control in all routine business, reserving only to herself the last word
in all important matters of State. The effect of this arrangement was
to place Prince Ch’un in much the same position of nominal sovereignty
as that held by Kuang-Hsü himself, until such time as the young Emperor
should come of age, or until the death of the Empress Dowager. In other
words, Tzŭ Hsi had once more put in operation the machinery by which she
had acquired and held the supreme power since the death of her husband,
the Emperor Hsien-Feng. There is little doubt that at this moment she
fully expected to live for many years more, and that she made her plans
so as to enjoy to the end uninterrupted and undiminished authority.
In her Decree on this subject, wherein, as usual, she justifies her
proceedings by reference to the critical condition of affairs, she states
that the Regent is to carry on the Government “subject always to the
instructions of the Empress Dowager,” and there can be no doubt that
had she lived the Emperor’s brother would no more have been permitted
any independent initiative or authority than the unfortunate Kuang-Hsü
himself.
XXVII
TZŬ HSI’S DEATH AND BURIAL
At the close of a long and exciting day, Her Majesty retired to rest
on the 14th of November, weary with her labours but apparently much
improved in health. Next morning she arose at her usual hour, 6 A.M.,
gave audience to the Grand Council and talked for some time with the late
Emperor’s widow, with the Regent and with his wife, the daughter of Jung
Lu. By a Decree issued in the name of the infant Emperor, she assumed the
title of Empress Grand Dowager, making Kuang-Hsü’s widow Empress Dowager.
Elaborate ceremonies were planned to celebrate the bestowal of these
new titles, and to proclaim the installation of the Regent. Suddenly,
at noon, while sitting at her meal, the Old Buddha was seized with a
fainting fit, long and severe. When at last she recovered consciousness,
it was clear to all that the stress and excitement of the past few days
had brought on a relapse, her strength having been undermined by the
long attack of dysentery. Realising that her end was near, she hurriedly
summoned the new Empress Dowager, the Regent and the Grand Council to the
Palace, where, upon their coming together, she dictated the following
Decree, speaking in the same calm tones which she habitually used in
transacting the daily routine of Government work:—
“By command of the Empress Grand Dowager: Yesterday I issued an
Edict whereby Prince Ch’un was made Regent, and I commanded
that the whole business of Government should be in his hands,
subject only to my instructions. Being seized of a mortal
sickness, and being without hope of recovery, I now order that
henceforward the government of the Empire shall be entirely in
the hands of the Regent. Nevertheless, should there arise any
question of vital importance, in regard to which an expression
of the Empress Dowager’s opinion is desirable, the Regent shall
apply in person to her for instructions, and act accordingly.”
The significance of the conclusion of this Decree is apparent to anyone
familiar with Chinese Court procedure and with the life history of the
Empress herself. Its ingenious wording was expressly intended to afford
to the new Empress Dowager and the Yehonala Clan an opportunity for
intervention at any special crisis, thus maintaining the Clan’s final
authority and safeguarding its position in the event of any hostile
move by the Regent or his adherents. And the result of this precaution
has already been shown on the occasion of the recent dismissal of Tuan
Fang[129] from the Viceroyalty of Chihli for alleged want of respect
in connection with the funeral ceremonies of the Empress Dowager, an
episode which showed clearly that the Regent has no easy game to play,
and that the new Empress Dowager, Lung Yu, has every intention to defend
the position of the Clan and to take advantage thereof along lines very
similar to those followed by her august predecessor.
After issuing the Decree above quoted, the Empress Dowager, rapidly
sinking, commanded that her valedictory Decree be drafted and submitted
to her for approval. This was done quickly. After perusing the document,
she proceeded to correct it in several places, notably by the addition
of the sentence, “It became my inevitable and bounden duty to assume the
Regency.” Commenting on this addition, she volunteered the explanation
that she wished it inserted because on more than one occasion her
assumption of the supreme power had been wrongfully attributed to
personal ambition, whereas, as a matter of fact, the welfare of the State
had always weighed with her as much as her own inclinations, and she had
been forced into this position. From her own pen also came the touching
conclusion of the Decree, that sentence which begins: “Looking back over
the memories of these fifty years,” etc. She observed, in writing this,
that she had nothing to regret in her life, and could only wish that
it might have lasted for many years more. She then proceeded to bid an
affectionate farewell to her numerous personal attendants and the waiting
maids around her, all of whom were overcome by very real and deep grief.
