THE NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE
1. _Districts_
~The Province.~--The N. W. F. Province consists of five British
districts, Dera Ismail Khán, Bannu, Kohát, Pesháwar, and Hazára with a
total area of 13,193 square miles, of which rather less than one-third
is cultivated. Of the cultivated area 70 p.c. depends solely on the
rainfall. In addition the Chief Commissioner as Agent to the Governor
General controls beyond the administrative boundary territory occupied
by independent tribes, which covers approximately an area of 25,500
square miles. In 1911 the population of British districts was 2,196,933
and that of tribal territory is estimated to exceed 1,600,000. In the
districts 93 persons in every hundred profess the creed of Islam and
over 38 p.c. are Patháns.
[Sidenote: Area, 3780 sq. m.
Cultd area,
851 sq. m.
Pop. 256,120.
Land Rev.
Rs. 306,240
= £20,416.]
~Dera Ismail Khán~ lies to the north of Dera Gházi Khán and is very
similar to it in its physical features. It is divided into the three
_tahsíls_ of Tánk, Dera Ismail Khán, and Kuláchi. It has a long river
frontage on the west, and is bounded on the east by the Sulimán Range.
The Kachchhí of Dera Ismail Khán corresponds to the Sindh of Dera Gházi
Khán, but is much narrower and is not served by inundation canals,
except in the extreme north, where the Pahárpur Canal has recently been
dug. It depends on floods and wells. The Dáman or "Skirt" of the hills
is like the Pachádh of Dera Ghází Khán a broad expanse of strong clayey
loam or _pat_ seamed by torrents and cultivated by means of dams and
embanked fields. The climate is intensely hot in summer, and the average
rainfall only amounts to ten inches. Between one-fourth and one-fifth of
the area is cultivated. The Pachádh is a camel-breeding tract.
[Illustration: Fig. 126. Sir Harold Deane.]
[Illustration: Fig. 127. NORTH-WEST FRONTIER-PROVINCE]
[Illustration: Fig. 128. Map of Dera Ismail Khán with trans-border
territory of Largha Sheránis and Ustaránas.]
Patháns predominate in the Dáman and Jats in the Kachchhí. The
Bhittannís in the north of the district are an interesting little tribe.
The hill section lies outside our administrative border, but like the
Lárgha Sheránís in the south are under the political control of the
Deputy Commissioner. A good metalled road, on which there is a _tonga_
service, runs northwards from Dera Ismail Khán to Bannu.
[Sidenote: Area, 1641 sq. m.
Cultd area,
818 sq. m.
Pop. 250,086.
Land Rev.
Rs. 304,004
= £20,267.]
[Illustration: Fig. 129.]
~Bannu.~--The small Bannu district occupies a basin surrounded by hills
and drained by the Kurram and its affluent, the Tochí. It is cut off
from the Indus by the Isakhel _tahsíl_ of Mianwálí and by a horn of the
Dera Ismail Khán district. Bannu is now connected with Kálabágh in
Mianwálí by a narrow gauge railway. An extension of this line from Laki
to Tánk in the Dera Ismail Khán district has been sanctioned. There are
two _tahsíls_, Bannu and Marwat. The cultivated area is about one-half
of the total area. About 30 p.c. of the cultivation is protected by
irrigation from small canals taking out of the streams. Most of the
irrigation is in the Bannu _tahsíl_. The greater part of Marwat is a dry
sandy tract yielding in favourable seasons large crops of gram. But the
harvests on unirrigated land are precarious, for the annual rainfall is
only about 12 inches. The irrigated land in Bannu is heavily manured and
is often double-cropped. Wheat accounts for nearly half of the whole
crops of the district. The Marwats are a frank manly race of good
physique. The Bannúchís are hard-working, but centuries of plodding toil
on a wet soil has spoiled their bodily development, and had its share in
imparting to their character qualities the reverse of admirable. The
Deputy Commissioner has also political charge of some 17,884 tribesmen
living across the border. There are good metalled roads to Dera Ismail
Khán and Kohát, and also one on the Tochí route.
[Sidenote: Area, 2973 sq. m.
Cultd area,
512 sq. m.
Pop. 222,690.
Land Rev.
Rs. 275,462
= £18,364.]
~Kohát~ is a large district, but most of it is unfit for tillage and
only one-sixth is actually cultivated. The chief crops are wheat, 44,
and _bájra_, 26 p.c. The district stretches east and west for 100 miles
from Khushálgarh on the Indus to Thal at the mouth of the Kurram valley.
