STAMFORD BRIDGE.
Owing to the difficulty of getting the levies formed up and set in motion,
the Norsemen had arrived on the ground and had taken up a defensive
position before the English reached it. Had the force contained a strong
body of housecarls, Wulf, who had talked the matter over with the earls,
would have advised that they should fight on the defensive and allow the
Norsemen to attack; but with freshly-raised troops, ready and eager for
battle, but wanting the discipline that alone enables trained soldiers to
endure patiently a long series of attacks, he thought that there was more
chance of victory in attacking the enemy. Morcar commanded on the left,
Edwin on the right. Wulf took up his position by the side of Morcar, and
exchanged a few words with Osgod before advancing to the charge.
"This will be a right royal contest, master," the latter said as he
fingered his heavy axe. "Never before have I seen a set battle like this."
"Do you keep close to me, Osgod."
"That I am sure to do, master," the latter broke in.
"Yes, I know that while we fight you will be by my side, but it may be that
we shall have to fly. The Norsemen outnumber us greatly, and their king is
a host in himself. This is a good position to defend, but a bad one to fly
from. The king's last words were a charge to me not to throw away my life,
and therefore while I shall fight as long as fighting can avail, I shall
also do my best to save myself if we are defeated. As we came along I kept
near to the edge of the swamp, and some hundred yards back I marked a spot
where, as it seemed to me, there was a sort of path, worn either by broken
men and outlaws, who may dwell somewhere in its recesses, or by men from a
village beyond it. For this point, then, I shall make if we are defeated.
It may be that it was not a path, but at least it offers a chance of
escape. So when I give you the word, keep close to my side."
Osgod nodded. His confidence in Wulf was absolutely boundless, and though
he revolted at the thought of retreat he knew well that so long as a chance
of victory remained Wulf would not quit the field. When within two or three
hundred yards of the enemy, Morcar advanced to the front of the line with
his standard-bearer beside him.
"On men!" he shouted, and with a yell the English poured down to the attack
The line of the Norsemen was on this side less strong than it was near the
river where their king had posted himself, and the Norsemen gave way before
the furious attack of the English. Morcar and many of his thanes fought in
the front rank. Wulf was close beside him, and before their swords and the
terrible axe of Osgod the invaders fell back foot by foot, and shouts of
triumph rose from the English; but it was not for long. On the left Edwin
could make no impression on the shield-wall of the enemy, and presently
their king caused his horns to blow the signal for attack, and his line,
hitherto immovable, flung itself on the English. The king, a head taller
than any of his men, fought in their front rank, his terrible two-handed
sword hewing down every man who opposed him. As the English gave way the
assault became more and more impetuous, and in a few minutes the English
broke and fled all along the line.
"All is lost, Osgod," Wulf said; as after fighting to the last he turned
his back on the foe. The scene on the ridge was now terrible; the exulting
Norsemen followed hard upon the flying English, uttering their shouts of
victory and cutting down all they overtook. Hampered by the crowd in front
of them great numbers of the English fell beneath the weapons of their
pursuers, others turned to the right or left, and hundreds were smothered
in the swamp by the river or in that on the other side. Once the flight
began, Osgod placed himself in front of his master, his powerful figure and
his weight enabling him to push his way through the crowd of fugitives.
Wulf kept close behind him, and they followed the edge of the swamp until
Wulf saw the faint indication of a path he had before noticed.
"Turn off here, Osgod; this is the place I spoke of. Let me go first, I am
lightest."
The ground shook beneath their feet, the slime oozed up to their ankles,
but, moderating their pace now, they sprang from tussock to tussock until
two or three hundred yards from the edge of the swamp. Then they paused and
looked round. The work of slaughter was still proceeding. Along the edge
of the swamp numbers of English could be seen, some half immerged, some
fast disappearing. In the din of the struggle none heard or heeded their
cries, each man was occupied solely with the thought of flight or
slaughter. Some half-dozen of the fugitives, seeing the two men were making
their way across the swamp, had followed in their footsteps.
