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FOOTNOTES:
[A] _Abécédaire, ou Rudiment D’Archeologie, par M. de Caumont,
fondateur des Congrès Scientifiques de France, etc._ (Caen, 1850, 8vo.)
[B] There is some doubt on this subject; the opinion here stated is
that generally received, but recent observations seem to shew that
the Saxons were more advanced than the Normans at the time of the
Conquest; their work was more highly finished, had more ornament, and
they used fine-jointed masonry, while the Normans used wide-jointed,
but the Norman buildings were more substantial, and on a larger scale;
everywhere the cathedrals were rebuilt after the Conquest.
[C] This is recorded in the _Bulletin Monumental_ of the period, and in
the _Abécédaire_ of M. de Caumont.
[D] Sometimes called the _scroll_ molding, but _roll_ is the correct
term, from the close resemblance to a roll of parchment with the edge
overlapping.
[E] The wooden groined vaults of Chester Cathedral were carefully
restored in 1871-72, with excellent effect, and in very good taste.
[F] It should be noticed that fan-tracery vaulting is _peculiarly
English_, the principle of it began with the earliest English Gothic
style, as in the cloisters of Lincoln Cathedral, each stone of the
vaulting being cut to fit its place. In France this is never done, each
block of stone is oblong, as in those for the walls, and is only made
to curve over in a vault by the mortar between the joints. This had
the effect of making vaulting much cheaper to construct, and therefore
much more abundant in France than in England, but it is always less
scientific and often less beautiful; good French architects, with the
late M. Viollet-le-Duc, much admired the English vaulting.
[G] A curious example of Elizabethan work occurs at Sunningwell Church,
within a few miles of Oxford, where there is a singular polygonal porch
at the west end, being a mixture of Ionic columns and Gothic windows.
There is also some good woodwork of the same period. The church was
chiefly rebuilt by Bishop Jewel.
[H] By a curious coincidence, the old Congregation-house, on the north
side of the chancel of St. Mary’s Church, has been converted into the
“Chapel for the Unattached Students.”
[I] The workmen employed were the same as were employed at Eton and
Windsor, under the direction of William of Waynfleet, and were called
away from Oxford under a royal mandate, but were restored again in
consequence of a petition from the University.
[J] The architect employed was Thomas Holt of York, who was likewise
employed over several of the other buildings in Oxford at the same
period. He died in 1624, and was buried in Holywell Churchyard. The
builders were first, J. Acroid, who died in 1613; and afterwards
J. Bentley, who built likewise the new buildings of Merton, and M.
Bentley, who died in 1618.
[K] From this arose the popular, but erroneous belief that the
candidates were compelled to walk an hour in the Pig-market, in order
to allow the tradesmen to whom they were indebted to recognise them,
and obtain payment of their debts, it being a rule that no candidate
against whom an action for debt is pending in the University court, can
receive a degree. But though the belief was not correct, it was until a
comparatively recent period the custom for tradesmen to attend at those
times for the purpose mentioned.
[L] Quarterly, 1 and 4, Argent five martlets saltier-wise sable;
on a chief azure, three ducal coronets, Or; a crescent for
difference.--_Bodley._ 2 and 3, Argent, two bars wavy, between three
billets sable.--_Hore._
[M] The two staircases were added afterwards, but were panelled to
match the rest of the work. On the north end this panelling seems to
have been subsequently cut away, so that nothing but the small arches
remain attached to the under side of the strings. In Williams’s _Oxonia
Depicta_ it is shewn completely panelled.
[N] In these accounts, (for an opportunity of examining which I am
indebted to the Rev. J. Griffith, Sub-Warden [now, in 1881, the
Warden]), the masons who worked the stone for building are called
_Free_ masons, or _Freestone Masons_ (which is probably the true
meaning of the term), while the rest are merely called “labourers.”
The cost of each window, with the name of the workman, is put down
separately, the price of a chapel window being 6_l._, while those of
the hall were 3_l._ 18_s._ each. It is curious, too, to find that the
three statues over the entrance to the hall and chapel were cut by one
of the free masons (William Blackshaw) employed on the other parts of
the building. For each statue he was paid the sum of 3_l._
The following prices and terms also appear, and are curious and
interesting, [but great allowance must be made for the change in the
value of money; it is probable that each shilling of the time of James
I. was equivalent to at least ten shillings in the time of Queen
Victoria]:--
Lodgement, 4_d._ per foot.
Window table, 4_d._ per foot.
Grass table, 4_d._ per foot.
Window lights, _3s._ 4_d._ each.
Pillar stone, at 16_d._ per foot.
Cornish, 2_d._ per foot.
Gorgel table }
Gargill }
Gurgul } at 4_d._ per foot.
Gurgoll }
Tun stone, or tun stuff }stones for chimney shafts,
Tounel stones, or tunnel stones } &c.
End of Project Gutenberg's A B C of Gothic Architecture, by John Henry Parker