THE HOUSE OF HANOVER
_Accession of George I—Impeachment of Harley—The Rebellion of
1715—Execution of Lords Derwentwater and Kenmuir—Escape of
Nithisdale—Plots of Atterbury and others in 1722—Imprisonment
of Lord Macclesfield—The “45”—Execution of Lords Kilmarnock,
Balmerino, Charles Retcliff, and Lord Lovat—Imprisonment and
Trial of Wilkes and his Friends on the Charge of Treason—of
Alderman Oliver and Lord Mayor Crosby for alleged Condonation
of Misdemeanour—of Horne Tooke and his Companions for
Treason—of Sir Francis Burdett for Breach of Privilege—Of
the Cato Street Conspirators—The Fire of 1841—The Fenian
Conspiracy of 1885—Conclusion._
The accession of George I was at once marked by the ascendency of the
Whigs, and they lost no time in showing this. Robert Harley, whom Queen
Anne had made Earl of Oxford, and who had been a favourite minister of
the nation, was impeached on the charge that during the French wars,
in his hatred of the Duke of Marlborough, he had instructed the French
king as to the best method of capturing Tournai. On June 10, 1715, the
House of Commons, of which but a short time before he had been the
idol, sent him to the Tower, where he languished for two years, never
losing confidence. His continual petition to be tried was at last
conceded, and he was acquitted in July, 1717.
But there was an influential party among the high Tories who were
unmistakably anxious to restore the Stuarts, and even the Duke of
Marlborough, who all his life through had a passion for intrigue,
finding that he was not trusted by King George, seems to have entered
into negotiations with the Pretender, “the Chevalier de St. George,”
who in August, 1715, published from France a manifesto, asserting his
right to the throne. When the Whig Government impeached Bolingbroke and
the Duke of Ormond for complicity, they fled to France. But the rising
incapable man; and though he was joined by other nobles in the North,
and might have won most dangerous successes, he shrank before the
Duke of Argyll, who had been sent by the king to oppose him. The
result was the rebellion of 1715 and its failure. The most conspicuous
character in this ill-starred attempt was James Radcliffe, Earl of
Derwentwater, a young man of twenty-six who deserved a better fate,
for all accounts describe him as singularly attractive and winning in
person and manner. He was the only Englishman of note who joined the
enterprize. His mother, Mary Tudor, was a natural daughter of Charles
II, who brought him up as a Roman Catholic. He was very rich for those
days. His home, from which he took his title, was an island in the
most beautiful of English lakes, and his income from mines was nearly
£40,000 a year. With him were six Scotch nobles, William Maxwell, Earl
of Nithisdale; Robert Dalzell, Earl of Carnwarth; William Gordon, Lord
Kenmure, brother-in-law of Carnwarth; George Seton, fifth Earl of
Wintoun; William, Lord Nairn; and William, fourth Lord Widdrington.
They were brought up to London tightly bound on horseback, and paraded
through the streets to the prison. Much interest was made for them in
Parliament, and a vote of petition for pardon was carried in the House
of Lords. They were tried in February, 1716, and condemned. Wintoun
was the only one who refused to plead guilty, but was convicted and
sentenced. Next year Widdrington, Carnwarth and Nairn were pardoned,
the others were left for death. So greatly was Derwentwater loved in
his own home that it is said the peasantry drove his wife out of it
because, as they alleged, she had driven him to rebel and so deprived
them of a generous landlord. But when the crowds assembled on Tower
Hill, they found, to their great amazement, that there were only three
victims. For Lord Nithisdale had escaped the night before. His young
wife had travelled up, through the winter snow, all the way from their
home in Dumfriesshire to beg forgiveness for him. Failing in this, she
formed her plans with great skill, and has left the narrative, which
reads like an entrancing romance—the taking into the condemned cell
a friend to whom she had confided her method as they walked along the
street, the double dress which she persuaded the friend to put on at
entrance, enduing the prisoner with the outer dress, and so deceiving
the sentinels. They got away safely, hid for a few days in London,
and then he went away to Rome, disguised as one of the footmen of
the Venetian ambassador. Not content with this feat, she resolved to
petition for the restoration of the estates, and made her way into St.
James’s Palace, and into the king’s presence. He would have gone out
without answering her, but she writes, “I caught hold of the skirt of
his coat that he might stop and hear me. He endeavoured to escape out
of my hands, but I kept such strong hold that he dragged me on my knees
from the middle of the room to the very door. At last one of the Blue
Ribands who attended his Majesty took me round the waist, while another
wrested the coat from my hands.” They lived together at Rome till 1749,
when he died, and she not long afterwards. How Wintoun escaped is not
precisely known, but the probability seems to be that he bribed a
warder and filed through the bars of a window.
The zeal for the house of Stuart was by no means quenched, and the
failure of the South Sea project, the panic in the money market arising
out of it, the downfall of great commercial houses, produced general
discontent, which rekindled the hopes of the Jacobites. This time, in
1722, the movement was led by Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester
and Dean of Westminster. Joined with him were the Duke of Norfolk,
Lords North, Orrery and Grey, some commoners, and an Irish priest
named Kelly. They planned to seize the Tower and the Bank, to arrest
the king, and proclaim King James. But the plot became known to the
regent Orleans, who was on terms of friendship with the English king,
and told him of it. The conspirators were all sent to the Tower on a
charge of high treason. They lay in prison for some months. Atterbury
was deprived and banished the country. He died eight years later, just
seventy years old, and was brought to England and buried in the abbey
that he loved.
Lord Chancellor Macclesfield was imprisoned in 1724 for “venality in
the discharge of his office.”
