CONTENTS—Lines—Western Settlement, 1783—Population—Settlement upon
St. Lawrence and Bay—Number, 1784—Proclamation to Loyalists—
Society disturbed—Two kinds of Loyalists—St. Lawrence and Bay
favorable for Settlement—Government Provisions—State of the
Loyalists—Serving out Rations—Clothes—Utensils for clearing and
farming—The Axe—Furniture—Attacking a last enemy—Tents—Waiting for
their Lots—“Bees”—Size of dwellings—Mode of building—Exchanging
work—Bedsteads—Clearing—Fireing trees—Ignorance of Pioneer Life—
Disposing of the Wood—No beast of burden—Logging—Determination—All
Settlers on a common ground—Additional Refugees—Advance—Simcoe’s
Proclamation, 1792—Conditions of Grants—The Response—Later
Settlers—Questionable Loyalists—Yankees longing for Canada—Loyalty
in 1812.
THE SETTLEMENT OF UPPER CANADA.
“CANADA.”
BY ALEXANDER M’LACHLAN.
Land of mighty lake and forest!
Where the winter’s locks are hoarest;
Where the summer’s leaf is greenest;
And the winter’s bite the keenest;
Where the autumn’s leaf is searest.
And her parting smile the dearest;
Where the tempest rushes forth,
From his caverns of the north,
With the lightnings of his wrath.
Sweeping forests from his path;
Where the cataract stupendous
Lifteth up her voice tremendous;
Where uncultivated nature
Rears her pines of giant stature;
Sows her jagged hemlocks o’er,
Thick as bristles on the boar;
Plants the stately elm and oak
Firmly in the iron rock;
Where the crane her course is steering,
And the eagle is careering,
Where the gentle deer are bounding,
And the woodman’s axe resounding;
Land of mighty lake and river,
To our hearts thou’rt dear forever!
Thou art not a land of story;
Thou art not a land of glory;
No tradition, tale, nor song,
To thine ancient woods belong;
No long line of bards and sages
Looking to us down the ages;
No old heroes sweeping by,
In their warlike panoply;
Yet heroic deeds are done,
Where no battle’s lost or won—
In the cottage, in the woods,
In the lonely solitudes—
Pledges of affection given,
That will be redeemed in heaven.
In 1783, when a regular survey and settlement of Western Canada
commenced, the inhabitants of the Lower Province extended westward, only
a few miles above Coteau du lac, upon the St. Lawrence, at Lake St.
Francis; but not a house was built within several miles of the division
line of the two Provinces, which is above Montreal, about 40 miles, on
the north shore. On the south side there was the Fort of Oswegotchie.
Besides the squatters around the military posts at Carleton Island,
Oswego, and Niagara, there were a few inhabitants at Detroit and
Sandwich, of French origin, where a settlement had sprung up in 1750.
The entire population of all Canada at this time, has been estimated at
120,000, including both the French and English. Although refugees had
squatted here and there upon the frontier, near to the several military
posts, it was not until 1784 that the land, now surveyed into lots, was
actually bestowed upon the Loyalists; yet it was mainly disbanded
soldiers that received their “location tickets” in the year 1784. The
grants were made to the corps under Jessup, upon the St. Lawrence, and
under Rogers upon the Bay; and to Butler’s Rangers at Niagara, at the
same time, or very nearly. During the same season, a settlement was made
upon the Niagara frontier and at Amherstburgh, by the Loyalists who had
found refuge at the contiguous Forts. It is supposed that the number who
became settlers this year, 1784, in Upper Canada was about 10,000. Thus
the Province of Upper Canada was planted; thus the Refugees and
disbanded soldiers found themselves pioneers in the wilds of Canada. Was
it for this they had adhered to the Crown—had taken up arms—had
sacrificed their all?
At the close of hostilities, a proclamation was issued to the Loyalists,
to rendezvous at Sacket’s Harbour, or Carleton Island, Oswego, Niagara,
and Isle aux Mois, the principal military posts upon the frontier.
The tempest of war which had swept across the American Continent,
severing thirteen Colonies from the parent trunk, had roughly disturbed
the elements of society. It resulted that the cessation of hostilities
left a turbulent ocean, which required time to compose itself. There
were Loyalists who would not live under a flag alien to Britain. There
were those whose circumstances would have induced them to abide the evil
that had overtaken them in the dismemberment of the British Empire; but
the fierce passions of the successful rebels rendered a peaceful or safe
existence of the Loyalists among them impossible. Driven they were, away
from their old homes. There were those who had been double minded, or
without choice, ready to go with the successful party. Such wandered
here and there looking for the best opportunity to secure self
aggrandisement. It is of the first two classes we speak.
