OLIVE OIL
BORDEAUX
be employed.
On the other hand, the word “Gaston” might be used in an adjective
sense, and not in the possessive case as qualifying the words “olive
oil,” in a manner that would indicate that it represented a brand and
not a manufacturer, as
GASTON OLIVE OIL.
Or,
OLIVE OIL, GASTON BRAND.
In such case, however, neither given name nor initials should be
employed. The word “Gaston” should be in the same type as “olive oil”
and in equal prominence, thus forming a part of the label.
_The phrase “Olive Oil, Charles Gaston Brand,” may be used, in which
case the name of the actual manufacturer should appear, in order that
no false indication of the name of the person or firm manufacturing the
product may be given._
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _February 21, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 47.)
FLAVORING EXTRACTS.
The percentage of alcohol is not required to be stated in the case of
extracts sold for the preparation of foods only. It is held, however,
that extracts which are sold or used for any medicinal purpose whatever
should have the percentage of alcohol stated on the label.
Numerous inquiries are received regarding the proper designation of
products made in imitation of flavoring extracts or in imitation of
flavors. Such products include “Imitation vanilla flavor,” which is
made from such products as tonka extract, coumarin, and vanillin, with
or without vanilla extract. They may also include numerous preparations
made from synthetic fruit ethers intended to imitate strawberry,
banana, pineapple, etc. Such products should not be so designated as
to convey the impression that they have any relation to the flavor
prepared from the fruit. Even when it is not practicable to prepare
the flavor directly from the fruit, “imitation” is a better term than
“artificial.”
These imitation products should not be designated by terms which
indicate in any way by similarity of name that they are prepared from
a natural fruit or from a standard flavor. The term “venallos,” for
instance, would not be a proper descriptive name for a preparation
intended to imitate vanilla extract. Such products should either be
designated by their true names, such as “vanilla and vanillin flavor,”
“vanillin and coumarin flavor,” or by such terms as “imitation vanilla
flavor” or “vanilla substitute.”
Articles in the preparation of which such substitutes are employed
should not be labeled as if they were prepared from standard flavors
or from the fruits themselves. For instance, ice cream flavored with
imitation strawberry flavor should not be designated as “strawberry ice
cream.” If sold as strawberry ice cream without a label the product
would appear to be in violation of Regulation 22.
Artificial colors should be declared whenever present.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _December 13, 1906_.
(F. I. D. 48.)
SUBSTANCES USED IN THE PREPARATION OF FOODS.
The following letter was recently received at the Department of
Agriculture:
We import a preparation of gelatin preserved with sulfurous acid for
the purpose of fining wine. This gelatin is not used as a food and
does not remain in the wine, although a small amount of the sulfurous
acid may be left in the wine. Please inform us if the sale of this
product is a violation of the food law.
It is held that the products commonly added to foods in their
preparation are properly classed as foods and come within the scope of
the food and drugs act. The Department can not follow a food product
into consumption in order to determine the use to which it is put.
Pending a decision on the wholesomeness of sulfurous acid as provided
in Regulation 15 (_b_), its presence should be declared.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _December 13, 1906_.
F. I. D. 49-53. Issued February 18, 1907.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY,
H. W. WILEY, CHIEF OF BUREAU.
FOOD INSPECTION DECISIONS 49-53.
49. TIME REQUIRED TO REACH DECISIONS ON DIFFERENT PROBLEMS CONNECTED
WITH THE FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, JUNE 30, 1906. 50. IMITATION COFFEE. 51.
COLORING OF BUTTER AND CHEESE. 52. FORM OF LABEL. 53. FORMULA ON THE
LABEL OF DRUGS.
(F. I. D. 49.)
TIME REQUIRED TO REACH DECISIONS ON DIFFERENT PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH
THE FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, JUNE 30, 1906.
Many letters have reached the Department asking for action on very
important questions connected with the food and drugs act which require
much study and time to secure all the facts necessary to the rendering
of a just decision. It is quite impossible to answer all such letters
in detail. The following general statement shows the attitude of the
Department on questions of this kind:
All manufacturers and dealers have copies of the law and regulations
or can secure them and study them carefully. Each manufacturer and
dealer should conduct his business as nearly as possible in harmony
with the law as he interprets it. When each particular problem involved
reaches a solution in this Department, it is hoped it will be found
that the manufacturers and jobbers have come also to a similar decision
in the matter. Public notice will be given of each decision as it is
issued, that the manufacturers and dealers may be informed and be
able at once to place themselves in line with the decisions of the
Department. In this way it is hoped that all injustice will be avoided
in the execution of the law and everyone be given an opportunity to put
himself right and to have due notice of decisions which may be made.
The Department will use every endeavor to reach prompt decisions, but
must take time to collect the facts and subject them to a proper study;
otherwise the decisions would not have the value which should attach to
them in important matters affecting the execution of the law.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _January 8, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 50.)
IMITATION COFFEE.
A manufacturer writes as follows:
We beg to ask for your opinion as regards the hyphenated word
“Cereal-Coffee,” and whether or not we are entitled to its use
for a cereal substitute for coffee.... In our opinion the term
“Cereal-Coffee” would come under the so-called trade-name and
distinctive name.
It is held that since the product mentioned is not a coffee it can not
properly be called by the term mentioned. Regulation 20 (d) provides
that a distinctive name shall give no false indication of character.
The use of the name “cereal-coffee” might be taken to indicate that the
product is coffee or has the properties of coffee, and hence the use
of this term does not comply with the definition of distinctive name.
Even if the product consist in part of coffee, the name would not be
correct. It is suggested that products of this nature be designated as
“imitation coffee,” as provided in Regulation 21 (f). In such case the
word “imitation” should be in uniform type, on uniform background, and
should be given equal prominence with the word “coffee.”
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _January 18, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 51.)
COLORING OF BUTTER AND CHEESE.
Numerous inquiries, of which the following is an illustration, have
been received by the Department:
Will you kindly inform me concerning the coloring of butter and
cheese under the pure-food law? Would it be unlawful to color butter
and cheese as now practiced?
The coloring of butter is specifically permitted in the law of August
2, 1886 (24 Stat., 209), and the coloring of cheese in the law of June
6, 1896 (29 Stat., 253). It is held by the Department that the food
and drugs act does not repeal the provisions of the acts referred to
above and the addition of harmless color to these substances may be
practiced as therein provided, and that the presence of coloring matter
specifically recognized by acts of Congress as a constituent is not
required to be declared on the label.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _January 18, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 52.)
FORM OF LABEL.
The following is an extract from a letter recently received.
We do not understand the requirements of the regulations respecting
the arrangement of labels; that is, the order in which the various
features of the label should be arranged.
To meet the requests for the opinion of the Department regarding the
proper arrangement of a label, the following order is suggested:
1. Name of substance or product.
2. In case of foods, words which indicate that the articles are
compounds, mixtures, or blends, and the word “Imitation,” “Compound,”
or “Blend,” as the case may be.
3. Statements designating the quantity or proportion of the ingredients
enumerated in the law, or derivatives and preparations of same,[53]
as mentioned under Regulation 28; also statements of other extraneous
substances whose presence should be declared, such as harmless coloring
matter, or any necessary statement regarding grade or quality.
[53] Attention is called to the fact that the declaration of alcohol
and its derivatives is not required in foods.
(The statements specified in paragraphs 1, 2, and 3, should appear
together without any intervening descriptive or explanatory matter.)
4. Name of manufacturer (if given).
5. Place of manufacture (if given, or when required in case of food
mixtures or compounds bearing a distinctive name).
It is stated in Regulation 17 that if the name of the manufacturer and
place of manufacture be given they should appear upon the principal
label. Although the law does not require that the name of the
manufacturer be given, or the place of manufacture, except in case of
food mixtures and compounds having a distinctive name, it is held that
if they are given they must be true, and should be placed with the
required information on the principal label. The arrangement of the
label is the same for both food and drug products and an example of
each is given.