We come now to a very serious and important passage in the records of
the great fortress, namely, the rebellion of “the Forty-five.” The
Scotch were, as we have seen, largely in sympathy with the exiled
family. In 1743 a Highland regiment, distinguished for its good order
and discipline, mutinied on being ordered to Flanders. They declared
that they had received a promise that they should not be sent abroad
where they would very likely be brought into warfare with their
Jacobite friends. A hundred and nine of them laid down their arms and
marched away. Three regiments of dragoons were sent to bring them back;
they were sent to the Tower; three were shot, and the others sent to
the plantations. This cruel measure produced a most bitter feeling
through Scotland, and rendered comparatively easy a fresh endeavour of
the Stuarts to re-establish themselves. Twenty years of calm had passed
when Charles Edward, “the Young Pretender,” landed in Inverness-shire
in July, 1745. His adventures are nowhere better told than in
_Waverley._ He defeated Cope at Prestonpans, marched into England as
far as Derby, retreated, was crushed by the Duke of Cumberland at
Culloden on April 8, 1746, and the hopes of the Stuarts were at an end
for ever. He, as we know, made his escape, but the “rebel lords” who
had thrown in their lot with him were brought to the Tower, which had
seen no political prisoners for more than twenty years. William Boyd
was fourth Earl of Kilmarnock; William Murray, Marquis of Tullibardine,
son of the Duke of Atholl, had been pardoned after taking part in
the “15”; he now brought a great number of Atholl men at this second
rising, gave himself up after Culloden, quite worn out, though he
was only fifty-eight; he died in the Tower in a few days. Arthur
Elphinstone, sixth Baron Balmerino, had also been pardoned after the
“15,” but joined the fresh rebellion, hid himself after Culloden, but
was betrayed. There were also Charles Radcliffe, a younger brother of
the Earl of Derwentwater, who had perished in 1715, and a few others
of little mark. Horace Walpole, writing to Sir Horace Mann, gives a
striking account of the trial of the three lords in Westminster Hall.
Kilmarnock and Cromarty pleaded guilty, Balmerino not guilty, but he
was condemned by the unanimous vote of the peers. He was evidently a
man of high character; “the brave, noble old fellow,” Walpole calls
him. His calmness, courage, piety in his last days, had a profound
effect upon all who were with him. Cromarty was afterwards pardoned.
The _Gentleman’s Magazine_ for 1745 gives full details of the execution
of the other two on Tower Hill. They died with firm courage. Radcliffe
also died on the same scaffold. Somewhat later followed another
execution; Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, an utterly unscrupulous political
intriguer, and a man whose disreputable life reads like a bad novel. He
had what was probably a unique experience, in having been a prisoner
in the Bastille in 1702, on the charge of betraying a Jacobite plot to
the English Government, and in the Tower for treasonable correspondence
with the Pretender. While on his way from his capture in Scotland to
the Tower he rested at the _White Hart_ at St. Albans, and there fell
in with Hogarth, who there and then made the portrait of him which is
now in the National Portrait Gallery, and the engravings of which are
so familiar to us. This engraving was made under the superintendence of
the painter, and there was such a run upon it, the printing press being
always at work, day and night, that for a considerable time he made £12
a day by the sale. Lovat was beheaded on April 9, 1747, and it was the
last execution on Tower Hill. There were two more executions from the
Tower—Earl Ferrers in 1760 for shooting his steward, and Henry Francis
de la Motte, a French spy—but these were both hanged at Tyburn. Lord
Ferrers would certainly in our day have been acquitted on the ground of
insanity.
A few more names have to be mentioned before we close the history of
the Tower as a State prison. John Wilkes, M.P. for Middlesex, was
brought in on April 30, 1763, as the author of No. 45 of _The North
Briton_, which was styled in the warrant committing him, “a most
infamous and seditious libel.” After argument in the Court of Common
Pleas, Chief Justice Pratt decided that the misdemeanour charged
against him was “not an offence sufficient to destroy the privilege
of a member of Parliament,” and he was immediately liberated (May 3).
Alderman Oliver and Sir Brass Crosby, Lord Mayor, were both sent to the
Tower in March, 1771, for admitting a man to bail who had, under the
Speaker’s warrant, apprehended the printer of the _London Evening Post_
for publishing the debates of the House of Commons. They justified
their conduct on the ground of city privileges, and the House against
them asserted its authority. They remained immured till Parliament was
prorogued in the following July, and were then released; but public
opinion was evidently so strong in their favour that the Commons from
that time gave in. Lord George Gordon was imprisoned after the riots of
1780, was tried next year, and declared “not guilty.” At the same time
the Earl of Pomfret was committed for challenging the Duke of Grafton.
In 1794 John Horne Tooke, John Thelwall, Thomas Hardy and others were
imprisoned on the charge of high treason. They had distributed the
writings of Thomas Paine, and had gone certain lengths in favour of
the “Rights of Man,” but repudiated the application of the principles
of the French Revolution to England. They were “radicals” in desiring
reform, yet were not in favour of general subversion. In fact, they
were men who, after raising a cry, were frightened at the logical
consequences of it, and settled down into quietude. Chief Justice Eyre
tried them with conspicuous fairness, and they were at once pronounced
“Not guilty,” to the satisfaction of the spectators.
[Illustration: 29. THE MOAT. _From an engraving after
J. Maurer_, 1753. _Gardner Collection._]
[Illustration: 30. THE TOWER AND MINT, FROM TOWER HILL.
_From a drawing on stone by T. S. Boys_, 1842.]
[Illustration: 31. THE TOWER, FROM THE THAMES.
_From an engraving after E. Duncan._]
[Illustration: 32. THE CITY BARGES AT THE TOWER STAIRS.