Forced by cruel circumstances, to become pioneers in a wilderness, there
could not be found in America, a more favourable place whereupon to
settle than along the banks of the St. Lawrence, and around the
irregular shores of Bay Quinté, with its many indentations. They had to
convert the wood-covered land into homes. The trees had to be felled,
and the land prepared for grain, and the fruit of the soil to be
obtained for sustenance within three years, when Government provisions
would be discontinued. It can readily be understood that a water
communication to and from the central points of settlement, as well as
access to fishing waters, was most desirable. The smooth waters of the
upper St. Lawrence and the Bay Quinté constituted a highway of the most
valuable kind, for the only mode of travel was by the canoe, or
flat-bottomed batteau, which was supplied by the Government in limited
numbers; and in winter by rudely constructed hand-sleighs, along the icy
shores.
THE FIRST SETTLERS.
The settlers of Upper Canada, up to 1790, may be divided into those who
were forced away from the States by persecution, during and after the
war; the disbanded troops; and a nobler class, who left the States,
being unwilling to live under other than British rule.
To what extent were these pioneers fitted and prepared to enter upon the
truly formidable work of creating homes, and to secure the necessaries
of life for their families. But few of them possessed ought of worldly
goods, nearly all were depending upon the bounty of Government. In the
first place, they were supplied with rations; which consisted of flour,
pork, and a limited quantity of beef, a very little butter, and as
little salt. We find in Rev. Mr. Carroll’s “Past and Present” that
“their mode of serving out rations was rather peculiar.” “Their plan
was, to prevent the appearance of partiality, for the one who acted as
Commissary, either to turn his back, take one of the articles, and say,
‘who will have this?’ or else the provisions were weighed, or assorted,
and put into heaps, when the Commissary went around with a hat, and
received into it something which he would again recognize, as a button,
a knife, &c.; after which he took the articles out of the hat, as they
came uppermost, and placed one on each of the piles in rotation. Every
person then claimed the parcel on which he found the article which he
had thrown into the hat.”
They were also supplied with “clothes for three years, or until they
were able to provide these articles for themselves. They consisted of
coarse cloth for trowsers and Indian blankets for coats, and of shoes;
beside, each received a quantity of seed grain to sow upon the newly
cleared land, with certain implements of husbandry. To each was allotted
an axe, a hoe, and a spade; a plough, and one cow, were allotted to two
families; a whip and cross-cut saw to every fourth family; and, even
boats were provided for their use, and placed at convenient points;” and
“that nothing might seem to be wanting, on the part of the Government,
even portable corn mills, consisting of steel plates, turned by hand
like a coffee-mill, were distributed among the settlers.” We have
learned they were also supplied with nails, hand-saws and other
materials for building. To every five families were given a “set of
tools,” such as chisels and augers, of various sizes, and
drawing-knives; also pick-axes, and sickles for reaping. But,
unfortunately, many of these implements were of inferior quality. The
axe, with which the burden of the work was to be done, was unlike the
light implement now in use, it was but a short-handled ship axe,
intended for quite a different use than chopping trees and clearing
land. Notwithstanding, these various implements, thoughtfully provided
by Government, how greatly must they have come short in meeting the
varied wants of the settler, in his isolated clearing, far separated
from places whereat things necessary could be procured. However, the old
soldier, with his camp experience, was enabled by the aid of his tools,
to make homely and rude articles of domestic use. And, in farming, he
constructed a rough, but serviceable plow, and harrow, and made handles
for his scythe.
Thus provisioned and clothed, and thus armed with implements of
industry, the old soldiers advanced to the attack of a last enemy, the
wild woods. Unlike any previous warfare, was this lifetime struggle.
With location ticket in hand, they filed into the batteaux to ascend the
rapids. A certain number of batteaux joined together, generally about
twenty or twenty-five, formed a brigade, which was placed under the
command of a suitable officer; if not one who had in previous days, led
them against the foe. It is quite impossible to conceive of the emotions
which found a place in the breasts of the old veterans as they journeyed
along wearily from day to day, each one bringing them nearer to the spot
on which the tent was to be pitched for the last time. Eagerly, no
doubt, they scanned the thickly wooded shores as they passed along.