_Sample label for food product._
+--------------------------------------+
[Name of product.] | KETCHUP. |
| |
[Declaration required by | ARTIFICIALLY COLORED. |
paragraphs 2 and 3.] | |
| |
| [Descriptive matter, if desired, but |
| preferably at bottom of label.] |
| |
[Name of manufacturer, if | BLANK & CO., |
given.] | |
[Place of manufacture, if | PORTLAND, ME. |
given.] | |
| [Descriptive matter, if desired.] |
+--------------------------------------+
_Sample label for drug product._
+--------------------------------------+
[Name of product.] | COUGH SYRUP. |
| |
[Declarations required by | ALCOHOL, 10 PERCENT. |
paragraphs 2 and 3.] | MORPHIN, ¹⁄₂ GRAIN PER |
| OUNCE. |
| CHLOROFORM, 40 MINIMS |
| PER OUNCE. |
| |
| [Descriptive matter, if desired, but |
| preferably at bottom of label.] |
| |
[Name of manufacturer, if | JOHN JONES & CO., |
given.] | |
[Place of manufacture, if | WASHINGTON, D. C. |
given.] | |
| [Descriptive matter, if desired.] |
+--------------------------------------+
Any descriptive or explanatory matter that may appear on the principal
label, therefore, should be placed at the bottom of the label, or
between No. 3 and No. 4, and should be clearly separated from other
features of the label by means of a suitable line or space. Statements
regarding the reason for using alcohol, artificial coloring matter,
and other extraneous substances, come under the head of descriptive
or explanatory matter, and should not be interspersed with the
declarations required under Nos. 2 and 3.
The information called for under No. 3 should be so worded as to give
only the required information, as, for example, “alcohol 17 percent”
or “artificially colored.” All numbers used in expressing quantity or
proportion of substances required to be stated (see Regulation 28)
should be expressed in the Arabic notation.
Each substance required to be declared under No. 3 should be printed on
a separate line and in type specified in Regulation 17 (c).
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _January 18, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 53.)
FORMULA ON THE LABEL OF DRUGS.
Many inquiries are received relative to the necessity of giving the
formula of medicinal remedies on the label. The following is typical:
I should like to know if it will be necessary for me to state on a
label the name of the products from which I prepare my proprietary
medicine in order to conform with the pure food and drugs act. If
I do this, it will prohibit me from manufacturing and selling a
remedy which is a secret of my own; and anyone buying it could,
from the label, tell what ingredients were used in its preparation
and make his own supply of this medicine. How does the United
States Government expect to protect those who have secret medicinal
preparations they wish to sell at a profit? If the Pure Food
Commission desires, I will send them a sample bottle of my medicine
for their inspection and approval.
The food and drugs act, June 30, 1906, does not require the formula
of drug products to be given on the label, but requires only that the
quantity or proportion of the ingredients enumerated in the law, and
derivatives and preparation of same (Regulation 28), shall be clearly
set forth on the label or labels of all preparations used for the
treatment or prevention of disease, either internally or externally,
for man or other animals. This includes sample packages as well as
regular trade packages.
The question is also frequently asked whether a medicinal preparation
would be exempt from the operation of the law if the formula were given
on the label. The formula on the label is very desirable, but this
information is not required by the law. The act forbids the use of any
statement, design, or device in connection with any drug product which
is false or misleading in any particular. A defect of this kind would
not be corrected by giving the formula on the label. If the formula is
given, it must be the correct and complete formula. It is held that, in
addition to those substances required by the act to be named, if only a
part of the active medicinal agents used in the manufacture of a drug
product are set forth on the label, such a procedure is misleading and
therefore forbidden by the law. All drug products and their labels must
conform to the act, whether the formula is or is not given on the label.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _January 28, 1907_.
F. I. D. 54-59. Issued March 23, 1907.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY,
H. W. WILEY, CHIEF OF BUREAU.
FOOD INSPECTION DECISIONS 54-59.
54. DECLARATION OF THE QUANTITY OR PROPORTION OF ALCOHOL PRESENT
IN DRUG PRODUCTS. 55. METHOD OF STATING QUANTITY OR PROPORTION OF
PREPARATIONS (CONTAINING OPIUM, MORPHIN, ETC.) USED IN MANUFACTURING
OTHER PREPARATIONS. 56. NAMES TO BE EMPLOYED IN DECLARING THE
AMOUNT OF THE INGREDIENTS AS REQUIRED BY THE LAW. 57. PHYSICIANS’
PRESCRIPTIONS: THE STATUS OF PACKAGES COMPOUNDED ACCORDING TO
PHYSICIANS’ PRESCRIPTIONS AND ENTERING INTO INTERSTATE COMMERCE.
58. THE LABELING OF PRODUCTS USED AS FOOD AND DRUGS AS WELL AS FOR
TECHNICAL AND OTHER PURPOSES. 59. NATIONAL FORMULARY APPENDIX.
(F. I. D. 54.)
DECLARATION OF THE QUANTITY OR PROPORTION OF ALCOHOL PRESENT IN DRUG
PRODUCTS.
The question of stating the percentage of alcohol present in drug
products has caused a multitude of inquiries. The following questions
along this line serve as examples:
Is it necessary to give the amount of alcohol present in U. S.
Pharmacopœial or National Formulary products? It seems to me that
such a requirement is absurd, and not contemplated within the spirit
of the act. None of them are patent medicines. Will I be compelled to
tell how much alcohol is present in such goods?
If we apply for and obtain a serial number, must we in addition to
putting this number on our labels state the percent of alcohol?
Will it be necessary to give the percent of alcohol present in such
products as ether, chloroform, collodion, spirit of nitrous ether,
and similar preparations?
The law is specific on the subject of declaring the amount of
alcohol present in medicinal agents, as can readily be seen from the
following language: “An article shall also be deemed misbranded ...
if the package fail to bear a statement on the label of the quantity
or proportion of any alcohol ... contained therein. No medicinal
preparations are exempt, whether they are made according to formulæ
given in the U. S. Pharmacopœia or National Formulary or formulæ taken
from any other source. The serial number, with or without the guarantee
legend, does not exempt a preparation from this requirement. The law
does not make any statement as to the amount of alcohol that may or may
not be employed. It requires, however, that whatever amount be present
shall be set forth on the label. The percentage of alcohol given on the
label should be the percentage of absolute alcohol by volume contained
in the finished product. The manner in which it should be printed is
shown in F. I. D. 52.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 13, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 55.)
METHOD OF STATING QUANTITY OR PROPORTION OF PREPARATIONS (CONTAINING
OPIUM, MORPHIN, ETC.) USED IN MANUFACTURING OTHER PREPARATIONS.
Many inquiries are received as to the method of stating the quantity
or proportion of preparations (containing opium, morphin, etc.) used
in the manufacture of other preparations. Of these the following are
typical:
If the label on the bottle were to bear the words “Tincture of
Opium,” I reason that as this is a definite preparation, constituting
a preparation of opium, and so definite as to its composition
that to any intelligent person it expresses definitely all that
it is desirable to express, the use of this title alone should be
sufficient. I feel that as a preparation it is distinct from opium,
and if this particular tincture is used in the manufacture of a
preparation the mention of it alone should be sufficient.
Where extract or tincture of cannabis indica, or extract of opium,
is employed in making other drug products, would it not be complying
with the law if the use of such articles be clearly indicated on the
label as prescribed by the law, or is it necessary to give the actual
amounts of the drugs themselves represented by these preparations?
