters and the translation on
the opposite page. No wonder, poor boy! he looked dull and heavy, to be
obliged to con over those long botanical names in a language of which he
knew nothing, and to repeat them like a parrot to the master, without
feeling the least interest or meaning in the study. I expressed my
surprise at his having to learn out of such a book, when I was informed
that the lad was destined to be a _gardener on the estate_! and every
one of those eight unhappy youths was only being taught to serve his
owner’s interest. One was to be a steward, another a village apothecary
for the serfs, and so on, just as if they were so many machines of flesh
and blood which might be put to any use that their master pleased. This
circumstance accounted sufficiently for the absence of the others, for,
as they were destined to be merely field-labourers, it was not thought
worth while to teach _them_ any more than the horses and oxen on the
estate!
The University at St. Petersburg is a long white-faced building on the
quay of Vassili Ostroff. The students are taught as much as it is thought
proper for them to know, and their studies are conducted under the
watchful eye of the authorities; from all I could find out, astronomy
seems the only science that is permitted to be thoroughly investigated by
Russian subjects;[16] for the revolutions of the stars have not much to
do with those of monarchies, nor the precession of the equinox with the
advance of civilization.
Some years ago I was told an anecdote, which I was assured was a true
one, and my informant affirmed that he knew the parties well. I will
relate it here, as it may serve to show how matters are conducted in the
Russian _alma mater_. I premise that the students do not reside under the
roof of the university, but have to find lodgings elsewhere, and that
many of them are extremely poor. Among the latter class was a young man
of more than ordinary talents, who by great perseverance and industrious
application had twice merited the prize; but there were two obstacles to
his receiving it; the first was his poverty, which forbade him to offer
any of those golden bribes which cause the superiors to discover wisdom
in a fool and talent in an idiot; the second was the dislike one of the
professors bore to him and his jealousy of his talents.
The young student, having been twice cheated of his just reward, was yet
determined upon making a third effort to obtain it. His finances were
become so reduced, that it was only by great privations and excessive
economy that he could manage to exist, and pay for the humble lodging he
occupied; indeed it was almost beyond his means to remain long enough
to pass his examination. He was sure of the prize if it depended only
on the knowledge required to obtain it; and it may readily be imagined
with what anxiety he awaited the day which was to decide his fate.
I should remark that more than the actual honour was involved; his
daily bread, his very rescue from utter starvation, depended upon his
passing the ordeal with credit; as so doing would entitle him to some
post under government, which would furnish him with at least the means
of subsistence. The time at last arrived; the examination was passed,
and nothing remained but the receiving of the reward which he had so
justly earned. All the professors, excepting the one before-mentioned,
had testified their approbation; _his_ voice alone was necessary to
complete the votes that would decide the affair. All eyes were turned
on him, when suddenly he arose and announced his intention of retaining
his “suffrage,” making some remarks concerning the conduct (_i.e._
submission) of the student as the excuse for his hateful injustice. The
unfortunate young man, before whose eyes starvation and want presented
themselves in grim and terrible reality, who had been buoyed up to the
very last moment with the certainty of reward, now saw all his hopes
scattered to the winds, his prospects for the future dashed to the
earth, his plan for his own support and that of his mother (for he was a
widow’s son) crumbled into dust. Indignation at the injustice, grief at
his loss, anger, rage, and despair, seized upon his heart, and, urged by
an irresistible impulse, he rushed forward and struck the villain whose
envy and hatred had caused him so great a misfortune. He was immediately
arrested, brought to trial, and condemned by the Emperor himself to
receive a thousand lashes of the knout.
This instrument, which happily is unknown out of the Muscovite empire,
inflicts so dreadful a chastisement, that a single blow, when struck on
particular parts of the back or side, is sufficient to deprive a human
being of life; and I have often been assured that, if the criminal be
rich enough, he pays the wretch destined to be his executioner[17] to
put him as speedily as possible out of his pain, by striking him in a
vital part. When the day arrived on which the unhappy young man was to
suffer for his imprudence, the whole of the students and professors were
ordered to be assembled to witness his punishment, the horrible details
of which can scarcely be conceived; at every blow of the barbarous knout
a long line of flesh flew off, until the bones were quite bare and the
heart was exposed to view. Of course long ere this the unfortunate
victim had ceased to breathe, but the sentence was a thousand lashes,
and, whether he was alive or dead, the number must be given. Several of
the horror-stricken students, the spectators of this disgraceful sight,
were lying insensible on the ground, having fainted with dismay; and my
informant shuddered as he mentioned that a piece of flesh fell on his own
sleeve as the knout was uplifted. The Almighty will be the judge between
this wronged man and his assassins; but what real civilization can exist
in a land where such savage acts are done? Scenes such as this are
sufficient to show from their cruelty the barbarous state of the nation
at large, and would do more to retard its enlightenment than a whole
university of professors could contribute to its advancement.
