CONTENTS—Returns to the Pioneer—Bay Region—Garden of Canada—Clogs—
False views of settlers—Result—New blood—Good example—Anecdote—The
“Family Compact”—Partiality—Origin of the _Compact_—Their conduct—
The evil they did—A proposed Canadian Aristocracy—What it would
have led to—What may come—“Peter Funks.”
THE OBSTACLES TO ADVANCEMENT.
In the section devoted to the first years of Upper Canada there has much
been said having reference to the growth and prosperity of the Province,
and advance of civilization, but something remains to be told which
requires particular notice, and without which our sketch would not be
complete.
The privations endured, and hardships overcome by the pioneers, tended
to make them careful and prudent, and no doubt led to the more permanent
prosperity of their children. As years wore away, comforts began to
reward their toil and patience. Acre after acre was brought under
cultivation; the log house received an addition, not large, but so as to
supply a second room, which a growing family of boys and girls seriously
demanded. Stock began to accumulate, and the future brightened up before
them. In considering the rate and degree of advancement, it must be
remembered that many of the first settlers were disbanded soldiers, and
understood as little about agriculture as about clearing the land.
“Though in most instances, a man of intelligence, the U. E. Loyalist
introduced but a primitive system of agriculture; and the facilities of
acquiring lands in the western part of the Province, has in a measure
prevented that admixture among them of the more scientific and educated
agriculturist from the old countries, which has helped to improve other
parts of Canada. It has been only of late years, and since the general
establishment of agricultural societies, that the real capacities of the
Midland District has begun to be developed, and improvements introduced,
which have resulted in making, even in the neighbourhood of Kingston,
where the soil was looked upon as comparatively unproductive, some of
the best and handsomest farms that can be seen in the Province.”—
(Cooper).
The region about the Bay because of its central position, received the
name of Midland District. This district embraced, and at the beginning
of the present century was regarded as the most important and
influential part of Canada. But times have changed. Upper Canada has
grown to be the largest and wealthiest province in British America, and
although improvements around the Bay have continued to increase, yet
westward the bulk of the immigrants have found a home, so that this
section no longer holds so important a position. Nevertheless, as in
former years, so now, the Bay country may be regarded as the garden of
Western Canada. Long since the wilderness has become a fruitful field,
and the fertile land has returned to the toiler a full reward. To the
tourist passing along the Bay the appearance of the lands is exceedingly
beautiful, especially in the days of summer; in June when all things are
clothed in the richest green, and some weeks later when the golden hues
of harvest have gathered over the fields of grain. The substantial
residences of the farmers tell of prosperity and advancement. The old
log house around which clustered so many associations, made dear by the
circumstances of pioneer life, has been superseded by the more
pretending frame building, and this again has been removed to be
followed by elegant, and often stately edifices. The work of improvement
and of beautifying has gone on from year to year, and now the
inhabitants of the Bay are in most cases living in affluence. But while
we mark the advancement, it must not be forgotten that it ought to have
been greater. While we give all credit to the soldier farmer, for
achieving so much, it must be related that there were certain
landholders who were as clogs to the wheel of progress, who displayed,
not that enterprize, at an early day, which they ought to have done. Had
the greedy few who hoarded up land, and grasped for more, and still
more; who stood ready to buy up the land of every unfortunate one
compelled to sell—had such made themselves acquainted with the
improvements in the agriculture of the day; had they, instead of leaving
the hard workers to make roads across their lands, opened them up and
provided a passible way; had they endeavored to make their land
productive, and by example to show the struggling farmers a better way,
and how to increase and advance; then, instead of merely the prosperity
which now exists, there would have been great wealth. The broad acres
are old enough, the landscape charming enough, the ground productive
enough, and had the proper spirit been abroad among the class mentioned,
those who aspired to be landed aristocrats then, the Bay Quinté might
have presented, not alone a beauty rivaling that of the Hudson, but also
the palatial mansions which adorn its shores. No more suitable spot in
the wide world can be found for ornamental residences, and it is to be
hoped that many with capital and taste, will very shortly proceed to set
examples, for the wealthy farmers in some degree, to imitate. It may be
said it were better the farmers and their children should have humble
ideas, and the fact may be adduced that not a few of the descendants of
the first settlers have, by their excesses in dress, and by trying to
imitate the habits of the dwellers of towns and cities, laid the
foundation of their ruin, by getting into the books of the merchant, and
ultimately becoming helpless in his hands, so that the fathers heritage
passed away to the stranger. But it is forgotten that such was
principally the case with those who, suddenly becoming well to do,
thought, if they desired to associate with the aristocracy, they must
dress in finer clothing, and have clean hands; that their daughters must
cease spinning, and the wife no longer do housework, that it was a
disgrace to be seen working. It was such feelings and views which
creeping in, paved the way for the downfall of many a one, who had begun
to get on in the world; whereas, had gentlemen by birth and education,
and there were such among the first settlers, given their time to actual
improvement, had shewn that they considered it honorable to work with
their hands. Had they carried their refinement into the more rural parts
and shewn that agriculture and gentility may go together, and that
education is as important for the agriculturist as for any other, both
in enabling him to till the soil with success, and in providing him with
those superior means of enjoyment which a wise Providence desires us to
possess, a most valuable service would have been rendered. It was
because the farmer thought he must dress as they did in the city, in
order to associate with them, and that labor was not honorable, that
ruin came to many a household, and the names of the first owner of farms
are not now there; who laid low the forest in the infancy of the
country. There is no forgetfulness that those blamed had once been
wealthy and occupied high positions in the old colonies, and owned broad
acres. It was perhaps natural that such persons, exiled in the
wilderness, and struggling with the stern realities of their existence,
should aim to regain a position of similar power and affluence, and were
determined that, although they might not see the return of those
independent days, their children should; so they continued to bend every
energy to secure it. But alas! how rarely was the dream realized! How
few of the limited number who first ruled the country—how few of the
Family Compact are now in the higher circle of independence.
