REASON, in German _Vernunft_, defined by_The Nuttall encyclopædia

that unites and brings together, as against the understanding," in German

_Verstand_, "the faculty that separates, and only in separation knows,"

and that is synthetic of the whole, whereof the latter is merely analytic

of the parts, sundered from the whole, and without idea of the whole, the

former being the faculty which construes the diversity of the universe

into a unity or the one, whereas the latter dissolves the unity into

diversity or the many.

REASON, GODDESS OF, a Mrs. Momoro, wife of a bookseller in Paris,

who, on the 10th November 1793, in the church of Notre Dame, represented

what was called Reason, but was only scientific analysis, which the

revolutionaries of France proposed, through her representing such, to

install as an object of worship to the dethronement of the Church,

_l'infâme_.

RÉAUMUR, French scientist, born in La Rochelle; made valuable

researches and discoveries in the industrial arts as well as in natural

history; is best known as the inventor of the thermometer that bears his

name, which is graduated into 80 degrees from the temperature of melting

ice to that of boiling water (1683-1757).

REBECCA THE JEWESS, a high-souled Hebrew maiden, who is the heroine

in Sir Walter Scott's "Ivanhoe."

REBECCAITES, a band of Welsh rioters who in 1843, dressed as

females, went about at nights and destroyed the toll-gates, which were

outrageously numerous; they took their name from Gen. xxiv. 60.

REBELLION, name of two risings of Jacobites in Scotland to restore

the exiled Stuart dynasty to the throne, one in behalf of the Pretender

in 1715, headed by the Earl of Mar, and defeated at Sheriffmuir, and the

other in behalf of the Young Chevalier, and defeated at Culloden in April

1746.

RÉCAMIR, MADAME, Frenchwoman, born at Lyons; became at 15 the wife

of a rich banker In Paris thrice her own age; was celebrated for her wit

her beauty, and her salon; was a friend of Madame de Staël and

Châteaubriand, whom she soothed in his declining years, and a good woman

(1777-1849).

RECANATI (6), a pretty Italian town, 15 m. S. of the Adriatic port

Ancona, the birthplace of Leopardi; has a Gothic cathedral.

RECENSION, the name given to the critical revision of the text of an

author, or the revised text itself.

RECHABITES, a tribe of Arab origin and Bedouin habits who attached

themselves to the Israelites in the wilderness and embraced the Jewish

faith, but retained their nomadic ways; they abstained from all strong

drink, according to a vow they had made to their chief, which they could

not be tempted to break, an example which Jeremiah in vain pleaded with

the Jews to follow in connection with their vow to the Lord (See Jer.

xxxv.).

RECIDIVISTS, a name applied to the class of habitual delinquents or

criminals of France.

RECIPROCITY, a term used in economics to describe commercial

treaties entered into by two countries, by which it is agreed that, while

a strictly protective tariff is maintained as regards other countries,

certain articles shall be allowed to pass between the two contracting

countries free of or with only light duties; this is the cardinal

principle of Fair Trade, and is so far opposed to Free Trade.

RECLUS, ELISÉE, a celebrated French geographer; from his extreme

democratic opinions left France In 1851, lived much in exile, and spent

much time in travel; wrote "Géographie Universelle," in 14 vols., his

greatest work; _b_. 1830.

RECORDE, ROBERT, mathematician, born in Pembroke; a physician by

profession, and physician to Edward VI. and Queen Mary; his works on

arithmetic, algebra, &c., were written in the form of question and

answer; died in the debtors' prison (1500-1558).

RECORDER, an English law official, the chief Judicial officer of a

city or borough; discharges the functions of judge at the

Quarter-Sessions of his district; must be a barrister of at least five

years' standing; is appointed by the Crown, but paid by the local

authority; is debarred from sitting on the licensing bench, but is not

withheld from practising at the bar; the sheriff in Scotland is a similar

official.

RECTOR, a clergyman of the Church of England, who has a right to the

great and small tithes of the living; where the tithes are impropriate he

is called a vicar.

RECUSANTS, a name given to persons who refused to attend the

services of the Established Church, on whom legal penalties were first

imposed in Elizabeth's reign, that bore heavily upon Catholics and

Dissenters; the Toleration Act of William III. relieved the latter, but

the Catholics were not entirely emancipated till 1829.

RED CROSS KNIGHT, St. George, the patron saint of England, and the

type and the symbol of justice and purity at feud with injustice and

impurity.

RED CROSS SOCIETY, an internationally-recognised society of

volunteers to attend to the sick and wounded in time of war, so called

from the members of it wearing the badge of St. George.

RED REPUBLICANS, a party in France who, at the time of the

Revolution of 1848, aimed at a reorganisation of the State on a general

partition of Property.

RED RIVER, an important western tributary of the Mississippi; flows

E. and SE. through Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana; has a course of 1600

m. till it joins the Mississippi; is navigable for 350 m.

RED RIVER OF THE NORTH, flows out of Elbow Lake, Minnesota; forms

the boundary between North Dakota and Minnesota, and flowing through

Manitoba, falls into Lake Winnipeg after a course of 665 m.; is a

navigable river.

RED SEA, an arm of the Arabian Sea, and stretching in a NW.

direction between the desolate sandy shores of Turkey in Asia and Africa;

is connected with the Gulf of Aden in the SE. by the Strait of

Bab-el-Mandeb, and in the NW. divides into the Gulfs of Suez and Akaba,

between which lies the Sinai Peninsula; the SUEZ CANAL (q. v.)

joins it to the Mediterranean; is 1200 m. long, and averages 180 in

breadth; has a mean depth of 375 fathoms (greatest 1200); receives no

rivers, and owing to the great evaporation its water is very saline; long

coral reefs skirt its shores, and of many islands Jebel Zugur, in the

Farisan Archipelago, and Dahlak are the largest; the dangerous Dædalus

Reef is marked by a lighthouse; as a seaway between Europe and the East

its importance was greatly diminished by the discovery of the Cape route,

but since the opening of the Suez Canal it has much more than regained

its old position; owes its name probably to the deep red tint of the

water often seen among the reefs, due to the presence of microscopic

organisms.

REDAN, a rampart shaped like the letter V, with its apex toward the

enemy.

REDDITCH (11), a flourishing town of Worcester, on the Warwick

border, 13 m. SW. of Birmingham, busy with the manufacture of needles,

pins, fish-hooks, &c.

REDEMPTIONISTS, better known as TRINITARIANS (q. v.), a

name bestowed on an order of monks consecrated to the work of redeeming

Christian captives from slavery.

REDESDALE, in Northumberland, the valley of the river Reed, which

rises in the Cheviots and flows SE. through pastoral and in part dreary

moorland till it joins the North Tyne; at the S. end is the field of

OTTERBURN (q. v.).

REDESWIRE, RAID OF THE, a famous Border fight took place in July

1575 at the Cheviot pass which enters Redesdale; through the timely

arrival of the men of Jedburgh the Scots proved victorious; is the

subject of a Border ballad.

REDGAUNTLET, an enthusiastic Jacobite character in Sir Walter

Scott's novel of the name, distinguished by a "horse-shoe vein on his

brow, which would swell up black when he was in anger."

REDGRAVE, RICHARD, painter, born at Pimlico, in London; studied at

the Royal Academy, won his first success in "Gulliver on the Farmer's

Table," became noted for his _genre_ and landscape paintings, held

Government appointments, and published among other works "Reminiscences"

and "A Century of English Painters" (1804-1888).

REDING, ALOYS VON, a Swiss patriot, born in Schwyz; was the bold

defender of Swiss independence against the French, in which he was in the

end defeated (1755-1818).

REDOUBT KALI, a Russian fort on the E. coast of the Black Sea, 10 m.

N. of Poti, the chief place for shipping Circassian girls to Turkey;

captured by the British in 1854.

REDRUTH (10), a town of Cornwall, on a hilly site nearly 10 m. SW.

of Truro, in the midst of a tin and copper mining district.

RED-TAPE, name given to official formality, from the red-tape

employed in tying official documents, whence "red-tapism."

REES, ABRAHAM, compiler of "Rees' Cyclopedia" (45 vols.), born in

Montgomeryshire; became a tutor at Hoxton Academy, and subsequently

ministered in the Unitarian Chapel at Old Jewry for some 40 years

(1743-1825).

REEVE, name given to magistrates of various classes in early English

times, the most important of whom was the SHIRE-REEVE or sheriff,

who represented the king in his shire; others were BOROUGH-REEVES,

PORT-REEVES, &c.

REEVE, CLARA, an English novelist, born, the daughter of a rector,

at Ipswich; the best known of her novels is "The Champion of Virtue,"

afterwards called "The Old English Baron," a work of the school of Mrs.

Radcliffe and of Walpole (1725-1803).

REEVES, JOHN SIMS, distinguished singer, born at Shooter's Hill,

Kent; made his first appearance at the age of 18 as a baritone at

Newcastle, and then as a tenor, and the foremost in England at the time;

performed first in opera and then as a ballad singer at concerts, and

took his farewell of the public on May 11, 1891, though he has frequently

appeared since; _b_. 1822.