Whilst speaking of this horrible punishment I may mention another
execution which took place in St. Petersburg, although it has nothing
to do either with the university or education. A certain _gentleman_
(?), who was rich in “blood and ore,” employed his faculties in the
invention of what may be designated a truly “infernal machine” for
the castigation of his slaves: it was constructed in such a manner
that, when the unfortunate delinquent was placed in it, so that he
could not move, a piece of mechanism, ingeniously contrived, was put
in motion and inflicted severe blows on his back. The slaves, at last
driven to desperation at being made victims for his amusement, one
day placed _him_ in the machine, and let him feel by experience the
pain he had so often out of mere wanton cruelty caused them to endure.
How he escaped from their hands I never heard; but he did find means
to do so, and immediately lodged complaints against them; they were
cited, and condemned to be knouted. An eye-witness of their punishment
assured me that the same fearful details took place as those mentioned
in the preceding example; but he also added that carriages filled with
ladies (to their shame and disgrace) were drawn up in a line, and their
occupants were the spectators of this diabolical execution. Well might
our friend have pronounced that “c’était le siècle de Louis Quinze,” for
does not this remind us of the crowd of ladies of _his_ court who were
witnesses to the awful punishment of his would-be assassin, and of the
_amiable_ countess who so _feelingly and gracefully_ gave a description
of the horrid scene at an evening party on the same day on which she had
seen it?
But enough of these horrors; let us return to the subject from which
their recital has formed a long digression. The University men eschew
the long black gown and square-topped cap of Oxford and Cambridge, and
have an uniform assigned them in which a cocked-hat and sword figure
as the most remarkable features. As regards the hat, there is nothing
against that, as we may suppose a cocked one answers the purpose of
covering the head as well as any other; but the utility of the sword is
incomprehensible. A great number of the students are Germans, or rather
Russo-Germans, and some of them are excellent musicians; they give a
concert about once a fortnight during the winter season, for the benefit
of their poorer brethren. These concerts are well worth attending, not
only for the pleasure of contributing to a laudable purpose, but also
from the excellent manner in which the music is performed.
There is a naval school at the Admiralty, in which maritime affairs are
taught by theory, and fresh-water sailors manufactured.
“Have you ever been to sea?” I asked of a young officer of
three-and-twenty.
“Oh, yes!” was the reply, “certainly; I have been to Helsingfors!”
There is a corps forestier, an establishment in which the mode of
cultivating land, planting trees, &c., is taught. The gardens belonging
to this corps are about four miles from St. Petersburg, and are very
interesting; they contain a great variety of shrubs and flowers, to
which much attention is paid. The grounds are laid out in the English
style.
Not far from this college, on the Viborg road, is one for the deaf and
dumb. I frequently saw the boys out at play in the garden attached to
the establishment. The utter silence reigning among so many unfortunate
youths had a mournful and oppressive effect, but they seemed happy and
even merry. I had no opportunity of learning anything touching the mode
of instruction pursued, or to what occupation the young men were destined
upon quitting; perhaps the government finds them _useful_.
In St. Petersburg there is an academy for actors and actresses, near the
Alexander Theatre; they are educated at the expense of the crown, and for
the first fifteen years after completing their training they are obliged
to give up the greater part of their salaries to the government; this
arrangement cannot be very gratifying to the artistes one would think,
for those fifteen years must be the very best in their lives, supposing
that they commence their histrionic career at the age of eighteen. After
the expiration of the above term they are free to retain for themselves
all they earn by their engagements.
A large square building in Vassili Ostrof is the Academy of the Fine
Arts, where the productions of modern painters are exhibited every
year for a certain length of time. Great encouragement is given by the
government to the students, and he who gains the first prize is sent at
the expense of the crown to travel in various countries for the space of
two years, so that he may have the advantage of seeing the works of men
of genius, and of profiting by them.
As the Russian government is a military one, there are of course
innumerable establishments for the education of officers: there are the
Gymnasiums, the Corps des Pages, and fifty others, in which warlike
studies are pursued. “Notre Empereur aime à jouer aux soldats,” said a
Russian; “ce n’est pas sûr qu’il FAIT des soldats.”