_From a drawing on stone by W. Parrott. Gardner Collection._]
Arthur O’Connor and three other “United Irishmen” were charged with
high treason in 1798; they were accused of holding a traitorous
correspondence with the French Directory. They were acquitted, but
O’Connor lay in the Tower for some time; he was then discharged and
went to France, where he received a commission from Napoleon. Sackville
Tufton, Earl of Thanet, was also tried for attempting to release
O’Connor, and was sentenced to be imprisoned for a year in the Tower
and to pay £1000 fine.
In April, 1810, Sir Francis Burdett, M.P. for Westminster, who had
laboured unselfishly and conscientiously on behalf of liberty of
speech and Parliamentary reform, made a speech in the House of Commons
demanding the discharge from custody of a radical orator who had
been imprisoned for objecting to the exclusion of strangers from the
debates. He was defeated by a large majority, 153 against 14. Thereupon
he printed and published his speech. This was declared a breach of
privilege, and Speaker Abbot issued a warrant for his arrest. He shut
himself up in his house, and there was great excitement on the question
whether it might be forcibly entered. The soldiers were called out,
and after four days’ excitement the house was entered and Burdett was
conveyed to the Tower, with many thousands of soldiers guarding the
town. He remained in prison till Parliament was prorogued, when he was
released and went quietly home by water, much to the disgust of the
mob, who wanted to have a great demontration. He pursued his steady
course of promoting reforms, but still declared that he was not a party
man, and his disapproval of the speeches of O’Connell drove him into
union with the Tories in his later years. He was a generous and kindly
man, a perfect type of a country gentleman.
In March, 1820, Arthur Thistlewood, Richard Tidd, James Ings, John
Harrison, William Davidson, James Brunt and John Monument entered into
a plot to assassinate all the Ministry at a Cabinet dinner at Lord
Harrowby’s, in Grosvenor Square. This is known as the Cato Street
Conspiracy, from the place where the meetings were held. It was
divulged in time, and the cut-throats were arrested and placed in the
Tower, and tried at the Old Bailey. All the above, except Monument,
were hanged outside Newgate. This is the last time that the Tower was
ever used as a State prison. Thistlewood, who had held a commission
in the Militia, was confined in the Bloody Tower, the others in the
Middle, Byward and Salt Towers.
It remains to chronicle two events in the history of the great fortress
in the reign of Queen Victoria. The ugly Armoury which had been begun
by James II and completed by William III caught fire on October 30,
1841, from the Bowyer Tower, on which it abutted. The latter building
was set ablaze by an overheated flue. The whole building was destroyed,
as were 150,000 stands of small arms piled up within it. A policeman
named Pierce, at the risk of his life, broke the bars of the cage
in which the regalia were kept and handed them out, with the result
that not one was missing, though the cloth in which some of them
were wrapped was charred. The only relic of much interest which was
destroyed was the wheel of Nelson’s ship _Victory._ The site is now
occupied with the barracks, built under the direction of the Duke of
Wellington, and reaching from the end of St. Peter’s Church to the East
Wall, loopholed for musketry, and capable of holding a thousand men.
The Iron Duke’s primary idea of the place was as a fortress.
On January 24, 1885, a plan was concocted by Fenians for a simultaneous
threefold outrage in London. Explosive packages were placed at 2 p.m.
in St. Stephen’s Chapel, the Inner House of Commons, and the Tower of
London. In the first case a lady saw it, and, suspecting mischief, told
a constable on duty. Constable Coles rushed into the chapel and picked
up the packet, but almost as soon as he reached Westminster Hall he was
obliged to let it fall, and it went off with a terrific explosion, blew
holes both in the floor and the roof, and smashed windows. In the House
itself a few minutes later the explosion tore off doors and brought
down the Speaker’s and Peers’ gallery, and injured two constables
badly. At the Tower the miscreants chose the middle storey of the White
Tower, used as a storehouse for modern arms. The chief damage was done
to the large Hall and St. John’s Chapel. The Armoury caught fire, but
it was extinguished in about an hour. Two boys and three girls were
badly injured. The perpetrator in this case was caught, and proved to
be an old hand at like outrages. He was sentenced to fourteen years’
hard labour.
* * * * *
So ends our history. From the nature of the case, it has mainly dealt
with crime and punishment, but we all feel that it would be unfair and
untrue to call it a history of gloom. The history of suffering contains
elements of sublime beauty, of courage, and self-denial, and faith,
and patient endurance. “The whole creation groaneth and travaileth in
pain,” but it does so in faith, sometimes in blindness, always looking
for and striving after the revelation of the Perfect Will, the Visible
Kingdom of God. I have thought so continually in writing these records,
constant war and bloodshed, too often the offspring of unholy ambition
and selfish greed. But there was always a King above the waterfloods,
and therefore our national history is a history of God subduing the
wrath of man and turning it to His praise. Norman, Plantagenet, Tudor,
Stuart—the Tower has memorials of evil deeds wrought by each one in
turn; but there is not one of them all which has not left beneficent
and abiding results. We have seen how More and Fisher died the death
of heroes in defence of the Roman faith, and how Anne Askew was burned
for rejecting it, and who will deny her the name of faithful martyr
also? But one or the other must be wrong, I may be told. And I answer,
Neither was wrong; each was clinging to the truth which God was
revealing to the soul. A fragment of truth, no doubt, but real in its
measure. “Judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, and then
shall each have praise from God.”
Our little systems have their day,
They have their day and cease to be;
They are but broken lights of Thee,
And Thou, O Lord, art more than they.
Noble words of the great poet; and what student of Theology or History
has not felt their truth? Strafford died a martyr to a great cause, as
he honestly deemed it, namely, the good order and permanence of the
kingdom, and Sir John Eliot died broken-hearted in the Tower because he
resisted him, as the defender of personal liberty. Laud died because he
believed in the divine mission of the Church of England, and Richard
Baxter was imprisoned and persecuted as a Puritan. But the honest
reader of their lives will call them both saints. William Penn wrote
his “No Cross no Crown” in the Tower.