Curiously they examined the small settlement, clustering around
Cataraqui. And, it cannot be doubted, when they entered the waters of
the lovely Bay Quinté, the beauty of the scene created a feeling of joy
and reconciliation to their lot, in being thus cast upon a spot so rich
in natural beauty. These disbanded soldiers, at least each family, had a
canvass tent capable of accommodating, in a certain way, from eight to
ten persons. These were pitched upon the shore, at first in groups,
until each person had learned the situation of his lot, when he
immediately removed thereto. But there were by no means enough tents to
give cover to all, and many had only the friendly trees for protection.
The first steps taken were to clear a small space of trees, and erect a
place of habitation. We have seen what were the implements he had to
work with—the materials he must use to subdue the forest tree standing
before him.
Here, at the very threshold of Upper Canadian history, was initiated the
“institution” of “bees.” “Each with his axe on his shoulder, turned out
to help the other,” in erecting a log shanty. Small and unpretending
indeed, were these humble tenements first built along the shores of the
bay. The size of each depended upon the number to occupy it. None were
larger than twenty by fifteen feet; and an old man tells me that his
father, who was a carpenter, built one fifteen feet long and ten feet
broad, with a slanting roof seven or eight feet in height. The
back-woodsman’s shanty, which may yet be seen in the outskirts of our
country, is the counterpart of those which were first built; but perhaps
many of our readers may never have seen one. “Round logs,” (generally of
basswood,) “roughly notched together at the corners, and piled one above
another, to the height of seven or eight feet, constituted the walls.
Openings for a door, and one small window” (always beside the door)
“designed for four lights of glass, 7 × 9, were cut out,” (Government
had supplied them with a little glass and putty); “the spaces between
the logs were chinked with small splinters, and carefully plastered
outside and inside, with clay for mortar. Smooth straight poles were
laid lengthways of the building, on the walls, to serve as supports of
the roof. This was composed ‘of strips of elm bark, four feet in length,
by two or three feet in width, in layers, overlapping each other, and
fastened to the poles by withs.’” (The roof was some times of black oak,
or swamp oak, bark,) “with a sufficient slope to the back, this formed a
roof which was proof against wind and weather. An ample hearth, made of
flat stones, was then laid out, and a fire back of field stone or small
boulders, rudely built, was carried up as high as the walls. Above this
the chimney was formed of round poles, notched together and plastered
with mud. The floor was of the same materials as the walls, only that
the logs were split in two, and flattened so as to make a tolerably even
surface. As no boards were to be had to make a door, until they could be
sawn out by the whip saw, a blanket suspended from the inside for some
time took its place. By and by four little pains of glass, were stuck
into a rough sash, and then the shanty was complete.”—(_Croil._)
Furniture for the house was made by the old soldier; this was generally
of the roughest kind. They had the fashion of exchanging work, as well
as of having bees. Some of them had been mechanics in other days. A
carpenter was a valuable acquisition, and while others would assist him
to do his heavy work, he would in return do those little nicer jobs by
which the household comforts would be increased. No chests of drawers
were required; benches were made of split basswood, upon which to sit,
and tables were manufactured in the same style. The bedstead was
constructed at the end of the cabin, by taking poles of suitable size
and inserting the ends between the logs which formed the walls on either
side. These would be placed, before the cracks were filled in and
plastered.
CLEARING THE LAND.
A log hut constructed, wherein to live; and such plain rough articles of
furniture as were really necessary provided, the next thing was to clear
the land, thickly covered with large trees and tangled brush. Many a
swing of the unhandy axe had to be made ere the trees could be felled,
and disposed of; and the ground made ready for the grain or root.
A few years later, and the settler would, in the dry summer season, fire
the woods, so as to kill the trees. By the next year they would have
become dry, so that by setting fire again they would burn down. In this
way much labor was saved. But sometimes the fire would prove
unmanageable and threaten to destroy the little house and log barn, as
well as crops. Another mode of destroying the large trees, was to girdle
them—that is, to cut through the bark all around the tree, whereby it
was killed, so that the following year it would likewise burn down.