REFERENDUM, a practice which prevails in Switzerland of referring

every new legislative measure to the electorate in the several electoral

bodies for their approval before it can become law.

REFORM, the name given in England to successive attempts and

measures towards the due extension of the franchise in the election of

the members of the House of Commons.

REFORMATION, the great event in the history of Europe in the 16th

century, characterised as a revolt of light against darkness, on the

acceptance or the rejection of which has since depended the destiny for

good or evil of the several States composing it, the challenge to each of

them being the crucial one, whether they deserved and were fated to

continue or perish, and the crucial character of which is visible to-day

in the actual conditions of the nations as they said "nay" to it or

"yea," the challenge to each at bottom being, is there any truth in you

or is there none? Austria, according to Carlyle, henceforth "preferring

steady darkness to uncertain new light"; Spain, "people stumbling in

steep places in the darkness of midnight"; Italy, "shrugging its

shoulders and preferring going into Dilettantism and the Fine Arts"; and

France, "with accounts run up on compound interest," had to answer the

"writ of summons" with an all too indiscriminate "Protestantism" of its

own.

REFORMATION, MORNING STAR OF THE, the title given to

JOHN WYCLIFFE (q. v.).

REFORMATORIES, schools for the education and reformation of

convicted juvenile criminals (under 16). Under an order of court

offenders may be placed in one of these institutions for from 2 to 5

years after serving a short period of imprisonment. They are supported by

the State, the local authorities, and by private subscriptions and sums

exacted from parents and guardians. Rules and regulations are supervised

by the State. The first one was established in 1838. There are now 62 in

Great Britain and Ireland; but the numbers admitted are diminishing at a

remarkable rate.

REFORMED CHURCH, the Churches in Switzerland, Holland, Scotland, and

elsewhere under Calvin or Zwingle, or both, separated from the Lutheran

on matter of both doctrine and policy, and especially in regard to the

doctrine of the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

REFRACTION. Light travels in straight lines; but when a ray

travelling through one medium passes obliquely into another of either

greater or less density it is bent at the point of incidence. This

bending or breaking is called refraction. The apparent bend in a stick

set sloping in a sheet of water is due to this phenomenon, as are also

many mirages and other optical illusions.

REGALIA, the symbols of royalty, and more particularly those used at

a coronation. The English regalia include the crown, the sceptre with the

cross, the verge or rod with the dove, St. Edward's staff (in reality

dating from Charles II.'s coronation), the orbs of king and queen, the

sword of mercy called Curtana, the two swords of spiritual and temporal

justice, the ring of alliance with the nation, bracelets, spurs,

vestments, &c. These are to be seen in the Tower of London, and are

valued at £3,000,000. The regalia of Scotland consist of the crown, the

sceptre, and sword of State, and are on exhibition in the Crown-room in

Edinburgh Castle.

REGENERATION, THE, "new or second birth" required of Christ before

any one can become a member of His kingdom, and which, when achieved, is

a resolute and irreversible No to the spirit of the world, and a no less

resolute and irreversible Yea to the spirit of Christ, the No being as

essential to it as the Yea. For as in the philosophy of Hegel, so in the

religion of Christ, the negative principle is the creative or the

determinative principle. Christianity begins in No, subsists in No, and

survives in No to the spirit of the world; this it at first peremptorily

spurns, and then disregards as of no account, what things were _gain_ in

it becoming _loss_. A stern requirement, but, as Carlyle says, and knew,

one is not born the second time any more than the first without sore

birth-pangs. See HIS "EVERLASTING NO" IN "SARTOR," LAST PARAGRAPH.

REGENERATION, BAPTISMAL, the doctrine that the power of spiritual

life, forfeited by the Fall, is restored to the soul in the sacrament of

baptism duly administered.

REGENSBURG. See RATISBON.

REGGIO (24), an Italian seaport; capital of a province of the same

name; occupies a charming site on the Strait of Messina; built on the

ruins of ancient Rhegium; is the seat of an archbishop; manufactures

silks, gloves, hose, &c.

REGICIDES, murderers of a king, but specially applied to the 67

members of the court who tried and condemned Charles I. of England,

amongst whom were Cromwell, Bradshaw, Ireton, and others, of whom 10

living at the time of the Restoration were executed, and 25 others

imprisoned for life.

REGILLUS, LAKE, celebrated in ancient Roman history as the scene of

a great Roman victory over the Latins in 496 B.C.; site probably near

the modern town of Frascati.

REGINA, ST., a virgin martyr of the 3rd century, usually depicted as

undergoing the torments of martyrdom, or receiving spiritual consolation

in prison by a beautiful vision of a dove on a luminous cross.

REGIOMONTANUS, name adopted by Johann Müller, a celebrated German

astronomer and mathematician, born at Königsberg, in Franconia; appointed

professor of Astronomy in Vienna (1461); sojourned in Italy; settled in

Nüremberg, where much of his best work was done; assisted Pope Sixtus IV.

in reforming the Calendar; was made Bishop of Ratisbon; died at Rome; was

regarded as the most learned astronomer of the time in Europe, and his

works were of great value to Columbus and other early navigators

(1436-1476).

REGISTRAR-GENERAL, an official appointed to superintend

registration, specially of births, deaths, and marriages.

REGIUM DONUM, an annual grant formerly voted by Parliament to

augment the stipends of the Presbyterian clergy in Ireland, discontinued

from 1869.

REGNARD, JEAN FRANÇOIS, comic dramatist, born in Paris; inherited a

fortune, which he increased by gambling; took to travelling, and was at

22 captured by an Algerine pirate, and when ransomed continued to travel;

on his return to Paris wrote comedies, twenty-three in number, the best

of them being "Le Joueur" and "Le Légataire," following closely in the

steps of Molière; he was admired by Boileau (1656-1710).

REGNAULT, HENRI, French painter, born in Paris; son of following; a

genius of great power and promise, of which several remarkable works by

him are proof; volunteered in the Franco-German War, and fell at Buzenval

(1843-1871).

REGNAULT, HENRI VICTOR, a noted French physicist, born at

Aix-la-Chapelle; from being a Paris shopman he rose to a professorship in

Lyons; important discoveries in organic chemistry won him election to the

Academy of Sciences in 1840; lectured in the "Collège de France and the

École Polytechnique;" became director of the imperial porcelain

manufactory of Sèvres; did notable work in physics and chemistry, and was

awarded medals by the Royal Society of London (1810-1878).

REGNIER, MATHURIN, French poet, born at Chartres; led when young a

life of dissipation; ranks high as a poet, but is most distinguished in

satire, which is instinct with verve and vigour (1572-1613).

REGULARS, in the Romish Church a member of any religious order who

has taken the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

REGULUS, a Roman of the Romans; was twice over Consul, in 267 and

256 B.C.; defeated the Carthaginians, both by sea and land, but was at

last taken prisoner; being sent, after five years' captivity, on parole

to Rome with proposals of peace, dissuaded the Senate from accepting the

terms, and despite the entreaties of his wife and children and friends

returned to Carthage according to his promise, where he was subjected to

the most excruciating tortures.

REGULUS, ST., or ST. RULE, a monk of the East who, in the 4th

century, it is said, came to Scotland with the bones of St. Andrew, and

deposited them at St. Andrews.

REHAN, ADA, actress, born in Limerick; made her _début_ at 16 in

Albany, New York; came to London in 1884, and again in 1893; plays

Rosalind in "As You Like It," Lady Teazle in "School for Scandal," and

Maid Marian in the "Foresters," and numerous other parts; _b_. 1859.

REHOBOAM, the king of the Jews on whose accession at the death of

Solomon, in 976 B.C., the ten tribes of Israel seceded from the kingdom

of Judah.

REICH, THE, the old German Empire.

REICHENBACH, KARL, BARON VON, expert in the industrial arts,

particularly in chemical manufacture; he was a zealous student of animal

magnetism, and the discoverer of Od (1788-1869).

REICHENBERG (31), a town in North Bohemia, on the Neisse, 86 m. NE.

of Prague; chief seat of the Bohemian cloth manufacture.

REICHENHALL (4), a popular German health resort, in South-East

Bavaria, 10 m. SW. of Salzburg; is charmingly situated amidst Alpine

scenery, and has a number of mineral springs; is the centre of the great

Bavarian salt-works.

REICHSRATH, the Parliament of the Austrian Empire.

REICHSTADT, DUKE OF, the son and successor of Napoleon as Napoleon

II.; died at Vienna in 1832.

REICHSTAG, the German Imperial Legislature, representative of the

German nation, and which consists of 397 members, elected by universal

suffrage and ballot for a term of five years.

REID, SIR GEORGE, a distinguished portrait-painter, born in

Aberdeen; his portraits are true to the life, and are not surpassed by

those of any other living artist; _b_. 1841.