To the end her mind remained quite clear, and, at the very point of
death, she continued to speak as calmly as if she were just about to set
out on one of her progresses to the Summer Palace. Again and again, when
all thought the end had come, she recovered consciousness, and up to the
end the watchers at her bedside could not help hoping (or fearing, as
the case might be with them) that she would yet get the better of Death.
At the last, _in articulo mortis_, they asked her, in accordance with
the Chinese custom, to pronounce her last words. Strangely significant
was the answer of the extraordinary woman who had moulded and guided the
destinies of the Chinese people for half a century: “Never again,” she
said, “allow any woman to hold the supreme power in the State. It is
against the house-law of our Dynasty and should be strictly forbidden. Be
careful not to permit eunuchs to meddle in Government matters. The Ming
Dynasty was brought to ruin by eunuchs, and its fate should be a warning
to my people.” Tzŭ Hsi died, as she had lived, above the law, yet jealous
of its fulfilment by others. Only a few hours before she had provided
for the transmission of authority to a woman of her own clan: now,
confronting the dark Beyond, she hesitated to perpetuate a system which,
in any but the strongest hands, could not fail to throw the Empire into
confusion. She died, as she had lived, a creature of impulse and swiftly
changing moods, a woman of infinite variety.
At 3 P.M., straightening her limbs, she expired with her face to the
south, which is the correct position, according to Chinese ideas, for a
dying sovereign. It was reported by those who saw her die that her mouth
remained fixedly open, which the Chinese interpret as a sign that the
spirit of the deceased is unwilling to leave the body and to take its
departure for the place of the Nine Springs.
Thus died Tzŭ Hsi; and when her ladies and handmaidens had dressed the
body in its Robes of State, embroidered with the Imperial Dragon, her
remains and those of the Emperor were borne from the Lake Palace to the
Forbidden City, through long lines of their kneeling subjects, and were
reverently laid in separate Halls of the Palace, with all due state and
ceremony.
The valedictory Decree of Tzŭ Hsi, the last words from that pen which had
indeed been mightier than many swords, was for the most part a faithful
reproduction of the classical models, the orthodox swan song of the
ruler of a people which makes of its writings a religion. Its text is as
follows:—
_The Valedictory Mandate of Her Majesty Tz’ŭ-Hsi-Tuan-Yu-K’ang-I-
Chao-Yü-Chuang-Cheng-Shou-Kung-Ch’in-Hsien-Ch’ung-Hsi, the
Empress Grand Dowager, declareth as follows:—_
“I, of humble virtue, did reverently receive the appointment
of the late Emperor Hsien-Feng, which prepared for me a
place amongst his Consorts. When the late Emperor T’ung-Chih
succeeded in early childhood to the Throne, there was
rebellion still raging in the land, which was being vigorously
suppressed. Not only did the Taiping and turbaned rebels
engage in successive outbreaks, but disorder was spread by the
Kuei-chou aborigines and by Mahomedan bandits. The provinces
of the coast were in great distress, the people on the verge of
ruin, widespread distress confronting us on all sides.
“Co-operating then with the senior Consort of Hsien-Feng, the
Empress Dowager of the Eastern Palace, I undertook the heavy
duties of Government, toiling ever, day and night. Obeying
the behests of His late Majesty, my husband, I urged on the
Metropolitan and provincial officials, as well as the military
commanders, directing their policies and striving for the
restoration of peace. I employed virtuous officials and was
ever ready to listen to wise counsel. I relieved my people’s
distress in time of flood and famine. By the goodwill and
bounty of Heaven, I suppressed the rebellions and out of dire
peril restored peace. Later, when the Emperor T’ung-Chih passed
away and the Emperor Kuang-Hsü, now just deceased, entered by
adoption upon the great heritage, the crisis was even more
dangerous and the condition of the people even more pitiable.
Within the Empire calamities were rife, while from abroad we
were confronted by repeated and increasing acts of aggression.
“Once again it became my inevitable and bounden duty to assume
the Regency. Two years ago I issued a Decree announcing the
Throne’s intention to grant a Constitution, and this present
year I have promulgated the date at which it is to come into
effect. Innumerable affairs of State have required direction at
my hands and I have laboured without ceasing and with all my
might. Fortunately, my constitution was naturally strong, and
I have been able to face my duties with undiminished vigour.