And the great Keep lifted on high above the surrounding city tells
of stern strength and repression; yet this is not its message to the
passers-by. The life of a great nation contains two essential elements,
Permanence and Progress. And to the teeming thousands who live in sight
of it, the Tower of London may speak of both. All through the centuries
it has looked down upon a people who have risen to greatness; upon a
nation which, beginning on an island, has become a benefactor to the
whole world by loving its ancient traditions and recognizing God as
its King. And its records also tell that under the hand of God this
has been done by men who suffered hardships, imprisonment, violent
death, to bear witness of their hope, to strive for the right, to make
their country, according to their light, more worthy of its name, more
conducive to the glory of God, more beneficent to mankind.
INDEX
Adam of Lambourne, 5
Agincourt, Battle of, 29
Albany, Duke of, 28
Albemarle, Duke of, George Monk, 80, 82
Alfred, King, 2
All Hallows Barking, 17, 45, 79
Anne, Queen, 90
Anne Boleyn, 11, 43, 44
Anne of Bohemia, Queen of Richard II, 26, 27
Anne of Cleves, 47
Anselm, Archbishop, 3
Arabella Stuart, 69
Arden, Escape of, 72
Argyll, Duke of, 93
Arthur, Prince of Wales, 40, 41
Arundel, Archbishop, 31
Arundel, Earls of:
Richard Fitzalan, fourth Earl, 27;
Henry Fitzalan, twelfth Earl, 51, 54;
Philip Howard, thirteenth Earl, 62, 64;
Thomas Howard, fourteenth Earl, 74
Askew, Anne, 48
Atterbury, Bishop, 97
Austin Friars, 27, 43
Babington’s Conspiracy, 62
Bacon, Lord, 71
Bailly, Charles, 62
Baliol, John, King of Scotland, 7
Ball, John, 25
Balmerino, Lord, 95
Barton, Elizabeth, the Maid of Kent, 44
Barnet, Battle of, 34
Bayley, John, Historian of the Tower, 7
Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 31, 32, 33
Beaufort, Margaret, Countess of Richmond, 44
Bedford, Duke of, 32
Bekington, Thomas de, 11
Blood, Colonel, 83
Bona, Duchess of Orleans, 30
Boniface, Archbishop, 6
Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London, 48
Bosworth, Battle of, 39
Bourchier, Robert, 9
Brackenbury, Sir Robert, 37
Bretigny, Peace of, 10
Brooke, George, 68, 69
Brouncker, Lord, 12
Bruce, David, King of Scotland, 10
Buckingham, Dukes of:
Henry Stafford, second Duke, 36
Edward Stafford, third Duke, 42, 43
George Villiers, 74
George Villiers II, 83
Burchet, Peter, 63
Burdett, Sir Francis, 97
Burgundy, Duke Philip of, 29, 30
Charles the Bold, 40
Burgundy, Margaret, Duchess of, 40
Burleigh, Lord, 66, 69
Burley, Sir Simon, 26
Burgh, Hubert de, 6
Cade, Jack, 33
Caen, 9
Calais, Siege of, 9
Campion, Father, 63
Catherine of Valois, 29
Cato Street Conspiracy, 98
Caxton, William, 40
Charles I, 10, 74, 77
Charles II, 37, 77, 83, 86
Charles of Blois, 10
Charles VI of France, 29
Charles VIII, 40
Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, 95
Chertsey, Abbot of, 23
Clare, Gilbert de, 6
Clarence, Duke of, 34, 35
Cobham, Lord, Sir John Oldcastle, 30
Cobham, Lord, Henry Brooke, 68, 69
Constable of the Tower, The, 20
Courtenay, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 26
Courtenay, Henry, Marquis of Exeter, 45, 46
Cranfield, Lionel, Earl of Middlesex, 77
Cranmer, Archbishop, 44, 47, 48, 55
Crecy, Battle of, 9, 33
Cromwell, Elizabeth, 80
Cromwell, Oliver, 18, 81
Cromwell, Thomas, 46
Cromarty, Earl of, 9
Culloden, Battle of, 95
Cuffe, Henry, 66, 67
Cumberland, Duke of, 95
Danes, The, 2
Darcy, Sir John, 10
Darnley, Lord, 20, 61
Davison, William, 64
Derwentwater, Earl of, 93
Despensers, The, 79
Dudley, Edmund, 42
Dudley, Lord Guildford, 53, 59
Edward I, 6, 7
Edward II, 7
Edward III, 8, 9
Edward IV, 34, 53
Edward V, 35
Edward VI, 49, 55
Edward, the Black Prince, 9, 26
Edwards, Talbot, 82, 83
Eliot, Sir John, 74, 78
Eleanor of Savoy, Queen of Henry III, 5, 11
Elizabeth, Queen, 43, 47, 52, 58, 59
Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of Edward IV, 35, 36, 53
Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII, 41
Empson, Richard, 42
Essex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, 65, 67
Essex, Countess of, 73
Exeter, Duke of, John Holland, 12
Evesham, Battle of, 6
Eustace de St. Pierre, 9, 10
Fawkes, Guy, 71
Feckenham, John de, Abbot of Westminster, 57, 60
Felton, John, 76
Fenwick, Sir John, 88
Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, 44