REID, RIGHT HON. G. H., Premier of Australia, born at Johnstone,

Renfrewshire; emigrated with his parents in 1852; adopted law as his

profession; became Minister of Education in 1883; became Premier of

N.S.W. in 1894; is a great Free Trader, and visited England for the Jubilee

in 1897; Prime Minister of the Australian Commonwealth, 1904; _b_. 1845.

REID, CAPTAIN MAYNE, novelist, born in Co. Down; led a life of

adventure in America, and served in the Mexican War, but settled

afterwards in England to literary work, and wrote a succession of tales

of adventure (1819-1883).

REID, THOMAS, Scottish philosopher, and chief of the Scottish

school, born in Kincardineshire, and bred for the Scotch Church, in which

he held office as a clergyman for a time; was roused to philosophical

speculation by the appearance in 1730 of David Hume's "Treatise on Human

Nature," and became professor of Philosophy in Aberdeen in 1752, and in

Glasgow in 1763, where the year after he published his "Inquiry into the

Human Mind," which was followed in course of time by his "Philosophy of

the Intellectual and Active Powers"; his philosophy was a protest against

the scepticism of Hume, founded on the idealism of Berkeley, by appeal to

the "common-sense" of mankind, which admits of nothing intermediate

between the perceptions of the mind and the reality of things

(1710-1796).

REID, SIR WEMYSS, journalist and man of letters, born in

Newcastle-on-Tyne; editor of the _Leeds Mercury_ (1870-86), and of the

_Speaker_ since 1890; has written novels and biographies; is President of

the Institute of Journalists, and was knighted in 1894; _b_. 1842.

REID, SIR WILLIAM, soldier and scientist; served in the Royal

Engineers with distinction under Wellington; became Governor successively

of Bermudas, Barbadoes, and Malta, and was the author of a scientific

work on "The Law of Storms" (1791-1858).

REIGATE (23), a flourishing market-town in Surrey, 21 m. S. of

London; is a busy railway centre; has interesting historic ruins; an old

church, among others containing the grave of Lord Howard of Effingham.

REIGN OF A HUNDRED DAYS, the period during which Napoleon reigned in

Paris from his return from Elba in the beginning of March till he left on

the 12th June 1815 to meet the Allies in the Netherlands.

REIGN OF TERROR, the name given to the bloody consummation of the

fiery French Revolution, including a period which lasted 420 days, from

the fall of the Girondists on the 31st May 1793 to the overthrow of

Robespierre and his accomplices on 27th July 1794, the actors in which at

length, seeing nothing but "Terror" ahead, had in their despair said to

themselves, "Be it so. _Que la Terreur soit à l'ordre du jour_ (having

sown the wind, come let us reap the whirlwind). One of the frightfulest

things ever born of Time. So many as four thousand guillotined,

fusilladed, noyaded, done to dire death, of whom nine hundred were

women."

REIMARUS, a philosopher of the _AUFKLÄRUNG_ (q. v.), born

at Hamburg; author of the "Wolfenbüttel Fragments," published by Lessing

in 1777, and written to disprove the arguments for the historical truth

of the Bible, and in the interest of pure deism and natural religion

(1694-1768).

REIS EFFENDI, one of the chief Ministers of State in Turkey, who is

Lord Chancellor, and holds the bureau of foreign affairs.

REITERS, the cavalry of the German Empire in the 14th and 15th

centuries.

RELATIVITY OF KNOWLEDGE, the doctrine that all knowledge is of

things as they appear to us and not of things as they are in themselves,

is subjective and not objective, is phenomenal and not noumenal.

RELIEF, prominence of a sculpture from a plain surface; works in

relief are of three kinds: _alto-relievo_, high relief; _mezzo-relievo_,

medium relief; _basso-relievo_, low relief.

RELIGIO MEDICI, a celebrated work of Sir Thomas Browne's,

characterised as a "confession of intelligent, orthodox, and logical

supernaturalism couched in some of the most exquisite English ever

written."

RELIGION, a sense, affecting the whole character and life, of

dependence on, reverence for, and responsibility to a Higher Power; or a

mode of thinking, feeling, and acting which respects, trusts in, and

strives after God, and determines a man's duty and destiny in this

universe, or "the manner in which a man feels himself to be spiritually

related to the unseen world."

RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY, society founded in 1799 for the circulation

of religious works in home and foreign parts, has published in 220

languages, and is conducted by an annually elected body, consisting of

four ministers and eight laymen in London.

RELIQUARY, name given to a portable shrine or case for relics of

saints or martyrs; they assumed many forms, and were often rich in

material and of exquisite design.

REMBRANDT or VAN REJN, a celebrated Dutch historical and

portrait painter as well as etcher, born at Leyden, where he began to

practise as an etcher; removed in 1630 to Amsterdam, where he spent the

rest of his life and acquired a large fortune, but lost it in 1656 after

the death of his first wife, and sank into poverty and obscurity; he was

a master of all that pertains to colouring and the distribution of light

and shade (1608-1669).

REMIGIUS, ST., bishop and confessor of the 6th century, represented

as carrying or receiving a vessel of holy oil, or as anointing Clovis,

who kneels before him.

REMINGTON, PHILO, inventor of the Remington breech-loading rifle,

born at Litchfield, in New York State; 25 years manager of the mechanical

department in his father's small-arms factory; Remington type-writer also

the outcome of his inventive skill; retired in 1886; _b_. 1816.

REMONSTRANCE, THE, the name given to a list of abuses of royal power

laid to the charge of Charles I. and drawn up by the House of Commons in

1641, and which with the petition that accompanied it contributed to

bring matters to a crisis.

REMONSTRANTS, a name given to the Dutch Arminians who presented to

the States-General of Holland a protest against the Calvinist doctrine

propounded by the Synod of Dort in 1610.

REMUS, the twin-brother of Romulus, and who was slain by him because

he showed his scorn of the city his brother was founding by leaping over

the wall.

RÉMUSAT, ABEL, Orientalist, born in Paris; studied and qualified in

medicine, but early devoted himself to the study of Chinese literature

and in 1814 became professor of Chinese in the College of France; wrote

on the language, the topography, and history of China, and founded the

Asiastic Society of Paris (1788-1832).

RÉMUSAT, CHARLES, COMTE DE, French politician and man of letters,

born in Paris; was a Liberal in politics; drew up a protest against the

ordinances of Polignac, which precipitated the revolution of July; was

Minister of the Interior under Thiers, was exiled after the _coup

d'état_, and gave himself mainly to philosophical studies thereafter

(1797-1875).

RENAISSANCE, the name given to the revolution in literature and art

in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, caused by the revival of

the study of ancient models in the literature and art of Greece and Rome,

especially the former, and to the awakening in the cultured classes of

the free and broad humanity that inspired them, an epoch which marks the

transition from the rigid formality of mediæval to the enlightened

freedom of modern times.

RENAIX (17), a busy manufacturing town in East Flanders, Belgium, 22

m. SW. of Ghent; has large cotton and linen factories, breweries, and

distilleries.

RENAN, ERNEST, Orientalist and Biblical scholar, born in Brittany,

son of a sailor, who, dying, left him to the care of his mother and

sister, to both of whom he was warmly attached; destined for the Church,

he entered the seminary of St. Sulpice, where his studies threw him out

of the relation with the Church and obliged him to abandon all thoughts

of the clerical profession; accomplished in Hebrew, he was appointed

professor of that language in the College of France in 1861, though not

installed till 1870, and made a member of the French Academy in 1878;

having distinguished himself by his studies in the Semitic languages, and

in a succession of essays on various subjects of high literary merit, he

in 1863 achieved a European reputation by the publication of his "Vie de

Jésus," the first of a series bearing upon the origin of Christianity and

the agencies that contributed to its rise and development; he wrote other

works bearing more immediately on modern life and its destiny, but it is

in connection with his views of Christ and Christianity that his name

will be remembered; he entertained at last an overweening faith in

science and scientific experts, and looked to the latter as the elect of

the earth for the redemption of humanity (1823-1893).

RENDSBURG (12), a fortified town in Schleswig-Holstein, on the North

Sea and Baltic Canal, 19 m. W. of Kiel; manufactures cotton, chemicals,

brandy &c.

RENÉ I., titular king of Naples, born at Angers, son of Louis II.,

Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence; on the death of his father-in-law,

Duke of Lorraine, he in 1431 claimed the dukedom; was defeated and

imprisoned; bought his liberty and the dukedom in 1437, in which year he

also made an ineffectual attempt to make good his claim to the throne of

Naples and Sicily; settled down in Provence and devoted himself to

literature and art and to developing the country (1409-1480).

RENFREW (7), a royal burgh and county-town of Renfrewshire, situated

on the Clyde, 6 m. below Glasgow; dates back to the 12th century as a

burgh; industries include thread, cotton cloths, shawl factories, and

shipbuilding.