Slowly and cautiously Wulf moved forward again. Sometimes a treacherous
tuft gave way and he slipped waist-deep into the mire, but Osgod was always
close at hand, and his long arm enabled him to reach forward to his master
from a firmer spot and to draw him from the bog. After an hour's painful
work the ground began to be firmer, and before long they were safe in the
forest beyond the swamp. Here for a while the party threw themselves down
exhausted. After an hour's rest the others asked Wulf what they had best
do.
"There is but one thing to be done," he replied; "make off to your homes.
The remnant of the army will reach York, and the Norsemen will doubtless
surround the city and lay siege to it. For the present our cause is lost,
and there is nought for us to do but to try and save our lives, which have
been spared well-nigh by a miracle."
Keeping south through the forest Wulf and his follower were several hours
before they emerged from its shade. Another three miles' walking brought
them to a village, where they learned they were six miles west of Selby.
Here they obtained some food, and then bearing off so as to strike the
south road arrived soon after nightfall at the house of the thane who had
supplied them with their last change of horses on their way north. The news
they brought excited the greatest consternation, but their host saw at once
that the only hope now was that Harold might bring help, and at once placed
the two horses which they had ridden to his house at their disposal. Wulf
and Osgod mounted at once, and travelled southwards at a speed equal to
that at which they had journeyed north.
When within a few miles of Peterborough they received news that seemed
almost too good to be true. Harold at the head of a great army had already
reached that town, and was pressing north at the top of his speed. From
east and west he was being joined by the levies of the thanes. Riding
forward to Peterborough they found the town crowded with troops, who, as
they learned, were to march forward again in half an hour. Wulf at once
made his way to the monastery, in which Harold was lodged.
"I need not ask your news, Wulf," Harold said, as, covered with dust and
mire, and almost reeling with exhaustion, the young thane entered his
private closet.
"The army of the northern earls has been well-nigh destroyed two miles from
York. Whether the earls themselves escaped I know not, for I left the field
while the slaughter was still going on. York will be at once besieged, and
as most of its fighting men went out to the battle and a large proportion
must have been slain, I fear that it can resist but a short time the attack
of the Norsemen. It was good news indeed when I heard that you were
advancing north."
"It is bad tidings that you bring, Wulf, but not unexpected. Directly I
heard that the enemy's fleet were off our northern coast and were burning
and pillaging unopposed, I speedily gathered what force I could in the
South, and sending on messengers ahead to summon the levies of East Anglia
to join me on the way, started north. Yesterday the news reached me that
the great fleet of Norway had sailed up the Humber, and I saw that I should
be too late to join Edwin and Morcar before they were forced to give battle
before York. Now tell me of the fight, and how you managed to escape, for
I see by your mail-coat and helmet, which are dinted and frayed and the
steel rings shorn off in many places, that you were in the thick of it."
Wulf related the story of the battle, and the manner in which he had
escaped.
"You did wisely, Wulf, to mark a way of retreat before the battle
commenced. A good general should ever be prepared for defeat as well as for
victory. So the levies fought well?"
"They did, my lord. They engaged the Norsemen gallantly and well--much
better, indeed, than I had looked for them to do, and the day went
favourably until the King of Norway with his picked men threw themselves
upon them. Even after that they fought sturdily for a short time, and had
there been but a body of housecarls to form a shield-wall, behind which
they could have rallied, the day might still have been theirs. But you
look ill, my lord."
"I was on a bed of sickness when the news came; but it was no time for
lying abed. For the first two or three days' marches I was carried on a
litter, but I am now well enough to sit my horse. It cost me a sore
struggle to leave the South unguarded simply because my orders were not
obeyed here in the North. But there was no help for it, and we have been
marching well-nigh night and day in hopes that we might bring this matter
to a close, and return south before the Norman fleet appears off the coast.
We have already marched farther than would seem possible in the time, but
the men are all in good heart and eager to meet the Norsemen, and I have
addressed them and shown them the urgent necessity for speed. We shall set
forward again in half an hour. They have had six hours for rest, so they
can do another fifty miles before they halt again. You can tarry here for a
day to rest yourself, and can then ride on and overtake us."
"I will go down and take a plunge in the river," Wulf said, "and shall be
ready to mount again by the time that the rearguard is in motion. I could
have kept on to London had it been needful, and shall be quite ready to
proceed with the army."