Flambard, Ralph, Bishop of Durham, 3, 6
Flamsteed, John, 17
Froissart, 25
Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 54, 60
Gaveston, Piers, 7
Gerard, John, 72
Glendower, Owen, 28
Glynne, Sir John, 80
Gloucester, Dukes of:
Thomas of Woodstock, 26, 27
Humphrey, 32
Richard III, 37, 38
Gondomar, 70
Gordon, Lord George, 96
Grey, Lady Jane, 53, 54, 55, 58
Grey, Lady Catherine, 60
Griffin, son of Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, 6
Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, 2, 3
Hall, Edward, the Historian, 34
Hamilton, James, third Marquis of, 77
Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, 92
Harrison, Colonel, 82
Harvey, Sir George, 70
Hastings, Lord, 36
Helwys, Sir Gervase, 73
Henry I, 3, 4
Henry III, 4, 5, 7, 13, 15, 17
Henry IV, 27, 28, 29, 31
Henry V, 29, 31
Henry VI, 32, 34
Henry VII, 21, 23, 35, 37, 38, 53
Henry VIII, 11, 18, 21, 39, 41-9
Henry, Prince of Wales, 70
Hertford, Earl of, Edward Seymour, 49
Holinshed, 55, 57
Holles, Denzel, 77, 78
Hopton, Sir Ralph, 80
Howard, Lord Thomas, 45, 61
Ireton, General, 80
Isabel of Valois, Queen of Richard II, 29
Isabella, Queen of Edward II, 8
James I, 4, 18, 68, 70, 73
James II, 83, 86
James I of Scotland, 28
James IV of Scotland, 40
Jane Seymour, Queen, 54
Jeanne d’Arc, 32
Jeffreys, Judge, 86, 88
Joan of the Tower, 7
John, King, 4
John II, King of France, 10
John of Eltham, 78
John of Gaunt, 27, 32
John of Vienne, 10
Katharine of Aragon, Queen, 40, 43
Katharine Howard, Queen, 47
Katharine Parr, Queen, 48, 50
Kilmarnock, Earl of, 95
King’s Keys, The, 22
“King’s Quhair,” 29
Lanfranc, Archbishop, 3
Laud, Archbishop, 77, 78
Legge, George, 14
Leicester, Earl of, 66
Lennox, Margaret Countess of, 20, 45, 61
Lenthall, William, 82
Leslie, John, Bishop of Ross, 62
Lewes, Battle of, 6
Lieutenant of the Tower, 21
Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, 4, 13
Londoun, Earl of, 77
Louis VIII of France, 4
Louis XI of France, 35
Louis XII of France, 53
Lovat, Simon Fraser, Lord, 96
Love, Christopher, 81
Major of the Tower, 21
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, 20
Mar, Earl of, John Erskine, 93
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI, 32, 34, 35
Margaret, Countess of Richmond. _See_ Beaufort
Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 40
Marlborough, Duke of, 89, 92
Mary, Queen, 54, 55
Mary, Queen of Scots, 61
Matilda, Wife of King Stephen, 4, 11
Mohun, Lord, 89, 90
Monmouth, Duke of, 85, 86, 87
Montague, Lord, 46
Montfort, Simon de, 6
More, Sir Thomas, 37, 44
Mortimer, Roger de, 8
Neville, Edmund, 64
Nithisdale, Earl of, 93
Norman Conquest, 2
Norfolk, Dukes of:
Thomas Howard, third Duke, 43, 46, 49, 54;
Thomas Howard, fourth Duke, 62
Northampton, Earls of:
William de Bohun, 9
Henry Howard, 62
Northumberland, Duke of, John Dudley, 49, 50, 54
Northumberland, Earls of:
Henry Percy, eighth Earl, 64
Henry Percy, ninth Earl, 71
Oates, Titus, 83
Oldcastle, Sir John. _See_ Cobham, Lord
Orleans, Charles, Duke of, 29
Orleans, Louis, Duke of, 29
Owen, Sir John, 80
Overbury, Sir Thomas, 72
Paul III, 44
Pepys, 82
Perkin Warbeck, 37, 40, 41
Perrot, Sir John, 64
Peter de Roches, Bishop of Winchester, 6
Philip VI of France, 10
Philip, King of Castile, 41
Philip II of Spain, 41
Philippa, Queen of Edward III, 9
Pilgrimage of Grace, 45
Poitiers, Battle of, 10
Pole, Geoffrey, 46
Pole, Reginald, Cardinal, 46
Pym, John 77, 78
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 65, 70
Reynardson, Sir Abraham, 80
Richard I, 4, 13
Richard II, 24-9
Richard III, 37, 38
Rivers, Lord, 35
Robert, Duke of Normandy, 3
Robert III, King of Scotland, 28
Roman Invasion, 1, 2
Russell, Lord William, 85, 86
Rye House Plot, 86
St. Clement Danes, 8
St. Katharine’s by the Tower, Hospital of, 11, 21, 25
Salisbury, Countess of, Margaret Pole, 46
Sancroft, Archbishop, 87
Say, Lord, 33
Segrave, Sir Samuel, 8
Selden, John, 77
Seven Bishops, Trial of the, 87
Seymour, Baron Thomas, 50
Seymour, Lord William, 68
Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl, 83
Shakespeare, 29, 32, 37, 66, 70
Shrewsbury, Battle of, 28, 31
Simnel, Lambert, 39
Simon of Sudbury, 28
Skelton, Bevil, 88
Somerset, Dukes of:
Edward Seymour, 49, 50
William Seymour, 68
Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of, 73