RENFREWSHIRE (291), a south-western county of Scotland; faces the

Firth of Clyde on the W., between Ayr on the S. and SW., and the river

Clyde on the N.; bordered on the E. by Lanark; hilly on the W. and S.,

flat on the E.; is watered by the Gryfe, the Black Cart, and the White

Cart; dairy-farming is carried on in extensive scale, stimulated by the

proximity of Glasgow; nearly two-thirds of the county is under

cultivation; coal and iron are mined, and in various parts the

manufacture of thread, cotton, chemicals, shipbuilding, &c., is actively

engaged in.

RENNELL, JAMES, geographer, born near Chudleigh, Devonshire; passed

from the navy to the military service of the East India Company; became

surveyor-general of Bengal; retired in 1782; author of many works on the

topography of India, hydrography, &c.; the "Geographical System of

Herodotus Examined and Explained" is his most noted work (1742-1830).

RENNES (65), a prosperous town in Brittany, capital of the

department of Ille-et-Vilaine, situated at the junction of the Ille and

the Vilaine; consists of a high and low town, separated by the river

Vilaine, mostly rebuilt since the disastrous fire in 1720; has handsome

buildings, a cathedral, &c.; is the seat of an archbishop, a military

centre, and manufactures sail-cloth, linen, shoes, hats, &c.; where the

court-martial was held which condemned Captain Dreyfus on a second trial

in 1899.

RENNIE, JOHN, civil engineer, born in East Linton, East Lothian;

employed by the firm of Messrs. Boulton & Watt at Soho, Birmingham, and

entrusted by them to direct in the construction of the Albion Mills,

London, he became at once famous for his engineering ability, and was in

general request for other works, such as the construction of docks,

canals, and bridges, distinguishing himself most in connection with the

latter, of which Waterloo, Southwark, and London over the Thames, are

perhaps the finest (1761-1821).

RENTE, name given to the French funds, or income derivable from

them.

RENTON (5), a town in Dumbartonshire, on the Leven, 2 m. N. of

Dumbarton; engaged in calico-printing, dyeing, &c.; has a monument in

memory of Tobias Smollett, who was born in the neighbourhood.

RENWICK, JAMES, Scottish martyr, born at Moniaive, Dumfriesshire;

educated at Edinburgh University, but was refused his degree for

declining to take the oath of allegiance; completed his studies in

Holland, and in 1683 was ordained at Gröningen; came to Scotland; was

outlawed in 1684 for his "Apologetic Declaration"; refused to recognise

James II. as king; was captured after many escapes, and executed at

Edinburgh, the last of the martyrs of the Covenant (1662-1688).

REPEALER, an advocate of the repeal of the Union of Great Britain

and Ireland.

REPLICA, is properly the copy of an original picture done by the

hand of the same master.

REPOUSSÉ, a name applied to a style of raised ornamentation in metal

obtained by beating out from behind a convex design, which is then chased

in front; was known to the Greeks, and carried to a high pitch of

perfection by Benvenuto Cellini in the 16th century; has been

successfully revived, especially in France, in this century.

REPTON (2), a village of Derbyshire, 6½ m. SW. of Derby, dates back

to the 7th century, and is associated with the establishment of

Christianity in England; has a fine Public school, founded in 1556.

REPUBLIC, the name given to a State in which the sovereign power is

vested in one or more elected by the community, and held answerable to it

though in point of fact, both in Rome and the Republic of Venice the

community was not free to elect any one outside of a privileged order.

REPUBLICANS, THE, the name given latterly in the United States to

the party opposed to the Democrats (q. v.) and in favour of federalism.

REQUIEM, a mass set to music, sung for the repose of the soul of a

dead person.

REREDOS, the name given to the decorated portion of the wall or

screen behind and rising above a church altar; as a rule it is richly

ornamented with niches and figures, and stands out from the east wall of

the church, but not unfrequently it is joined to the wall; splendid

examples exist at All Souls' College, Oxford, Durham Cathedral, St.

Albans, &c.

RESINA (14), a town of South Italy, looks out upon the sea from the

base of Vesuvius, 4 m. SE. of Naples, built on the site of ancient

Herculaneum; manufactures wine and silk.

RESPONSIONS, the first of the three examinations for a degree at

Oxford University, or the Little Go.

RESSAIDAR, in India, a native cavalry officer in command of a

Ressalah, or a squadron of native cavalry.

RESTORATION, THE, the name given in English history to the

re-establishment of monarchy and the return of Charles II. to the throne,

29th May 1660, after the fall of the Commonwealth.

RESTORATIONISTS, name of a sect in America holding the belief that

man will finally recover his original state of purity.

RESURRECTIONIST, one who stealthily exhumed bodies from the grave

and sold them for anatomical purposes.

RETFORD, EAST (11), market-town of Nottinghamshire, on the Idle, 24

m. E. by S. of Sheffield; has foundries, paper and flour mills, &c.

RETINA, a retiform expansion of the sensatory nerves, which receives

the impression that gives rise to vision, or visual perception.

RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE, justice which rewards good deeds, and inflicts

punishment on offenders.

RETZ, CARDINAL DE, born at Montmirail, of Italian descent, and much

given to intrigue, obtained the coadjutorship of the archbishopric of

Paris, plotted against Mazarin, played an important part in the troubles

of the Fronde, and was in 1652 thrown into prison, from which he escaped;

he left "Memoirs" which are valuable as a record of the times, though the

readers are puzzled to construe from them the character of the author

(1614-1679).

RETZ, GILLES DE, marshal of France, born in Brittany; distinguished

himself under Charles VII. against the English; was condemned to be

burned alive at Nantes in 1440 for his unnatural crimes and his

cruelties.

RETZCH, MORITZ, painter and engraver, born at Dresden, where he

became a professor of Painting; is famous for his etchings illustrative

of Goethe's "Faust," of certain of Shakespeare's plays, as well as of

Fouqué's "Tales"; the "Chess-Players" and "Man _versus_ Satan," which is

considered his masterpiece (1779-1857).

REUCHLIN, JOHANN, a learned German humanist, born in the Black

Forest, devoted himself to the study of Greek and Hebrew, and did much to

promote the study of both in Germany, and wrote "Rudiments of the Hebrew

Language"; though he did not attach himself to the Reformers, he

contributed by his works and labours to advance the cause of the

Reformation; his special enemies were the Dominicans, but he was backed

up against them by all the scholars of Germany (1455-1522).

REUNION (formerly Île de Bourbon) (166), mostly Creoles, a French

island in the Indian Ocean, 358 m. E. of Madagascar, 38 m. by 28; a

volcanic range intersects the island; the scenery is fine; streams

plentiful, but small; one-third of the land is uncultivated, and grows

fruits, sugar (chief export), coffee, spices, &c. St. Denis (33), on the

N. coast, is the capital; has been a French possession since 1649.

REUSS, name of two German principalities stretching between Bavaria

on the S. and Prussia on the N.; they belong to the elder and younger

branches of the Reuss family. The former is called Reuss-Greiz (63), the

latter Reuss-Schleiz-Gera (120); both are hilly, well wooded, and well

watered; farming and textile manufacturing are carried on. Both are

represented in the Reichstag; the executive is in the hands of the

hereditary princes, and the legislative powers are vested in popularly

elected assemblies.

REUTER, FRITZ, a German humourist, born in Mecklenburg-Schwerin;

when a student at Jena took part in a movement among the students in

behalf of German unity; was arrested and condemned, after commutation of

sentence of death, to thirty years' imprisonment, but was released, after

seven of them, in broken health; and after eleven more took to writing a

succession of humorous poems in Low German, which placed him in the front

rank of the humourists of Germany (1810-1874).

REUTER, BARON PAUL JULIUS, the organiser of the conveyance of news

by telegraph, born at Cassel; commenced with Berlin for centre in 1851;

transferred his head-quarters to London, and now the "system," which is

in the hands of a limited liability company, has connections with even

the remotest corner of the globe; _b_. 1818.

REUTLINGEN (19), a picturesque old town in Würtemberg, on the

Echatz, 20 m. S. of Stuttgart; formerly one of the free imperial cities

of the Swabian League; has a splendid Gothic church; manufactures cloth,

cutlery, leather, woollen and cotton yarns, &c.

REVEL or REVAL (52), capital of the government of Esthonia, in

Russia, is a flourishing seaport on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland,

232 m. W. of St. Petersburg; has a castle, fortifications, cathedral,

mediæval antiquities, &c.; chiefly engaged in commerce; exports largely

oats and other cereals, spirits, flax, &c.

REVELATION, name properly applicable to the knowledge of God, or of

divine things, imparted to the mind of man, by the operation of the

Divine Spirit in the human soul, and as apprehended by it.

