JOSS, a Chinese god or his idol.

JÖTUNHEIM, the abode of the Jötuns in the Norse mythology, as

Asenheim is that of the Norse deities.

JÖTUNS, a race of giants in the Norse mythology, "huge, shaggy

beings of a demonic character, representing the dark hostile Powers of

Nature, such as Frost, Fire, Sea-tempest, who dwelt in Jötunheim, a

distant, dark chaotic land ... in perpetual internecine feud with the

gods, or friendly powers, such as Summer-heat and the Sun, and who dwelt

far apart."

JOUBERT, BARTHÉLEMI, French general; distinguished himself in the

Rhine and Italian campaigns, and fell mortally wounded at the battle of

Novi; one of the most promising generals France ever had (1769-1799).

JOUBERT, JOSEPH, author of "Pensées," born in Montignac, Périgord;

educated in Toulouse, succeeded to a small competency, came to Paris, got

access to the best literary circles, and was the most brilliant figure in

the salon of Madame de Beaumont; his works were exclusively _pensées_ and

maxims, and bear at once on ethics, politics, theology, and literature;

"There is probably," Professor Saintsbury says, "no writer in any

language who has said an equal number of remarkable things on an equal

variety of subjects in an equally small space and with an equally high

and unbroken excellence of style and expression;... all alike have the

characteristic of intense compression; he describes his literary aim in

the phrase 'tormented by the ambition of putting a book into a page, a

page into a phrase, and a phrase into a word'" (1754-1824).

JOUFFROY D'ABBANS, CLAUDE, MARQUIS DE, is claimed by the French as

the first inventor of the steamboat; he made a paddle-steamer ply on the

Rhône in 1783, but misfortunes due to the Revolution hindered his

progress, till he was forestalled by Fulton on the Seine in 1803

(1751-1832).

JOUGS, an iron collar hung by a chain in some public place, was

fastened round a culprit's neck, who was thus exposed in a sort of

pillory; in use in Scotland from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

JOULE, JAMES PRESCOTT, a celebrated physicist, born at Salford; was

a pupil of Dalton's, and devoted his time to physical and chemical

research; made discoveries in connection with the production of heat by

voltaic electricity, demonstrated the equivalence of heat and energy, and

established on experimental grounds the doctrine of the conservation of

energy (1818-1889).

JOURDAN, JEAN BAPTISTE, COMTE VON, marshal of France, born at

Limoges; gained for the Republic the victory of Fleurus in 1794, but was

in 1795 defeated at Höchst, and subsequently by the Archduke Charles of

Austria; served under Napoleon, and became Governor of the Hôtel des

Invalides under Louis Philippe (1762-1833).

JOWETT, BENJAMIN, Master of Balliol College, Oxford, born at

Camberwell; was a fellow and tutor of his college till his election to

the mastership in 1870; his name will always be associated with Balliol

College, where his influence was felt, and made the deepest impression;

he wrote an article "On the Interpretation of Scripture" in the "Essays

and Reviews," and a commentary on certain epistles of St. Paul, but he

achieved his greatest literary successes by his translations of Plato's

"Dialogues," the "History" of Thucydides, and the "Politics" of Aristotle

(1817-1893).

JUAN, DON, a poem of Byron's, a work which, as Stopford Brooke

remarks, "was written in bold revolt against all the conventionality of

social morality, religion, and politics, and in which--escaped from his

morbid self, he ran into the opposite extreme--he claimed for himself and

others absolute freedom of individual act and thought in opposition to

the force of society which tends to make all men after one pattern."

JUAN FERNANDEZ, a mountainous island 3000 ft. high, off the Chilian

coast, 420 m. W. of Valparaiso; was the lonely residence of ALEXANDER

SELKIRK (1704-1709) (q. v.); was used as a penal settlement from

1819 to 1835, and is inhabited by a few seal and sea-lion hunters.

JUAREZ, BENITO, president of Mexico, born in Oaxaca, of Indian

extraction; was elected to the Presidency twice over, in 1861 and 1867

(1806-1872).

JUBA, a great river rising in the Abyssinian mountains and flowing

S. into the Indian Ocean, with a town of the same name at its mouth;

marks the northern limit of British East Africa.

JUBILEE, a festival among the Jews every fiftieth year in

celebration of their emancipation from Egypt.

JUBILEE, YEAR OF, a year during which it was required that all land

which had passed out of the original owner's hands during the 50 years

preceding should be restored, all who during that time had been forced to

sell their liberty should be released, and all debts contracted in that

period should be remitted, a requirement, however, which does not appear

to have been very rigorously or regularly observed.

JUDÆA, a southern district of Palestine extending in one direction

between Samaria and the desert of Arabia, and in the other between the

Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

JUDAH, KINGDOM OF, the kingdom in the S. of Palestine of the two

tribes of Judah and Benjamin that remained true to the house of David

after the revolt of the other ten under Jeroboam, who formed what was

called the kingdom of Israel, a larger, but a weaker.

JUDAIZERS, a party, called also EBIONITES, in the primitive

Church who sought to overlay the simple ordinances of Christianity with

Judaic observances and rites, "a yoke which neither they nor their

fathers were able to bear."

JUDAS, surnamed ISCARIOT, one of the twelve Apostles of Christ,

who from some infatuation that unaccountably possessed him, and to his

everlasting infamy, betrayed his Master to His enemies for 30 pieces of

silver; was designated by Christ as the Son of Perdition.

JUDAS MACCABÆUS, a son of MATTATHIAS (q. v.), who succeeded

his father in the leadership of the Jews against the Syrians in the war

of the Maccabees, and who gave name to the movement, a man of chivalric

temper, great energy, firm determination, dauntless courage, and powerful

physique; who, with the elect of his countrymen of kindred spirit

encountered and overthrew the Syrians in successive engagements, till

before a great muster of the foe his little army was overwhelmed and

himself slain in 160 B.C. See MACCABEES.

JUDE, EPISTLE OF, an epistle in the New Testament, of which Judas,

the brother of James, was the author; written to some unknown community

in the primitive Church, in which a spirit of antinomian libertinism had

arisen, and the members of which are denounced as denying the sovereign

authority of the Church's Head by the practical disobedience and scorn of

the laws of His kingdom. For the drift and modern uses of this epistle

see Ruskin's "Fors Clavigera," chaps. lxvi. and lxvii., where it is shown

that the enemies of the faith in Jude's day are its real enemies in ours.

JUDGES, BOOK OF, a book of the Old Testament; gives an account of a

series of deliverances achieved on behalf of Israel by ministers of God

of the nation so called, when, after their occupation of the land, now

this tribe and now that was threatened with extinction by the Canaanites;

these deliverers bore the character of heroes rather than judges, but

they were rather tribal heroes than national, there being as yet no king

in Israel to unite them into one; of these the names of twelve are given,

of which only six attained special distinction, and their rule covered a

period of 300 years, which extended between the death of Joshua and the

birth of Samuel; the story throughout is one: apostasy and consequent

judgment, but the return of the Divine favour on repentance insured.

JUDGMENT, PRIVATE, assumption of judgment by individual reason on

matters which are not amenable to a lower tribunal than the universal

reason of the race.

JUDITH, a wealthy, beautiful, and pious Jewish widow who, as

recorded in one of the books of the Apocrypha called after her, entered,

with only a single maid as attendant, the camp of the Assyrian army under

Holofernes, that lay investing Bethulia, her native place; won the

confidence of the chief, persuaded him to drink while alone with him in

his tent till he was brutally intoxicated, cut off his head, and making

good her escape, suspended it from the walls of the place, with the issue

of the utter rout of his army by a sally of the townsfolk.

JUDSON, ADONIRAM, Burmese missionary and scholar, born at Maiden,

Mass.; sailed for Burma 1812, and for 40 years laboured devotedly,

translating the Bible into Burmese, and compiling a Burmese-English

dictionary; he died at sea on his way home (1788-1850).

JUGGERNAUT (22) or PURI, a town on the S. coast of Orissa, in

Bengal; one of the holy places of India, with a temple dedicated to

Vishnu, and containing an idol of him called Jagannâtha (or the Lord of

the World), which, in festival times, attracts thousands of pilgrims to

worship at its shrine, on one of which occasions the idol is dragged

forth in a ponderous car by the pilgrims and back again, under the wheels

of which, till prohibited, multitudes would throw themselves to be

crushed to death in the hope of thereby attaining a state of eternal

beatitude.

JUGURTHA, king of Numidia; succeeded by violent measures to the

throne, and maintained his ground in defiance of the Romans, who took up

arms against him and at last led him captive to Rome to die of hunger in

a dungeon.

JUKES, JOSEPH BEET, geologist, born near Birmingham; graduated at

Cambridge; took part in several expeditions, and finally became lecturer

in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he died; he published

among other works a "Student's Manual of Geology" (1811-1869).

JULIA, daughter and only child of Augustus Cæsar; celebrated for her

beauty and the dissoluteness of her morals, and became the wife in

succession of Marcellus, Agrippa, and Tiberius.

JULIAN THE APOSTATE, Roman emperor for 18 months, from 361 to 363;

was born at Constantinople, his father being a half-brother of

Constantine the Great, on whose death most of Julian's family were

murdered; embittered by this event, Julian threw himself into philosophic

studies, and secretly renounced Christianity; as joint emperor with his

cousin from 355 he showed himself a capable soldier, a vigorous and wise

administrator; on becoming sole emperor he proclaimed his apostasy, and

sought to restore paganism, but without persecuting the Church; though

painted in blackest colours by the Christian Fathers, he was a lover of

truth, chaste, abstinent, just, and affectionate, if somewhat vain and

superstitious; he was killed in an expedition against Persia; several

writings of his are extant, but a work he wrote against the Christians is

lost (331-363).

JÜLICH, a duchy on the W. bank of the Rhine, its capital a place of

the same name, 20 m. W. of Köln.

JULIEN, STANISLAS AIGNAN, an eminent Sinalogue, born in Orleans,

originally eminent in Greek; turned his attention to Chinese, and in 12

months time translated a part of one of the classical works in that

language; originally professor of Greek, he became in 1827 professor of

Chinese in the College of France in succession to Rémusat; he was not

less distinguished as a Sanskrit and Pâli scholar (1797-1873).

JULIUS, the name of three popes: ST. J. I., Pope from 337 to

332; J. II., pope from 1502 to 1513; J. III., Pope from 1550 to

1555, of which only J. II. deserves notice. J. II., an Italian by

birth, was more of a soldier than a priest, and, during his pontificate,

was almost wholly occupied with wars against the Venetians for the

recovery of Romagna, and against the French to drive them out of Italy,

in which attempt he called to his aid the spiritual artillery at his

command, by ex-communicating Louis XII. and putting his kingdom under an

interdict in 1542; he sanctioned the marriage of Henry VIII. with

Catharine of Aragon, commenced to rebuild St. Peter's at Rome, and was

the patron of Michael Angelo and Raphael.

JULLIEN, LOUIS ANTOINE, a distinguished musical conductor, born in

the Basses-Alpes; did much to popularise music by large bands, but he was

unfortunate in his speculations, and died insane and in debt (1812-1860).

JULY, the seventh month of the year, so called in honour of Julius

Cæsar, who reformed the calendar, and was born in this month; it was

famous as the month of the outbreak of the second Revolution of France in

Paris in 1830.