During the summer and autumn of this year, however, I have
frequently been in bad health, at a time when pressing affairs
of State allowed me no repose. I lost my sleep and appetite,
and gradually my strength failed me. Yet even then I took no
rest, not for a single day. And yesterday saw the death of His
Majesty Kuang-Hsü; whereat my grief overwhelmed me. I can bear
no more, and so am I come to the pass where no possible hope of
recovery remains.
“Looking back upon the memories of these last fifty years,
I perceive how calamities from within and aggression from
without have come upon us in relentless succession, and that
my life has never enjoyed a moment’s respite from anxiety.
But to-day definite progress has been made towards necessary
reforms. The new Emperor is but an infant, just reaching the
age when wise instruction is of the highest importance. The
Prince Regent and all our officials must henceforth work
loyally together to strengthen the foundations of our Empire.
His Majesty must devote himself to studying the interests of
the country and so refrain from giving way to personal grief.
That he may diligently pursue his studies, and hereafter add
fresh lustre to the glorious achievements of his ancestors, is
now my most earnest prayer.
“Mourning to be worn for only twenty-seven days.
“Cause this to be everywhere known!
“Tenth Moon, 23rd day (November the 15th).”
The title by which Her Majesty was canonised contains no less than
twenty-two characters, sixteen of which were hers at the day of her
death, the other six having been added in the Imperial Decrees which
recorded her decease and praised her glorious achievements. The first
character “Dutiful”—_i.e._ to her husband—is always accorded to a
deceased Empress. It is significant of the unpractical nature of the
_literati_, or of their cynicism, that the second of her latest titles
signifies “reverend,” implying punctilious adherence to ancestral
traditions! The third and fourth mean “Equal of Heaven,” which places her
on a footing of equality with Confucius, while the fifth and sixth raise
her even higher than the Sage in the national Pantheon, for it means
“Increase in Sanctity,” of which Confucius was only a “Manifestor.” In
the records of the Dynasty she will henceforth be known as the Empress
“Dutiful, Reverend and Glorious,” a title, according to the laws of
Chinese honorifics, higher than any woman ruler has hitherto received
since the beginning of history.
Since her death the prestige of the Empress Dowager, and her hold on
the imagination of the people, have grown rather than decreased. Around
her coffin, while it lay first in her Palace of Peaceful Longevity and
later in a hall at the foot of the Coal Hill, north of the Forbidden
City, awaiting the appointed day propitious for burial, there gathered
something more than the conventional regrets and honours which fall
usually to the lot of China’s rulers. Officials as well as people
felt that with her they had lost the strong hand of guidance, and a
personality which appealed to most of them as much from the human as from
the official point of view. Their affectionate recollections of the Old
Buddha were clearly shown by the elaborate sacrifices paid to her _manes_
at various periods from the day of her death to that day, a year later,
when her ancestral tablet was brought home to the Forbidden City from the
Imperial tombs with all pomp and circumstance.
On the All Souls’ day of the Buddhists, celebrated in the 7th Moon, and
which fell in the September following her death, a magnificent barge made
of paper and over a hundred and fifty feet long was set up outside the
Forbidden City on a large empty space adjoining the Coal Hill. It was
crowded with figures of attendant eunuchs and handmaidens, and contained
furniture and viands for the use of the illustrious dead in the lower
regions. A throne was placed in the bows, and around it were kneeling
effigies of attendant officials all wearing their Robes of State as if
the shade of Tzŭ Hsi were holding an audience.
On the morning of the All Souls’ festival the Regent, in the name of the
Emperor, performed sacrifice before the barge, which was then set alight
and burnt, in order that the Old Buddha might enjoy the use of it at the
“yellow springs.” A day or two before her funeral, hundreds of paper
effigies of attendants, cavalry, camels and other pack animals, were
similarly burnt so that her spirit might enjoy all the pomp to which she
had been accustomed in life.
The following account of her funeral is reproduced from _The Times_ of
27th November, 1909:—
“The 9th of November at 5 A.M. was the hour of good omen
originally chosen by the Astrologers for the departure of the
remains of Her late Majesty the Empress Dowager from their
temporary resting place in the Forbidden City to the mausoleum
prepared for her at the Eastern Hills. To meet the convenience
of the foreign representatives, the hour was subsequently
changed to 7 A.M.