REVELATION, BOOK OF, or THE APOCALYPSE, the book that winds up

the accepted canon of Holy Scripture, of the fulfilment of the prophecies

of which there are three systems of interpretation: the Præteritist,

which regards them all as fulfilled; the Historical, which regards them

as all along fulfilling; and the Futurist, which regards them as still

all to be fulfilled. The first is the one which finds favour among modern

critics, and which regards it as a forecast of the struggle then

impending between the Church under the headship of Christ and the civil

power under the emperor of Rome, though this view need not be accepted as

excluding the second theory, which regards it as a forecast of the

struggle of the Church with the world till the cup of the world's

iniquity is full and the day of its doom is come. The book appears to

have been written on the occurrence of some fierce persecution at the

hands of the civil power, and its object to confirm and strengthen the

Church in her faith and patience by a series of visions, culminating in

one of the Lamb seated on the throne of the universe as a pledge that all

His slain ones would one day share in His glory.

REVELS, MASTER OF THE, also called LORD OF MISRULE, in olden

times an official attached to royal and noble households to superintend

the amusements, especially at Christmas time; he was a permanent officer

at the English court from Henry VIII.'s reign till George III.'s, but

during the 18th century the office was a merely nominal one.

REVERBERATORY FURNACE, a furnace with a domed roof, from which the

flames of the fire are reflected upon the vessel placed within.

REVERE, PAUL, American patriot, born in Boston, U.S., bred a

goldsmith; conspicuous for his zeal against the mother-country, and one

of the first actors in the revolt (1735-1818).

REVEREND, a title of respect given to the clergy, Very Reverend to

deans, Right Reverend to bishops, and Most Reverend to archbishops.

RÉVILLE, ALBERT, a distinguished French Protestant theologian, born

at Dieppe; was from 1851 to 1872 pastor at Rotterdam, in 1880 became

professor of the History of Religions in the College of France, and six

years later was made President of the Section des Études Religieuses at

the Sorbonne, Paris; has been a prolific writer on such subjects as "The

Native Religions of Mexico and Peru" (Hibbert Lectures for 1884),

"Religions of Non-civilised Peoples," "The Chinese Religion," &c.; _b_.

1826.

REVIVAL OF LETTERS, revival in Europe in the 15th century of the

study of classical, especially Greek, literature, chiefly by the arrival

in Italy of certain learned Greeks, fugitives from Constantinople on its

capture by the Turks in 1453, and promoted, by the invention of printing,

to the gradual extinction of the dry, barren scholasticism previously in

vogue. See RENAISSANCE.

REVIVAL OF RELIGION, a reawakening of the religious consciousness

after a period of spiritual dormancy, ascribed by many to a special

outpouring of the Spirit in answer to prayer, and in connection with

evangelical preaching.

REVOLUTION, a sudden change for most part in the constitution of a

country in consequence of internal revolt, particularly when a monarchy

is superseded by a republic, as in France in 1789, in 1848, and 1870,

that in 1830 being merely from one branch of the Bourbon family to

another, such as that also in England in 1658. The French Revolution of

1798 is the revolution by pre-eminence, and the years 1848-49 were years

of revolutions in Europe.

REVUE DES DEUX MONDES, a celebrated French review, devoted to

literature, science, art, politics, &c., established in 1829, and

conducted afterwards by Buloz.

REYBAUD, MARIE ROCH LOUIS, a versatile littérateur and politician,

born at Marseilles; travelled in India, established himself as a Radical

journalist in Paris in 1829, and edited important works of travel, wrote

popular novels, published important studies in social science; elected a

member of the Academy of Moral Sciences (1850); was an active politcian,

investigated for government the agricultural colonies in Algeria; author

of "Scenes in Modern Life," "Industry in Europe," &c. (1799-1879).

REYKJAVIK (i. e. reeky town), (3), capital of Iceland, situated in

a barren misty region on the SW. coast, practically a village of some 100

wooden houses; has a brick cathedral, and is the see of a bishop.

REYNARD THE FOX, an epic of the Middle Ages, in which animals

represent men, "full of broad rustic mirth, inexhaustible in comic

devices, a world Saturnalia, where wolves tonsured into monks and nigh

starved by short commons, foxes pilgrimaging to Rome for absolution,

cocks pleading at the judgment-bar, make strange mummery." The principal

characters are Isengrim the wolf and Reynard the fox, the former

representing strength incarnated in the baron and the latter representing

cunning incarnated in the Church, and the strife for ascendency between

the two one in which, though frequently hard pressed, the latter gets the

advantage in the end.

REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON, an American general, born at Lancaster,

Pennsylvania; graduated at 21 at West Point, entered the army,

distinguished himself during the Civil War, especially at the second

battle of Bull Run; was killed at the battle of Gettysburg (1820-1863).

REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA, the chief of English portrait-painters, born

near Plymouth; went to London in 1740 to study art, and remained three

years; visited Italy and the great centres of art there, when he lost his

hearing, and settled in London in 1752, where he began to paint

portraits, and had as the subjects of his art the most distinguished

people, "filled England with the ghosts of her noble squires and dames";

numbered among his friends all the literary notabilities of the day; he

was the first President of the Royal Academy, and though it was no part

of his duty, delivered a succession of discourses to the students on the

principles and practice of painting, 15 of which have been published, and

are still held in high esteem (1723-1792).

RHABDOMANCY, a species of divination by means of a hazel rod to

trace the presence of minerals or metals under ground.

RHADAMANTHUS, in the Greek mythology a son of Zeus and Europa, and a

brother of MINOS (q. v.), was distinguished among men for his

strict justice, and was after his death appointed one of the Judges of

the dead in the nether world along with Æacus and Minos.

RHAPSODISTS, a class of minstrels who in early times wandered over

the Greek cities reciting the poems of Homer, and through whom they

became widely known, and came to be translated with such completeness to

us.

RHEA, in the Greek mythology a goddess, the daughter of Uranus and

Gaia, the wife of Kronos, and mother of the chief Olympian deities, Zeus,

Pluto, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter, and Hestia, and identified by the Greeks

of Asia Minor with the great earth goddess Cybele, and whose worship as

such, like that of all the other earth deities, was accompanied with wild

revelry.

RHEA SILVIA, a vestal virgin, the mother of Romulus and Remus,

twins, whom she bore to Mars, the god of war, who had violated her.

RHEIMS (104), an important French city in the department of Marne,

on the Vesle, 100 m. NE. of Paris; as the former ecclesiastical

metropolis of France it has historical associations of peculiar interest;

the French monarchs were crowned in the cathedral (a Gothic structure of

unique beauty) from 1179 to 1825; has a beautiful 12th-century Romanesque

church, an archiepiscopal palace, a Roman triumphal arch, a Lycée,

statues, &c.; situated in a rich wine district, it is one of the chief

champagne entrepôts, and is also one of the main centres of French

textiles, especially woollen goods; is strongly fortified.

RHEINGAU, a fruitful wine district in the Rhine Valley, stretching

along the right bank of the river in Hesse-Nassau; has a sunny, sheltered

situation, and its wines are famed for their quality.

RHENISH PRUSSIA (4,710), the most westerly and most densely

populated of the Prussian provinces, lies within the valleys of the Rhine

and the Lower Moselle, and borders on Belgium and the Netherlands; is

mountainous and forest-clad, except in the fertile plains of the N. and

in the rich river valleys, where vines, cereals, and vegetables are

extensively cultivated; large quantities of coal, iron, zinc, and lead

are mined; as an industrial and manufacturing province it ranks first in

Germany. Coblenz (capital), Aix-la-Chapelle, Bonn, and Cologne are among

its chief towns; was formed in 1815 out of several smaller duchies.

RHEOCHORD, a wire to measure the resistance or variability of an

electric current.

RHEOMETRY, measurement of the force or the velocity of an electric

current.

RHESUS, a monkey held sacred in several parts of India.

RHETORIC, the science or art of persuasive or effective speech,

written as well as spoken, and that both in theory and practice was

cultivated to great perfection among the ancient Greeks and Romans, and

to some extent in the Middle Ages and later, but is much less cultivated

either as a science or an art to-day.

RHINE, one of the chief rivers of Europe; of several small Alpine

head-streams, the Nearer and the Farther Rhine are the two principal,

issuing from the eastern flanks of Mount St Gothard; a junction is formed

at Reichenau, whence the united stream--the Upper Rhine--flows N. to Lake

Constance, and issuing from the NW. corner curves westward to Basel,

forming the boundary between Switzerland and Germany. From Basel, as the

Middle Rhine, it pursues a northerly course to Mainz, turns sharply to

the W. as far as Bingen, and again resumes its northward course. The

Rhine-Highland between Bingen and Bonn is the most romantic and

picturesque part of its course. As the Lower Rhine it flows in a

sluggish, winding stream through the Rhenish Lowlands, enters Holland

near Clèves, at Nimeguen bends to the W., and flowing through Holland

some 100 m. reaches the German Ocean, splitting in its lowest part into

several streams which form a rich delta, one-third of Holland. It is 800

m. in length; receives numerous affluents, _e. g_. Neckar, Main, Moselle,

Lippe; is navigable for ships to Mannheim.

RHINOPLASTIC OPERATION, an operation of repairing destroyed portions

of the nose by skin from adjoining parts.