JUMNA, the chief affluent of the Ganges, which it joins at

Allahabad, rises in the Punjab, and flows through the North-West

Provinces, having Delhi and Agra on its banks; its course is 860 m., and

it falls over 10,000 ft.; its waters are used for irrigation by means of

canals, being of little use for navigation.

JUMPERS, name of a certain religious sect in America, from the

dancing associated with its services.

JUNE, the sixth month of the year, so named from the Roman _gens_ or

clan Junius, or perhaps from Juno.

JUNG STILLING, a German mystic, born in Nassau; first a tailor, then

a schoolmaster; went to Strasburg, became intimate with Goethe, studied

medicine there, and afterwards practised in Elberfeld; became professor

of Political Economy at Marburg and in Heidelberg; is best known by his

autobiography: Kant and Lavater were friends of his (1740-1817).

JUNGFRAU (Maiden), a peak of the Bernese Alps, 13,671 ft. in height;

was first ascended by the brothers Meyer in 1811.

JUNIUS, LETTERS OF, seventy letters on public affairs which appeared

under that signature in the _Public Advertiser_ 1769 to 1772, and were

with others reprinted in book form; were, though severe in tone, the

prototype of the modern leading article. Their authorship has never been

discovered; but some hold that evidence points to Sir Philip Francis as

responsible for them.

JUNK, a Chinese boat with a flat bottom, a square prow, a high

stern, and a pole for mast.

JUNKER, a name given in Germany to the younger members of the

aristocracy, or of the landed gentry, as representing a reactionary party

in modern politics.

JUNO, a Roman goddess, the wife of Jupiter, and the queen of heaven,

corresponding to the HERA (q. v.) of the Greeks; the impersonation of

womanhood, and the special protectress of the rights of women, especially

married women, and bore the names of _Virginalis_ and _Matrona_. She was

the patroness of household and even state economy. See ZEUS.

JUNOT, ANDOCHE, DUC D'ABRANTES, French general; was Napoleon's

aide-de-camp in his first Campaign in Italy; took part in the expedition

to Egypt; distinguished himself in the invasion of Portugal, but soon

experienced reverse after reverse; in a fit of madness he threw himself

one day out of a window, and died from the effect (1771-1813).

JUNTO, the name given to a Whig faction in the reign of William

III., that for 20 years exercised a great influence in the affairs of the

nation, of which Russell, Lord-Keeper Somers, and Charles Montague were

the leading members.

JUPITER. See ZEUS.

JUPITER, one of the exterior planets of the solar system, and the

largest; revolves in an orbit outside that of the asteroids, at a mean

distance from the sun of 480 millions of miles, completing its revolution

round the sun in 4338 days, and taking 10 hours to revolve on its own

axis; it is surrounded by belts considered to be openings in the cloudy

atmosphere which invests it, and is accompanied by four moons, all nearly

of the same size but at different distances, and with different periods

of revolution round it; it is in volume 1300 times larger than that of

the earth, while its weight is only 300 times that of the earth, is

therefore less than one-fourth of the density of the earth.

JUPITER CARLYLE, a sobriquet given to the REV. ALEXANDER

CARLYLE (q. v.), from his resemblance to the artist's conception of

Jupiter, particularly in the head.

JUPITER SCAPIN, a nickname given by the Abbé de Pradt to Napoleon,

after a valet of the name of Scapin in a comedy of Molière's, noted for

his knaveries.

JURA, an Argyllshire island NE. of Islay, mountainous (2500 ft.);

the eastern slopes yield some crops, but most of the island is deer

forest and cattle-grazing land.

JURY, a body of citizens set to try a question of fact, or to assess

damages; in England and Ireland a jury numbers 12, and its verdict must

be unanimous; in Scotland the verdict is by majority, and the jury

numbers 12 in civil and 15 in criminal cases.

JUSSIEU, ANTOINE LAURENT DE, celebrated French botanist, born at

Lyons; his book, entitled "Genera Plantarum," published in 1789, lays

down the principle on which the modern classification of plants is based;

he was one of a family of botanists (1748-1836).

JUSTICE, 1, HIGH COURT OF, one of the two great sections of the

English Supreme Courts; 2, LORD CHIEF, the chief judge of the

Queen's Bench division of it; 3, LORD JUSTICE-GENERAL, supreme judge

in Scotland, the Lord President of the Court of Session; 4, OF THE

PEACE, the title of a petty county or borough magistrate of

multifarious duties and jurisdiction; 5, LORDS JUSTICES, judges of

the English Court of Appeal.

JUSTICE, BED OF, a formal session of Parliament of Paris under the

presidency of the king, for the compulsory registration of royal edicts.

JUSTICIARY COURT, the highest court for the trial of criminal cases

in Scotland.

JUSTIN, surnamed the Martyr, an early Christian apologist, born in

Sichem, Samaria; a heathen by birth, who studied philosophy in the Stoic

and Platonic schools, and was converted to Christianity from observing

the strength of the convictions with which it was embraced; was the

author of two "Apologies for the Christians," rather than for

Christianity or its dogmas, and a "Dialogue with Trypho the Jew," and

suffered martyrdom in 168. Festival, June 12.

JUSTINIAN I., Roman emperor and jurist, born in Illyria; became

co-emperor with Justin I. in 527; married the infamous Theodora, and for

38 years enjoyed a reign, the most brilliant of the late Empire, but not

without dangers from foes outside and factions within; his fame rests on

the codification and reform of the laws which he carried out; he improved

the status of slaves, revised the laws of divorce and of intestate

succession; and in his "Digest," "Institutes," and other sections of the

"Corpus Juris Civilis," first gave definiteness to Roman law and laid the

basis of the civil law of most modern nations (482-565).

JUSTINIAN PANDECTS, a code of Roman laws compiled under the

direction of the Emperor Justinian, with a digest of the commentaries of

the jurists thereupon.

JUTLAND, at the mouth of the Baltic Sea, is the only European

peninsula that stretches northward; it comprises the continental portion

of the kingdom of Denmark.

JUVENAL, a celebrated Latin poet and satirist, born at Aquinum; a

friend of Martial and contemporary of Statius and Quintilian; his

satires, 16 in number, are written in indignant scorn of the vices of the

Romans under the Empire, and in the descriptions of which the historian

finds a portrait of the manners and morals of the time (42-120).

JUXON, WILLIAM, archbishop of Canterbury, born in Chichester; became

in succession bishop of Worcester and bishop of London, and attended

Charles I. in prison and on the scaffold; lived in privacy till the

Restoration, four months after which he was made archbishop, and died

about two years after his elevation (1582-1663).

K

KAABA. See CAABA.

KABUL (70), on the Kabul River, at the foot of the Takht-i-Shah

Hills, 650 m. NW. of Delhi, is the capital of Afghanistan, an ancient,

mud-built city, but progressing; noted for its fruit and trading in

carpets, camel-hair cloth, and skins; the town was taken by General

Pollok 1842, avenging the death of Burnes and Macnaughten, and by General

Roberts in 1879, avenging the murder of Cavagnari.

KABYLES, the name given to a division of the Berbers of N. Africa,

who occupy the coast and tablelands of Mauritania, and are indigenous to

it.

KADIJAH, a rich widow, the wife of Mahomet, who had been her steward

and factotum, and whom he married when she was forty and himself only

twenty-five, and with whom he lived till her death, "loving her truly and

her alone," himself now a man of fifty; he had begun his mission as a

prophet before she died, and one service she did him he never forgot as

the greatest of them all: she believed in him, when no one else did.

KADRIS, a set of Mohammedan dervishes who lacerate themselves with

scourges, like the Flagellants.

KAFFIRS, including Kaffirs proper and Zulus, a division of the Bantu

negroes, found all over S. Africa, are a pastoral and latterly

agricultural people of fine physique, naturally hospitable, honest, and

truthful, but now much contaminated by the white man; Kaffir wars broke

out in 1834, 1846, 1850, and 1877; the name, which means infidel, was

originally applied by the Mohammedans to all pagans.

KAFIRISTAN (200), a lofty mountainous region in the E. of

Afghanistan, S. of the Hindu-Kush, with the Panjshir, Kabul, and Chitral

Rivers on the W., S., and E.; the people are undersized, pastoral, and

devoted to their Aryan faith, which here has its last stronghold, not

organised politically, but united in their love of independence and

hatred of Mohammedanism.

KAIRWAN` (5), the sacred city of Northern Africa, in Tunis, 80 m. S.

of Tunis, a _decayed_ town, was the chief seat of the Mohammedans in N.

Africa, and a sacred city; manufactures copper vessels, carpets, and

articles of leather.

KAISAR-I-HIND (i. e. Cæsar of India), a title applied to Queen

Victoria as Empress of India since 1876.

KAISER, the name, derived from the Latin Cæsar, given to the emperor

of the old German Empire or Reich, and resumed by the modern Emperor,

William I., and his successors.

KAISER WILHELM'S LAND (116), the N. of the eastern half of New

Guinea, belonging partly to Britain, partly to Holland, and partly to

Germany.

KAITHAL (15), in the Punjab, 90 m. NW. of Delhi, an ancient town,

with saltpetre refineries; has old associations with the Hindu

monkey-god, HANUMAN (q. v.).

KÂLA, the Hindu Chronus, or god of time, who, as in the Greek

mythology, at once produces and devours all things.

KALAHARI DESERT, in S. Africa, stretches far northward from the

Orange River between German SW. Africa and the Transvaal, an elevated

plateau, not really desert, but covered with scrub and affording coarse

pasturage for cattle.

KALAMAZOO` (18), a railway centre and flourishing town in the SW. of

Michigan, 144 m. NE. of Chicago; manufactures machinery, paper, and

flour.

KALEIDOSCOPE, an optical instrument, invented by Sir David Brewster

in 1817, consisting of a cylinder with two mirrors set lengthwise inside,

two plates of glass with bits of coloured glass loose between at one end

and an eye-hole at the other, presents varying patterns on rotation.

KALEVALE, a collection of popular songs current among the peasantry

of Finland from earliest times.

KALI (i. e. the black one), one of the names of the wife of SIVA (q. v.),

and of whom she is the female counterpart, and has been identified with

the GREEK HECATE (q. v.); she is represented with a necklace of human

heads.

KÁLIDÁSA, a great Indian dramatist and poet, probably of the 6th

century A.D.; was author of "The Lost Ring" and "The Hero and the

Nymph," translated by Sir William Jones, much praised by Goethe and Max

Müller.

KALMAR (12), seaport in SE. of Sweden, on an island in Kalmar Sound;

carries on a large timber trade, and manufactures of tobacco and matches.

KALMUCKS, the name given to the Western Moguls, inhabiting Central

Asia, and considerably intermingled with their neighbours, the Russians,

Persians, and Turks; they are Buddhists, nomadic, and have herds of

horses and cattle.

KALPA, a Braminical name for the immense period of time which

separates one destruction of the world from the next, a day and a night

of Brahma.

KALPI (14), a decaying town in the NW. Provinces of India, on the

Jumna, 50 m. SW. of Cawnpore; was the scene of the defeat of 12,000

mutineers in 1858; manufactures paper, and exports grain and cotton.

KÂMA, the Hindu Cupid, or god of love, a potent god of the Hindu

pantheon, able to subdue nearly all the rest of the gods except Siva, who

once with a single glance of his Cyclop eye reduced him to ashes for

daring to bring trouble into his breast; he is one of the primitive gods

of the Hindu pantheon, like the EROS (q. v.) of the Greeks.