Respecting the more common settler, it was to be expected that now and
then one would fail to advance—would fall behind in the onward march of
the country. The wonder is great that so few of the old soldiers made
shipwreck of the liberal grants bestowed by a motherly government. “The
sons of some of those men who have hewn out a home in the primitive
forest, have, in some cases, through bad management or bad conduct,
suffered their possessions to pass to the stranger: the speculating
merchant has grasped their all under a mortgage, and indolence or
dissipation has completed the ruin.”—(Cooper). “These evils, however,
are rapidly curing themselves or producing an equivalent or greater
amount of good—the idle and shiftless sells out to the practical and
industrious farmer, who introduces among his neighbours the latest
improvements in agricultural skill, and implements of husbandry; new
systems of drainage, new stock, or improved breeds occupy the attention
and employ the capital of the father of a family, whilst his wife and
daughters, though well able to compete with the gayest and grandest,
readily forego, when necessary, the imported and costly silks sported by
the family of a less enterprising neighbour, and set an example of
neatness, taste and appropriateness, in attire.”
Cooper, in his essay, relates the following: He says, “The ideas of
enterprize and modern progress entertained by some, may be illustrated
by the following anecdote: When a new road was proposed leading through
some of the best portions of the counties (of Frontenac, Lennox and
Addington), opening up others, and affording many and great advantages,
the benefits of which in short were apparent to all, and the only
question involved was how to raise the money, a very wealthy landholder,
who had amassed his thousands in the City of Kingston, and part of whose
possessions lay on the route, replied to an application to take stock,
that the effect of the road would be to enable people to steal his
timber, and he declined to subscribe! It is presumed that railroads and
electric telegraphs were not in fashion when this gentleman made his
money.” It was a feeling indulged by many similar to what this person
had, that from the first, assisted to retard the judicious development
of the young country.
Reference has been made to the “Family Compact.” In speaking of Bishop
Strachan, the statement is made that he was honest in his convictions
that Church and State would best serve the interest of Canada, that in
the uneducated state of the people, Government should reside altogether
or principally in the hands of the Governor and Executive Council. But
while the honesty of the late Bishop is thus freely admitted, it must at
the same time be acknowledged that those in authority were not
disinterested dispensers of the good things which always exist in
connection with a Government; and which particularly were provided for
the loyalist settlers of Upper Canada by the British Government. For
instance, it is averred by McMullen, and sharply reiterated by Gourlay,
that “the provisions, clothing, and farming utensils, granted by the
British Government for the benefit of the poor loyalists, were in many
cases handed over to favorites, in others allowed to become useless from
negligence in the public stores.”
It was not alone provisions, clothing, and farming utensils that were
enjoyed by the favorites. Lands—choice lands, were to be had by them, by
the choosing. Settlements in Upper Canada commenced at several points,
in each settlement were a few leading men, half-pay officers, or those
who had held important positions during the Revolutionary war, with a
good sprinkling of personal friends and relatives. At the capital, those
were in excess. These leading men throughout the Province were in the
most cases closely united by consanguinity and marriage; and soon became
even more closely identified in interest—forming a strong political
body, which derived its life-blood from the Executive. Its members
surrounded the gubernatorial throne, and had the ear of the Governor,
they formed his Councillors, and managed to become his friends; and as
such secured abundantly of the bounties. It was not enough that large
blocks of land should be held in reserve for the Crown, the Clergy, and
for the Indians, which last was right; but choice bits of land were
granted to members of this strong family, compacted together, to help
one another, and the land was left uncultivated, unimproved, until the
energies of the pioneers around had made it more valuable.