Southampton, Earls of:
Henry Wriothesley, second Earl, 62
Henry Wriothesley, third Earl, 66, 67
Stafford, Viscount of, William Howard, 85
Stafford, Thomas, 59
Stanley, Sir William, 41
Stapledon, Walter, Bishop of Exeter, 8
Starling, John, 25
Stephen, King, 4, 11
Stow, John, the Chronicler, 3, 7, 11, 25
Strafford, Earl of, Thomas Wentworth, 75, 77
Suffolk, Dukes of:
William de la Pole, 33
Charles Brandon, 53
Suffolk, Earl of, Edmund de la Pole, 41, 42
Surrey, Earl of, Henry Howard, 49
Syndercombe, Miles, 81
Talbot, Eleanor, 36
Talbot, Sir Gilbert, 83
Tenchebrai, Battle of, 3
Tewkesbury, Battle of, 35
Thistlewood, Arthur, 98
Throckmorton, Sir John, 64
Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, 65
Tooke, Horne, 97
Torture, Instruments of, 48, 63
Tower of London:
Armoury, 17, 98;
Ballium Wall, 3;
Barbican, 3;
Beauchamp (or Cobham) Tower, 16, 18, 27, 33, 42, 54, 61, 64, 90;
Bell Tower, 16, 18, 42, 54, 72;
Bloody Tower, 11, 16, 18, 74, 78, 79, 90;
Bowyer’s Tower, 16, 35, 98;
Brass Mount, 14;
Brick Tower, 16, 70;
Broad Arrow Tower, 16;
Byward Tower, 14, 98;
Casements, 16;
Constable Tower, 16;
Council Chamber, 17;
Cradle Tower, 14, 72;
Develin Tower, 14;
Devereux (or Robert the Devil) Tower, 16, 19;
Flint Tower, 16;
Great Hall, 43, 99;
Inner Ward, 15, 16, 18;
Jewel House, 3;
Keep, _see_ White Tower;
King’s House, 20, 21, 24;
Lantern Tower, 5, 16, 18;
Little Ease, 16, 65, 71;
Lion Gate, 4;
Lion Tower, 7, 13;
Martin’s Tower, 16, 19;
Menagerie, 4;
Middle Tower, 13, 15, 98;
Moat, 10, 13, 14;
Moat, 13, 14, 15;
North Bastion, 14;
Outer Ward, 14, 15, 16;
Parade, 18, 19;
Privy Garden, 72;
Royal Palace, 18;
St. John’s Chapel, 5, 17, 28, 54, 99;
St. Katharine’s (or Iron) Gate, 11;
St. Peter’s Church, 3, 5, 17, 18, 66, 76;
St. Thomas’ Tower, _see_ Traitors’ Gate;
Salt Tower, 16, 72, 98;
Tower Green, 5, 19, 43;
Traitors’ Gate, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 45, 58, 66;
Wakefield Tower, 16, 18, 34;
Well Tower, 14;
The White Tower, 3, 5, 13, 16, 18, 29, 42, 82, 99;
Tower Hill, 19, 21, 25, 26, 41, 59, 62, 78
Tower Wharf, 5
Towton, Battle of, 34
Tullibardine, Marquis of, 95
Tyler, Wat, 25, 26
Tyrrell, Sir James, 37, 41
United Irishmen, 37
Vane, Sir Harry, 82
Vane, Sir Ralph, 50
Victoria, Queen, 97
Wade, Sir William, 72, 73
Wakefield, Battle of, 23
Wallace, William, 7
Walpole, Horace, 90
Walpole, Sir Robert, 95
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 66
Walworth, Sir William, 25
Warbeck, Perkin, 37, 40, 41
Warwick, Earls of:
Thomas de Beauchamp, 27
Richard de Beauchamp, 32
Richard Neville, 34
Edward, son of Duke of Clarence, 39, 40
John Dudley, afterwards Duke of Northumberland, 51, 59
Wellington, Duke of, 98
Wilkes, John, 96
William I, 2, 17
William II, 3, 18
Wintoun, Earl of, George Seton, 93, 94
Wolsey, Cardinal, 11, 43, 44, 46
Wriothesley, Sir Thomas, 48
Wren, Sir Christopher, 17, 90
Wyatt, Sir Henry, 38, 39
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 55, 58
Wycliffe, John, 25, 31
Wyndham, Sir John, 41
Yeomen of the Guard, 21, 22
York, Third Duke of, Richard, 33, 37
Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.
[Illustration: PLAN OF THE TOWER OF LONDON
(From a Drawing made between 1681 and 1689 by order of L^{d.}
Dartmouth, Maj. Genl. of the Ordnance.)
_A Martin’s Tower_
_B By Ward Tower_
_C Legge Mount_
_D Brass Mount_
_E Develin Tower_
_F Well Tower_
_G Cradle Tower_
_H Traitors’ Gate_
_I Draw Bridge_
_K Bell Tower_
_L Beauchamp Tower_
_M Devereux Tower_
_N Flint Tower_
_O Bowyers Tower_
_P Brick Tower_
_Q Jewell Tower_
_R Constable Tower_
_S Broad Arrow Tower_
_T Salt Tower_
_V Lanthorn Tower_
_W Record Tower_
_X Bloody Tower_
_Y The Chapel_
_Z The Main Courtyard_
_a The White Tower_
_b Lieutenant’s Lodgings_
_c Lower Old Storehouse_
_d Upper Old Storehouse_
_e The Great New Storehouse_
_f Office of the Ordnance_
_g Constable’s Lodging_
_h Mortar Piece Storehouse_
_i Treasury house_
_k Little Storehouse in Cold Harbour_
_l Mint Street_
_m Place for the Lions_
_n Cranes on the Wharfe_
_o Traitors’ Bridge_
_p Banbury Castle_
_q Brewer’s Quay_
_r Waggon house_
]
THE PORTFOLIO MONOGRAPHS, No. 46
_With 4 Illuminations in Colours and Gold,
and 33 other Illustrations.
Sewed, 5s. nett, or in cloth, gilt top, 7s. nett._
THE CATHEDRAL
BUILDERS IN ENGLAND
By EDWARD S. PRIOR, M.A., F.S.A.