KAMCHATKA (7), a long narrow peninsula on the E. coast of Siberia,

stretching southwards between the Behring Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk,

with a precipitous coast and a volcanic range of mountains down the

centre, has a cold, wet climate, grass and tree vegetation, and many hot

springs; the people live by fishing, hunting, and trading in furs; they

are Russianised, the peninsula having been Russian since the 17th

century.

KAMES, HENRY HOME, LORD, Scottish judge and philosopher, born in

Berwickshire; became an advocate in 1723 and judge in 1752; wrote books

on law, "Essays on Morality and Natural Religion," and other

philosophical works, in which he indulged in a wide and often fanciful

range of speculation; was noted for his sociality and public spirit, and

died at Edinburgh (1696-1782).

KAMPEN (19), a reviving Dutch town on the Yssel, 3 m. from the

Zuyder Zee, and 5½ m. W. of Zwolle; has shipbuilding and fishing

industries; the inhabitants are the proverbial fools of Holland.

KAMPTULICON, a floorcloth composed of cork and india-rubber or

similar substance.

KAMTHI (43), a town of recent origin in the Central Provinces of

India, 9 m. NW. of Nagpur; trades in cattle and grain, salt, and timber.

KANARA, a rainy district on the W. coast of India, between Goa and

Malabar, mostly malarial forest country, with the Ghat Mountains and many

rivers. NORTH KANARA (446) is in Bombay Presidency. SOUTH

KANARA (1,056), capital Mangalore, is in Madras.

KANARIS, CONSTANTIN, an intrepid Greek sea-captain who distinguished

himself by his exploits in the Greek War of Independence, particularly in

the destruction of the Turkish vessels by means of fire-ships; he

attained the rank of admiral in 1862, and took part in the revolution

which overthrew King Otho (1780-1877).

KANDAHAR, capital of Southern Afghanistan, near the Argandab River,

200 m. SW. of Kabul; a well-watered, regularly built town in the middle

of orchards and vineyards; is of great political and commercial

importance; a centre of trade with India, Persia, and Turkestan; it was

held by the British through the war of 1839-41, and again in 1880-81;

population variously estimated from 25,000 to 100,000.

KANDY (20), a town on a mountain lake in the middle of Ceylon, 75 m.

NE. of Colombo; is a railway centre; has the ruins of the palace of the

old native kings, and a temple with the famous tooth of Buddha.

KANE, ELISHA KENT, an American explorer, born in Philadelphia; bred

to medicine; became a surgeon in the navy; acquired a taste for

adventure; from his experiences in such accompanied, in 1850, the first

Grinnell expedition to the Arctic seas, and commanded the second in 1853,

after three years returning with many discoveries; he wrote accounts of

both expeditions (1820-1857).

KANE, SIR ROBERT, chemist, born in Dublin; originator of the _Dublin

Journal of Medical Science_ in 1832, and of the Irish Museum of Industry

in 1846; was President of Queen's College, Cork, and President of the

Royal Irish Academy in 1876; Published "Elements of Chemistry," and other

works (1810-1890).

KANSAS (1,427), the central State of the American Union; lies in the

basin of the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers, between Nebraska on the N. and

Oklahoma on the S., with Colorado on the W. and Missouri on the E. It is

a rolling prairie, with a fine climate subject to occasional extremes,

and a rainfall, except in some districts, sufficient; raises crops of

grain and sugar, and affords excellent grazing ground. Pork and beef

packing, flour-milling, and iron-founding industries are carried on. The

State University is at Lawrence, an agricultural college at Manhattan,

and good schools in every town. Previous to its admission to the Union in

1859 Kansas was the scene of violent conflicts between pro- and

anti-slavery parties for five years. In the Civil War it joined the

North. The capital is Topeka (31), and the largest other towns Kansas

City (38) and Wichita (23).

KANSAS CITY, two contiguous towns on the S. bank of the Missouri

River, 280 m. W. of St. Louis, are so called. The larger and more

easterly one (164) is the second city of Missouri; an important railway

centre, and distributes the agricultural products of a large region; has

pork-packing industries and iron manufactures. The smaller, westerly city

(51), is in Kansas, the largest town of that State; has a remarkable

elevated railway.

KANT, IMMANUEL, a celebrated German philosopher, born in Königsberg,

the son of a saddler, of Scotch descent, and fortunate in both his

parents; entered the university in 1740 as a student of theology; gave

himself to the study of philosophy, mathematics, and physics; wrote an

essay, his first literary effort, on "Motive Force" in 1747; settled at

the University as a private lecturer on a variety of academic subjects in

1755; became professor of Logic and Metaphysics in 1770, when he was 46,

and continued till his retirement, in 1797, from the frailties of age,

spending the last 17 years of his life in a small house with a garden in

a quiet quarter of the town; his great work, the "Kritic of Pure Reason,"

was published in 1781, and it was followed by the "Kritic of Practical

Reason" in 1788, and the "Kritic of Judgment" in 1790; his works

inaugurate a new era in philosophic speculation, and by the adoption of a

critical method dealt a death-blow to speculative dogmatism on the one

hand and scepticism on the other; it was, he says, the scepticism of Hume

that first broke his dogmatic slumber, so that had Hume not been, he had

not been, and the whole course of modern thought different; Kant by his

critical method did for philosophy what Copernicus did for astronomy; he

centralised the intelligence in the reason or soul, as the latter did the

planetary system in the sun; Kant was a lean, little man, of simple

habits, and was never wedded (1724-1804).

KAOLIN, a fine white clay, a hydrous silicate of alumina, which does

not colour when fired; used in making porcelain; called also China clay.

KAPELLMEISTER, director of an orchestra or choir, more particularly

of the band of a German prince.

KAPILA, the founder of the Sankhya system of HINDU PHILOSOPHY

(q. v.); was regarded as an incarnation of VISHNU (q. v.).

KARA, a gold-mining district in East Siberia, 300 m. from Chita, of

which the mines are the private property of the Czar, and are worked by

convicts, who are often disgracefully treated, many of them merely

political offenders.

KARA SEA is a portion of the Arctic Sea, on the NE. corner of

Russia, between Nova Zembla and the Yalmal; receives the rivers Obi and

Yenisei, and is navigable from July to September.

KARAITES, a Jewish sect which originated in the 8th century; adhered

to the letter of Scripture and repudiated all tradition; were strict

Sabbatarians.

KARAKORUM, a range of the Himalayas, extending from the Hindu-Kush

eastward into Thibet, and a pass in the centre of it 18,000 ft. high.

Also the name of the old capital of Mongolia.

KARAMSIN, a Russian historian; his first work was "Letters of a

Russian Traveller," in 6 vols., published in 1797-1801, which gained him

a high reputation, and it was followed by his "History of Russia," in 12

vols., published in 1816-1829, for the materials of which he had access,

to the most authentic documents as imperial historiographer, an office to

which he was appointed in 1803, and the work is a work in the highest

repute (1766-1826).

KARIKAL (93), a French possession in India, on the Coromandel coast,

150 m. S. of Madras; rears and exports rice in large quantities.

KARLI, a famous temple-cave in Bombay Presidency, on the

Bombay-Poona road; dates from the 1st century B.C. at latest.

KARMA, the unbroken sequence, according to the Theosophists, of

cause and effect, in which every effect is regarded the cause of the

next.

KARMAN, the name given in the Brahminical philosophy and in Buddhism

to that act of the soul by which, as is conceived, it determines its own

destiny, a truly serious conception, and in itself soul affecting.

KARMATHIANS, originally a secret society of the Ismaîlis, developed

into a religious and communistic sect, and waged a great peasants' war

under successive leaders between A.D. 900 and 950; Mecca was captured

930; the movement of the Karmathians did much to overthrow the power of

the Khalifate.

KARR, JEAN BAPTISTE ALPHONSE, French novelist, born at Paris;

entered journalism, became editor of the _Figaro_ 1839, started _Les

Guepes_ the same year, retired to Nice 1855, and there died; his chief

novel is "Géneviève," and best known book, "Voyage autour de mon Jardin"

(1808-1890).

KARROO, the name of a barren tract of tableland in South Africa with

a clay soil, which, however, bursts into grassy verdure and blossom after

rain; the Great Karroo, which is 850 m. long and about 80 m. broad, is

3000 ft. above the sea-level, while the Little Karroo is 1000 ft. lower;

large flocks of sheep are pastured on them, and the value of the land has

immensely increased within late years.

KARS (9), an almost impregnable fortress on the Russo-Turkish

frontier in Asia, 100 m. E. of the Caspian Sea; was successfully held by

the Turks under General Williams in 1855, of which Laurence Oliphant

wrote an account, but captured by Russia in 1877, and ceded to her by the

Treaty of Berlin, 1878; it is a strong place, and a prize to any power

that possesses it.

KARUN RIVER, rising in the Zarduh Koh Mountains W. of Ispahân; flows

W. and S. past Shuster into the Persian Gulf; is the sole navigable

waterway of Persia, and was thrown open to trade 1888.

KASCHAU (29), a beautiful town in Northern Hungary, on the Hernad

River, 140 m. NW. of Budapest; has a royal tobacco factory, is noted for

hams, has an agricultural school and a Jesuit university.

KASHGAR (120), political capital and second largest city of Chinese

Turkestan, on the Kizil River; has cotton, silk, carpet, and saddlery

industries, and trades with Russia; it is the centre of Mohammedanism in

Eastern Turkestan, a pilgrim city; has been in Chinese hands since 1758,

but is chiefly under Russian influence.

KASSALA (3), a fortified town in the Soudan, near the Abyssinian

boundary, on the Chor-el-Gash, a tributary of the Atbara, is 260 m. S. of

Suakim; suffered severely from the Madhist rising of 1883-1885.

KATAKAMA, the square style of writing of the Japanese.

KATER, HENRY, a physicist, born in Bristol; bred to the law, but

entered the army, and went out to India, where, to the injury of his

constitution, he was for seven years engaged on the trigonometrical

survey of the country; devoted the rest of his life to scientific

research; he contributed to the _Philosophical Transactions_, determined

the length of the seconds pendulum at the latitude of London, and

invented the floating collimator (1777-1835).

KATKOFF, MICHAEL NIKIFOROVITCH, Russian journalist and publicist,

born at Moscow, educated at Moscow, Königsberg, and Berlin; became

professor of Philosophy in Moscow and in 1801 editor of the _Moscow

Gazette_; though at first an advocate of parliamentary government, he

became a violent reactionary, made his paper the most influential in

Russia, and had great influence in public affairs; he is said to have

determined the reactionary policy of Alexander III. (1818-1887).

KATRINE, LOCH, a long narrow beautiful lake in the Trossachs,

Scotland, about 30 m. N. of Glasgow, to which it affords an abundant

water supply, is 8 m. long and ¾ broad; the splendid scenery of it is

described in Scott's "Lady of the Lake."

KAUFFMANN, ANGELICA, painter, born in the Tyrol; gave early evidence

of artistic talent; came to London, and became one of the first members

of the Royal Academy; produced pictures on classical and mythological

subjects, as well as portraits of the royal family among others; her

story forms the basis of a fiction by Miss Thackeray (1741-1807).

KAUFMANN, CONSTANTINO VON, Russian general, of German descent; did

much to contribute to the establishment of the Russian power in Central

Asia (1818-1882).