The two places are now connected by a railway which passes through the
district headquarters at Kohát close to the northern border. There are
three _tahsíls_, Kohát, Hangu, and Terí, the last a wild tract of bare
hills and ravines occupying the south of the district and covering more
than half its area. Two small streams, the Kohát Toi and the Terí Toi,
drain into the Indus. The rainfall is fair, but very capricious. The
cold weather lasts long and the chill winds that blow during part of it
are very trying. The chief tribes are the Bangash Patháns of Hangu and
the Khattak Patháns of Terí. The Khán of Terí is head of the Khattaks, a
manly race which sends many soldiers to our army. He enjoys the revenue
of the _tahsíl_ subject to a quit rent of Rs. 20,000.
~Hangu~ contains in Upper and Lower Miranzai the most fertile land in
the district, but the culturable area of the _tahsíl_ is small and only
one-tenth of it is under the plough. Perennial streams run through the
Miranzai valleys, and the neighbouring hills support large flocks of
sheep and goats. Kohát contains a number of salt quarries, the most
important being at Bahádur Khel near the Bannu border. The Thal
subdivision consisting of the Hangu _tahsíl_ is in charge of an
Assistant Commissioner who manages our political relations with
transfrontier tribes living west of Fort Lockhart on the Samána Range.
The Deputy Commissioner is in direct charge of the Pass Afrídís and the
Jowákís and Orakzais in the neighbourhood of Kohát. He and his Assistant
between them look after our relations with 144,000 trans-border Patháns.
The Samána Rifles, one of the useful irregular corps which keep the
peace of the Borderland, have their headquarters at Hangu.
[Illustration: Fig. 130.]
[Illustration: Fig. 131.]
[Sidenote: Area, 2611 sq. m.
Cultd area,
1398 sq. m.
Pop. 865,000
Land Rev
Rs. 11,37,504
= £75,834.]
~Pesháwar~ is a large basin encircled by hills. The gorge of the Indus
separates it from Attock and Hazára. The basin is drained by the Kábul
river, whose chief affluents in Pesháwar are the Swát and the Bára. The
district is divided into the five _tahsíls_ of Pesháwar, Charsadda,
Naushahra, Mardán, and Swábí. The last two form the Mardán subdivision.
Nearly 40 p.c. of the cultivation is protected by irrigation mainly from
canals large and small. The most important are the Lower Swát, the Kábul
River, and the Bára River, Canals. The irrigated area will soon be much
increased by the opening of the Upper Swát Canal. The cold weather
climate is on the whole pleasant, though too severe in December and
January. The three months from August to October are a very unhealthy
time. The soil except in the stony lands near the hills is a fertile
loam. The cold weather rainfall is good, and the Spring harvest is by
far the more important of the two. Wheat is the chief crop. Half of the
people are Patháns, the rest are known generically as Hindkís. The
principal Hindkí tribe is that of the Awáns. Besides managing his own
people the Deputy Commissioner has to supervise our relations with
240,000 independent tribesmen across the border. The Assistant
Commissioner at Mardán, where the Corps of Guides is stationed, is in
charge of our dealings with the men of Buner and the Yúsafzai border.
The N.W. Railway runs past the city of Pesháwar to Jamrúd, and there is
a branch line from Naushahra to Dargai at the foot of the Malakand Pass.
[Sidenote: Area, 2858 sq. m.
Cultd area,
673 sq. m.
Pop. 603,028.
Land Rev.
Rs. 512,897
= £34,193.]
[Illustration: Fig. 132.]
~Hazára~ is a typical montane and submontane district with a copious
rainfall and a good climate. It has every kind of cultivation from
narrow terraced _kalsí_ fields built laboriously up steep mountain
slopes to very rich lands watered by canal cuts from the Dor or Haro.