_Author of “A History of Gothic Art in England,” etc._
In this volume Mr. Prior treats of the Great
English Mediæval Cathedrals, with special
reference to the men by whom they were designed,
and the craftsmen by whom they were erected. He
thus characterizes the successive periods of
Cathedral building in England:—
1. Norman, Benedictine, “Romanesque.”
2. Angevin, Neomonastic, “Transitional to Gothic.”
3. Insular, Episcopal, “Early English.”
4. Continental, Regal, “The Summit of Gothic.”
5. English, Aristocratic, “Decorated.”
6. After the Black Death: Official, “Perpendicular.”
7. Fifteenth Century: Parochial and Trading, “Perpendicular.”
8. Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries: the Craftsman and the Architect.
9. Nineteenth Century: the Restorer and Revivalist.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
MINIATURES FROM ILLUMINATED MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM,
PRINTED IN COLOURS.
Christ in Glory. From a _Missal_ of the Fourteenth Century.
The Angels with the Seven Vials. From an _Apocalypse_ of the
Fourteenth Century.
Bishop carrying the Sacrament. From a _Lectionary_ of the
Fifteenth Century.
Group of Bishops. From a _Psalter_ of the Fifteenth Century.
OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
Westminster Abbey. Confessor’s Chapel. BOYCE.
Westminster Abbey. N. Ambulatory. NASH.
Canterbury Cathedral, from the S. HOLLAR.
Durham Cathedral, from the River. DANIELL.
Durham Cathedral from the West. COTMAN.
Winchester Cathedral, N. Transept. BLORE.
Norwich Cathedral, Nave. F. MACKENZIE.
Canterbury Cathedral. N. Aisle of Choir. G. CATTERMOLE.
Wells Cathedral, Arches under the Central Tower. GARLAND.
Wells Cathedral, N.W. Tower. J. H. GIBBONS.
Chichester Cathedral, S.E. View. GARLAND.
Southwark Cathedral, Nave. DIBDEN.
Salisbury Cathedral, Small Transept. F. MACKENZIE.
York Minster, from the North, ED. BLORE.
York Minster, North Transept. GARLAND.
Lincoln Cathedral, from the West, DE WINT.
Lincoln Cathedral, the Chancel. GARLAND.
Lincoln Cathedral, from the East. HOLLAR.
Salisbury Cathedral, the Chapter House. F. MACKENZIE.
Salisbury Cathedral, from Cloisters. TURNER.
Exeter Cathedral, from the S.E. S. RAYNER.
Ely Cathedral, the Octagon. GARLAND.
Gloucester Cathedral, Presbytery. J. HAROLD GIBBONS.
Gloucester Cathedral, Cloisters. GARLAND.
York Minster, East End. F. MACKENZIE.
Winchester Cathedral, West Front. GARLAND.
York Minster, Choir. F. MACKENZIE.
Sherborne Minster. CONSTABLE.
St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, from S. HOLLAR.
St. George’s Chapel, Windsor. Interior of Choir. HOLLAR.
St. Paul’s Cathedral, West Front. T. MALTON.
St. Paul’s Cathedral, Interior of Choir. R. TREVITT.
Truro Cathedral, from the South-East.
“It is satisfactory to find the subject
approached after a masterly and in many
respects an original fashion. This book is
brightened by various able reproductions of
some of the best old engravings of England’s
minsters.”—_Athenæum._
“To not a few every page will be a delight.”—_Church Times._
LONDON: SEELEY & CO., LIMITED, 38 GREAT RUSSELL STREET.
_Extra Crown 8vo, with 33 Illustrations,
and a photogravure vignette,
in cloth, gilt top, 7s. 6d. nett._
DISCOURSES
DELIVERED TO
Students of the Royal Academy
BY
SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS, KT.
With a General Introduction and Special Introduction to each
Discourse, and Notes by
ROGER E. FRY
Author of _Giovanni Bellini_, etc., etc.
Of the value of Reynolds’ Discourses to art-students
of the present day, Professor Clausen said, in one
of his lectures delivered at the Royal Academy in
1904: “There is no book that an artist can read so
illuminating and helpful as Sir Joshua Reynolds’
Discourses.... These admirable Discourses give with the
utmost candour and clearness, with entire freedom from
the sentimentality and gush which mars so much that is
written on artistic subjects, the ripe conclusions of
a great artist. We see the perfect workman—the master
craftsman, if I may say so—putting his methods before
us and laying bare his mind to us.”
The illustrations for the edition now presented have
been selected with much thought and care by Mr. Roger
Fry, who has also endeavoured in his Introductions and
Notes to bring to bear on the subject the results of
modern criticism and research.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS. Design. Photogravure on Title Page.
SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS. Cymon and Iphigenia.
ANNIBALE CARACCI. Youth Pouring a Libation.
LUDOVICO CARRACCI. Virgin and Child between St. Frances
and St. Jerome.
LORENZO BERNINI. David.
LE SUEUR. Descent from the Cross.
TINTORETTO. The Last Supper.
PAOLO VERONESE. The Marriage of St. Catherine.
CLAUDE. The Enchanted Castle.
CORREGGIO. St. Thomas and St. James the Less.
GUIDO RENI. Pietà.
SALVATOR ROSA. Cain and Abel.
NICOLAS POUSSIN. Memoria della Morte.
RAPHAEL. The Crucifixion.
GUERCINO. St. Bruno’s Vision.
CARAVAGGIO. Entombment.
BAROCCIO. Holy Family.
GUIDO RENI. Samson Drinking from the Jawbone of an Ass.
TINTORETTO. The Road to Calvary.
JACOPO BASSANO. Il Riposo.
ANNIBALE CARACCI. The Flight into Egypt.
RUBENS. Landscape in Moonlight.
REMBRANDT. Man in Armour.
PARMEGIANINO. Madonna del Collo lungo.