KAULBACH, WILHELM VON, German painter, head of the new German

school, born in Waldeck; was a pupil of Cornelius, and associated with

him in painting the frescoes in the Glyptothek in Münich; among other

works, which have made his name famous, he executed the splendid series

of compositions that adorn the vestibule of the Berlin Museum; he

illustrated Goethe's "Faust" and his "Reinecke Fuchs" (1805-1874).

KAUNITZ, PRINCE VON, Austrian statesman, born at Vienna; under

Charles VI. and Maria Theresa distinguished as a diplomatist at the

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, and sided with France in the Seven

Years' War; was for nearly 40 years "the shining star and guide of

Austrian politics, and greatest of diplomatists in his day, supreme Jove

in that extinct Olympus; regarded with sublime pity, not unalloyed to

contempt, all other diplomatic beings"; he shared with Colonne the

_sobriquet_ of the "European coach-driver"; he was sold body and soul to

the interests of Austria (1711-1794).

KAVANAGH, JULIA, novelist, born in Tipperary, a very dainty little

lady; wrote "Madeleine," "Woman in France," "Women of Letters," "Women of

Christianity," &c.; spent most of her life in France (1824-1877).

KAWI, the old language of Java found in old documents and

inscriptions.

KAY, SIR, a rude and boastful Knight of the Round Table,

foster-brother of King Arthur, who from his braggart ways often made

himself the butt of the whole court.

KAY, JOHN, a Scottish caricaturist, born near Dalkeith; began

business in Edinburgh first as a barber and then as a print-seller;

author of sketches of local celebrities, now collected in two volumes,

and of much interest and value as a record of the Edinburgh of his time

(1742-1826).

KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM, historian of English India, an officer in

the Bengal Artillery, retired in 1841; in 1856 entered the East India

Company's service in England, and was subsequently a secretary in the

Government India Office; he wrote "History of the Sepoy War 1857-58," and

"Essays of an Optimist" (1814-1876).

KEAN, CHARLES JOHN, actor, second son of the succeeding, born in

Waterford; made his first appearance in Drury Lane in 1827, which proved

unsuccessful, but by assiduous study and his marriage with Helen Tree, a

popular actress who played along with him, he rose in the profession and

became lessee of the Princess's Theatre, London, where he distinguished

himself by his revivals of Shakespeare's plays, with auxiliary effects

due to scenery and costume; he was at his best in melodramas, such as

"Louis XI." (1811-1868).

KEAN, EDMUND, distinguished English tragedian, born in London; trod

the stage from his infancy; his first success was Shylock in the

"Merchant of Venice" in 1814, and the representation of it was followed

by equally famous representations of Richard III., Othello, and Sir Giles

Overreach; he led a very dissipated life, and under the effects of it his

constitution gave way; he broke down one evening beside his son as Iago,

as he was playing the part of Othello, was carried off the stage, and

never appeared on the boards again (1787-1833).

KEARY, ANNIE, novelist, born in Yorkshire; began as a writer of

children's books, "Castle Daly," an Irish novel, among her best; was a

woman of a sympathetic nature, and was devoted to works of benevolence

(1825-1882).

KEATS, JOHN, was the son of a livery-stable proprietor, born at

Finsbury, London; never went to a university, but was apprenticed to a

London surgeon, and subsequently practised medicine himself in London;

abandoning his profession in 1817, he devoted himself to literature, made

the acquaintance of Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, Lamb, Wordsworth, and other

literary men; left London for Carisbrooke, moved next year to Teignmouth,

but on a visit to Scotland contracted what proved to be consumption; in

1819 he was betrothed to Miss Fanny Browne, and struggled against

ill-health and financial difficulties till his health completely gave way

in the autumn of 1820; accompanied by the artist Joseph Severn he went to

Naples and then to Rome, where, in the spring following, he died; his

works were three volumes of poetry, "Poems" 1817, "Endymion" 1818,

"Lamia, Isabella and other Poems," including "Hyperion" and "The Eve of

St. Agnes" 1820; he never reached maturity in his art, but the dignity,

tenderness, and imaginative power of his work contained the highest

promise; he was a man of noble character, sensitive, yet strong,

unselfish, and magnanimous, by some regarded as the most original of

modern poets (1795-1821).

KEBLAH, the point of the compass to which people turn their faces

when they worship, as the Mohammedans do to Mecca when they pray.

KEBLE, JOHN, English clergyman, author of the "Christian Year," born

in Fairford, Gloucestershire; studied at Oxford, and became Fellow of

Oriel College in 1811; in 1827 appeared the "Christian Year," which he

published anonymously; in 1831 was appointed professor of Poetry in

Oxford, and that same year issued an "Address to the Electors of the

United Kingdom" against the Reform Bill; he was one of four who

originated the Tractarian movement at Oxford, and was the author of

several of the "Tracts for the Times"; in 1835 he was presented to the

vicarage of Hursley, which he held till his death; he was author of "Lyra

Innocentium," and along with Newman and others of "Lyra Apostolica"; the

secession of Newman rather riveted than loosened his attachment to the

English Church (1792-1866).

KEDRON, a wady E. of Jerusalem, traversed by a brook in the rainy

season, and which runs in the direction of the Dead Sea.

KEELHAULING, a naval punishment of the 17th and 18th centuries;

consisted in dropping the victim into the sea from one yardarm, hauling

him under the keel and up to the yardarm on the other side; is now a term

for a severe rebuke.

KEELING ISLANDS. See COCOS ISLANDS.

KEEWATIN, a district in Canada under the jurisdiction of the

government of Manitoba, and N. of it; the mineral wealth is great, and

includes copper and silver.

KEHAMA, a Hindu rajah who obtains and sports with supernatural

powers, whose adventures are given in Southey's "Curse of Kehama."

KEIGHLEY (30), a Yorkshire town, on the Aire, 9 m. NW. of Bradford;

manufactures woollen and worsted fabrics and spinning-machinery.

KEIGHTLEY, THOMAS, man of letters, born in Dublin; wrote a number of

school manuals, and "Fairy Mythology" (1789-1872).

KEIM, THEODOR, a German theologian, born at Stuttgart, professor at

Zurich and afterwards at Giessen; his great work, to which others were

preliminary, was his "History of Jesu of Nazara," in which he presents

the person of Christ Himself as the one miracle in the story and that

eclipses every other in it, and makes them of no account comparatively

(1823-1878).

KEITH, JAMES, known as Marshal Keith, born near Peterhead, of an old

Scotch family, Earls Marischal of Scotland; having had to leave the

country for his share in the Jacobite rebellion, fled first to Spain and

then to Russia, doing military service in both, but quitted both in 1747

for service in Prussia under Frederick the Great, who soon recognised the

worth of him, and under whom he rose to be field-marshal; he

distinguished himself in successive engagements, and fell shot through

the heart, when in the charge of the right wing at Hochkirch; as he

opened his way by his bayonet the enemy gathered round him after being

twice repulsed (1696-1758).

KEITH, LORD, English admiral, born near Stirling; served in various

parts of the world, and distinguished himself in the American and French

wars.

KELAT (14), capital of Beluchistan, in a lofty region 140 m. S. of

Kandahar; is the residence of a British agent since 1877, and was annexed

as a British possession in 1888. It is a military stronghold, and of

great importance in a military point of view.

KELLER, FERDINAND, Swiss archæologist; his reputation rests on his

investigations of lake-dwellings in Switzerland in 1853-54 (1800-1881).

KELLER, GOTTFRIED, distinguished poet and novelist, born in Zurich;

his greatest remance, and the one by which he is best known, is "Der

Grüne Heinrich"; wrote also a collection of excellent tales entitled,

"Die Leute von Seldwyla" (1819-1890).

KELLERMANN, FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE, Duke of Valmy, French general born

in Alsace, son of a peasant; entered the army at 17; served in the Seven

Years' War; embraced the Revolution; defeated the Duke of Brunswick at

Valmy in 1792; served under Napoleon as commander of the reserves on the

Rhine, but supported the Bourbons at the Restoration (1735-1820).

KELLS (2), an ancient town in co. Meath, with many antiquities;

gives its name to the "Book of Kells," a beautiful 9th-century Keltic

illuminated manuscript of the Gospels, now in the library of Trinity

College, Dublin.

KELP, an alkaline substance derived from the ashes of certain

sea-weeds, yielding iodine, soda, potass, and certain oils; kelp-burning

was formerly a valuable industry in Orkney and the Hebrides.

KELPIE, an imaginary water-spirit which, it is said, appears

generally in the form of a horse.

KELSO, a market-town in Roxburghshire, beautifully situated on the

Tweed, where the Teviot joins it, with the ruins of an abbey of the 12th

or the early 13th century.

KELVIN, LORD. See THOMSON, WILLIAM.

KEMBLE, a family of three sons and one daughter, children of Roger

Kemble, a provincial theatrical manager, all actors, of whom the greatest

was the eldest, Sarah, MRS. SIDDONS (q. v.).

KEMBLE, ADELAIDE, daughter of Charles, was noted as an operatic

singer, but retired from the stage on her marriage 1842 (1814-1879).

KEMBLE, CHARLES, son of Roger, born at Brecon; appeared first at

Sheffield as Orlando, in 1792, and two years later came to London, where

he continued playing till 1840, when he was appointed Examiner of Plays

(1775-1854). Two daughters of Charles also won fame on the stage.

KEMBLE, FRANCES ANNE, daughter of Charles, born in London; made her

_début_ in 1829, and proved a queen of tragedy; in 1832 went to America,

where, in 1834, she married a planter, from whom she was divorced in

1848; resuming her maiden name, Fanny Kemble, she gave Shakespearian

readings for 20 years (1809-1893).

KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL, Anglo-Saxon scholar, born in London, son of

Charles Kemble; edited writings belonging to the Anglo-Saxon period; his

chief work "The Saxons in England" (1807-1857).

KEMBLE, JOHN PHILIP, eldest son of Roger, born at Prescot,

Lancashire; began to study for the Roman Catholic priesthood, but adopted

the stage, and appeared first at Wolverhampton in 1776; after touring in

Yorkshire and Ireland he came to London in 1783, playing Hamlet at Drury

Lane; became manager of that theatre in 1788; in 1802 transferred himself

to Covent Garden, where, on the opening of the new house in 1809, the

"Old Price" riots brought him ill-will; he retired in 1817, and lived at

Lausanne till his death (1757-1823).

KEMBLE, STEPHEN, son of Roger, was from 1792 till 1800 manager of

Edinburgh Theatre (1758-1822).

KEMP, GEORGE MEIKLE, architect, born in Moorfoot, Peeblesshire; bred

a millwright, became a draughtsman, studied Gothic architecture, and

designed the Scott Monument in Edinburgh; was drowned one evening in the

Union Canal before the work was finished (1796-1844).

KEMPEN, a Prussian town, 27 m. NW. of Düsseldorf; manufactures

textile fabrics in silk, cotton, linen, &c.; was the birthplace of Thomas

à Kempis.

KEMPENFELT, RICHARD, British admiral, born at Westminster;

distinguished himself in several actions, was on board of the _Royal

George_ as his flagship when she went down at Spithead, carrying him

along with her and over a thousand others also on board at the time; he

was a brave and skilful officer, and his death was a great loss to the

service (1718-1782).