“The arrangements for the procession and the part taken therein
by the Diplomatic Body, were generally similar to those of the
funeral of His Majesty Kuang-Hsü, but the mounted troops were
more numerous and better turned out, the police were noticeably
smarter and well-dressed, and the pageant as a whole was in
many respects more imposing. But for those who, in May last,
witnessed the late Emperor’s funeral, the scene lacked one
element of its brilliantly picturesque effect, namely, the
bright sunshine which on that occasion threw every detail and
distinctive note of the _cortège_ into clear relief against
the grey background of the Palace walls. The day was cold,
with lowering clouds, and the long delay which preceded the
appearance of the catafalque at the point where the Diplomatic
Body was stationed had an inevitably depressing effect on the
spectators.
“The catafalque was borne by eighty-four bearers, the largest
number which can carry this unwieldy burden through the City
gates; but beyond the walls the coffin was transferred to a
larger bier borne by one hundred and twenty men. In front
walked the Prince Regent, the bodyguard of Manchu Princes and
the members of the Grand Council, attended by the Secretariat
staff. Behind rode first a smart body of troops, followed
by a large number of camels whose Mongol attendants carried
tent-poles and other articles for use in the erection of the
‘matshed palaces,’ wherein the coffin rests at night at the
different stages of the four days’ journey to the tombs. Behind
the Mongols were borne in procession the gaudy honorific
umbrellas presented to the Old Buddha on the occasion of
her return from exile at Hsi-an fu in 1901: all these were
burnt on the 16th instant when the body was finally entombed.
Following the waving umbrellas came a body of Lama dignitaries,
and after them a contingent from the Imperial Equipage
Department bearing Manchu sacrificial vessels, Buddhist symbols
and embroidered banners. Conspicuous in the _cortège_ were
three splendid chariots with trappings and curtains of Imperial
yellow silk, emblazoned with dragons and phœnixes, and two
palanquins similar to those used by the Empress Dowager on her
journeys in State; these also were burned at the mausoleum.
Noticeable figures in the procession were the six chief
eunuchs, including the notorious Li Lien-ying and the short
handsome attendant who usually accompanied the Empress’s sedan
chair. The spectacle, as a whole, was most impressive; no
such pomp and circumstance, say the Chinese, has marked the
obsequies of any Empress of China since the funeral of the
Empress Wu (_circa_ A.D. 700) of whom the annals record that
hundreds of attendants were buried alive in her mausoleum.
“The police arrangements attracted general attention by their
remarkable efficiency, which many Chinese attribute to the
present Empress Dowager’s constant fear of assassination. Every
closed door along the route of the procession was closely
guarded by soldiers and special precautions taken against
bomb-throwing. The street guards were numerous and alert, and
the arrangements generally were characterised by discipline and
decorum. There was little confusion in the _cortège_, and none
of the unseemly shouting usual on such occasions.
“Ninety miles away, in a silent spot surrounded by virgin pine
forest and backed by protecting hills, are the Eastern Tombs,
towards which, for four days, the great catafalque made its
way along the yellow-sanded road. There stands the mausoleum,
originally built by the faithful Jung Lu for his Imperial
Mistress at a cost which stands in the government records at
eight millions of taels. It is close to the ‘Ting Ling,’ the
burial-place of her husband, the Emperor Hsien-Feng. To the
west of it stands the tomb of her colleague and co-Regent (the
Empress Tzŭ An), and on the east that of the first Consort
of Hsien-Feng, who died before his accession to the Throne,
and was subsequently canonised as Empress. Throughout her
lifetime, and particularly of late years, Yehonala took great
interest and pride in her last resting-place, visiting it at
intervals and exacting the most scrupulous attention from those
entrusted with its building and adornment. On one occasion, in
1897, when practically completed, she had it rebuilt because
the teak pillars were not sufficiently massive. After the
death of Jung Lu, Prince Ch’ing became responsible for the
custody of the tomb and its precious contents—the sacrificial
vessels of carved jade, the massive vases and incense burners
of gold and silver, which adorn the mortuary chamber; the
richly-jewelled couch to receive the coffin, and the carved
figures of serving maids and eunuchs who stand for ever in
attendance. After the last ceremony at the tomb, when the
Princes, Chamberlains and high officials had taken their final
farewell of the illustrious dead, while the present Empress
Dowager, with her attendants and the surviving consorts of the
Emperors Hsien-Feng and T’ung-Chih, offered the last rites in
the mortuary chamber, the massive stone door of the tomb was
let down and the resting-place of Tzŭ Hsi closed for ever.