They were within a day's march of York when the news came that the city had
surrendered without waiting for an assault. The King of Norway had offered
favourable terms; a local Gemot had been held, and it had been agreed to
make peace with Harold of Norway, and not only to receive him as king but
to join him in his warfare against the South. Hostages were given for their
fidelity to their new lord, who in return gave hostages to York for the
good conduct of his troops. It was the city only that had so treacherously
behaved, and the surrender by no means included the whole province. It was
arranged, however, by the earls, that hostages should be given for
Northumbria at large, and they promised that a hundred and fifty of these
should be handed over at Stamford Bridge, eight miles north-east of the
city.
Here there was a palace of the old Northumbrian kings. The spot was
favourable for the encampment of an army, for the country round was fertile
and the bridge across the Derwent afforded facilities for the collection of
provisions over a large area. The bridge was a wooden one, the country on
either side of the river was flat, but considerably elevated above the
stream, with a slope down to it on both sides of the bridge.
The news of the surrender of York made no change in Harold's plans. He had
come to give battle to the Norsemen, whether he did so under the walls of
the northern capital or elsewhere; accordingly he pressed rapidly forward.
In a few hours the army arrived in sight of York, which, had it resisted
but a day longer, would have been saved the humiliation of the surrender
and treaty. The invaders had all marched to Stamford Bridge, and the people
opened its gates and received with rejoicing the king, whose authority they
had the day before cast off. Beyond a short pause for food there was no
delay. Harold's thoughts were on the South, and he grudged every hour that
delayed his return to his post there. The men of the city and the
survivors of the army defeated at Fulford joined the force, which kept on
its way east to Stamford Bridge. The invaders, believing that Northumbria
lay at their feet, and without a thought that Harold was advancing, were
encamped in careless security on the low ground by the river. The greater
portion of their host had crossed the bridge; their king, Tostig, and many
of the great chiefs had taken up their abode in the royal palace at Aldby,
and were preparing to return to York, where the king was to hold his court
and formally to assume the government and to proclaim the laws for his new
kingdom.
Already the cortege had set out, clad not in warlike armour but in court
habiliments, when on the long road leading gently down to the river a cloud
of dust and the sparkle of arms was seen. There was little room for doubt
as to the nature of the arriving force. Northumbria could gather no array
that would venture thus to approach the army that had but five days before
crushed the levies of the North. It could only be Harold himself who, with
the men of the South, had thus unexpectedly arrived. Tostig at once
proposed a retreat to the ships at Riccall, so that the whole army might be
gathered together, but Harold Hardrada strove to marshal his army for the
battle, at the same time sending off mounted messengers to summons the
party left at the ships. But while all was in confusion among the main body
of the invaders on the eastern bank of the river, while men were buckling
on their armour and gathering in their ranks, the cloud of war rolled
rapidly down the descent, and with a mighty shout the English vanguard fell
upon the Norsemen on the western bank.
Valiantly they fought, but there was no resisting the solid array of the
English housecarls, or Thingmen as they were also called. Taken altogether
unprepared, and for the most part without their defensive armour, the
Norsemen could offer no successful resistance to the English host. Great
numbers were killed; others were driven headlong across the bridge or were
drowned in the stream, which is said to have been literally choked with
dead. But for a time the advance of the English was stayed; for one
Norseman, a man of great stature and prodigious strength, took post in the
middle of the narrow bridge and barred the way to the English host. But one
foe could attack him at a time, and so great was his strength and prowess
that it is said forty Englishmen fell under the mighty blows of his
two-handed sword, and at last he was only over-powered by one who made his
way along beneath the timbers of the bridge and stabbed him with his spear
from below.
His gallant stand, however, had sufficed to give his countrymen time to
complete their preparations, and the shield-wall of the Norsemen stretched
across the gentle ascent from the bridge. With his hands raised aloft, as a
sign that his mission was a peaceful one, an English thane with twenty
mounted horsemen rode across the bridge. He was met by the king, Tostig,
and his chiefs. Raising his voice the thane addressed Tostig, "I bring to
Tostig the greeting and message of his brother King Harold. Let him return
to his allegiance and he shall again have the earldom of Northumberland;
nay, he shall have a third of the kingdom to rule together with the king."