A portion of the disbanded troops, as well as other loyalists, had been
bred to agricultural pursuits; and some of them, at least those who had
not been very long in arms, could the more readily adapt themselves to
their new circumstances, and resume their early occupation. The axe of
the woodsman was soon swung as vigorously along the shores of the well
wooded river and bay, as it had been in the forests years before, in the
backwoods of New England.
It is no ordinary undertaking for one to enter the primeval forest, to
cut down the tough grained trees, whose boughs have long met the first
beams of the rising sun, and swayed in the tempest wind; to clear away
the thick underbrush, which impedes the step at every turn; to clear out
a tangled cedar swamp, no matter how hardy may be the axeman—how well
accustomed to the use of the implement. With the best mode of
proceeding, with an axe of excellent make, and keen edge; and, combined
with which, let every other circumstance be favorable; yet, it requires
a determined will, an iron frame and supple muscle, to undertake and
carry out the successful clearing of a farm. But, the refugees and
disbanded soldiers, who formed the pioneers of Upper Canada, enjoyed not
even ordinary advantages. Many of the old soldiers had not the slightest
knowledge of the duties of pioneer life, while others had but an
imperfect idea. Some scarcely knew how to fell a tree. Hardy and
determined they were; but they possessed not the implements requisite to
clear off the solid trees. We have seen that the axe furnished by
government was large and clumsy, and could be swung only with difficulty
and great labor, being nothing more than the ship axe then in use. Slow
and wearisome indeed, must have been the progress made by the
unaccustomed woodsman in the work of clearing, and of preparing the logs
for his hut, while he had, as on-lookers, too often a feeble wife and
hungry children.
The ordinary course of clearing land is pretty well known. At the
present day the autumn and winter is the usual time, when the wood is
cut in sleigh lengths for home use, or made into cord wood for the
market. The brush is piled up into huge heaps, and in the following
season, when sufficiently dry, is burned up. Now, wood, except in the
remote parts, is very valuable, and for those who can part with it, it
brings a good income. But then, when the land was everywhere covered
with wood, the only thought was how to get rid of it. The great green
trees, after being cut down, had to lie until they had dried, or be cut
into pieces and removed. Time was necessary for the first. To accomplish
the second, involved labor with the unwieldy axe; and there were at
first, no beast of burden to haul the heavy logs. The arm of the pioneer
was the only motor power, and the trees had to be cut in short lengths,
that they might be carried. To overcome the more heavy work connected
with this, the settlers would have logging bees from place to place, and
by united strength subdue the otherwise obstinate forces. Mainly, the
trees were burned; the limbs and smaller portion first, and subsequently
the large trunk. The fire would consume all that was flammable, leaving
great black logs all over the ground. Then came “logging,” that is,
piling these black and half burned pieces into heaps, where, after a
longer time of drying, they might be consumed. A second, perhaps a third
time the pieces would have to be collected into “log heaps,” until
finally burned to ashes. It was by such means, that slowly the forest
along the St. Lawrence, and surrounding the Bay Quinté, as well in the
adjacent townships melted away before the daily work of the aggressive
settler. Although deprived of all those comforts, which most of them had
enjoyed in early life in the Hudson, and Mohawk valleys, and fruitful
fields of Pennsylvania, they toiled on determined to conquer—to make new
homes; and, for their children at least, to secure comforts. They rose
early, and toiled on all day, whether long or short, until night cast
its solemn pall over their rude quiet homes. The small clearing of a few
acres gradually widened, the sound of the axe was heard ringing all the
day, and the crash of the falling tree sent the startled wild beast to
the deeper recesses of the wild wood. The toilers were not all from the
same social rank, but now in the main, all found a common level; the
land allotted to the half pay officers was as thickly covered with wood.
A few possessed limited means, and were able to engage a help, to do
some of the work, but in a short time it was the same with all; men of
education, and who held high positions, rightly held the belief that it
was an honor to be a refugee farmer.
At the close of the war a considerable number of the refugees found
safety in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. But a certain number, not
finding such prospects as they had hoped, resolved to try Canada.
Consequently, for five or six years after the peace, this class
continued slowly to flow, to swell the number of inhabitants of Upper
Canada. Some of them tarried, or remained in Lower Canada; but the
majority ascended the Bay Quinté, and settled the new townships at the
head of the bay; not a few would remain for a year or two in the
townships already settled, working farms on shares, or living out, until
the future home was selected. A good many of the first settlers in the
sixth, seventh, and eight townships, had previously lived for a while in
the fourth township.