Names of drug products bearing any of the names of the ingredients
enumerated in the act are construed as representing “preparations”
within the meaning of the act; and if the same are clearly declared
upon the label as required by Regulations 17 and 30, it will not be
necessary to give the actual amount of the primary drugs used or
represented by such article. It is desirable, however, that the word
or words used in the law shall constitute the first part of the name
of the product. For example: “Opium, Tincture of;” “Cannabis Indica,
Extract of,” followed by the amount of tincture or extract used.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 13, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 56.)
NAMES TO BE EMPLOYED IN DECLARING THE AMOUNT OF THE INGREDIENTS AS
REQUIRED BY THE LAW.
Many inquiries are coming to this Department relative to the names
that may be employed in declaring the quantity or proportion of the
ingredients, as required by Congress.
The following are representative:
The word “alcohol” has received so much unfavorable notoriety during
the last few years that we hesitate to place it upon our labels.
Could we not employ some other words in place of it, such as “cologne
spirits,” “spirits of wine,” “pure grain alcohol,” etc.?
Would it be satisfactory for us to use “Phenylacetamid,” or the
following formula, C₆H₅(CH₃CO), for the chemical acetanilid?
One of our preparations contains trichlorethidene ethyl alcoholate,
which would undoubtedly under the law be considered a derivative of
chloral hydrate. Will it be satisfactory for us to use this name on
our trade packages in giving the amount of this chemical present in
the product?
In the manufacture of some of our products we use opium. It would,
however, be a financial loss to state this fact on the label. Could
we not say this preparation contains 20 grains of the concentrated
extract of the _Papaver somniferum_ to the fluid ounce?
Dover’s powder is mentioned in the regulations as one of the
preparations of opium. It would seem sufficient at first glance that
Dover’s powder as a preparation, if mentioned on the label, would be
all that could be required as to opium.
One of the objects of the law is to inform the consumer of the presence
of certain drugs in medicines, and the above terms do not give the
average person any idea as to the presence or absence of such drugs.
In enumerating the ingredients, the quantity or proportion of which
is required to be given upon the principal label of any medicinal
preparation in which such ingredients may be present, the act uses
only common names, and the permission to use any but such common names
for any ingredients required to be declared upon the label is neither
expressed nor implied in any part of the law.
The term used for acetanilid is “acetanilid” and not phenylacetamid.
No reference is made to the use of the chemical formula in designating
the presence of chemicals. The words “chloral hydrate” appear in the
act, but not the chemical name trichlorethidene glycol. It can readily
be seen that if the act were not closely adhered to in this connection
there would soon be such a confusion and multiplicity of names and
phrases that one of the objects of the act would be defeated.
The names to be employed in stating the quantity or proportion of the
ingredients required by the act to appear on the label of all medicinal
preparations containing same are--
First. Those used in the law for the articles enumerated; example,
“alcohol,” not “spiritus rectificatus.”
Second. In the case of derivatives: (_a_) The name of the parent
substance used in the act should constitute part of the name; example,
“chloral acetone,” not “trichlorethidene dimethyl ketone.” (_b_) The
trade-name, accompanied in parentheses by the name of the parent
substance; example, “dionin (morphin derivative).”
Third. Names of preparations containing the name of some ingredient
used in the act. In such cases the name used in the act should
constitute the first portion of the name of the preparation. (See F. I.
D. 55.)
Fourth. Common names (such as laudanum, Dover’s powder, etc.) of
preparations containing an ingredient enumerated in the law, provided
such name or names are accompanied in parentheses by some such
phrase as “preparation of opium” or “opium preparation,” followed by
the number of minims or grains, as specified in the regulations; for
instance, “laudanum (preparation of opium), 40 minims per ounce.”
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 13, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 57.)
PHYSICIANS’ PRESCRIPTIONS.
THE STATUS OF PACKAGES COMPOUNDED ACCORDING TO PHYSICIANS’
PRESCRIPTIONS AND ENTERING INTO INTERSTATE COMMERCE.
Packages resulting from the compounding of physicians’ prescriptions
under the food and drugs act are the subject of many queries, of which
the following are representative:
If a druggist compounds a physician’s prescription and sends it into
an adjoining State, will it be necessary to state upon the label the
amount of alcohol, morphin, etc., that may be present?
Supposing a regularly licensed practicing physician has patients
located in various States of the Union and supplies medicines to
them through the mails, by express, and otherwise, do such packages
come under the provisions of the law, and, if so, can the required
information be given in pen and ink on the label?
We treat drug addictions on a very gradual tonic treatment reduction
plan. For instance, if John Doe writes for information as to the
home treatment for his addiction, I send him a symptom blank which
contains, among other questions, an inquiry as to the kind of drug
he uses, how he uses it, the length of time he has used it, etc. In
addition to giving me a complete history of his case, he states he
is using 10 grains of sulf. of morphin (each twenty-four hours),
hypodermically or internally, as the case may be. In prescribing in
his case I immediately put him on just one-half of the amount he
reports as his daily allowance, combining same with a bitter tonic.
It is necessary for the reduction in drug cases to be made without
the patient’s knowledge. It is, of course, understood by all
physicians that you can not trust a drug habitué to properly make his
own reductions, for, as a matter of fact, if he knew to what extent
I was reducing his daily allowance of opiates, he would imagine the
reduction too rapid, he would get frightened, and would take to his
former drug for relief. Treatment prepared in this way I do not
think would come under the head of a proprietary preparation or a
patent medicine, as I prescribe the contents of each bottle to meet
the requirements of each individual patient. All instructions as
to the conduct of treatment and the use of auxiliary remedies are
given by letter; consequently there are no printed labels or cartons
containing any claims concerning the efficacy of this treatment.
I would be pleased to have you inform me whether in your opinion I
would be violating the pure-food law in any manner, shape, or form
should I continue to label my preparations as I am now doing, and in
having them prepared in ---- and forwarded direct to my patients in
this and other States.
If a package compounded according to a physician’s prescription be
shipped, sent, or transported from any State or Territory or the
District of Columbia to another State or Territory or the District of
Columbia by a compounder, druggist, physician, or their agents, by
mail, express, freight, or otherwise, the label upon such package is
required to bear the information called for by Congress. If, however,
the patient himself, or a member of his household, or the physician
himself carries such package across a State line, and such package is
not subject to sale, it is held that such package need not be marked
so as to conform with the law, because such a transaction is not
considered one of interstate commerce.
The package may be marked so as to comply with the act by either
stamp, pen and ink, or typewriter, provided all such written matter
is distinctly legible and on the principal label, as prescribed in
Regulation 17.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 13, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 58.)
THE LABELING OF PRODUCTS USED AS FOODS AND DRUGS AS WELL AS FOR
TECHNICAL AND OTHER PURPOSES.
Frequent requests for information relative to the proper labeling
of products bearing the names of foods and drugs, but used also for
technical and other purposes, are received. The following are typical:
We will kindly ask you to advise us in regard to the new law that
governs the line of oils. We manufacture a compound product,
so-called “turpentine,” which contains pure turpentine and a very
fine petroleum product. It is used in most branches where pure
turpentine is used, with the exception of medicinal purposes, for
which we do not sell it.
We understand that if we were to sell any cottonseed oil so branded
as to indicate that it was intended to be used as a food, as, for
example, under the brand “Blank Salad Oil,” it would be necessary
to observe the requirements of the law referred to; but we are in
doubt and would be glad to have your opinion as to whether a sale or
shipment of this oil (for lubricating purposes) under the ordinary
trade-brand of cottonseed oil, and without anything to indicate that
it was of a quality suitable for use as a salad oil, would subject us
to the provisions of the act.
During personal interviews the question of marking chemical reagents
has also been discussed.