RHODE ISLAND (346), the smallest but most densely populated of the

United States, and one of the original 13; faces the Atlantic between

Connecticut (W.) and Massachusetts (N. and E.); is split into two

portions by Narragansett Bay (30 m. long); hilly in the N., but elsewhere

level; enjoys a mild and equable climate, and is greatly resorted to by

invalids from the S.; the soil is rather poor, and manufactures form the

staple industry; coal, iron, and limestone are found. Providence,

Pawtucket, and Newport are the chief towns.

RHODES (10), a Turkish island in the Mediterranean, 12 m. distant

from the SW, coast of Asia Minor, area 49 m. by 21 m.; mountainous and

woody; has a fine climate and a fertile soil, which produces fruit in

abundance, also some grain; it is ill developed, and has a retrogressive

population, most of whom are Greeks; sponges, chief export; figures

considerably in ancient classic history; was occupied by the Knights

Hospitallers of St. John for more than two centuries, and was taken from

them by the Turks in 1523.

RHODES, CECIL, statesman, born in Hertfordshire, son of a vicar;

went to South Africa; became director of the diamond mines at Kimberley,

and amassed a large fortune; entered the Cape Parliament, and became

Prime Minister in 1890; he has been active and successful to extend the

British territories in South Africa, aiming at destroying the race

prejudices that prevail in it, and at establishing among the different

colonies a federated union; _b_. 1853.

RHODESIA, the territory in South Africa occupied and administered by the

British South Africa Company, under the leadership of Mr. Cecil Rhodes,

and founded by royal charter in 1889, hence the name it goes under, is

bounded on the E. by Portuguese East Africa, on the N. by German East

Africa and the Congo Free State, on the W. by Angola and German

South-West Africa, and on the S. by Bechuanaland and the Transvaal; is

traversed by the Zambesi, which divides it into Northern and Southern

Rhodesia; the Northern has been little prospected, though the land is

being cultivated, crops raised, and cattle-breeding commenced, besides a

new industry started in fibre; the Southern is divided into two

provinces, MASHONALAND (q. v.) and MATABELELAND (q. v.); in Rhodesia

public roads have been made to the extent of 2230 miles, and telegraph

lines to the extent of 1856 miles of line and 2583 of wire; it is

favourable to the breeding of stock, though the rinderpest raged in it

disastrously for a time; the climate is suitable for the cultivation of

cereals of all kinds, and vegetables, tobacco, india-rubber, and indigo

are indigenous, and well repay cultivation; there are forests of timber,

and gold, silver, copper, coal, tin, &c., have been discovered; it is,

roughly speaking, as large as the German Empire, and in consequence of

the Jameson raid the control of the military forces, formerly under the

control of the Company, is now in the hands of the Imperial Government.

RHÔNE, one of the four great rivers of France, rises on Mount St.

Gothard, in the Swiss Alps; passes through the Lake of Geneva, and

flowing in a south-westerly course to Lyons, is there joined by its chief

affluent, the Saône, hence it flows due S.; at Arles it divides into two

streams, which form a rich delta before entering the Gulf of Lyons, in

the Mediterranean; length, 504 m.; navigable to Lyons, but the rapid

current and shifting sandbanks greatly impede traffic.

RHÔNE (807), a department of France lying wholly within the western

side of the Saône and Rhône basin, hilly and fruitful; wine is produced

in large quantities; has an active industrial population; capital, Lyons.

RHUMB LINE, a circle on the earth's surface making a given angle

with the meridian; applied to the course of a ship in navigation.

RHYL (6), a popular watering-place of Flintshire, North Wales,

situated on the coast at the mouth of the Clwyd, 16 m. E. of Conway; has

a fine promenade pier, esplanade, gardens, &c.

RHYMER, THOMAS THE, or TRUE THOMAS, Thomas of Ercildoune, or

Earlston, a Berwickshire notability of the 13th century, famous for his

rhyming prophecies, who was said, in return for his prophetic gift, to

have sold himself to the fairies.

RHYS, JOHN, Celtic scholar, born in Wales; professor of Celtic at

Oxford; has written on subjects related to that of the chair; _b_. 1840.

RIBBONISM, the principles of secret associations among the lower

Irish Catholics, organised in opposition to Orangeism, the name being

derived from a green ribbon worn as a badge in a button-hole by the

members; they were most active between 1835 and 1855.

RIBERA, JUSEPE, a Spanish painter, born near Valencia; indulged in a

realism of a gruesome type; had Salvator Rosa and Giordano for pupils

(1588-1656).

RICARDO, DAVID, political economist, born in London, of Jewish

parentage; realised a large fortune as a member of the Stock Exchange;

wrote on political economy on abstract lines, and from a purely

mercantile and materialistic standpoint (1772-1823).

RICASOLI, BARON, Italian statesman, born at Florence; devoted to the

cultivation of the vine, the olive, and the mulberry; was drawn into

political life in 1847 in the interest of Italian unity, succeeded Cavour

as Prime Minister, but retired from political life in 1866; his "Letters

and Papers," in 5 vols., were published posthumously (1806-1880).

RICCI, LORENZO, last general of the Jesuits, born in Florence;

entered the order when 15; became general in 1736; on the suppression of

the order retired to the castle of St. Angelo, where he died 1775.

RICCI, MATTEO, founder of the Jesuit mission in China, born in

Macerato, Italy; accommodated himself to the manners of the Chinese, and

won their confidence (1552-1610).

RICCIO, DAVID. See RIZZIO.

RICE, JAMES, novelist, born at Northampton, educated at Cambridge;

designed for the law, but took to literature; owned and edited _Once a

Week_; best known as the successful _collaborateur_ of WALTER

BESANT (q. v.) in such popular novels as "The Golden Butterfly,"

"Ready-Money Mortiboy," &c. (1844-1882).

RICH, EDMUND. See EDMUND, ST.

RICHARD I., (surnamed Coeur de Lion), king of England from 1189 to

1199, third son and successor of Henry II.; his early years were spent in

Poitou and Aquitaine, where he engaged in quarrels with his father; after

his accession to the throne he flung himself with characteristic ardour

into the Crusade movement; in 1190 joined his forces with Philip Augustus

of France in the third crusade; upheld the claims of Tancred in Sicily;

captured Cyprus, and won great renown in the Holy Land, particularly by

his defeat of Saladin; was captured after shipwreck on the coast on his

way home by the Archduke of Austria, and handed over to the Emperor Henry

VI. (1193); was ransomed at a heavy price by his subjects, and landed in

England in 1194; his later years were spent in his French possessions

warring against Philip, and he died of an arrow wound at the siege of

Chalus; not more than a year of his life was spent in England, and his

reign is barren of constitutional change (1157-1199).

RICHARD II., king of England from 1377 to 1399, son of the Black

Prince, born at Bordeaux; succeeded his grandfather, Edward III.; during

his minority till 1389 the kingdom was administered by a council; in 1381

the Peasants' Revolt broke out, headed by Wat Tyler, as a result of the

discontent occasioned by the Statutes of Labour passed in the previous

reign, and more immediately by the heavy taxation made necessary by the

expense of the Hundred Years' War still going on with France; a corrupt

Church called forth the energetic protests of Wycliffe, which started the

LOLLARD (q. v.) movement; an invasion of Scotland (1385),

resulting in the capture of Edinburgh, was headed by the young king;

coming under French influence, and adopting despotic measures in the

later years of his reign, Richard estranged all sections of his people; a

rising headed by Henry of Lancaster forced his abdication, and by a

decree of Parliament he was imprisoned for life in Pontefract Castle,

where he died (probably murdered) soon after (1367-1400).

RICHARD III., king of England from 1483 to 1486, youngest brother of

Edward IV., and last of the Plantagenets, born at Fotheringhay Castle; in

1461 was created Duke of Gloucester by his brother for assisting him to

win the crown; faithfully supported Edward against Lancastrian attacks;

married (1473) Anne, daughter of Warwick, the King-Maker; early in 1483

was appointed Protector of the kingdom and guardian of his young nephew,

Edward V.; put to death nobles who stood in the way of his ambitious

schemes for the throne; doubts were cast upon the legitimacy of the young

king, and Richard's right to the throne was asserted; in July 1483 he

assumed the kingly office; almost certainly instigated the murder of

Edward and his little brother in the Tower; ruled firmly and well, but

without the confidence of the nation; in 1488 Henry, Earl of Richmond,

head of the House of Lancaster, invaded England, and at the battle of

Bosworth Richard was defeated and slain (1452-1485).

RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER, an English chronicler, born at Cirencester;

flourished in the 14th century; was a monk in the Benedictine monastery

of St. Peter, Westminster; wrote a History of England from 447 to 1066;

for long the reputed author of a remarkable work on Roman Britain, now

proved to be a forgery; _d_. 1401.

RICHARDS, ALFRED BATE, journalist and author; turned from law to

literature; author of a number of popular dramas, volumes of poems,

essays, &c.; was the first editor of the _Daily Telegraph_, and

afterwards of the _Morning Advertiser_; took an active interest in the

volunteer movement (1820-1876).