With the departure of Simcoe commenced the manipulations of this
_family_. That Governor had invited by proclamation, persons from the
United States, who might wish to become Canadians, and promised them
grants of land. But he was re-called, and his promises were not attended
to, although many came to the Province on their strength. Government
ignored them, and it is stated, with abundant show of plausibility, that
the reason was; that the growing family might have the more land to
choose from, and to leave for their children; and with some, that they
might live in England upon the rents derived from Canada, and so “men of
capital and enterprise, who had come into the Province furnished with
cattle and implements to commence the settlement of townships,” were
disappointed. Some of these persons, who desired to live under the
British flag, returned to the States to become truly republicans, others
remained to form an element in the party which was in time to rise in
opposition to the Family Compact. Such, in brief was the origin of the
_Family Compact_. They aspired not alone, to possess the best tracts of
land; but to fill every post of honor and emolument, to hold the reins
of Government exclusively, and to constitute a select circle of
nobility, to act the part of Lords over vassals; and to this end desired
to possess extensive lands upon which, and around which should grow the
belongings to estated gentlemen. When eight schools were granted certain
sums of money, and the teachers were nominated by the Governor, they
were generally half-pay officers. For a long time they had everything
pretty much their own way. If any dissented from them, he was accused of
disloyalty. Did an honest farmer question their honesty, he was pointed
out as one to be suspected—as seditious, and as one of the King’s
enemies, against whom it was thought necessary to legislate. Nor did the
House of Assembly, in any respect, for a long time, interfere with the
growth and prosperity of the Family Compact, for, generally speaking, a
member of the _family_ managed to get elected. The charge is not made
that all of the members of the early Parliaments were of the Compact;
but they were more or less under their influence.
A history of the Family Compact, would be a history of the political
life of Canada for many years, including the rebellion of 1837–8. The
attempt has not been made to cast unnecessary reproach upon the old tory
party of Upper Canada. As one brought up a conservative, the writer is
free to admit all mistakes committed by the party in early times—to
acknowledge that too much exclusiveness existed among those, forming the
leaders of the party, and occasionally a disregard of justice. And it is
freely admitted, that great mistakes were made by them, mistakes from
the effects of which the country has not yet recovered. But then, they
were but mistakes, and who does not make them.
It may, then, be said, that in some respects the Family Compact retarded
the advance of civilization. An aristocracy, or nobility cannot thrive
in a new country and will certainly fail, and in its efforts to live be
a drawback on improvements. In the debate in the Imperial Parliament
upon the constitution of Canada, Mr. Pitt expresses his desire to have
established in Canada, an hereditary nobility. While never endorsing the
extreme views of Gourlay, it is thought he spake the truth when he said
that “nothing could have so exposed the absurdity, as actual trial and
consequent ridicule. By this day we should have witnessed many a
pleasant farce. We should have seen, perhaps, the Duke of Ontario
leading in a cart of hay, my Lord Erie pitching, and Sir Peter Superior,
making the rick; or perhaps, his Grace might now have been figuring as a
petty-fogging lawyer, his Lordship as a pedlar, and, Sir Knight, as a
poor parson, starving on 5,000 acres of Clergy Reserves.”
If we allowed ourselves to speak of the future of our country, with
respect to this question, we should hesitate to say that the idea of
Pitt cannot be carried out. The repulsiveness of Republicanism is to
Canadians so great that we almost entertain the belief that our Dominion
may ultimately develope into a _nation_ with a constitutional monarchy,
with all its surroundings. It would certainly be infinitely preferable
to the “Model Republic.”
In strong contrast to the Family Compact, yet likewise obstructionists
in the work of advancement, we now mention another class.
We have said that not a few came to Canada from the States to trade with
the Canadians, to do work, and that some took up lands, and that of all
these a good many became true subjects of the realm, showing their
attachment by taking up arms in 1812. But while this fact is recognized,
it cannot be forgotten, that Canada was often, is even to-day, plagued
with a certain class, styled oftentimes speculators; but who are in
reality of the Peter Funk order. The class to whom reference is made, is
recognized by the honest Americans themselves. The _New York Tribune_,
after the close of the Southern war, in speaking of the South, says
thus: “We hear that many of the blacks, thoroughly distrusting their old
masters, place all confidence in the Yankees, who have recently come
among them, and will work for these on almost any terms. We regret this;
for while many of these Yankees will justify their confidence, others
will grossly abuse it. New England produces many of the best specimens
of the human race, and along with these, some of the very meanest beings
that ever stood on two legs—cunning, rapacious, hypocritical, ever ready
to skin a flint with a borrowed knife, and make (for others) soup out of
the peelings. This class soon became too well known at home—“run out,”
as the phrase is—when they wandered all over the earth, snuffling and
swindling, to the injury of the land that bore them and cast them out.
Now let it generally be presumed by the ignorant blacks of the South,
that a Yankee, because a Yankee, is necessarily their friend, and this
unclean brood will overspread the South like locusts, starting schools
and prayer-meetings at every cross-road, getting hold of abandoned or
confiscated plantations, and hiring laborers right and left, cutting
timber here, frying out tar and turpentine there, and growing corn,
cotton, rice, and sugar, which they will have sold at the earliest day
and run away with the proceeds, leaving the negroes in rags and
foodless, with winter just coming on.”
It is unnecessary to say, that civilization was never much advanced by
this class, many specimens of which, time after time, have visited
Canada.