Products used in the arts and for technical purposes are not subject
to the food and drugs act. It is, however, a well-recognized fact
that many articles are used indiscriminately for food, medicinal, and
technical purposes. It is also well known that some products employed
for technical purposes are adulterated or misbranded within the meaning
of this act. Inasmuch as it is impossible to follow such products into
consumption in order to determine to what use they are finally put,
it is desirable that an article sold under a name commonly applied to
such article for food, drug, and technical purposes be so labeled as
to avoid possible mistakes. The ordinary name of a pure and normal
product, whether sold for food, drug, technical, or other purposes,
is all that is necessary. Pure cottonseed oil or turpentine may be
sold without any restrictions whatever, whether such article is sold
for food, medicinal, or technical purposes, but it is suggested that
a cottonseed oil intended for lubricating purposes, or a so-called
turpentine consisting of a mixture of turpentine and petroleum oils,
used by the paint trade, be plainly marked so as to indicate that they
are not to be employed for food or medicinal purposes. Such phrases as
the following may be used: “Not for Food Purposes,” “Not for Medicinal
Use,” or for “Technical Purposes Only,” or “For Lubricating Purposes,”
etc.
In order to avoid complication it is suggested that chemical reagents
sold as such be marked with such phrases as the following: “For
Analytical Purposes,” or “Chemical Reagent,” etc.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 13, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 59.)
NATIONAL FORMULARY APPENDIX.
The National Formulary is one of the standards recognized under the
law. The question has been asked a number of times whether the appendix
of this authority would be construed as part and parcel of the book
itself. On page iv of the preface it is distinctly stated that the
formulæ collected in the appendix of the National Formulary are “no
longer designated as ‘N. F.’ preparations.” This shows that these
formulæ are not integral parts of the book under the law, which covers
only those products of the National Formulary recognized as such by
this authority. By this it is understood that if a drug product is
sold under a name contained in the appendix of the National Formulary,
it will not be necessary for such product either to conform to the
standard indicated by the formula or to declare upon the label its
own standard strength, quality, and purity if a different formula is
employed in its manufacture. Such articles are, however, subject to the
law in every other respect, as is the case of other medicinal products
not recognized by the U. S. Pharmacopœia or National Formulary.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 13, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 60.)
MINOR BORDER IMPORTATIONS.
Inquiry has frequently been made regarding the application of
Regulation 33 (requiring a declaration to be attached to the invoice)
to foods and drugs brought into the United States in small quantities
by farmers living near the border. One correspondent says:
Farmers along the border are in the habit of occasionally bringing
in, in their own teams, maple sugar in small quantities, also butter
and like articles of food products of their own raising, and offering
the same for entry at the different offices on the frontier.... The
main question is as to whether or not the affidavits and other proof
required by the pure-food law shall be required in these instances of
minor importations of this class of articles.
Considering the nature of these importations it is held that Regulation
33 does not apply to them and that they may be imported without the
declaration. Such products are subject to inspection, however, and if
found to be in violation of the law will be excluded.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 25, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 61.)
COCOA BUTTER SUBSTITUTES.
A manufacturer writes:
We use in the preparation of chocolate sticks a guaranteed pure
production of cocoanut oil. May this product be sold merely as
confectionery, and not as chocolate sticks? If not, would it be
satisfactory for us to mark the product as “Chocolate sticks prepared
with substitute butter”?
Regulation 22 prohibits the sale, or offer for sale, in interstate or
foreign commerce or in the District of Columbia or in any Territory
of the United States, of a food or drug product which bears no label
whatever if said product be an imitation of or offered for sale under
the name of another article. It would clearly be a violation of the
law to sell an article which was made in imitation of chocolate, even
though it be sold under the general name of a confection. Such an
article should be labeled in such a manner as to correctly represent
its true nature.
Regulation 25 (_a_) provides:
When a substance of a recognized quality commonly used in the
preparation of a food or drug product is replaced by another
substance not injurious or deleterious to health, the name of the
substituted substance shall appear upon the label.
It is held that cocoa butter is the only fat that can be used in
chocolate. The declaration of foreign fats merely as “substitute
butter” is apparently not sufficient; the nature of the fat employed
should be stated.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 25, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 62.)
GUARANTY ON IMPORTED PRODUCTS.
Many inquiries of the following type have been received by the
Department:
We will take it as a favor if you will advise us if (since our goods
are all imported and so must pass the custom-house before being sold)
the fact of their having passed the customs authorities and the
Department of Agriculture examination is not in itself a guaranty
that they conform with the pure-food laws as defined by the act of
Congress approved June 30, 1906, entitled “An act for preventing the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or
poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, liquors,” etc.
The Department makes a systematic inspection of imported foods and
drugs when they arrive at the custom-houses; and while such inspection
does not include an examination of samples taken from every package of
the aforesaid articles, it is sufficient to indicate that the article
is suitable to enter the country and be sent into interstate commerce
as long as it retains its identity in the unbroken package. If imported
foods and drugs are taken from the original packages and repacked, they
become subject to inspection as if of domestic origin, and the persons
handling and selling said articles are not immune from prosecution
in the event that a subsequent inspection discloses that all or any
portion of said foods or drugs are adulterated or misbranded according
to the provisions of said statute or the regulations made thereunder.
Only a wholesaler, jobber, manufacturer, or other party residing in the
United States can give a guaranty within the meaning of said act. A
foreign manufacturer or other foreign dealer can not give the guaranty
prescribed in said law, nor can the agent of such foreign manufacturer
or dealer give said guaranty unless such agent be a resident of the
United States and unless he actually sells the goods covered by the
guaranty.
The person who owns and sells imported goods can make a guaranty for
the purpose aforesaid, though the goods may be shipped directly by the
firm of whom the guarantor buys them to the customer of the guarantor.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 25, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 63.)
USE OF THE WORD “COMPOUND” IN NAMES OF DRUG PRODUCTS.
Many inquiries are received concerning the use of the word “compound”
in names of drug products. There seems to be a general impression that
this word can be applied as a corrective to many misbranded products.
The following extracts serve as examples:
You have on file our formula (active agents--croton oil and cascara),
and we would ask if it is possible to call the same “castor pill
compound” and comply with the regulations?
This liniment has been in use for forty years. The ingredients, each
separately and collectively, are sanitary and highly curative. The
one ingredient after which it was named happens to be present in
the least proportion. Can not the compound be called by the name
“Compound Sassafras Cream”?
An eminent jurist writes:
I shall be glad to know the views entertained by your Department
as to when a druggist has satisfied this act by a label or printed
matter which he puts on the package or bottle in relation to a
compound. Take, for example, the product put on the market as
Cascarin Compound, or Aloin Compound. I am impressed with the fact
that such label must have added a statement as to what the other
ingredients of the compound are. This may not mean, and probably does
not mean, that the formula must be given or the exact proportions,
but a purchaser has the right to know what is in the compound in
order to determine for himself, or to receive proper advice, as to
whether it is safe to be used.
In no case can a preparation be named after an ingredient or drug which
is not present. The word “compound” should not be used in connection
with a name which in itself, or together with representations and
designs accompanying same, would be construed as a form of misbranding
under the act.
It is held that if a mixture of drugs is named after one or more but
not all of the active medicinal constituents (not vehicle) present in
a preparation, the word “compound” can be used in connection with the
name, (_a_) provided the active constituent after which the product
is named is present in an amount at least equal to that of any other
active medicinal agent present. Example: If it is desired Lo make a
mixture consisting of oil of sandalwood, balsam copaiba, and castor
oil, and call this product “Oil of Sandalwood Compound,” the oil of
sandalwood should constitute at least 33¹⁄₃ percent of the entire
mixture. Or (_b_) provided the potent active constituent after which
the product is named is present in sufficient amount to impart the
preponderating medicinal effect. Example: If a product is named after
the active constituent, strychnine, the strychnine or one of its salts
should be present in sufficient amount to produce the preponderating
medicinal effect of the preparation. Or (_c_) provided the complete
quantitative formula, as outlined in the United States Pharmacopœia
and National Formulary, be given on the principal label. A declaration
of the complete quantitative formula, however, does not exempt the
manufacturer or dealer from giving the information required by the act
in the manner prescribed by the regulations. The ounce shall be the
unit. The amounts of the ingredients present (excepting alcohol, which
is to be stated in percent) shall be given in grains or minims, and if
it is desired the metric equivalent may be given in addition.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 23, 1907_.