"What, then," Tostig asked, "shall be given to King Harold of Norway?"
"Seven feet of English ground!" the thane said sternly, "or more,
perchance, seeing he is taller than other men."
"Return to King Harold of England," Tostig said, "and bid him make ready
for the battle. Never shall men say in Norway that I brought their king
hither to England and then went over to his foes."
Harold's ambassador returned with his men across the river with Tostig's
message, and then in solid array the English Thingmen moved forward to the
attack. Had the King of Norway advanced to the end of the bridge a battle
would have been impossible, for the English could never have forced their
way across. But the kings were equally anxious for a battle. Harold of
Norway knew as well as the King of England that the host of Normandy was on
the point of sailing, and it was as essential for him to crush the English
army before the Normans landed as it was for Harold of England to dispose
at once of the Norse invaders. There were three claimants for the English
crown, and both kings felt the necessity of having their hands free to meet
the Normans. Harold of Norway may well have believed that his host of tried
warriors was capable of disposing of an army that, save for its small body
of regular troops, was wholly unused to war; therefore, he held his array
immovable while the English army crossed the bridge and formed up for
battle.
Steadily and firmly the solid line of the housecarls moved up the ascent,
and then as Harold's trumpet gave the signal of attack, flung themselves
upon the shield-wall of the Norsemen. The conflict was a terrible one. The
heavy two-handed axes of the English clashed against the long two-handed
swords of the Norsemen. Against such terrible weapons wielded by such
powerful arms, helmet and hauberk afforded but a poor defence. Casques and
the heads beneath them were cleft like egg-shells under the terrible blows;
but the gaps thus made in the ranks were at once filled from behind, and
for hours the struggle continued with unabated vigour on both sides. Harold
himself with a body of his thanes fought in the front line, his position
marked to his followers by his standard kept flying close behind him. His
great strength and height made him so formidable an assailant that his
standard generally flew well in advance of his fighting line, while on the
other side the still greater height and strength of the King of Norway
rendered him equally conspicuous. At last the obstinate valour of the
English housecarls prevailed over the resistance of the fierce Norsemen,
and the invading host was driven backward step by step up the ascent until
the level ground was reached.
Here the battle again raged as fiercely as ever. In vain did Harold of
Norway, followed by his bravest warriors, hurl himself upon the ranks of
the English, his terrible sword carrying death in its path. In vain did his
followers again and again strive to take the offensive. The English line
ever bore up against their attacks. The battle was still undecided when, as
the sun was going down, an English arrow pierced the throat of the giant
King of Norway. How Tostig, who had throughout the day fought by his side,
fell, we know not, but he died, as did the Irish prince who had brought his
followers to share in the plunder of England. There fell, too, most of the
bravest warriors of Norway, the last of the sea-kings who had carried the
banner, known as the land-waster, far and wide over Europe.
The slaughter was terrible, and at nightfall the Norsemen who survived
broke and fled to the shelter of their ships. Never in the history of
England was there a harder fought battle; never were English valour and
endurance more splendidly shown. Terrible, too, had been the losses on
their side. Many of the king's bravest thanes had fallen, and the ranks of
the housecarls were fearfully thinned. Complete as had been the victory,
absolute as had been the destruction of their foes, there was but little
rejoicing in the English camp that night. So exhausted were the troops by
their long march and the desperate struggle of the day that they threw
themselves down to sleep on the ground they had won, thickly covered as it
was with the bodies of friend and foe.
Wulf throughout the day had fought close to Harold. Osgod had kept close
beside him, and had warded off many a sweeping blow and cut down many a
pressing enemy. At the end of the day his left arm hung useless by his
side, well-nigh cleft off by the blow of a Norseman's sword. Wulf himself
had escaped without a scratch, thanks in a large measure to his follower's
watchfulness. When the battle was over he was one of the few thanes who
gathered round Harold. The latter felt no exultation at this victory. It
had cost him the flower of his army and numbers of his most valued thanes.