KEMPIS, THOMAS À, born at Kempen, near Düsseldorf, son of a poor but

honest and industrious craftsman named Hämerkin; joined, while yet a

youth, the "Brotherhood of Common Life" at Deventer, in Holland, and at

20 entered the monastery of St. Agnes, near Zwolle, in Oberyssel, where

he chiefly resided for 70 long years, and of which he became sub-prior,

where he spent his time in acts of devotion and copying MSS., that of the

Bible, among others, in the Vulgate version of it, as well as in the

production of works of his own, and in chief the "Imitation of Christ," a

work that in the regard of many ranks second to the Bible, and is thought

likely to survive in the literature of the world as long as the Bible

itself; it has been translated into all languages within, as well as

others outside, the pale of Christendom, and as many as six thousand

editions, it is reckoned, have issued from the press; it is five

centuries and a half since it was first given to the world, and it has

ever since continued to be a light in it to thousands in the way of a

holy and divine life; it draws its inspiration direct from the

fountain-head of Holy Scripture, and is breathing full of the same spirit

that inspires the sacred book (1380-1471).

KEN, THOMAS, English prelate, born at Little Berkhampstead; is

famous as the author of hymns, especially the morning one, "Awake, my

Soul," and the evening one, "Glory to Thee, my God"; was committed to the

Tower for refusing to read James II.'s "Declaration of Indulgence," and

deprived of his bishopric, that of Bath and Wells, for refusing to take

the oath of allegiance to William III. (1637-1711).

KENDAL (14), a Westmorland market-town on the Kent, 38 m. S. of

Carlisle; manufactures heavy woollen goods, paper, and snuff; it owes the

introduction of its woollen manufacture to the settlement in it of

Flemings in the reign of Richard III.

KENIA, MOUNT, a mountain in British East Africa, 10° S. of the

Equator, 18,000 ft. above the sea-level, and one of the highest on the

continent.

KENILWORTH (4), a Warwickshire market-town, 5 m. N. of Warwick;

noted for its castle, where, as described by Scott in his novel of the

name, Leicester sumptuously entertained Elizabeth in 1575; has some

tanworks, tanning being the chief industry.

KENNAQUHAIR (i. e. know-not-where), an imaginary locality in

Scott's "Monastery." See WEISSNICHTWO.

KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL, head-master of Shrewsbury, son of a

schoolmaster, born at Birmingham; after a brilliant career at Cambridge

became, in 1828, Fellow of St. John's, in 1830 assistant-master at

Harrow, and in 1830 was appointed to Shrewsbury, where he proved one of

the greatest of schoolmasters (1804-1889).

KENNICOTT, BENJAMIN, English Hebraist, born at Totnes, Devonshire,

educated at Oxford; became Fellow of Exeter, Radcliffe librarian, and in

1770 canon of Christ Church; from 1753 he organised and took part in an

extensive collation of Hebrew texts, issuing in 1776-80 the "Hebrew Old

Testament, with Various Readings" (1718-1783).

KENSAL GREEN, a cemetery in the NW. of London; celebrated as the

burial-place of many eminent men, Thackeray in chief.

KENSINGTON (166), a West London parish, in which stand the Palace

(Queen Victoria's birthplace), the Albert Memorial and Hall, South

Kensington Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Imperial Institute,

and many other institutions: contains also Holland House, and has long

been the place of residence of notably artistic and literary men.

KENT (1,142), English maritime county in the extreme SE.; lies

between the Thames estuary and the Strait of Dover, with Surrey and

Sussex on the W.; it is hilly, with marshes in the SE. and on the Thames

shore; is watered by the Medway, Stour, and Darent; has beautiful

scenery, rich pasturage, and fine agricultural land, largely under hops

and market-gardens; a large part of London is in Kent; Maidstone (32) is

the county town; Rochester (26) and Canterbury (23) are cathedral cities;

Woolwich (99), Gravesend (35), and Dover (33) are seaports, and Margate

and Ramsgate watering-places.

KENTIGERN, ST., or ST. MUNGO, the Apostle of Cumbria, born at

Culross, the natural son of a princess named Thenew; entered the

monastery there, where he had been trained from a boy, and founded a

monastery near Glasgow and another in Wales; was distinguished for his

missionary labours; was buried at Glasgow Cathedral (518-603).

KENTISH FIRE, vehement and prolonged derisive cheering, so called

from indulgence in it in Kent at meetings to oppose the Catholic

Emancipation Bill of 1829.

KENTUCKY (1,859), an American State in the S. of the Ohio basin,

with the Virginias on its E. and Tennessee on its S. border and the

Mississippi River on the W.; is watered by the Licking and Kentucky

Rivers that cross the State from the Cumberland Mountains in the SE. to

the Ohio, and the Tennessee River traverses the western corner; the

climate is mild and healthy; much of the soil is extremely fertile,

giving hemp and the largest tobacco crops in the Union; there are dense

forests of virgin ash, walnut, and oak over two-thirds of the State, and

on its pasturage the finest stock and horses are bred; coal is found in

both the E. and the W., and iron is plentiful; the chief industries are

whisky distilling, iron smelting and working; admitted to the Union in

1792, Kentucky was a slave-holding State, but did not secede in the Civil

War; the capital is Frankfort (8), the largest city Louisville (160); the

State University is at Lexington (29).

KEPLER, JOHN, illustrious astronomer, born at Weil der Stadt,

Würtemberg, born in poverty; studied at Tübingen chiefly mathematics and

astronomy, became lecturer on these subjects at Grätz; joined Tycho Brahé

at Prague as assistant, who obtained a pension of £18 for him from the

Austrian government, which was never paid; removed to Lintz, where Sir

Henry Wotton saw him living in a _camera obscura_ tent doing ingenious

things, photographing the heavens, "inventing toys, writing almanacs, and

being ill off for cash ... an ingenious person, if there ever was one

among Adam's posterity ... busy discovering the system of the

world--grandest conquest ever made, or to be made," adds Carlyle, "by the

sons of Adam"; he was long occupied in studying the "'motions of the

star' Mars, with calculations repeated seventy times, and with the

discovery of the planetary laws of the Universe"; these last are called

from his discovery of them Kepler's Laws; the first, that the planets

move on elliptic orbits, the sun in one of the foci; the second, that, in

describing its orbit, the radius vector of a planet traverses equal areas

in equal times; and the third, that the square of the time of the

revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of its mean distance

from the sun; poverty pursued Kepler all his days, and he died of fever

at Ratisbon (1571-1630).

KEPLER'S LAWS. See KEPLER, JOHN.

KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS, VISCOUNT, son of the Earl of Albemarle; entered

the navy, and was in several engagements between 1757 and 1778; when

encountering the French off Ushant he quarrelled with his

second-in-command and let them escape; was court-martialled, but

acquitted; he was afterwards First Lord of the Admiralty (1725-1786).

KER, DR. JOHN, minister and professor, was horn in Peeblesshire,

brought up in Edinburgh; studied there and in Halle, was chosen to fill

the chair of Practical Training in the U.P. Theological College in 1876;

published some "Sermons," and "The Psalms in History and Biography"

(1819-1886).

KERATIN, a substance forming the chief constituent in the hair,

nails, and horn of animals.

KERGUELEN'S LAND, an island with rugged coasts, 85 m. long by 70

wide, of volcanic origin, in the Antarctic Ocean; so called after its

discoverer in 1772, changed to Desolation Island in 1776 by Captain Cook;

belongs to France.

KERMAN (300), an eastern province of Persia, the N. and the NE. of

it a desolate salt waste, and with a chief town (30) of the name in the

middle of it, once a great emporium of trade; manufactures carpets.

KERNER, ANDREAS, a lyric poet of the Swabian school, born in

Würtemberg; studied and wrote on animal magnetism and spiritualism

(1786-1862).

KEROSENE, a refined petroleum used as oil for lamps.

KERRY (179), maritime county in the SW. of Ireland, between the

Shannon and Kenmare Rivers, with Limerick and Cork on the E.; has a

rugged, indented coast, Dingle Bay running far inland; is mountainous,

having Mount Brandon, the Macgillicuddy, and Dunkerron ranges, and

contains the picturesque Lakes of Killarney; there is little industry or

agriculture, but dairy-farming, slate-quarrying, and fishing are

prosecuted; iron, copper, and lead abound, but are not wrought; the

population is Roman Catholic; county town, Tralee (9).

KERTCH (30), a seaport of the Crimea, on the eastern shore; had a

large export trade, which suffered during the Crimea War, but has revived

since.

KESWICK (4), a Cumberland market-town and tourist centre and capital

of the Lake District, on the Derwent, 20 m. SW. of Carlisle; manufactures

woollens, hardware, and lead-pencils; is the seat of an annual religious

convention which gives its name to a phase of Evangelicalism.

KET, ROBERT, a tanner in Norfolk, leader of an insurrection in the

country in 1549, was after seizing Norwich driven out by the Earl of

Warwick, captured, and hanged.

KETTERING (20), market-town in Northamptonshire; manufactures boots

and shoes, stays, brushes, &c.

KEW (2), a village on the Thames, in Surrey, 6 m. W. of Hyde Park,

where are the Royal Botanic Gardens, a national institution since 1840,

and an observatory.

KEY, FRANCIS SCOTT, author of "The Star-spangled Banner," born in

Maryland, U.S.; wrote the words that have immortalised him when he saw

the national flag floating over the ramparts of Baltimore in 1814

(1780-1857).

KEY WEST (10), a seaport, health resort, and naval station on a

coral island 60 m. SW. of Caple Sable, Florida; it has a good harbour and

strong fort; was the basis of operations in the Spanish-American War,

1898; exports salt, turtles, and fruit, and manufactures cigars.

KEYNE, ST., a pious virgin, lived in Cornwall about 490, and left

her name to a church and to a well whose waters are said to give the

upper hand to whichever of a bridal pair first drinks of them after the

wedding.

KEYS, HOUSE OF, the third estate in the Isle of Man, consisting of

24 members chosen by themselves, when a vacancy occurs, by presenting to

the Governor "two of the oldest and worthiest men in the isle" for his

selection.

KEYS, POWER OF THE, power claimed, according to Matt. xvi. 19, by

the authorities of the Church to admit or exclude from church membership,

a power the Roman Catholics allege conferred at first on St. Peter and

afterwards on his successors in office.

KHAMSIN (fifty), a hot sand wind which blows in Egypt from the

desert for fifty days, chiefly before and after the month of May.

KHAN, the title of a Tartar sovereign or prince; also an Eastern inn

or caravansary.

KHANDESH, a district of Bombay in the valley of the Tapti; a great

cotton-growing centre; Dhulia, the capital.

KHARKOFF (194), important town in Little Russia, 350 m. NE. of

Odessa; has immense horse and wool fairs, and manufactures sugar, soap,

felt, and iron; it is a Greek bishopric, a university seat, and has

various schools of learning.

KHARTOUM (60), a caravan depôt in the Soudan, just above the

confluence of the Blue and White Niles, 1100 m. S. of Cairo; was an

active slave-trade centre, and commercially important; was captured by

the Mahdists in 1885, when General Gordon fell; retaken by Lord Kitchener

in 1898; lately has been superseded by Omdurman on the opposite bank of

the Nile.

KHATMANDU (50), the capital of Nepal, India, at the confluence of

the Baghmati and Vishnumati Rivers, 60 m. N. of the British frontier; is

the centre of a considerable trade.