(F. I. D. 64.)
LABELING OF SARDINES.
Many inquiries have been made of this Department respecting the extent
to which the term “sardine” can be used in food products entering into
foreign or interstate commerce. The question of the proper labeling of
fish of this kind was submitted by the Department to the Department
of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Fisheries. After reviewing the
nomenclature and trade practices the Department of Commerce and Labor
reached the following conclusion:
Commercially the name sardine has come to signify any small, canned,
clupeoid fish; and the methods of preparation are so various that
it is impossible to establish any absolute standard of quality. It
appears to this Department that the purposes of the pure-food law
will be carried out and the public fully protected if all sardines
bear labels showing the place where produced and the nature of the
ingredients used in preserving or flavoring the fish.
In harmony with the opinion of the experts of the Bureau of Fisheries,
the Department of Agriculture holds that the term “sardine” may be
applied to any small fish described above, and that the name “sardine”
should be accompanied with the name of the country or State in which
the fish are taken and prepared, and with a statement of the nature of
the ingredients used in preserving or flavoring the fish.
It is held that a small fish of the clupeoid family, caught upon or
near the shores of and packed in oil in Norway, or smoked and packed in
oil, is properly labeled with the phrase “Norwegian Sardines in Oil,”
or “Norwegian Smoked Sardines in Oil,” the nature of the oil being
designated. In like manner a small fish of the clupeoid family caught
upon or near the shores of and packed in France may be called “French
Sardines in Oil,” the nature of the oil being specified. Following the
same practice, a fish of the clupeoid family caught on or near the
shores of and packed in the United States may be labeled “American
Sardines Packed in Oil,” or “Maine Sardines Packed in Oil,” or be
given some similar appellation, the nature of the oil being stated. It
is suggested that the name of the particular fish to which the term
sardine is to be applied should also be placed upon the label--for
example, “Pilchard,” “Herring,” etc.
JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
WASHINGTON, D. C., _March 29, 1907_.
LIST OF FOOD INSPECTION DECISIONS.
F. I. D. 1-39 practically concern imported foods only and were not
issued under the food and drugs act, June 30, 1906.
{ 40. Filing Guaranty.
F. I. D. { 41. Approval of Labels.
{ 42. Mixing Flours.
{ 43. Relabeling of Goods on Hand.
F. I. D. { 44. Scope and Purpose of Food Inspection Decisions.
{ 45. Blended Whiskies.
{ 46. Fictitious Firm Names; also F. I. D. 46, as amended.
F. I. D. { 47. Flavoring Extracts.
{ 48. Substances Used in the Preparation of Foods.
{ 49. Time Required to Reach Decisions on Different Problems
{ Connected with the Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906.
{ 50. Imitation Coffee.
F. I. D. { 51. Coloring of Butter and Cheese.
{ 52. Form of Label.
{ 53. Formula on the Label of Drugs.
{ 54. Declaration of the Quantity or Proportion of Alcohol
{ Present in Drug Products.
{ 55. Method of Stating Quantity or Proportion of
{ Preparations (Containing Opium, Morphin, etc.) Used in
{ Manufacturing Other Preparations.
{ 56. Names to be Employed in Declaring the Amount of the
{ Ingredients as Required by the Law.
F. I. D. { 57. Physicians’ Prescriptions: The Status of Packages
{ Compounded According to Physicians’ Prescriptions and
{ Entering into Interstate Commerce.
{ 58. The Labeling of Products Used as Food and Drugs as well
{ as for Technical and Other Purposes.
{ 59. National Formulary Appendix.
{ 60. Minor Border Importations.
{ 61. Cocoa Butter Substitutes.
F. I. D. { 62. Guaranty on Imported Products.
{ 63. Use of the Word “Compound” in Names of Drug Products.
{ 64. Labeling of Sardines.
INDEX.
A.
Acid in fruits, 369
Acorn, 413
oil, 396
Adulteration, frequency, 57
Aerating agents, 251
Alcohol, in confectionery, 485
industrial, 297, 481
Alewife, 121
Allspice, 322
Almond oil, 396
Almonds, 414
Alum residues, character, 253
Amido bodies, 89
Anchovy, 122
Animals, preparation as food, 12
Anise, 323
Anona, 343
preserves, 344
Appendix A, food standards, 501
filled cheese, 517
B, regulations, food and drugs act, 522
food and drugs act, 533
C, meat inspection regulations, 538
meat inspection law, 556
D, food inspection decisions, 562
Applebutter, 385
Apples, 330
acidity, 330
adulterations, 330
composition, 331, 332
dietetic value, 332
dried, 335
evaporated, 335
length of harvest, 333
pectose content, 333
picking and care, 333
preparation for drying, 334
storage, 334
tannin content, 334
varieties, 330
Arrowroot, 317
Bermuda, 318
Madagascar, 319
South African, 320
Artichoke, 274
composition, 274
Jerusalem, 283
Ash, 9
of tropical fruits, 368
Asparagus, 275
Atropin, 448
Avocado, 344
B.
Bacon, canned, 48
composition of canned, 48, 49
Baking powders, 251
alum, 252
cream of tartar, 252
phosphate, 252
residues, 253
Bananas, 345
composition, 347
Barley, 217
acreage and yield, 217
composition, 217
protein, 218
starch, 218
Bay leaf, 323
Bean, 275
butter, 276
green, 276
kidney, 276
Lima, 276
string, 276
Beans, adulteration of canned, 308
canned, 307, 312
composition of canned, 307
Bechi test, 66
Beechnuts, 415
Beef, adulteration of potted, 52
commercial cuts, 17
composition of canning, 43
potted, 53
extract, 79
names, 80
nitrogenous bodies, 79
nutritive properties, 80
fat crystals, 67
juice, 81
composition, 81
preservatives, 81
trade-names, 82
potted, 52
tea, 84
composition, 85
Beefsteak, 21
Bees, swarming, 488
Beet sugar, 456
historical, 457
manufacture, 461-464
Beets, 277
Berkshire pig, analytical data, 29, 30
percentages of parts, 31, 32
Biscuits, composition, 258
Black bass, 122
Black strap, 481
Blackberries, 342
Blood, preparations, 83
Bluefish, 122
Bondon cheese, 208
Bonnyclabber, 181
Brandied fruit, 385
Brazil-nut, 415
Bread, 249
comparative nutritive properties, 256
composition, 254, 255
quantity of ash, 256
of sugar, 256
typical, 255
varieties, 249
Breakfast foods, 267
classification, 268
composition, 268
value, 271
Brie, manufacture, 207
Brook trout, 149
Brown grease, 71
Brussels sprouts, 278
Buckwheat, 219
acreage, 219
adulterations, 221
cakes, 220
composition, 219
milling, 219
starch, 221
Butcher’s lard, 70
Butter, 182-187
adulterated, 186
affected by food, 186
coloring, 185
melting point, 186
renovated, 186
salting, 183
standard, 186
treatment, 182
Buttermilk, 181
Butternut, 416
C.