There are commercial schools for the bourgeoisie, and priouts, or
establishments on the Bell and Lancaster system, for poor children, such
as those of petty shopkeepers, domestic servants, and such like. Immense
numbers of the scholars in all the colleges and different establishments
are maintained at the expense of the crown; others are paid for by their
parents.
The boys are always under the embarrassing restraints of a strict
surveillance; even young men of seventeen and eighteen cannot go home
or return from school unless they are attended by a relation or a
servant. This plan, although it may be thought proper for young ladies,
seems excessively ridiculous for young men; and of course, as a natural
consequence of such a measure, as soon as they become their own masters
they do not know how to govern themselves; and this is doubtless the
cause of a vast deal of evil in Russia.
The study of the greatest importance in the Russian code of instruction
is that of modern languages,—French, German, and English. The classic
tongues are but little studied. Very few gentlemen know Latin, and still
fewer have any acquaintance with Greek. Although it is agreeable to be
able to converse in all these different languages, yet upon the whole it
must be a defect in the plan of education to learn so many at once; for
the time thus taken up in acquiring so many words and grammatical rules
would be better employed in obtaining useful and solid information in
one’s own, and that is what the Russians are extremely deficient in. A
great many really know nothing beyond the frontiers of their own country.
The appearance of knowledge given by the facility of chattering fluently
in so many languages is a kind of imposition unless accompanied by the
acquirement of the wisdom contained in each.
The establishments set apart for young ladies are under the surveillance
of the authorities in an equal degree as those of the other sex. The
principal colleges, or institutes as they are called, are—the Catherine,
in which none but girls of noble birth are admitted; the Smolnoy, which
is divided into two parts, one of which is for noble children and the
other for the bourgeoisie; the Patriotic, for ladies of inferior rank;
the Elizabeth, for the daughters of merchants, employés, &c.; the
Foundling, for orphans and others; and the different Priouts, similar to
those for the education of boys.
The branches of study are various. As usual, languages take the first
rank, followed by geography, religion, ancient and modern history (_à
la Russe_), physics, &c. &c.; for each of these there is a professor
appointed by the crown. Music, drawing, dancing, and singing form the
accomplishments, to which much time is devoted.
In the Catherine Institute there are nearly four hundred young ladies of
rank, and it is an excellent establishment, admirably conducted, under
the direction of a lady of high rank who is responsible to the Empress;
she is assisted by three ladies who have the title of inspectresses,
and surveillantes, called dames de classe. The directress is always
designated Mamma by the pupils, which has a pleasing social sound. The
ladies who conduct the establishment are obliged to wear an uniform,
which consists of a dark blue dress and lace cap: the pupils, who are
divided into two great classes, have also their uniform; the high class
wear a puce-coloured stuff frock, the lower a dark green; but they all
have white aprons, sleeves, and tippets, similar to those of our national
schools.
The young ladies enter for six years, three of which are passed in the
lower class, and the remainder of the term in the upper. During the
whole of this period they are not allowed to be absent on any pretence
whatever; they never go out for a walk, and only twice a year for a
drive, and they live quite as retired from the exterior world as if
they were buried in a convent. In the establishment there is a church,
an hospital, and a splendid ball-room, and attached to it are a priest,
a comptroller of the household, an architect and carpenters, a band of
musicians, a guard of soldiers, and an immense number of servants, who
have been educated for the purpose. The greatest order and regularity
prevail; but the influence of a military government is felt even in a
school for young ladies, which gives a kind of mannerism to those brought
up under this system, as every action has its drilling before going on
parade. One day when I was there I noticed an unusual shouting in the
ball-room; one of the inspectresses was continually entering and quitting
it; each time she did so I remarked the same simultaneous cheers as
before. Curiosity led me to inquire what it meant. “Oh!” I was answered,
“it is only the young ladies practising the salutation to the superior
when she arrives, for she is to come the day after to-morrow from the
country, and they are therefore rehearsing ‘We hope you are well, Mamma,’
so that they may all say it together.”