KHEDIVE, the official title of the Viceroy of Egypt since 1867, the

first to hold it being Ismail, the son of IBRAHIM PASHA (q. v.),

by grant of the Sultan, his suzerain.

KHERSON (62), on the Dnieper, 19 m. from the sea and 60 m. E. of

Odessa; capital of the Russian government of Kherson; has been surpassed

in importance by Odessa; its trade is in timber, and industries are

soap-making, brewing, and wool-cleansing.

KHINGANS, THE, a range of volcanic mountains on the E. of the desert

of Gobi.

KHIVA (500), a Turkestan province or khanate in Central Asia, S. of

the Sea of Aral; is under Russian protection since 1873; a sandy desert

with many oases, and in some parts well irrigated from the Oxus; it

produces wheat, rice, cotton, and fruit; climate subject to extremes.

KHIVA, the capital (20), on a canal connected with the Amu, some

distance from the left bank of the Oxus, and 300 m. NW. of Merv, is a

town of earth huts; it was at one time one of the chief slave-markets in

Asia till the traffic was put a stop to by Russia.

KHORASSAN, the largest province of Persia; is on the Afghan border,

mountainous, and fertile only in the N. among the valleys of the Elburz

range; grain, tobacco, and medicinal plants are grown; gold and silver,

turquoises, and other gems found. The capital is Meshed (50), a sacred

Moslem city, with carpet, jewellery, and silk manufactures.

KHYBER PASS, a narrow defile 33 m. long, in one place only 10 ft.

wide, through not lofty but precipitous mountains; lies to the NW. of

Peshawur, and is the chief route between the Punjab and Afghanistan; was

the scene of a British catastrophe in the war of 1839-42, but has been

repeatedly forced since, and since 1879 has been under British control.

KIAKHTA (9), a Russian town in Transbaikalia, Siberia, on the

borders of China; an emporium of trade between China and Russia.

KIAO-CHAU, a province of Shantung, China; occupied by Germany in

1897, and ceded to her on a 99 years' lease by China in 1898; extends to

about 160 m. along the coast, and about 20 m. inland.

KIDD, WILLIAM, a noted pirate, born of Covenanting parents at

Greenock; went to sea early, and served in privateering expeditions with

distinction; appointed to the command of a privateer about 1696, and

commissioned to suppress the pirates of the Indian Ocean, he went to

Madagascar, and there started piracy himself; entering Boston harbour in

1700 he was arrested, sent to London, tried on a charge of piracy and

murder, and executed in 1701.

KIDDERMINSTER (26), in the N. of Worcester, 18 m. SW. of Birmingham;

has been since 1735 noted for its carpets; manufactures also silk, paper,

and leather; was the scene of Richard Baxter's labours as vicar, and the

birthplace of Sir Rowland Hill.

KIEFF (184), on the Dnieper, 300 m. N. of Odessa, is a holy city,

the capital of the province of Kieff, strongly fortified, and one of the

oldest towns in Russia, where Christianity was proclaimed the religion of

the country in 988; has St. Vladimir's University, theological schools,

and Petchersk monastery; a pilgrim resort; industries unimportant,

include tanning and candle-making; trade chiefly in the hands of the

Jews.

KIEL (69), on the Baltic, 60 m. N. of Hamburg, is the capital of

Schleswig-Holstein, a German naval station and important seaport, with

shipments of coal, flour, and dairy produce; has shipbuilding and brewing

industries, a university and library, and is the eastern terminus of the

Baltic Ship Canal, opened 1895.

KIEPERT, HEINRICH, distinguished German cartographer, born at

Berlin; was professor of Geography there; his chief works an "Atlas of

Asia Minor," and his "Atlas Antiquus"; _b_. 1818.

KIERKEGAARD, SÖREN AABY, philosophical and religious thinker, born

at Copenhagen; lived a quiet, industrious, literary life, and exerted a

chief influence on 19th-century Dano-Norwegian literature; his greatest

works are "Either-Or," and "Stadia on Life's Way" (1813-1855).

KIESELGHUR, powder used for polishing and in the manufacture of

dynamite, formed from shells of microscopic organisms.

KILDA, ST., a lonely island in the Atlantic, 60 m. W. of Harris, 3

m. long by 2 broad, with a precipitous coast and a few poor inhabitants,

who live by fishing and fowling.

KILDARE (70), inland Irish county, in Leinster, in the upper basins

of the Liffey and Barrow, W. of Dublin and Wicklow; is level and fertile,

with the great Bog of Allen in the N., and in the centre the Curragh, a

grassy plain; agriculture is carried on in the river basins; the county

town is Naas (4); other towns Maynooth, with the Roman Catholic

theological college, and Kildare.

KILIAN, ST., the first apostle of the Franks, an Irish monk; deputed

by the Pope in 686.

KILIMA-NJARO, a volcanic mountain group, 19,000 ft. high, on the

northern border of German East Africa, 170 m. from the coast, with two

peaks, Kibo and Kimawenzi; in 1894 an Austrian communistic settlement was

established on the slopes.

KILKENNY (87), inland Irish county in Leinster, surrounded by

Waterford, Tipperary, Queen's County, Carlow, and Wexford, watered by the

Barrow, Suir, and Nore; extremely fertile in the S. and E., producing

fine corn, hay, and green crops; is moorland, and devoted to

cattle-rearing in the N., where also anthracite coal is abundant.

Kilkenny (11), the county town, is noted for a fine black marble quarried

near it.

KILLARNEY (5), market-town and tourist centre, in co. Kerry,

Ireland, on the shores of the lake, 15 m. SE. of Tralee; has a Roman

Catholic cathedral and some arbutus-carving industry.

KILLARNEY, THE LAKES OF, three beautiful lakes at the northern foot

of the Macgillicuddy Reeks, in the basin of the Leane, much resorted to

by tourists.

KILLIECRANKIE, PASS OF, 15 m. NW. of Dunkeld, in Perthshire, where

General Mackay was defeated by Claverhouse, who fell, in 1689; is

traversed by a road and a railway.

KILMAINHAM (5), a suburb of Dublin, with a royal hospital for

disabled soldiers and a jail; the treaty of Kilmainham was an agreement

said to have been made in 1882 between Gladstone and Parnell, who was

then confined in Kilmainham jail, affecting Irish government and policy.

KILMARNOCK (28), on the Irvine, 20 m. SW. of Glasgow, largest town

in Ayrshire; is an important railway centre, has extensive engineer

works, carpet factories, and breweries; is in the middle of a rich coal

and iron district, and has a great annual cheese and dairy produce show.

KIMBERLEY (29), 500 m. NE. of Cape Town; is capital of Griqualand

West, and chief inland town in South Africa, in a dry but healthy

situation; exists in virtue of diamond mines in the vicinity, the richest

in the world. Also the name of a district in the N. of West Australia, a

district of rising prosperity.

KIMBERLEY, EARL OF, English Liberal statesman, son of Baron

Wodehouse; succeeded to the title 1846; was twice over Under-Secretary

for Foreign Affairs, and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland 1864-66; in 1866

created Earl of Kimberley, he was in succession Lord Privy Seal, Colonial

Secretary, Secretary for India, and Foreign Secretary; _b_. 1826.

KIMCHI, DAVID, a Jewish rabbi, born at Narbonne; wrote a Hebrew

grammar and lexicon, which forms the basis of all subsequent ones, also

commentaries on most books of the Old Testament (1160-1235).

KINCARDINESHIRE (35), east coast Scottish county, lying between

Aberdeen and Forfar, faces the North Sea, with precipitous cliffs; has

much fertile soil under corn, green crops, and small fruit, also pasture

and grazing land where cattle are reared; the fishing is important, and

there are some coarse linen factories; chief towns, Stonehaven (5) and

Bervie (1).

KINDERGARTEN, schools conducted according to Froebel's system for

the development of the power of observation and the memory of young

children.

KINEMATICS, the science of pure motion under the categories of space

and time, irrespective of consideration of the forces determining it and

the mass of the body moved.

KINEMATOGRAPH, a photographic apparatus by which an impression is

taken of closely consecutive stages in the development of a scene.

KINETICS, the science of the action of forces causing motion; both

this law and the two preceding are derived from a Greek word signifying

"to move."

KING, WILLIAM RUFUS, American statesman and diplomatist, born in

North Carolina; was a member of Congress and the Senate, and

Vice-President of the Republic, represented the United States both at St.

James's and in France (1755-1827).

KING NIBELUNG, king of the NIBELUNGEN (q. v.), who left his

two sons an inexhaustible hoard of wealth, so large that 12 waggons in 12

days at the rate of 3 journeys a day could not carry it off.

KING OF THE ROMANS, a title assumed by the Emperor Henry II., and

afterwards conferred on the eldest son of the emperor of Germany.

KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WILLIAM, historian, born near Taunton; bred for

the bar, gave up the legal profession, in which he had a lucrative

practice, for literature; is the author of two works, "Eothen" and the

"History of the War in the Crimea," in 8 vols., the former a brilliantly

written book of travels in the East, published in 1844, the latter a

minute record of the war, of which the last vol. was published in 1890,

pronounced by Prof. Saintsbury, in a literary point of view, to be "an

imposing failure" (1809-1891).

KINGMAKER, THE, a title popularly given to Richard Nevil, Earl of

Warwick, who was instrumental in raising Edward IV. to the throne of

England by dethroning Henry VI., and afterwards in restoring Henry by the

defeat of Edward.

KINGS, THE BOOK OF, two books of the Old Testament, originally one,

but divided in the Septuagint into two, containing the history of the

Jewish kingdom under the kings from its establishment under David to its

fall, and covering a period from 1015 B.C. to 560 B.C., during which

time the kingdom fell into two, that of Israel and that of Judah, the

captivity of the former, occurring 130 years before that of the latter;

the author, who is unknown, wrote the history at the time of the

captivity, and his object is didactic of the effect on the history of a

nation of its apostasy from faith in its God, not, however, without a

promise of restoration in the case of repentance.

KING'S COLLEGE, London, a Church of England institution, with

faculties of Theology, Arts, Science, and Medicine, Evening Class, Civil

Service and Art departments, a preparatory School and a Ladies'

department; it grants the title of associate.

KING'S COUNSEL or QUEEN'S COUNSEL are those barristers in

England and Ireland who, having been successful in their profession have

received the letters-patent conferring that title and right of precedence

in all courts; the appointment is honorary and for life, but in acting

against the Crown a Q.C. must obtain leave by special license, which is

always granted.

KING'S COUNTY (66), an inland Irish county on the left bank of the

Shannon, between Tipperary and West Meath; is mostly flat, a quarter of

it bogland and a quarter under crops; the chief towns are Tullamore (5),

the county town, on the Grand Canal, and Birr or Parsonstown (4), where

Lord Rosse's great telescope is.

KINGSLEY, CHARLES, canon of Westminster and chaplain to the Queen,

born at Holne Vicarage, near Dartmoor; studied at Cambridge; became

rector of Eversley, in Hampshire, in 1844; was the author in 1848 of a

drama, entitled "The Saint's Tragedy," with St. Elizabeth of Hungary for

heroine, which was followed successively by "Alton Locke" (1849), and

"Yeast" (1851), chiefly in a Socialistic interest; "Hypatia," a brilliant

book in the interest of early Christianity in Alexandria and "Westward

Ho!" a narrative of the rivalry of England with Spain in the days of

Elizabeth, and besides other works, including "Two Years Ago," "Water

Babies," and "Hereward the Wake," he was the author of the popular

ballads of "The Three Fishers," "The Starlings," and "The Sands of Dee";

his writings had a great influence on his contemporaries, particularly on

young men; Professor Saintsbury writes an appreciative estimate of

Kingsley (1819-1875).