It had cost him, too, the life of a brother, to whom in spite of his faults
he had been deeply attached. He knew that there was before him a struggle
even more serious than that from which he had just emerged a victor, and
there was no saying how that struggle might end.
"I thank God that you are spared to me, Wulf," he said as the young thane
came up. "I marked you near me all through the battle, and none fought more
bravely. It has been a terrible day, and our victory is dearly purchased
indeed. I have sent a messenger to York, praying that every monk skilled in
surgery will at once hasten hither, that all men and boys shall come and
help to collect the wounded, and that such women as can aid will accompany
them. I cannot ask the men who have marched well-nigh night and day since
we left London, and borne the brunt of the day's battle, to do more.
England has need of their strength. The messenger was to stop at Helmsley,
and bid every soul left there to hurry to the field. It is but two miles
away, and in half an hour they will be here. The first thing for them to do
is to carry water to the wounded; there are no lack of vessels in the
Norsemen's camp."
"I will go to the bridge, my lord, and take them in charge when they
arrive, and set them at the work."
"You need rest as much as any, Wulf."
"I can rest to-morrow," Wulf said; "and at any rate could not sleep
to-night, for I must see to Osgod, who will, I fear, lose an arm."
"I am sorry to hear it," Harold said, "for one could ill spare so brave a
fellow. I saw the Norsemen going down under his axe, and assuredly no man
did more than he to-day."
"I will tell him what you say, my lord; it will do him good. I left him
sitting down on a bank bemoaning himself that he might not be cured in time
to fight the Normans."
Harold shook his head. "I would give half my estates, Wulf, that he should
be well enough to fight by your side in our first battle with the Normans.
That would mean that they would not land before two months have passed, and
by that time I would have all the force of England gathered to receive
them. As you are willing that it should be so, I will leave you in charge
of the camp to-night. It will be three hours before help can arrive from
York. Till then there is nought to do but to carry water to the wounded.
When they arrive the monks will dress the wounds, and the men and women
carry such as can be moved down by the river, where they can be treated
more easily than lying in the fields. Have a strict search made for the
body of my brother, and place a guard over it. Sweyn is in charge of the
Norse camp. There is great treasure there, which shall to-morrow be partly
divided among the troops."
Wulf went at once down to the bridge, while Harold and his thanes lay down
like the soldiers on the field of battle. In a short time men, women, and
children came in from Helmsley. Having been told what they were required
for, they had brought with them jugs and drinking cups, and also a supply
of torches. The first search was made over the ground west of the river.
Here few English had fallen, but the Norsemen lay thickly. Wulf ordered
that water should be given to all, foe as well as friend. The number of
living was small, for the heavy two handed axes had done their work
thoroughly. When such as survived had been seen to, Wulf led the villagers
over the bridge.
"Scatter right and left," he said, "and then move forward. You cannot go
wrong." Having seen them all at work, he hurried away to the spot where he
had left Osgod sitting. He had before leaving him staunched the flow of
blood by winding a bow string round the arm above the wound and then
twisting it tightly.
"How fares it with you, Osgod? Here is a ewer of water."
"That is good," Osgod said, after taking a mighty draught. "Truly I felt
as if the moisture of my body had all dried up, and not only my mouth but
my whole frame was parched."
"Why, Osgod," Wulf exclaimed, as he held the torch he carried close to him,
"your arm has gone!"
"That is so, master, an arm after the bone has been cleft through is of no
use to anyone, so I thought the sooner I got rid of it the better, and
having my knife handy I just cut through the flesh that remained. That was
the end of it. Would that we could get rid of all our evils as readily.
To-morrow I will walk to York and get the wound seared."
"The king sent to York for aid directly the battle was over, and we shall
have all the townsfolk here soon, among them monks and others skilled in
the dressing of wounds. I told the king of your misfortune." And he then
repeated what Harold had said.
"It does me good to hear that Harold is satisfied with me. I hope to
strike many a good blow for him yet."
"How still it is here, Osgod! There is scarce a sound to be heard from all
those lying round."
"There are but few with life in them, I reckon," Osgod said. "A Norse
sword and an English axe let out the life quickly when they strike fair.