“The cost of the late Emperor’s funeral has been officially
recorded, with the nice accuracy which characterises Chinese
finance, at 459,940 taels, 2 mace, 3 candareens and 6 li. As
the cost of a funeral in China closely reflects the dignity of
the deceased and the “face” of his or her immediate survivors,
these figures become particularly interesting when compared
with the cost of the Empress Dowager’s funeral, which is
placed at one and a-quarter to one and a-half million taels.
Rumour credited the Regent with an attempt to cut down this
expenditure, which attempt he abandoned at the last moment in
the face of the displeasure of the powerful Yehonala Clan. That
the Old Buddha’s magnificent funeral was appreciated by the
populace of Peking is certain, for to them she was for fifty
years a sympathetic personality and a great ruler.
“The conveyance of Her Majesty’s ancestral tablet from the
tombs of the Eastern Hills to its resting-place in the Temple
of Ancestors in the Forbidden City was a ceremony in the
highest degree impressive and indicative of the vitality of
those feelings which make ancestor-worship the most important
factor in the life of the Chinese. The tablet, a simple strip
of carved and lacquered wood, bearing the name of the deceased
in Manchu and Chinese characters, had been officially present
at the burial. With the closing of the great door of the tomb
the spirit of the departed ruler is supposed to be translated
to the tablet, and to the latter is therefore given honour
equal to that which was accorded to the sovereign during
her lifetime. Borne aloft in a gorgeous chariot draped with
Imperial yellow silk and attended by a large mounted escort,
Tzŭ Hsi’s tablet journeyed slowly and solemnly, in three days’
stages, from the Eastern Hills to Peking. At each stage it
rested for the night in a specially constructed pavilion, being
‘invited’ by the Master of the Ceremonies, on his knees and
with all solemnity, to be pleased to leave its chariot and
rest. For the passage of this habitation of the spirit of the
mighty dead the Imperial road had been specially prepared and
swept by an army of men; it had become a _via sacra_ on which
no profane feet might come or go. As the procession bearing the
sacred tablet drew near to the gates of the capital, the Prince
Regent and all the high officers of the Court knelt reverently
to receive it. All traffic was stopped; every sound stilled in
the streets, where the people knelt to do homage to the memory
of the Old Buddha. Slowly and solemnly the chariot was borne
through the main gate of the Forbidden City to the Temple of
the Dynasty’s ancestors, the most sacred spot in the Empire,
where it was ‘invited’ to take its appointed place among the
nine Ancestors and their thirty-five Imperial Consorts. Before
this could be done, however, it was necessary that the tablets
of Tzŭ Hsi’s son, T’ung-Chih, and of her daughter-in-law,
should first be removed from that august assembly, because
due ceremony required that the arriving tablet should perform
obeisance to those of its ancestors, and it would not be
fitting for the tablet of a parent to perform this ceremony in
the presence of that of a son or daughter-in-law. The act of
obeisance was performed by deputy, in the person of the Regent
acting for the child Emperor, and consisted of nine kowtows
before each tablet in the Temple, or about 400 prostrations in
all. When these had been completed, with due regard to the
order of seniority of the deceased, the tablets of the Emperor
T’ung-Chih and his wife were formally ‘invited’ to return to
the Temple, where obeisance was made on their behalf to the
shade of Tzŭ Hsi which had been placed in the shrine beside
that of her former colleague and co-Regent, the Empress Tzŭ
An. Thus ended the last ceremonial act of the life and death
of this remarkable woman; but her spirit still watches over
the Forbidden City and the affairs of her people, who firmly
believe that it will in due time guide the nation to a happy
issue out of all their afflictions. As time goes on, the
weaknesses of her character and the errors of her career are
forgotten, and her greatness only remembered. And no better
epitaph could be written for this great Manchu than that of her
own valedictory Decree which, rising above all the pettiness
and humiliations of her reign, looking death and change
steadfastly in the face, raises her in our eyes (to quote a
writer in the _Spectator_)[130] ‘to that vague ideal state of
human governance imagined by the Greek, when the Kings should
be philosophers and the philosophers Kings.’”
[Illustration: MARBLE BRIDGE OVER THE LAKE IN THE WESTERN PARK WHICH
SURROUNDS THE LAKE PALACE.
_Photo, Betines, Peking._]
[Illustration: “TI WANG MIAO” OR TEMPLE TO THE MEMORY OF VIRTUOUS
EMPERORS OF PREVIOUS DYNASTIES.
_Photo, Betines, Peking._]
XXVIII
CONCLUSION