KINGSLEY, HENRY, younger brother of the preceding; after a brief

experience of life in Australia he returned home to start on the career

of letters in rivalry with his brother, and distinguished himself by

exhibitions of similar literary ability, as a novelist especially, as

well as kindred sympathies; his principal novels were "Geoffrey Hamlyn,"

one of the best novels on Australian life; "Ravenshoe," his masterpiece,

and "The Hillyars and the Burtons" (1830-1876).

KINGSTON, 1, capital (13) of Frontenac County, Ontario, on the NE.

shore of the Lake, 150 m. E. of Toronto, an important commercial town

with shipbuilding and engineering works; is the seat of Queen's

University, military and medical colleges, and an observatory. 2, Capital

(47) of Jamaica, on a great bay on the S. coast, on the edge of a

sugar-growing district; exports sugar, tobacco, and dye-woods, and

imports cotton, flour, and rice. 3, a town (21) on the Hudson, N.Y., has

great blue stone-flag quarries, and cement-works, breweries, and

tanneries.

KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES (27), in Surrey, 10 m. SW. of London, has a

fine church and other buildings, and malting industry.

KINGSTON, W. H. G., popular boys' story-writer, born in London,

spent his youth in Oporto, was interested in philosophic schemes, and

helped to arrange the Anglo-Portuguese commercial treaty; he wrote 120

tales, of which the "Three Midshipmen" series is the best, and died at

Willesden (1814-1880).

KINGSTOWN, seaport of Dublin, 7 m. SE.; was till 1817 but a fishing

village; has a harbour designed by Rennie, which cost £525,000; was

originally Dunleary, and changed into Kingstown on George IV.'s visit in

1821.

KINKEL, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, German poet and writer on æsthetics, born

near Bonn; studied for the Church, but became lecturer on Art in Bonn,

1846; two years later he was imprisoned for revolutionary proceedings;

escaped in 1850 to England, and became professor at Zurich in 1866; wrote

"Otto der Schütz," an epic, and "Nimrod," a drama (1815-1882).

KINROSS (7), small Scottish county lying between Perth and Fife,

round Loch Leven, is agricultural and grazing, with some hills of no

great height, and coal mines; the co. town, KINROSS (2), is on the

W. shore of Loch Leven; manufactures tartan.

KINSALE (5), a once important seaport in co. Cork, at the mouth of

the Bandon, 13 m. S. of Cork; has lost its trade, and is now a summer

resort and fishing station; King James II. landed here in 1689, and

re-embarked in 1690.

KINTYRE, a long narrow isthmus on the W. coast of Scotland, between

the Atlantic and the Firth of Clyde, is chiefly hill and grass country;

but at Campbeltown are great distilleries; at Machrihanish Bay, on the W.

coast, are fine golfing links.

KIPCHAKS, a nomadic Turkish race who settled on the south-eastern

steppes of Russia about the 11th century, and whose descendants still

occupy the district.

KIPLING, RUDYARD, story-teller and poet, born in Bombay, and

educated in England; went out to India as a journalist; his stories

respect Anglo-Indian, and especially military, life in India, and his

"Soldiers Three," with the rest that followed, such as "Wee Willie

Winkie," gained for him an immediate and wide reputation; as a poet, his

most successful effort is his "Barrack-Room Ballads," instinct with a

martial spirit, in 1864; he is a writer of conspicuous realistic power;

he deems it the mission of civilisation to drill the savage races in

humanity; _b_. 1865.

KIRBY, WILLIAM, entomologist, born in Suffolk; distinguished as the

author of "Monographia Apium Angliæ," and "Introduction to Entomology";

was rector of Barham, Suffolk, for 68 years (1759-1850).

KIRGHIZ, a nomadic Turkish people occupying the Kirghiz steppes, an

immense tract E. of the Ural River and the Caspian Sea, numbering 2½

millions, adventurous, witty, and free-spirited; refuse to settle; retain

ancient customs and characteristics, and are Moslems only in name.

KIRK SESSION, an ecclesiastical court in Scotland, composed of the

minister and elders of a parish, subject to the Presbytery of the

district.

KIRKCALDY (27), a manufacturing and seaport town in Fifeshire,

extending 4 m. along the north shore of the Forth, known as the "lang

toon." It was the birthplace of Adam Smith, and one of the scenes of the

schoolmastership period of Thomas Carlyle's life; manufactures textile

fabrics and floorcloth; is a busy town.

KIRKCUDBRIGHT (40), a Scottish county on the Solway shore between

Wigtown and Dumfries, watered by the rivers Nith, Dee, and Cree; has

Mount Merrick on the NW. border, and Loch Dee in the middle; one-third of

its area cultivated, the rest chiefly hill pasturage. County town

KIRKCUDBRIGHT (3), on the Dee, 6 m. from the Solway; held St.

Cuthbert's church.

KIRKDALE CAVE, a cave in the vale of Pickering, Yorkshire,

discovered by Buckland to contain the remains of a number of extinct

species of mammals.

KIRKE'S LAMBS, the soldiers of Colonel Kirke, an officer of the

English army in James the Second's time, distinguished for their acts of

cruelty inflicted on the Monmouth party.

KIRKINTILLOCH (10), a town on the Forth and Clyde Canal, 7 m. N. of

Glasgow, manufactures chemicals, has calico works, and mines of coal and

iron.

KIRKWALL (4), capital of Orkney, in the E. of Mainland, 35 m. NE. of

Thurso; has a fine cathedral named St. Magnus, and some shipping trade;

it was in mediæval times subject to Norway, and was the residence of the

jarls.

KIRRIEMUIR (4), a small Forfarshire town, 5 m. NW. of Forfar, native

place of J. M. Barrie, and the "Thrums" of his books; manufactures brown

linens.

KIRSCHWASSER (cherry water), a liqueur formed from ripe cherries

with the stones pounded in it after fermentation and then distilled.

KISFALUDY, KAROLY, Hungarian dramatist, brother of the following,

was founder of the national drama, and with his brother ranks high in the

literature of the country (1788-1830).

KISFALUDY, SANDOR, a Hungarian lyric poet, "Himfy's Loves" his chief

work, was less distinguished as a dramatist (1772-1844).

KISSINGEN (4), Bavarian watering-place on the Saale, 65 m. E. of

Frankfort-on-the-Main, visited for its saline springs by 14,000 people

annually; its waters are used both internally and externally, and are

good for dyspepsia, gout, and skin-diseases.

KITCAT CLUB, founded in 1688 ostensibly to encourage literature and

art, and named after Christopher Catt, in whose premises it met; became

ultimately a Whig society to promote the Hanoverian succession;

Marlborough, Walpole, Congreve, Addison, and Steele were among the

thirty-nine members.

KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, HORATIO HERBERT, LORD, son of Col. Kitchener;

joined the Royal Engineers, and was first engaged in survey work in

Palestine and Cyprus; became a major of cavalry in the Egyptian army

1882, served in the 1884 expedition, was governor of Suakim 1886, and

after leading the Egyptian troops at Handub 1888 was made aide-de-camp to

the Queen, C.B., and adjutant-general in the Egyptian army; he was

appointed Sirdar, commander-in-chief of that army, in 1892, organised and

led the expedition of 1898 which overthrew the Khalifa at Omdurman, and

for which he was awarded a peerage and received many honours, the freedom

of the cities of London and Edinburgh, &c.; a gift of £30,000 was voted

by the Government in 1899; _b_. 1850.

KIZIL (red river), the ancient Halys, the largest river in Asia

Minor, which flows into the Black Sea 40 m. E. of Sinope after a course

of 450 m.

KLAPKA, a Hungarian patriot, distinguished in arms against the

Austrians during the revolution, and for his heroic defence of Komorn in

the end (1820-1892).

KLAPROTH, JULIUS VON, Orientalist and philologist; was an

accomplished Chinese scholar; explored Siberia and Caucasia (1783-1835).

KLAUS, PETER, the German prototype of Rip Van Winkle, a goat-herd

who slept for the same number of years and at the end had similar

experiences.

KLAUSTHAL (9), in Hanover, 25 m. NE. of Göttingen, is the chief

mining town of the northern Hartz Mountains, and the seat of the German

mining administration, surrounded by silver, copper, lead, and zinc

mines.

KLÉBER, JEAN BAPTISTE, French general, born at Strasburg; originally

an architect, served with distinction in the Revolutionary army,

accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, and was left by him in command, where,

after a bold attempt to regain lost ground and while in the act of

concluding a treaty with the Turks, he was assassinated by an Arab

fanatic (1753-1800).

KLEIST, HEINRICH VON, German dramatist and poet, born at

Frankfort-on-the-Oder; entered the army, but afterwards devoted himself

to literature; slow recognition and other trials preyed on his mind, and

he shot himself near Potsdam (1777-1811).

KLONDIKE, a small section of Yukon, a territory in the extreme NW.

of N. America, and a present-day centre of pilgrimage by gold-seekers

since the recent discovery of the gold-fields there.

KLOPSTOCK, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB, German poet, born at Quedlinburg;

distinguished as the author of an epic poem entitled the "Messiah," which

is his chief work, his treatment of which invested him with a certain

sense of sanctity, and the publication of which did much to quicken and

elevate the literary life of Germany (1724-1803).

KNARESBOROUGH (5), Yorkshire market-town, 14 m. W. of York;

manufactures woollen rugs, grinds flour, and trades in corn.

KNELLER, SIR GODFREY, portrait-painter, born at Lübeck; studied

under Rembrandt and at Italy, came to England in 1674, and was appointed

court painter to Charles II., James II., William III., and George I.;

practised his art till he was seventy, and made a large fortune

(1646-1723).

KNICKERBOCKER, the imaginary author of the fictitious "History of

New York," by Washington Irving.

KNIGHT, CHARLES, London publisher and editor, publisher for the

Useful Knowledge Society, of "Library of Entertaining Knowledge," of the

"Penny Magazine," and the "Penny Cyclopædia," &c., as well as a

"Pictorial Shakespeare," edited by himself (1791-1873).

KNIGHTHOOD, a distinction granted to commoners, ranking next to

baronet, now bestowed by the crown; formerly knighthood was a military

order, any member of which might create new knights; it was originally

the highest rank of CHIVALRY (q. v.); it was an order of many

subdivisions developed during the crusades, and in full flower before the

Norman conquest of England.

KNIGHTS OF LABOUR, an American labour organisation, founded in 1869,

resembling a union of all trades, male and female; in 1886 had 730,000

members, which have since disagreed and fallen off.

KNIGHTS OF THE ROUND TABLE, King Arthur's knights, so called from

the round table at which they sat, so that when seated there might seem

no precedency, numbered popularly at twelve, though reckoned by some at

forty.

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE, English gentry representing a middle class

between the barons and the peasants, acting as members of Parliament for

the county they belonged to.

KNOWLES, SHERIDAN, dramatist, born at Cork; was connected with the

stage first as actor and then as an author of plays, which include

"Virginius," "The Hunchback," and "The Wife"; latterly he gave up the

stage, and took to preaching in connection with the Baptist body

(1784-1862).