Cabbage, 278
Cacao butter, 410
composition, 181
Cainito, 366
Cakes, 265
adulteration, 266
composition, 266
Calories, 9
Camembert, manufacture, 206
Candy, food value, 483
Cane sirup, 475
composition, 476
geographical distribution, 475
sugar, manufacture, 465, 466
Canna edulis, 318
Canned corn, adulteration, 228
souring and swelling, 312
Canning industries, importance, 386-388
Canning liquid, composition, 47
principles, 306
without parboiling, 47
Cans, character, 311
Cantaloupe, 284
Capers, 323
Capons, 103
Caraway, 323
Carcasses, preparation of, 14
Carp, 123
Carrot, 279
Casein, preparations, 215
Cashew, 348
Cassia, 323
buds, 323
Catfish, 123
Cauliflower, 279
Caviar, 145
Celery, 280
seed, 323
Cepe, 445
Ceylon oil, 411
Cheddar cheese, manufacture, 204
Cheese, 190-216
adulteration and misbranding, 192
American, 197
artificial coloring, 192
bacterial activity, 211
Cheddar, 203
chemical changes during ripening, 212-214
Cheshire, 203
comparative composition, 199
cottage, 195
cream, 201
curing, 200
digestibility, 214
effect of cold storage, 215
filled, 194
French varieties, 206
goats’ milk, 192
historical, 190
kinds, 191
manufacture, 196, 197
of foreign types, 201
preservatives, 194
principal English kinds, 203
quality of American, 200
raw materials, 194
sage, 203
salting, 199
Stilton, 203
Chemical leavening agents, 254
preservatives, preservation, 37
terms, explanation, 8
Cherries, 336
canned, 370
maraschino, 371
varieties, 337
Chicken, 95
adulteration, 103
of potted, 102
composition of white meat, 101
Chicken, preserved, 102
Chickens, artificial feeding, 99
drawn and undrawn, 100
fresh killed, 99
preparation for food, 96
preparing for market, 99
Chicks, influence of temperature, 97
market, 98
Chicory, 280
roasted, 280
Chinese nut, 417
Chestnut, 416
composition, 417
Cinnamon, 323
Citrus fruits, 348
Clams, 153
canned, 156
chowder, 79
soup, 79
Cloves, 323
Coconut butter, 411
oil, 411
Cod, composition, 125
common, 124
liver oil, adulteration, 166
salted and dried, 125
Codfish, 124
balls, 126
Cold storage, effect on meats, 35
Coloring, artificial, 380
matter, 55
indirect, 55
Colza oil, 407
Comb honey, 489
Condimental substance, curing, 35, 36
Condiments, 322
Confectionery, 482
alcohol forbidden, 486
manufacture, 482
materials, 482
mineral colors, 485
wholesomeness, 484
Confections, adulteration, 483
Conger eel, 127
Consumer, rights of, 14
Cooking, 3
Copper, in peas, 313
tests, 314
Copra oil, 411
Coriander, 324
Corn bread, 232
canned, 227
meal, 230
adulteration, 232
pudding, 257
Cottonseed oil, 397
Bechi test, 66
extraction with petroleum, 401
Halphen test, 65
magnitude of industry, 397
manufacture, 397, 398
refining, 399, 400
Crabs, 155
Crabs, canned, 156
Cramming machine, 111
Cranberry, 281
Crawfish, 156
Cream, 175
standards, 176
Creatin, 90
Cress, 281
Cucumber, 281
Curd, cutting, 198
forming, 197
gathering, 199
heating, 198
milling, 199
separating, 199
Cured meats, canned, 59
Cumin seed, 324
Cuts of beef, 15
D.
Deviled meats, potted, 52
Dewberry, 342
Dill, 324
Dried meats, 85
Duck, 104
composition, 108
varieties, 105
Aylesbury, 105
Cayuga, 105
crested white, 105
East Indian, 105
gray, 105
Pekin, 105
Rover, 105
white call, 105
white Muscovy, 105
E.
Edam cheese, 210
Edible oils, uses, 395
parts, names, 15
Eels, 126
Egg plant, 282
substitutes, 115
Eggs, 112
broken, 115
cold storage, 114
composition, 113
dried, 115
parasites, 116
poisonous principles, 116
preservation, 113
Emmenthaler cheese, manufacture, 207
Entire wheat flour, 244
Enzyme action, effect of low temperature, 23
Ether extract, 9
F.
Fat, identification of meats, 25
Fat products, inedible, 70
test for adulteration, 51
Fennel, 324
Ferments, spontaneous, 250
Fiber, 9
Figs, 349
caprification, 350
composition, 349
Smyrna, 349
Filberts, 418
Fish, average composition, 151
canning, 152
classification, 117, 118
by composition, 120, 121
cold storage, 151
drying and salting, 152
edible portion, 119
eggs, composition, 146
food value, 153
marketing, 151
oils, 165
principal constituents, 119
products, adulteration, 152
Flavoring extracts, 326
Flavors, artificial, 380
Flesh, edible, 11
Flounder, summer, 127
Flour, 242
adulterations, 247
age, 248
bleaching, 247
commercial value, 244
composition, 245
special names, 243
standards, 248
substitutes, 248
varieties, 242
Fluorids in fish, 151
Foods, classification, 2, 7
composition, 6
condimental, 8
social functions, 5
Fowls, slaughtering, 111
Fresh meat, adulteration of canned, 57
delivery to consumers, 21
preservation, 23
Fruit, brandied, 385
butter, 385
definition, 326
selection, 375
sirups, 373
adulteration, 374
composition, 373
imitation, 374
Fruits, acid content, 369
adulteration of canned, 372
canned, 370
characteristics, 327
composition of ash, 376
crystallized, 483
nutritive uses, 328
sugar content, 369
Fungi, food value, 454
G.
Garlic, 282
Geese, feeding, 106
Gelatine, 90
adulteration, 91
preparation, 90
raw materials, 90, 91
Gervais cheese, 208
Ginger, 324
Glucose, 479
harmful constituents, 485
used in honey, 493
Gluten, 241
flour, 244
separation, 245
testing, 246, 247
Goggle-eye, 135
Goose, 105
composition, 108
varieties, 106
Gooseberry, 342
Gorgonzola cheese, 211
Gourds, 282
Grape fruit, 351
composition, 351
Grapes, 337
composition, 338
Graylings, 128
Graham flour, 243
Green turtle, 157
soup, 79
Gruyère cheese, 210
Guava, 352
composition, 352
preserves, 352
H.
Halibut, 128
Ham and bacon, adulteration of canned, 50
canned, 48
composition of canned, 48
Hake, 128
Halphen test, 65
Hazelnut, 419
oil, 401
Herring, 129
Hicaco, 352
Hickory-nut, 419
Hogfish, 130
Honey, adulteration, 493
ash, 492
cane sugar adulterant, 494
comb, 489
dextrose and levulose, 492
distribution of industry, 489
extracted, 490
glucose, 493
historical, 486
hives, 488
invert sugar content, 494
polarization, 491
preparation, 487
Honey, properties, 491
strained, 491
sucrose content, 492
water content, 491
Horse mackerel, 130
meat, canned, 57
composition, 58
detection, 58
Horse-radish, 283
Huckleberry, 342
I.
Incubator, 96, 97
Indian corn, 222
acreage and yield, 222
adulteration of canned, 310
canned, 308
comparative digestibility, 257
composition of canned, 309
extent of canning industry, 309
starch, 229
varieties, 223
Infants’ foods, 497
composition, 499, 500
solid, 498
Inspection, 13
Intestines of hogs, disposition, 69
Introduction, 1
Invalids’ foods, 497, 498
J.
Jams, 375, 376
adulteration, 378, 379
composition, 377, 378
compound, 383
Jellies, 375, 379
adulteration, 380
coloring, 380
composition, 380, 381
compound, 383
manufacture, 381
preservatives, 382
Jerusalem artichoke, 283
K.
Kale, 283
Kedzie, farinometer, 246
Kephir, 179
Ketchup, colors, 317
refuse material, 317
tomato, 316
Kettle-rendered lard, 68
Kidney bean, 276
Koumiss, 179
Kumquat, 353
L.