The advance of the settlements was along the bay, from Kingston township
and Ernest town, westward along both sides. When the settlers in the
first, second, third and fourth townships, had, to a certain extent
overcome the pioneers’ first difficulties, those in the sixth, seventh,
eight and ninth, were yet undergoing mostly all the same hardships and
trials. Far removed from Kingston, they could, with difficulty, procure
necessities, and consequently endured greater privation, and experienced
severer hardships; but in time these settlers also overcome, and ended
their days in comparative comfort.
Gen. Simcoe, after he became the first Governor of Upper Canada in 1792,
held the opinion that there remained in the States a large number of
Loyalists, and conceived the idea of affording them an inducement to
again come under British rule, as they were British in heart. He, by
proclamation, invited them to free grants of the rich land of Upper
Canada, in the following words:
“A PROCLAMATION, to such as are desirous to settle on lands of the
Crown, in the Province of UPPER CANADA, BY HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN GRAVES
SIMCOE, ESQUIRE, Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the said
Province, and Colonel commanding His Majesty’s Forces, &c., &c. Be it
known to all concerned that His Majesty, both by his royal commission
and instructions to the Governor, and in his absence, to the
Lieutenant-Governor of the said Province of Upper Canada, gives
authority or command to grant the lands of the Crown in the same by
patent under the great seal thereof. I do accordingly make known the
terms of grant and settlement to be:” &c.
Without introducing the somewhat lengthy terms given under the heads, it
is sufficient to say that they were most liberal; in the meanwhile
reserving what was necessary to maintain the rights previously granted
to Loyalist settlers. No lot was to be granted of more than 200 acres,
except such as the Governor might otherwise desire, but no one was to
receive a quantity exceeding 1000 acres. Every one had to make it appear
that he, or she was in a condition to cultivate and improve the land,
and “beside taking the usual oaths, subscribe a declaration, viz: I, A.
B. do promise and declare that I will maintain and defend to the utmost
of my power, the authority of the king in his parliament as the supreme
legislature of this province.” These grants were free excepting the fees
of office, “in passing the patent and recording the same.” The
proclamation was dated 7th February, 1792, Thomas Talbot, acting
Secretary.
It was obligatory on settlers to clear five acres of land, to build a
house, and to open a road across the front of his land, a quarter of a
mile.
Whether Simcoe was right in his opinion, that many loyalists remained in
the States, ready to avail themselves of a judicious opportunity of
becoming citizens of British territory, may be questioned; that there
were some, cannot be doubted. Not a few responded to his invitation, and
entered the new province. The recall of Simcoe led to the abrogation of
the terms specified in the aforementioned proclamation, and some of the
new comers were doomed to disappointment. As may naturally be supposed,
these later comers were not altogether regarded with favor by the first
settlers, who now regarded themselves as lords of the soil. The old
staunch loyalists were disposed to look upon them as Yankees, who came
only to get the land. And it seems that such was often the case. We have
the impartial statement of Rochefoucault, that there were some who
“falsely profess an attachment to the British monarch, and curse the
Government of the Union for the mere purpose of getting possession of
lands.” Even at this early day, they set about taking possession of
Canada! Indeed, it was a cause of grievance in Walford township,
Johnstown district, that persons from the States entered the country,
petitioned for land, took the necessary oaths—perjured themselves, and
having obtained possession of the land resold it, pocketed the money,
and left to build up the glorious Union.
But, while so much has to be said of some Americans, who took land in
Canada for mercenary motives, and committed fraud, it is pleasing to say
likewise, that a large number of settlers from the States, who came in
between 1794 and 1812, became worthy and loyal subjects of the Crown.
How far all of them were at first Britons in heart, may be questioned.
But the fact that the first settlers regarded them with doubtful eye,
and often charged them with being Yankees, led many, for very
peace-sake, to display their loyalty. But at last, when the war of 1812
broke out, they exhibited unmistakeable attachment to the British Crown.
To their honor be it said, they were as active in defending their homes
as any class. The number who deserted from Canada, was quite
insignificant. As would be expected, the war of 1812 arrested the stream
of emigration from the States. The Government of Canada thereafter
discountenanced it, and instead, made some efforts to draw British
European emigrants.
DIVISION IV.
THE FIRST YEARS OF UPPER CANADA.