FILIPPINO LIPPI. St. Paul Visiting St. Peter in Prison.
RAPHAEL. Part of the Cartoon of St. Paul Preaching
at Athens.
TITIAN. St. Sebastian.
TITIAN. Detail from the Bacchus and Ariadne.
CORREGGIO. Drawing for La Notte.
RUBENS. Altar of St. Augustine’s, Antwerp.
SALVATOR ROSA. Landscape.
SEBASTIAN BOURDON. Return of the Ark.
PELLEGRINO TIBALDI. Composition.
MICHEL ANGELO. Study for a Crucifixion.
“No reprint could be welcomer.”—_Pall Mall
Gazette._
“Rendered of great value by the critical
introductions.... The interest of the plates
is further considerably enhanced by Mr.
Fry’s brief appreciation of the various
articles.”—_Athenæum._
LONDON: SEELEY & CO., LIMITED, 38 GREAT RUSSELL STREET.
_In large 4to, price Five Guineas net, in cloth_
_THE_
ETCHINGS
OF
REMBRANDT
_BY_
P. G. HAMERTON
_WITH FIFTY FACSIMILES IN PHOTOGRAVURE_
_and_
_AN ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF REMBRANDT’S ETCHINGS_
_by_
CAMPBELL DODGSON
_Of the Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum._
“I have been studying,” said Mr. Hamerton in 1894,
“the works of Rembrandt’s immediate predecessors and
contemporaries in etching, with a view to understand
his relative position more accurately. The result
has only been to deepen my sense of the master’s
incomparable greatness, of his sterling originality,
and especially of that wonderful quality in him by
which he does not belong to the seventeenth century,
but quite as much to the closing years of the
nineteenth. In like manner, when it comes, he will be
at home in the twentieth century, and in many another
after it.”
Much has been done, since those words were written,
to spread the great etcher’s fame through the many
reproductions of his plates that have been published.
The art of reproduction, however, is a very modern one,
and has only recently attained perfection. The plates
here offered have been pronounced by experts to be
superior to any hitherto produced.
The selection has been made with the view of showing
Rembrandt’s work in its rich variety, and it includes
several of his most important and largest subjects.
Mr. Hamerton was specially qualified to write on
the subject from his intimate practical knowledge of
the technicalities of etching. His valuable essay was
highly appreciated at the time of its appearance; and
Mr. Campbell Dodgson has now added to it a complete
annotated catalogue of all Rembrandt’s etchings,
embodying the latest conclusions of the best critics.
The edition is limited to 250 copies, of which only
225 are for sale. Each copy will be numbered.
LIST OF THE FIFTY PLATES
1 REMBRANDT’S MOTHER, HEAD AND BUST
2 REMBRANDT’S MOTHER SEATED AT A TABLE
3 THE RAT KILLER
4 THE (LARGE) RAISING OF LAZARUS
5 ANGEL APPEARING TO THE SHEPHERDS
6 REMBRANDT WITH RAISED SABRE
7 JAN UYTENBOGAERT
8 REMBRANDT AND HIS WIFE SASKIA
9 BEARDED MAN WEARING A VELVET CAP WITH A JEWEL CLASP
10 YOUNG MAN IN VELVET CAP
11 THREE HEADS OF WOMEN
12 STUDY OF SASKIA AS ST. CATHERINE. “THE LITTLE JEWISH BRIDE”
13 JOSEPH TELLING HIS DREAMS
14 DEATH APPEARING TO A WEDDED COUPLE
15 UYTENBOGAERT, RECEIVER GENERAL. “THE GOLDWEIGHER”
16 REMBRANDT, RICHLY DRESSED, LEANING ON A STONE SILL
17 OLD MAN WITH A DIVIDED FUR CAP
18 VIEW OF AMSTERDAM
19 CORNELIS CLAESZ ANSLO, PREACHER
20 THE ANGEL DEPARTING FROM THE FAMILY OF TOBIAS
21 LANDSCAPE WITH WINDMILL
22 READING WOMAN IN SPECTACLES
23 MAN IN AN ARBOUR
24 COTTAGE WITH A WHITE PALING
25 THE HOG
26 THE THREE TREES
27 CHRIST CARRIED TO THE TOMB
28 ABRAHAM AND ISAAC
29 SIX’S BRIDGE
30 VIEW OF OMVAL
31 EPHRAIM BONUS, JEWISH PHYSICIAN
32 JAN SIX, BURGOMASTER OF AMSTERDAM
33 BEGGARS AT THE DOOR OF A HOUSE
34 CHRIST HEALING THE SICK. “THE HUNDRED GUILDER PRINT”
35 LANDSCAPE WITH A SQUARE TOWER
36 LANDSCAPE WITH THREE GABLED COTTAGES
37 THE BLINDNESS OF TOBIT
38 THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT. A NIGHT PIECE
39 CLEMENT DE JONGHE, PRINTSELLER AND ARTIST
40 CHRIST PREACHING
41 DR. FAUSTUS IN HIS STUDY WATCHING A MAGIC DISC
42 TITUS, REMBRANDT’S SON
43 PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE, IN THE DARK MANNER
44 CHRIST TAKEN DOWN FROM THE CROSS, BY TORCHLIGHT
45 CHRIST AT EMMAUS
46 ABRAHAM’S SACRIFICE
47 THOMAS JACOBSZ HAARING, AUCTIONEER. “THE YOUNG HAARING”
48 PORTRAIT OF ARNOLD THOLINX
49 JAN LUTMA (THE ELDER), GOLDSMITH AND SCULPTOR
50 THE PHŒNIX, OR THE STATUE OVERTHROWN. “LE TOMBEAU ALLEGORIQUE”
LONDON: SEELEY & CO., LIMITED, 38 GREAT RUSSELL STREET.