Notwithstanding the brilliant education that the young ladies receive by
the aid of so many first-rate professors, and the care and trouble taken
in their surveillance, it is still a question whether it is wise to have
so many young people together; at least, it does not agree with the ideas
usually entertained in England. There is another great defect in this
plan; the pupils have so very little leisure that they can take neither
exercise nor recreation; the only unoccupied time they have is one
hour after dinner, which they spend in walking up and down the immense
corridors which run the whole length of the building. The even tenor of
their existence is varied by balls among themselves on the anniversary
of an imperial birthday, that of the coronation, the saint’s day of the
Institute, &c. On these occasions the invitations are restricted to
female relatives of the young ladies. They have also a long recess during
the summer; but they often used to tell me in confidence “that they
would rather the masters came, for it made a little variety.” A sortie
or breaking up takes place once in three years, when the whole of the
upper class leave the school, and then the lower take their place and
become the first. A public examination takes place on these occasions, at
which most of the imperial family are present; prizes are awarded, the
highest of which is le chiffre or the Empress’s initials in diamonds, and
the others consist in gold and silver medals. The young lady who gains
the first prize becomes immortalized by having her name inscribed in
golden letters on an oval board, painted dark blue, which is suspended
in the ball-room, which the others have the pleasure of reading every
day, and which serves to incite them to obtain a like distinction. She
is also honoured by a kiss from the Empress. At the sortie the friends
and relations attend, when some excellent performances on the piano,
beautiful singing by the pupils, and the examination of their drawings
and embroidery, form a part of this interesting ceremony.
In addition to the studies and accomplishments before mentioned, there
is a week at certain intervals in which the young ladies are taught to
embroider, and attend in the kitchen to learn the culinary art. I have
taken the Catherine Institute as an example, as it is the first in the
empire, but the others are conducted nearly on the same plan. The Smolnoy
Institute contains a greater number of pupils, because several classes of
society are received: there are eight hundred in the two divisions. In
the Patriotic there are three hundred and fifty, in the Elizabeth three
hundred, in the Foundling six hundred. There are similar establishments
in Moscow.
Everything is found for the use of the pupils by the crown: their
dresses, linen, shoes, even their pocket-handkerchiefs. The
surveillantes, or dames de classe, are “de service” every alternate day,
the other is entirely at their own disposal.
Private education, that is education conducted under the parent’s roof,
is in almost every instance directed by foreigners—French, English, or
Germans. If the family be rich, generally an individual of each nation
is resident in the house, by which means the practice of speaking the
three languages is ensured. It is very rare that a Russian is engaged
either as tutor or as governess. The Russians are extremely kind to those
who undertake the education of their children. Certainly in respect,
consideration, and _manière d’être_ towards them, they set an excellent
example which might with advantage be followed elsewhere; for they judge
truly when they say “that, if they be wanting in these points themselves
towards those intrusted with the care of their children, they could not
expect those children to profit from their instruction or respect them
as they ought to do.” In speaking of education in general I should say
that in Russia there is a great deal too much restraint and watching,
leaving the young person no time for reflection by which the mind may
be strengthened, and by this means so much distrust is displayed in the
conduct of a youth of either sex, that, as a natural consequence, lying,
deceit, and cunning are produced, for no human being likes to know that
his every action is the subject of an established espionage, and he will
inevitably resort to meanness to avoid detection. Too much attention
also is paid to exterior and showy accomplishments, such as dancing,
music, &c.; if they make a good figure in these, _peu importe le reste_.
In Russia there are few, it must be confessed, whom we should call
well-informed people, among either the ladies or gentlemen.
The whole system of education in Russia seems to have been, indeed,
expressly devised for stifling all feelings of independence in the
heart of youth, so that they may submit without a struggle to the
despotic government under which they have had the misfortune to be
born. Their minds are formed to one pattern, just as their persons are
by the military drill; their energies are made to contribute in every
way towards the aggrandizement of the Czar’s power, and to render more
solid the chains of their country. “We can have no _great men_,” said
a Russian, “because they are all absorbed in the name of the Emperor:”
meaning that _individual_ glory could not exist. The Mussulman teaches
his child—“There is but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet.” The Russian
as piously inculcates the precept that “Nicholas is his general.” “God
and the Czar know it,” is often the reply of a Muscovite when he can give
no direct answer to a question. A gentleman was one evening giving us an
account of the Emperor’s journey to Moscow, and of the manner in which
he had been received on the route. “I assure you,” continued he, “it was
gratifying in the extreme; for _the peasants knelt_ as he passed, just
as if ‘c’était le bon Dieu lui-même.’” Whatever pleasure _he_ might have
felt on the occasion, I could not help regarding with astonishment and
intense disgust a person who could thus exultingly speak of the moral
degradation of his countrymen.