RICHARDSON, SIR BENJAMIN WARD, a distinguished physician and author,

born at Somerby, Leicestershire; took the diploma of the Royal College of

Physicians in 1850, and graduated in medicine at St. Andrews four years

later; founded the _Journal of Public Health_ in 1855, and _The

Asclepiad_ in 1861, and the _Social Science Review_ in 1862; won the

Fothergilian gold medal and the Astley-Cooper prize of 300 guineas; made

many valuable medical inventions, and was an active lecturer on sanitary

science, &c.; was knighted in 1893 (1828-1896).

RICHARDSON, CHARLES, lexicographer; was trained for the bar, but

took to literature and education; pensioned in 1852; his chief works are

"Illustrations of English Philology" and the "New Dictionary of the

English Language" (1837), according to Trench the best dictionary of his

day (1775-1865).

RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN, M.D., naturalist and Arctic explorer, born at

Dumfries; graduated at Edinburgh; for some time a navy surgeon;

accompanied Franklin on the expeditions in 1819-22 and 1825-27, and later

commanded one of the Franklin search expeditions (1848); held government

appointments, and was knighted in 1846 (1787-1865).

RICHARDSON, SAMUEL, novelist, born in Derbyshire, the son of a

joiner; was apprenticed to a printer in London, whose daughter he

married; set up in the business for himself, and from his success in it

became Master of the Stationers Company in 1754, and King's Printer in

1761; was 50 before he came out as a novelist; published his "Pamela" in

1740, his masterpiece "Clarissa," written in the form of letters, in

1748, and "Sir Charles Grandison" in 1753; they are all three novels of

sentiment, are instinct with a spirit of moral purity, and are more

praised than read (1689-1761).

RICHELIEU, ARMAND-JEAN DUPLESSIS, CARDINAL DE, born in Paris, of a

noble family; was minister of Louis XIII., and one of the greatest

statesmen France ever had; from his installation as Prime Minister in

1624 he set himself to the achievement of a threefold purpose, and rested

not till he accomplished it--the ruin of the Protestants as a political

party, the curtailment of the power of the nobles, and the humiliation of

the House of Austria in the councils of Europe; his administration was

signalised by reforms in finance, in the army, and in legislation; as the

historian Thierry has said of him, "He left nothing undone that could be

done by statesmanship for the social amelioration of the country; he had

a mind of the most comprehensive grasp, and a genius for the minutest

details of administration"; he was a patron of letters, and the founder

of the French Academy (1585-1642).

RICHMOND, 1, an interesting old borough (4) in Yorkshire, on the

Swale, 49 m. N.W. of York; has a fine 11th-century castle, now partly

utilised as barracks, remains of a Franciscan friary, a racecourse, &c.

2, A town (23) in Surrey, 9 m. W. of London; picturesquely situated on

the summit and slope of Richmond Hill, and the right bank of the Thames;

has remains of the royal palace of Sheen, a magnificent deer park, a

handsome river bridge, &c.; supplies London with fruit and vegetables;

has many literary and historical associations. 3, Capital (85) of

Virginia, U.S.; has a hilly and picturesque site on the James River, 116

m. S. of Washington; possesses large docks, and is a busy port, a

manufacturing town (tobacco, iron-works, flour and paper mills), and a

railway centre; as the Confederate capital it was the scene of a

memorable, year-long siege during the Civil War, ultimately falling into

the hands of Grant and Sheridan in 1865.

RICHMOND, LEGH, an evangelical clergyman of the Church of England,

born in Liverpool, famed for a tract "The Dairyman's Daughter"

(1772-1827).

RICHTER, JEAN PAUL FRIEDRICH, usually called Jean Paul simply, the

greatest of German humourists, born at Wunsiedel, near Baireuth, in

Bavaria, the son of a poor German pastor; had a scanty education, but his

fine faculties and unwearied diligence supplied every defect; was an

insatiable and universal reader; meant for the Church, took to poetry and

philosophy, became an author, putting forth the strangest books with the

strangest titles; considered for a time a strange, crack-brained mixture

of enthusiast and buffoon; was recognised at last as a man of infinite

humour, sensibility, force, and penetration; his writings procured him

friends and fame, and at length a wife and a settled pension; settled in

Baireuth, where he lived thenceforth diligent and celebrated in many

departments of literature, and where he died, loved as well as admired by

all his countrymen, and more by those who had known him most

intimately ... his works are numerous, and the chief are novels,

"'Hesperus' and 'Titan' being the longest and the best, the former of

which first (in 1795) introduced him into decisive and universal

estimation with his countrymen, and the latter of which he himself,

as well as the most judicious of his critics, regarded as his

masterpiece" (1763-1825).

RICHTHOFEN, BARON VON, traveller and geographer, born in Carlsruhe,

Silesia; accompanied in 1861 the Prussian expedition to Eastern Asia,

travelled in 1862-68 in California, and in 1869-72 in China; has since

been professor of Geography successively at Bonn, Leipzig, and Berlin;

has written a great work on China; _b_. 1833.

RICORD, PHILIPPE, a famous French physician, born at Baltimore,

U.S.; came to Paris, was a specialist in a department of surgery, and

surgeon-in-chief to the hospital for venereal diseases (1800-1889).

RIDLEY, NICOLAS, martyred bishop, born in Northumberland, Fellow and

ultimately Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge; on a three years' visit

to the Continent fell in with certain of the Reformers and returned

convinced of and confirmed in the Protestant faith; became king's

chaplain, bishop of Rochester, and finally of London; favoured the cause

of Lady Jane Grey against Mary, who committed him to the Tower, and being

condemned as a heretic was at Oxford burnt at the stake along with

Latimer (1500-1555).

RIEHM, EDWARD, Protestant theologian, born at Diersburg, Baden, was

professor at Halle; wrote many theological works, among them

"Handwörterbuch des biblischen Alterthums" (1830-1888).

RIENZI, COLA DI, Roman tribune, born at Rome, of humble origin; gave

himself to the study of the ancient history of the city, became inspired

with a noble ambition to restore its ancient glory, and being endowed

with an eloquent tongue, persuaded, with sanction of Pope Clement VI.,

who was then at Avignon, his fellow-citizens to rise against the tyranny

to which they were subjected at the hands of the nobles, in which he at

length was successful; but his own rule became intolerable, and he was

assassinated in an _émeute_ just seven years after the commencement of

his political career (1313-1354).

RIESENGEBIRGE (i. e. Giant Mountains), a range dividing Bohemia

from Silesia; Schneekoppe (5260 ft.) is the highest peak; is a famous

summer resort for Germans.

RIFACIMENTO, a literary work recast to adapt it to a change in the

circumstances of the time.

RIFF, the name given to the N. coast-lands of Morocco from Tangiers

to Algeria; is a mountainous and woody region, with a rugged foreshore,

inhabited by lawless Berbers.

RIGA (182), the third seaport of Russia and capital of Livonia, on

the Dwina, 7 m. from its entrance into the Gulf of Riga (a spacious inlet

on the E. side of the Baltic); has some fine mediæval buildings; is the

seat of an archbishop, and is a busy and growing commercial and

manufacturing town, exporting grain, timber, flax, linseed, wool, &c.

RIGDUM FUNNIDOS, Scott's nickname for JOHN BALLANTYNE (q. v.).

RIGHTS, DECLARATION OF, a declaration of the fundamental principles

of the constitution drawn up by the Parliament of England and submitted

to William and Mary on their being called to the throne, and afterwards

enacted in Parliament when they became king and queen. It secures to the

people their rights as free-born citizens and to the Commons as their

representatives, while it binds the sovereign to respect these rights as

sacred.

RIGI, an isolated mountain, 5900 ft. high, in the Swiss canton of

Schwyz, with a superb view from the summit, on which hotels have been

built for the convenience of the many who visit it; is reached by two

toothed railways with a gradient of 1 ft. in 4.

RIGVEDA, the first of the four sections into which the VEDAS

(q. v.) are divided, and which includes the body of the hymns or verses

of invocation and praises; believed to have issued from a narrow circle

of priests, and subsequently recast many of them.

RIMINI (11, with suburbs 20), a walled city of N. Italy, of much

historic interest both in ancient and mediæval times, on the small river

Marecchia, spanned by a fine Roman bridge close to its entrance into the

Adriatic, 69 m. SE. of Bologna; has a 15th-century Renaissance cathedral,

an ancient castle, and other mediæval buildings, a Roman triumphal arch,

&c.; manufactures silks and sail-cloth.

RIMMON, name of a Syrian god who had a temple at Damascus called the

house of Rimmon, a symbol of the sun, or of the fertilising power of

nature.

RINALDO, one of Charlemagne's paladins, of a violent, headstrong,

and unscrupulous character, who fell into disgrace, but after adventures

in the Holy Land was reconciled to the Emperor; Angelica, an infidel

princess, fell violently in love with him, but he turned a deaf ear to

her addresses, while others would have given kingdoms for her hand.