Lake herring, 130
Lamb chops, 22
Lamb, commercial cuts, 19
Lard, 63
adulteration, 65
chemical properties, 75
color reaction, 73
commercial classification, 68
composition, 64
crystals, 67
detection of adulterations, 65
leaf, 64
melting point, 73
names of kinds, 64
oil, 94
adulteration, 94
properties, 94
parts of fat used for making, 63
physical properties, 73
properties, 75
of adulterated, 76
rendering, 71, 72
rise of temperature, 73, 74
steam, 64
stearin, 71
summary, 76, 77
Leaf lard, 68
Leek, 284
Lemons, 353
Lethal dose, 39, 40
Lettuce, 284
Limburger cheese, 208
composition, 209
Lime, 354
juice, adulteration, 354
Loaves, size, 259
texture, 259
Lobster, 155
canned, 156
M.
Macaroni, 260
composition, 260, 263
domestic, 260
manufacture, 263
Mace, 324
Mackerel, 131
Maize, 222, 223
composition, 223
early varieties, 227
flour, 230, 231
proteins, 227
variation, 227
Mamey Colorado, 354
de Santo Domingo, 355
Mango, 356
Maple sirup, 472
ash, 473
composition, 473
sugar, 467, 469
Maranon, 348
Marjoram, 325
Marmalade, 382
Meat broth, composition of ash, 86
Meat, chemical detection, 24
composition of fresh and canned, 46
detection of different kinds, 24
disposition of fragments, 23
dried, 25
extract, active principles, 86
adulteration, 86
kinds of preparations, 88, 89
nitrogenous bases, 88
relation of price and nutritive value, 87
food classification, 12
industry, magnitude, 61
juice, composition of ash, 86
microscopic appearance, 24
odor and taste, 24
preparation for canning, 40-41
Meats, 11
adulterations of comminuted, 54
deviled, 54
miscellaneous, 54
mixed, 54
potted, 54
effects of cold storage, 35
methods of preservation, 34, 35
pickled, 26
potted, 51
summary of data, 92, 93
Melons, 284
composition, 285, 286
Menhaden, 132
Milk, 169
average composition, 169
content of fat, 174
certified, 171
character of environment, 170
comparative composition, 175
curd test, 176
pasteurized, 173
preparation, 171
Mince meat, 494
adulteration, 495
pressed, 495
Mixed flour, 244
Mock turtle soup, 79
Modified milk, composition, 497
Molasses, 477
cane, 478
first, second, and third, 478
refinery, 479
sugar-house, 479
Mulberry, 343
Mullet, 132
Muscarine, 447
Mushroom, cepe, 445
common, 440
fairy ring, 443
fly amanita, 446
horse, 441
poisoning, 448
treatment, 448
shaggy, 442, 443
Mushrooms, adulteration, 449
canned, 449
composition, 432
condition of growth, 431
cultivation in France, 431
edible types, 440
food value, 454
historical, 429
mycelium, 430
pieces and stems, 449
poisonous and edible, 433, 434
removal of poison, 448
signs of edible and poisonous, 435-439
soil, 430
spawn, 430
spores, 430
varieties, 440
Muskallunge, 133
Muskmelon, 284
Mussel, 158
Mustard, 325
Mutton, commercial cuts, 19
N.
Napoleon, decree relating to beet sugar, 457
Neat’s foot oil, 94
Neutral lard, 68
Nitrogenous bases, 88
Noodles, 270
Normal dose, 39, 40
Nutmeg, 325
Nuts as a diet, 428
O.
Oats, 232
acreage and yield, 233
composition, 234
products, 234
protein, 234
ratio of kernel to hull, 233
starch, 236
Oatmeal, adulteration, 235
Oil, cod liver, 166
salmon, 166
sardine, 166
Oils and fats, chemical characteristics, 389, 390
crystalline characteristics, 391
melting point, 392
physical characteristics, 392
refractive index, 392
Reichert-Meissl number, 393
saponification value, 393
specific gravity, 393
vegetable, 389
animal, 165
distribution, 391
drying, 391
terrestrial animal, 93
Okra, 286
Oleomargarine, 187
adulteration, 189
composition, 190
Oleomargarine, manufacture, 189
materials, 188
production, 190
Olive kernel oil, 405
Olive oil, 402
adulteration, 402, 403
color, 403
constituents, 404
manufacture, 405
Onion, 286
Oranges, 357, 358
seedless, 359
Oyster, age, 159
cultivation, 159
floating, 162, 163
living, 160
proportion of shell, 161
season, 160
size, 159
soup, 78
Oysters, 158-161
adulteration, 164
average composition, 164
P.
Palm oil, 412
Paprika, 325
Parboiling, 41
effect, 43-45
Parmesan cheese, 210
Parsnips, 287
Pâtés, composition, 54
Peach preserves, 385
Peaches, 339
canned, 371
cling, 341
composition, 341
free, 341
use, 341
varieties, 340
Peanolia, 421
Peanut butter, 412
oil, 406
Renard’s test, 406
starch, 322
Peanuts, 420
localities where grown, 422
Peas, 287
adulteration of canned, 313
canned, 312
composition of canned, 313
Pecan-nut, 424
Pectose, 330
Pepper, 325
black, 325
cayenne, 325
red, 325
white, 325
Permanganate of potash, 448
Pickerel, 132
Pieces of edible animals, names, 17
Pie fillers, 496
Pie fillers, adulteration, 496
Pigeon, domesticated, 107
Pigs, composition, 26, 27
general conclusions, 33
weight of parts, 26
Pig’s-foot grease, 71
Pike, 132
Pineapple, 360
adulteration, 361
Bahama, 363
canned, 362
composition, 363, 364
Florida, 364
Porto Rican, 364
Singapore, 365
Pine-nuts, 424
Pistachio, 426
Plantain meal, 319
Plums, 341
varieties, 342
Pomelo, 351
Pompano, 134
Pont L’Evêque cheese, 208
Popcorn, 225, 227
Pork, commercial cuts, 19, 20
important meat product, 33
Port du Salut cheese, 207
Porterhouse steak, 16
Poultry, application of name, 95
canned, 56
cold storage, 100
forced fattening, 109
importance of animal food, 108
increase in weight, 110
Potato starch as food, 322
manufacture, 296
Potatoes, 288
acreage, 289
ash, 294
composition, 290, 292, 293
effect of manure, 295
for alcohol, 296
German, 293
price, 289
starch, 291
sugar content, 290
sweet, 299
used in spirit manufacture, 297
white, 294
yield, 289
Potted tongue, 56
adulteration, 56
Preservatives in meats, 55
kinds used, 37
Preserved meats, 34
standard, 57
Preserves, 375, 384
Puff-balls, 444
Q.
Quince, 342
R.
Radish, 298
Rape oil, 407
adulterations, 408
manufacture, 408
Raspberry, 343
Ration, balanced, 5
definition, 4
Redeye, 135
Red snapper, 134
Reptiles, aquatic, 157
Rhubarb, 299
Rice, 236
acreage and yield, 236
starch, 236
Roast beef, 21
lamb, 22
Rock bass, 135
Rolls, 264
composition, 265
Romaine lettuce, 284
Roquefort cheese, 211
Rye, 237
acreage and yield, 237
bread, 239
composition, 238
flour, adulteration, 239
protein, 238
S.