KNOW-NOTHINGS, a party in the United States that sprung up in 1853

and restricted the right of American citizenship to those who were born

in America or of an American parentage, so called because to those

inquisitive about their secret organisation they uniformly answered "I

know nothing."

KNOX, JOHN, the great Scottish Reformer, born at Giffordgate,

Haddington, in 1505; studied at Glasgow University; took priest's orders;

officiated as a priest, and did tutoring from 1530 to 1540; came under

the influence of George Wishart, and avowed the Reformed faith; took

refuge from persecution in St. Andrews Castle in 1547; was there summoned

to lead on the movement; on the surrender of the castle was taken

prisoner, and made a slave in a French galley for 19 months; liberated in

1549 at the intercession of Edward VI., came and assisted the Protestant

cause in England; was offered preferments in the Church, but declined

them; fled in 1553 to France, from the persecution of Bloody Mary;

ministered at Frankfort and Geneva to the English refugees; returned to

Scotland in 1555, but having married, went back next year to Geneva; was

in absence, in 1557, condemned to be burned; published in 1558 his "First

Blast against the Monstrous Regiment of Women"; returned to Scotland for

good in 1559, and became minister in Edinburgh; saw in 1560 the

jurisdiction of the Pope abolished in Scotland; had successive interviews

with Queen Mary after her arrival at Leith in 1561; was tried for

high-treason before the Privy Council, but acquitted in 1563; began his

"History of the Reformation in Scotland" in 1566; preached in 1567 at

James VI.'s coronation in Stirling; was in 1571 struck by apoplexy; died

in Edinburgh on the 24th November 1572, aged 67, the Regent Morton

pronouncing an _éloge_ at his grave, "There lies one who never feared the

face of man." Knox is pronounced by Carlyle to have been the one

Scotchman to whom, "of all others, his country and the world owe a debt";

"In the history of Scotland," he says, "I can find properly but one

epoch; we may say it contains nothing of world interest at all but this

Reformation by Knox.... It is as yet a country without a soul ... the

people now begin to _live_ ... Scottish literature and thought, Scottish

industry, James Watt, David Hume, Walter Scott (little as he dreamt of

debt in that quarter), and Robert Burns, I find Knox and the Reformation

acting on the heart's core of every one of these persons and phenomena; I

find that without the Reformation they would not have been; or," he adds,

"the Puritanism of England and of New England either"; and he sums up his

message thus: "Let men know that they are men, created by God,

responsible to God; who work in any meanest moment of time what will last

through eternity. This great message," he adds, "Knox delivered with a

man's voice and strength, and found a people to believe him."

KOBDO, a town in Mongolia, the entrepôt of Russian dealers in

connection with the Altai mines.

KOCH, ROBERT, an eminent bacteriologist, born at Klansthal, in

Hanover; famous for his researches in bacteriology; discovered sundry

bacilli, among others the cholera bacillus and the phthisis bacillus, and

a specific against it; _b_. 1843.

KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE, popular French novelist and dramatist, born

near Paris, and educated for a mercantile career, but turned to writing

and produced a series of works, not of first merit, but illustrating

contemporary French middle-class life (1794-1871).

KOHELETH (the preacher, originally gatherer), the Hebrew name for

the book of Ecclesiastes, and a personification of wisdom.

KOLA, a small town, the most northerly in Russia, on a peninsula of

the same name, with a capacious harbour.

KOLIN, a Bohemian town on the Elbe, 40 m. SE. of Prague, where

Frederick the Great was defeated by Marshal Daun in 1757.

KÖLLIKER, an eminent embryologist, born at Zurich; professor of

Anatomy at Würzburg; _b_. 1817.

KÖLN, the German name for COLOGNE (q. v.).

KÖNIG, FRIEDRICH, German mechanician, born in Eisleben; bred a

printer, and invented the steam-press, or printing by machinery

(1774-1833).

KÖNIGGRÄTZ (16), a Bohemian town 60 m. E. of Prague; was the scene

of a terrible battle called Sa'dowa, in Austria, where the Germans

defeated the Austrians in 1866.

KÖNIGSBERG (161), the capital of E. Prussia, on the Pregel, with

several manufactures and an extensive trade; has a famous university, and

is the birthplace of Kant, where also he lived and died.

KORÂN (i. e. book to be read), the Bible of the Mohammedans,

accepted among them as "the standard of all law and all practice; thing

to be gone upon in speculation and life; it is read through in the

mosques daily, and some of their doctors have read it 70,000 times, and

hard reading it is"; it contains the teaching of Mahomet, collected by

his disciples after his death, and arranged the longest chapters first

and the shortest, which were the earliest, last; a confused book.

KORDOFAN (280), an Egyptian Soudanese province on the W. bank of the

Nile; an undulating dry country, furnishing crops of millet, and

exporting gums, hides, and ivory; was lost in the Mahdist revolt of 1883,

but recovered by Lord Kitchener's expedition in 1898; El Obeid (30), the

capital is 230 m. SW. of Khartoum.

KOREISH, the chief tribe among the Arabs in Mahomet's time, and to

which his family belonged.

KÖRNER, KARL THEODOR, a German soldier poet, often called the German

Tyrtæus, born in Dresden; famous for his patriotic songs and their

influence on German patriots; fell in a skirmish with the French at

Mecklenburg (1791-1813).

KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS, Polish general and patriot, born in Lithuania,

of noble parentage, bred to arms; first saw service in the American War

on the side of the colonists, and returning to Poland, twice over did

valiant service against Russia, but at length he was taken prisoner at

the battle of Maciejowice in 1794; he was subsequently set at liberty by

the Emperor Paul, when he removed to America, but soon returned to settle

in Switzerland, where he died by a fall of his horse over a precipice; he

was buried at Cracow beside John Sobieski (1746-1817).

KOSSUTH, LOUIS, Hungarian patriot, born near Zemplen; studied for

his father's profession, the law, but giving that up for politics, became

editor of several Liberal papers in succession; elected member of the

Diet at Pesth in 1847, he next year demanded autonomy for Hungary, and

set himself to drive out the Hapsburgs and establish a republic; he

raised a large army and large funds, but Russia aided Austria, and the

struggle, though hopeful at first, proved in vain, defeated at Temesvar

and escaping to Turkey, he came to England in 1851, was enthusiastically

received, and lived there for many years; ultimately he resided in Turin,

studied science, and died there (1802 or 1806-1894).

KOTZEBUE, German dramatist, born at Weimar; went to St. Petersburg,

obtained favour at court and a government appointment; was banished to

Siberia, but regained the favour of Paul, and was recalled; on Paul's

death he returned to Germany, but went back to Russia from fear of

Napoleon, whom he had violently attacked; he had a facile pen, and wrote

no fewer than 200 dramatic pieces; his strictures on the German

university students greatly exasperated them, and one of them attacked

him in his house at Mannheim and stabbed him to death (1761-1819).

KOUMISS, an intoxicating beverage among the Kalmucks, made by

fermentation from mare's milk.

KOVALEVSKY, ALEXANDER, Russian embryologist, professor at St.

Petersburg; studied and wrote on the Ascidians; _b_. 1840.

KRAKATAO, a volcanic island in the narrow Strait of Sunda, between

Java and Sumatra; was the scene of a terrific eruption in 1883, causing a

tidal wave that swept round the globe, and raising quantities of dust

that made the sunsets in Britain even more than usually red for three

years.

KRAKEN, a huge fabulous sea-monster, reported as at one time seen in

the Norwegian seas; it would rise to the surface, and as it plunged down

drag ships and every floating or swimming thing along with it.

KRAPOTKIN, PRINCE PETER, a Russian Nihilist, born in Moscow; became

a member of the INTERNATIONAL (q. v.); was arrested in Russia

and imprisoned, but escaped, as also in France, but released, and settled

in England; has written extensively on Socialistic subjects; _b_. 1842.

KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, German philosopher, born at

Eisenberg; studied under Fichte and Schelling, and was himself lecturer

successively in Jena, Dresden, Berlin, Göttingen, and Münich, where he

died; of the school of Kant, his work has suffered through the pedantry

of his style; he wrote "The Ideal of Humanity," and many philosophical

treatises (1781-1832).

KREFELD (105), in Rhenish Prussia, 12 m. NW. of Düsseldorf;

important manufacturing town; noted for its silk and velvet factories

founded by Protestant refugees; has also machinery and chemical works.

KREMLIN, gigantic pile of buildings in Moscow of all styles of

architecture;, including palaces, cathedrals, museums, government

offices; founded by Ivan III. in 1485.

KREUZER, a German coin, worth one-third or one-fifth of an English

penny.

KRIEGSSPIEL, a military game played on large-scale maps with metal

blocks for troops, and designed to represent as fully as possible the

conditions of warfare; was invented by a Prussian lieutenant in 1824.

KRILOF, IVAN ANDREEVICH, the great Russian fabulist, born at Moscow,

son of a soldier; began his literary career writing dramas and editing

magazines; was some time secretary to the governor of Livonia, and for

years lived an idle roving life; at 40 his fables in the Moscow

_Spectator_ brought him fame in 1805; next year he was appointed to a

Government post at St. Petersburg, and in 1821 to a post in the Imperial

Public Library; he was an eccentric, much-loved man, and the humour and

sympathy of his writings have won for him the title of the La Fontaine of

Russia (1768-1844).

KRISHNA (i. e. the swarthy one), the man-god, or god-man, viewed

as the 8th and final incarnation or avatar of VISHNU (q. v.), in

whose manifestation the latter first reveals himself as supreme divinity,

being, as the Theosophist might say, his Mahatma. See THEOSOPHY.

KRÜDENER, MADAME DE, novelist, born at Riga; authoress of an

autobiographical novel entitled "Valérie"; lived partly at St. Petersburg

and partly at Paris; was a mystic religious enthusiast and political

prophetess (1764-1824).

KRÜGER, S. J. PAUL, President of the Transvaal Republic, born at

Rastenburg; became member of the Executive Council in 1872; in 1882 was

chosen President, and has been three times elected to the same office

since; a man of sturdy, stubborn principles, a champion of the rights of

the Boers, and a cunning diplomatist; _b_. 1825.

KRUMMACHER, FREDERICK, German theologian, author of "Elijah the

Tisbite," a popular work; was an opponent of the Rationalists

(1796-1868).

KRUPP, ALFRED, metal and steel founder, born at Essen, where through

his father he became the proprietor of a small foundry which grew in his

hands into such dimensions as to surpass every other establishment of the

kind in the world; the BESSEMER (q. v.) process was early

introduced here in the manufacture of steel, which Krupp was the first to

employ in the manufacture of guns; the works cover an immense area, and

employ 20,000 people, and supply artillery to every Government of Europe

(1810-1887).

KUBERA or KUVERA, the Hindu Plutus, or god of riches,

represented as deformed and mounted on a car drawn by hobgoblins.

KUBLAI KHAN was a great Mongol emperor of the 13th century; built up

an empire which included all the continent of Asia (except India, Arabia,

and Asia Minor) and Russia, the most extensive that ever existed; he was

an enlightened prince, adopted Chinese civilisation, promoted learning,

and established Buddhism throughout his domains.

KUENEN, ABRAHAM, a Dutch Biblical critic, born at Haarlem; studied

at Leyden, and became professor there; distinguished for his researches

on the lines of the so-called higher criticism bearing upon the literary

history of the books of the Old Testament, beginning with that of the

Pentateuch (1828-1891).