This blow fell on my arm as my axe was raised to strike, and it were well
it did so, or it would have taken me in the neck, and then neither monk nor
leech could have brought me back to life. Had it been my right arm I would
as lief have been killed at once, for what good is a man without his right
arm?"
"You would have learned to use your left in time, Osgod. Now if you can
walk, come down to the river, and I will see that you are among the first
attended to."
"I will lie down here," Osgod said, "for in truth I feel as if I need
sleep. For the last two days I have been scarce able to keep my eyes open,
and now that I have had a drink I feel that a few hours' rest will do me
more good than any monk."
Osgod's words came slowly and heavily, and as he ended he lay down on his
back. Wulf saw that it was best that he should sleep, and so left him. In
two hours a great number of lights were seen along the road, and soon a
crowd of men and women from York appeared and scattered themselves over the
battlefield, the monks pouring balm into wounds and bandaging them up,
while the men and women carried the wounded, as fast as they were attended
to, down to the river. The bodies of Tostig and of the King of Norway were
both found, and a guard placed over them, and in the morning that of Tostig
was carried to York for burial in the cathedral, while Harold Hardrada was
buried where he fell.
Harold sent messengers to the Norsemen's fleet offering mercy to them if
they would surrender, and their chiefs come to York and swear never again
to raise their swords against England--an offer which was thankfully
accepted, for the English fleet had entered the Humber, and their retreat
was cut off.
The next day the Norse chiefs went to York and took the required oath, and
were then escorted back to their ships. So terrible had been the
slaughter, so complete the destruction of the invading army, that, even
including the guard that remained at the fleet, twenty-four ships sufficed
to carry away home the survivors of the mighty host. The task of burying
the slain was too great to be undertaken, and for many years afterwards the
field of battle was whitened with the bones of the invaders who had fallen
there.
On the day after the battle Harold returned with his army to York. Here all
who had fallen away from the cause of England were pardoned. Measures were
taken for making the fighting strength of the North available for the
general defence of the country. The wounded were cared for in the houses of
the citizens, and for five days the troops rested after their prodigious
exertions.
Early in the morning after the battle Osgod's wound had been seared with
red-hot irons. He had borne the pain unflinchingly, saying that he had
suffered as much from burns more than once while learning his trade as an
armourer. Wulf was not present, as he had thrown himself down to sleep as
soon as he had been relieved at daylight, but he saw him before he started
with the king for York.
"Yes, it hurts a bit, master," Osgod replied in answer to his inquiries. "I
could not expect otherwise. You will have to do without me for a few days.
I have made friends with some peasants at Helmsley. I shall stay with them
till the army marches south. If I were at York I should never keep quiet;
and the monks tell me the quieter I am the sooner my wounds will heal. They
are poor creatures, these monks; they wanted to make out that it might be
two or three months before I was fit for service again. I told them it
would be a shame to my manhood if in a fortnight I could not wield an axe
again. It is not as if I had been brought up softly. I have burnt myself
with hot irons many a time, and know that a few days suffices to heal a
sore."
"It is not the sore, Osgod; it is the veins that might burst out bleeding
again."
"That is what they said, master; but at present there is not much blood
left in me, I think, and by the time it comes again my veins ought to have
healed themselves. This plaguey bowstring hurts me well-nigh as much as the
smart of the irons; but the monks say I must bear it for a couple of days,
when they will put on some tight bandages in its place, but if I can bear
the pain it were better that it should be kept there for a week or two."
Five days passed. The king laboured incessantly at making a settlement of
the affairs of the North. The thanes came in from all Northumbria. They
were full of thankfulness at the deliverance that had been wrought for
them, and the victor of Stamford Bridge was far more to them than the King
of England had ever been. All were received with kindness and courtesy, and
Harold felt that at Stamford Bridge he had conquered not only the host of
Norway but the Northern earldoms. On the evening of the fifth day after
the battle they held a great banquet at York. The feasting was at its
height when Harold was told that a messenger had arrived with urgent news,
and the man was at once brought in. He had ridden in two days from the
South, and brought the momentous news that on the third day after the
victory of Stamford Bridge the Norman host had landed in Sussex.