RINDERPEST or CATTLE PLAGUE, a fever of a malignant and

contagious type; the occurrence of it in Britain is due to the

importation of infected cattle from the Asiatic steppes.

RING AND THE BOOK, a poem by Browning of 20,000 lines, giving

different versions of a story agreeably to and as an exhibition of the

personalities of the different narrators.

RIO DE JANEIRO (423), capital and chief seaport of Brazil,

charmingly situated on the E. coast of Brazil, on the W. shore of a

spacious and beautiful bay, 15 m. long, which forms one of the finest

natural harbours in the world; stretches some 10 m. along the seaside,

and is hemmed in by richly clad hills; streets are narrow and ill kept;

possesses a large hospital, public library (180,000 vols.), botanical

gardens, arsenal, school of medicine, electric tramways, &c.; has

extensive docks, and transacts half the commerce of Brazil; coffee is the

chief export; manufactures cotton, jute, silk, tobacco, &c. Great heat

prevails in the summer, and yellow fever is common.

RIO GRANDE (known also as Rio Bravo del Norte), an important river

of North America, rises in the San Juan Mountains in Colorado; flows SE.,

dividing Texas from Mexico, and enters the Gulf of Mexico after a course

of 1800 m.; is navigable for steamboats some 500 m.; chief tributary, Rio

Pecos; also the name given to the head-stream of the river Paraná in

Brazil and Argentina.

RIO GRANDE DO NORTE (310), a maritime State in the NE. corner of

Brazil, called after the Rio Grande, which flows NE. and enters the

Atlantic at Natal, the capital of the State.

RIO GRANDE DO SUL (645), the southmost state in Brazil, lies N. of

Uruguay, fronting the Atlantic; capital, Rio Grande (18).

RIO NEGRO, 1, One of the larger tributaries of the Amazon, rises as

the Guainia in SE. Columbia; crosses Venezuela and Brazil in a more or

less SE. direction, and joins the Amazon (the Marañon here) near Manaos

after a course of 1350 m.; some of its tributaries connect the Orinoco

with the Amazon. 2, Has its source in a small lake in the Chilian Andes,

flows NE. and E. to the Atlantic, is some 500 m. long, and easily

navigated.

RIOJA (80), a province of W. Argentina, embraces some of the most

fruitful valleys of the Andes which grow cereals, vines, cotton, &c.;

some mining in copper, silver, and gold is done. The capital, Rioja (6),

is prettily planted in a vine and orange district at the base of the

Sierra Velasco 350 m. NW. of Cordoba.

RIOM (10), a pretty little French town in the dep. of Puy-de-Dôme,

noted for its many quaint old houses of the Renaissance period; does a

good trade in tobacco, linen, &c.

RIP VAN WINKLE, a Dutch colonist of New York who, driven from home

by a termagant wife strolls into a ravine of the Katskill Mountains,

falls in with a strange man whom he assists in carrying a keg, and comes

upon a company of odd-looking creatures playing at ninepins, but never

uttering a word, when, seizing an opportunity that offered, he took up

one of the kegs he had carried, fell into a stupor, and slept 20 years,

to find his beard and all the world about him quite changed.

RIPLEY, 1, a manufacturing town (7) of Derbyshire, situated 10 m.

NE. of Derby, in a busy coal and iron district; manufactures silk lace.

2. A Yorkshire village on the Nidd, 3½ m. NW. of Harrowgate; has an

interesting castle, old church, &c.

RIPLEY, GEORGE, American transcendentalist, born in Massachusetts; a

friend of Emerson's and founder of BROOK FARM (q. v.); took to

Carlyle as Carlyle to him, though he was "grieved to see him" taken up

with the "Progress of Species" set, and "confusing himself" thereby

(1802-1880).

RIPON, FREDERICK JOHN ROBINSON, EARL OF, statesman, younger son of

Lord Grantham, entered Parliament in 1806 as a Tory; rose to be

Chancellor of the Exchequer, and was for a few months in 1827 Prime

Minister; was subsequently in different Cabinets Colonial Secretary, Lord

Privy Seal, and President of the Board of Trade; created an Earl In 1833

(1782-1859).

RIPON, GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL ROBINSON, MARQUIS OF, statesman, born

in London, son of preceding; entered House of Commons in 1852 as a

Liberal; became Secretary for War (1863), and three years later for

India; was President of the Council in 1868, a popular Viceroy of India

(1880-84), First Lord of the Admiralty in 1886, and Colonial Secretary in

1892-95; was created Marquis in 1871; went over to the Catholic Church in

1874, resigning in consequence the Grand-Mastership of the Freemasons;

_b_. 1827.

RISHANGER, WILLIAM ("Chronigraphus"), an annalist and monk of St.

Albans; wrote what is in effect a continuation of MATTHEW PARIS'S

(q. v.) "Chronicle," and practically a history of his own times from

1259 to 1307, which is both a spirited and trustworthy account, albeit in

parts not original; _b_. 1250.

RISHIS (i. e. seers), a name given by the Hindus to seven wise men

whose eyes had been opened by the study of the sacred texts of their

religion, the souls of whom are fabled to be incarnated in the seven

stars of the Great Bear.

RISTORI, ADELAIDE, distinguished Italian tragédienne; was one of a

family of strolling players; her career on the stage was a continuous

triumph; the rôle in which she specially shone was that of Lady Macbeth;

she was married in 1847 to the Marquis del Grillo, and is known as

Marquise; _b_. 1821.

RITSCHL, ALBRECHT, Protestant theologian, born at Berlin; studied at

Rome, where in 1853 he became professor extraordinarius of theology, and

in 1860 ordinary professor; after which he was in 1864 transferred to

Göttingen, where he spent the rest of his life, gathering year after year

around him a large circle of students, and enriching theological

literature by his writings; the work which defines his position as a

German theologian is entitled "The Christian Doctrine of Justification

and Reconciliation," in which he seeks to draw the line between

Christianity as exhibited respectively in the theology of the Reformation

and that of modern Pietism; by his lectures and his writings he became

the founder of what is called the Göttingen School of Theology, and

exercised an influence on the religious philosophy of the time, such as

has not been witnessed in Germany since the days of Schleiermacher; his

teaching is distinguished by the prominence it gives to the ethical side

of Christianity, and that it is only as exhibited on the ethical side

that it becomes the exponent and medium of God's grace to mankind

(1822-1889).

RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, German philologist, born near Erfurt;

became professor of Philology successively at Breslau, Bonn, and Leipzig;

his influence on philological study was great, and his greatest work was

an edition of Plautus (1806-1876).

RITSON, JOSEPH, a whimsical and crabbed antiquary; his industry was

great, his works numerous, among them one entitled "Ancient English

Metrical Romances," containing a long and still valuable dissertation

(1752-1803).

RITTER, HEINRICH, German philosopher, born in Anhalt; professor

successively at Berlin, Kiel, and Göttingen; is distinguished as the

author of an able "History of Philosophy" (1791-1860).

RITTER, KARL, celebrated geographer, born at Quedlinburg; the

founder of comparative geography; professor of geography at Berlin; his

chief works "Geography in its Relation to Nature," and the "History of

Man" (1779-1859).

RITUALISM, respect for forms in the conduct of religious worship,

particularly in connection with the administration of the sacraments of

the Church, under the impression or on the plea that they minister, as

they were ordained in certain cases to minister, to the quickening and

maintenance of the religious life.

RIVAROL, a French writer, born at Bagnols, in the department of Var;

famed for his caustic wit; was a Royalist emigrant at the time of the

Revolution, and aided the cause by his pamphlets; he was styled by Burke

"The Tacitus of the Revolution" (1753-1801).

RIVE-DE-GIER (13), a flourishing town in the department of Loire,

France, on the Gier, 13 m. NE. of St. Étienne; is favourably situated in

the heart of a rich coal district; has manufactures of silk, glass,

machinery, steel, &c.

RIVERS, RICHARD WOODVILLE, EARL, a prominent figure in the reigns of

Henry VI. and Edward IV.; was knighted in 1425; espoused the cause of the

Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses, but changed sides on the marriage

of his daughter with Edward IV., who created him an earl in 1460; fell

out of jealousy into disfavour with the nobility, and was beheaded in

1469; his son ANTHONY, who succeeded to the title, after acting on

the Council of Regency during Edward V.'s reign, was put to death by

Richard (III.), Duke of Gloucester, in 1483.

RIVIERA, an Italian term for coast-land flanked by mountains,

especially applied to the strip of land lying around the Gulf of Genoa

from Nice to Leghorn, which is divided by Genoa into the Western and

Eastern Riviera, the former the more popular as a health resort; but the

whole coast enjoys an exceptionally mild climate, and is replete with

beautiful scenery. Nice, Monaco, Mentone, and San Remo are among its

REASON, in German _Vernunft_, defined by Dr. Stirling "the faculty