Saccharin, in canned corn, 311
in tomatoes, 314, 316
Saffron, 326
Sage, 326
Sago, 320
Salmon, 135-138
Atlantic coast, 137
blueback, 137
canned, 137
Chinook, 136
Pacific, 136
Sebago, 138
sockeye, 137
Salt rising, 251
Samples, preparation for analysis, 28
Sapodilla, 365
Sapota, 365
Sardines, 139
adulteration, 140, 141
California, 139
European, 139
French fisheries, 140
packed in oil, 140
Sausage, adulteration of canned, 60
canned, 59
composition, 59
Savory, 326
Scup, 141
Scuppernong grape vine, 337
Semolina, 263
Sesamé oil, 408
adulteration, 409
Baudouin’s test, 409
plant, 409
Shad, 141
roe, 143
composition, 143
Sheepshead, 143
Shrimps, 156
canned, 157
Sirup, cane, 475
maple, 472
sorghum, 476
Sirups, adulteration, 480
general observations, 481
mixed, 479
Skimmed milk, 176
Small quantities, argument, 38, 39
Smelt, 144
Sole, 146
Soluble meats, 82, 83
composition, 83
Sorghum sirup, 476
Soups, 77
composition, 78
preparation of stock, 77
Sour-sop, 343
Spaghetti, 270
Spanish mackerel, 144
Squash, 299
Star-apple, 366
Starch, 9
in sausages, 55
Starches, adulteration, 322
as foods, 317
Steam lard, 68
Sterilization, 42
Sterilizing meats, general observations, 62
Stilton cheese, manufacture, 205
Storage, length, 22
Strawberry, 343
Striped bass, 146
Sturgeon, 144
Sugar, 9
adulteration, 471
application of name, 455
as food, 472
beets, cultivation, 458
geographic area, 459
yield, 460
cane, growth, 465
corn, 226
lost in fermentation, 259
origin, 455
refining, 469, 470
world production, 471
Sunflower oil, 409
Sulfurous acid, 334
Sweet basil, 326
corn, 226
adulterations, 228
potatoes, 299, 300
acreage and yield, 303
average composition, 303
changes during storage, 302
composition, 301, 302
cultivation, 300
yield, 301
Sweet-sop, 344
T.
Tamarind, 366
composition, 367
Tannin, 334
Tapioca, 320
adulteration, 321
Tautog, 147
Terrapin, 157
Tetanus germs, 91, 92
Thyme, 326
Tilefish, 147
Tinning, 42
Toadstools, 434
Tomatoes, adulteration of canned, 315
canned, 314
composition of canned, 315
Tongue, adulteration of canned, 50
canned, 50
Treacle, 481
Tropical fruits, ash, 367
Trout, 147
Truffles, 450
adulteration, 453
cultivation, 451
geographic distribution, 451
harvesting, 451, 452
properties, 453
varieties, 451
Tuberculosis, 13
Turbot, 149
Turkey, 107
adulteration of potted, 102
composition, 108
Turnip, 304
V.
Veal, commercial cuts, 18
Vegetable, definition, 272
oils, edible, 393
Vegetables, canned, 305
succulent, 274
value, 273
Vegetarianism, 93
W.
Wall-eyed pike, 134
Walnuts, 426
English, 427
white, 427
Watermelon, 284, 285
Weakfish, 149
Weight, relative of canned and fresh meat, 48
Wheat, 239
acreage and yield, 240
comparative digestibility, 257
composition, 240
products, 242
standards, 241
starch, 241
Whey, 179
composition, 179
Whitefish, 150
White grease, 70
X.
Xanthin bases, 90
Y.
Yam, 304
Yeast, 250
Yellow grease, 71
LIST OF BOOKS
ON
ANALYSIS OF FOODS; CHEMICAL
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Leffmann. Examination of Water.
for Sanitary and Technical Purposes. Fifth Edition. Revised.
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Analysis of Milk and Milk Products.
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Richter’s Organic Chemistry.
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A French translation of this book has been published in Paris.
Transcriber’s Notes
Inconsistent, archaic, obsolete and unusual spelling, (deliberate)
misspelling, hyphenation etc. in English as well as other languages
have been retained, except as listed below. This includes
proper names as well as scientific names of plants, animals and
micro-organisms.
Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text and their
settings, not all elements may display as intended. The larger tables
may be legible in a wide window or on a wide screen only.
The differences in structure and wording between the Table of
Contents and the text have not been standardised. Auto-generated
tables of contents may therefore differ from the one on pages vii-ix
in this text.
Except as listed below, The compositions of foodstuffs and other data
are given as printed in the source document without further comment,
but some values seem unlikely. Caution in the use of these values is
recommended.
Advertisement “BY THE SAME AUTHOR”: this is the work referred to in
the text as “the second volume” or “the companion volume”.
Page 18, “so as to include a considerable of the portion”: The word
“part” or equivalent is missing.
Page 120, table Percentages of fat, heading “Containing between 60
and 70 percent of flesh”: possibly an error for “Containing between
60 and 50 percent of flesh”.
Page 176, “Normal milk contains ... and page 179, “Milk contaminated
by the introduction of dust, ...: either the closing quote mark is
missing, or the opening quote marks are erroneous.
Page 186, “butter must contain more than 16 percent water”: as
printed in the source document, the word “not” is likely to be
missing.
Page 198, “the whey being of a higher specific gravity than the
curd”:as printed in the source document; probably an error for ...
lower specific gravity....
Page 203, “Cheddar, double and single, Gloucester”: the second comma
is probably erroneous.
Page 513, “one and forty-seven hundred and four ten-thousandths
(1.4707)”: as printed in the source document.
Page 547, “after the final inspection of carcasses and parts are
marked”: as printed in the source document.
Page 572, “for the presence of the usual condimentary substances”:
“for” is probably an error for “or” or “nor”.
Page 607, ““An article shall also be deemed misbranded ...”: the
source document has no closing quote mark.
Changes:
Tables and illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs;
footnotes have been moved to under the paragraph(s) or table(s) in
which they are referenced. In some lists and tables the ditto mark
(„) or “Do.” has been replaced with the dittoed text. Some tables
have been re-arranged or split; tables have been split in such a way
that they may easily be re-combined.
Some obvious minor typographical, printing and punctuation errors
have been corrected silently.
Page ix: “510-517” changed to “501-517”.
Page xi (list of plates): plate numbers added; “Arichide” changed to
“Arachide” (also in plate itself).
Page 4: “through the cells walls” changed to “through the cell walls”
as elsewhere.
Page 14: “any of the meat of flesh foods” changed to “any of the meat
or flesh foods”.
Page 49, table: “Prosciutts” changed to “Prosciutto”.
Page 62: “pluro-pneumonia” changed to “pleuro-pneumonia”.
Page 81, table: “coaguable” changed to “coagulable”.
Page 120, first table: “black fish” changed to “blackfish” as
elsewhere.
Page 135: “It belongs to the genus Orcorhynchus” changed to “It
belongs to the genus Oncorhynchus”.
Page 164, second part of large table: the part of the table on
this page has been formatted (underlining and indentation) to be
consistent with the part on page 163.
Page 276: “to any other part of the world” changed to “in any other
part of the world”.
Page 281: “Rorifa nasturtium” changed to “Rorippa nasturtium”.
Page 287: “than” inserted before “to botanical character”.
Page 318: “Tous le mois” changed to “Tous les mois”.
Page 319: “Musa paradisaica” changed to “Musa paradisiaca”.
Page 325: “Casson” changed to “Cosson”.
Page 336, table: heading “Percent” deleted from column No. of Samples.
Page 368 (table): “Caimito” changed to “Cainito”.
Page 384: “disastase” changed to “diastase” (2×).
Page 398: “local conditions effecting the seed” changed to “local
conditions affecting the seed”.
Page 427: “used for dying homespun cloth” changed to “used for dyeing
homespun cloth”.
Page 446: “Nouvel Atlas de Champignon” changed to “Nouvel Atlas de
Champignons”.
Page 509: “Capsicum baccattum” changed to “Capsicum baccattum”.
Page 510: “Roripa armoracia” changed to “Rorippa armoracia”.
Page 512: “terpeneless oil or orange” changed to “terpeneless oil of
orange”.
Page 547: “placed and in the retaining room” changed to “and placed
in the retaining room”.
Page 577: “to have the plaster attached” changed to “to have the
paster attached”.
Page 608: “Dover’s power is mentioned” changed to “Dover’s powder is
mentioned”.
Index: spelling of some entries corrected to agree with the main text
(e.g., pâté, pompano).