Hazára is divided into three _tahsíls_, Haripur, Abbottábád, and
Mansehra. Between a fourth and a fifth of this area is culturable and
cultivated. In this crowded district the words are synonymous. The above
figure does not include the 204 square miles of Feudal Tanáwal. The
rainfall is copious and the crops generally speaking secure. The
principal are maize 42 and wheat 25 p.c. Hazára was part of the
territory made over to Rája Guláb Singh in 1846, but he handed it back
in exchange for some districts near Jammu. The maintenance of British
authority in Hazára in face of great odds by the Deputy Commissioner,
Captain James Abbott, during the Second Sikh War is a bright page in
Panjáb history, honourable alike to himself and his faithful local
allies. The population is as mixed as the soils. Patháns are numerous,
but they are split up into small tribes. The Swátís of Mansehra are the
most important section. After Patháns Gújars and Awáns are the chief
tribes. The Gakkhars, though few in number, hold much land and a
dominant position in the Khánpur tract on the Ráwalpindí border. The
Deputy Commissioner is also responsible for our relations with 98,000
trans-border tribesmen. The district is a wedge interposed between
Kashmír on the east and Pesháwar and the tribal territory north of
Pesháwar on the west. The Indus becomes the border about eight miles to
the north of Amb, and the district consists mainly of the areas drained
by its tributaries the Unhár, Siran, Dor, and Haro. On the eastern side
the Jhelam is the boundary with Kashmir from Kohála to a point below
Domel, where the Kunhár meets it. Thence the Kunhár is the boundary to
near Garhí Habíbullah. To the south of Garhí the watershed of the Kunhár
and Jhelam is close to these rivers and the country is very rough and
poor. West of Garhí it is represented by the chain which separates the
Kunhár and Siran Valleys and ends on the frontier at Musa ká Musalla
(13,378 feet). This chain includes one peak over 17,000 feet, Málí ká
Parvat, which is the highest in the district. The Kunhár rises at the
top of the Kágan Glen, where it has a course of about 100 miles to
Bálakot. Here the glen ends, for the fall between Bálakot and Garhí
Habíbullah is comparatively small. There is a good mule road from Garhí
Habíbullah to the Bábusar Pass at the top of the Kágan Glen, and beyond
it to Chilás. There are rest-houses, some very small, at each stage from
Bálakot to Chilás. The Kágan is a beautiful mountain glen. At places the
narrow road looks sheer down on the river hundreds of feet below,
rushing through a narrow gorge with the logs from the _deodár_ forests
tossing on the surface, and the sensation, it must be confessed, is not
wholly pleasant. But again it passes close to some quiet pretty stretch
of this same Kunhár. There are side glens, one of which opposite Naran
contains the beautiful Safarmulk Lake. Near the top of the main glen the
Lulusar Lake at a height of 11,167 feet and with an average depth of 150
feet is passed on the left. In the lower part of the glen much maize is
grown. As one ascends almost the last crop to be seen is a coarse barley
sown in June and reaped in August. Where the trees and the crops end the
rich grass pastures begin. Kágan covers between one-third and
one-fourth of the whole district. The Siran flows through the beautiful
Bhogarmang Glen, at the foot of which it receives from the west the
drainage of the Konsh Glen. Forcing its way through the rough Tanáwal
hills, it leaves Feudal Tanáwal and Badhnak on its right, and finally
after its junction with the Dor flows round the north of the Gandgarh
Range and joins the Indus below Torbela. The bare Gandgarh Hills run
south from Torbela parallel with the Indus. The Dor rises in the hills
to the south of Abbottábád and drains the Haripur plain. A range of
rough hills divides the Dor valley from that of the Haro, which again is
separated from Ráwalpindí by the Khánpur Range. To the west of the Siran
the Unhár flows through Agror and Feudal Tanáwal, and joins the Indus a
little above Amb. Irrigation cuts are taken from all these streams, and
the irrigated cultivation is often of a very high character. The best
cultivation of the district is in the Haripur plain and the much smaller
Orash and Pakhlí plains and in the Haro valley. There is much
unirrigated cultivation in the first, and it is generally secure except
in the dry tract in the south-west traversed by the new railway from
Sarai Kála. The little Orash plain below Abbottábád is famous for its
maize and the Pakhlí plain for its rice.
Feudal Tanáwal is a very rough hilly country between the Siran on the
east and the Black Mountain and the river Indus on the west. It is the
appanage of the Kháns of Amb and Phulra.
North of Feudal Tanáwal is Agror. In 1891 the rights of the last Khán
were declared forfeit for abetment of raids by trans-bordermen.
There are fine forests in Hazára, but unfortunately the _deodár_ is
confined to the Kágan Glen and the Upper Siran. Nathiagalí, the summer
headquarters of the Chief Commissioner, is in the Dungagalí Range. The
Serai Kála-Srínagar railway will run through Hazára. There is a good
mule road from Murree to Abbottábád through the Galís.
2. _Tribal Territory_
[Illustration: Fig. 133. Sir George Roos Keppel.]
Feudal Tanáwal mentioned above occupies the southern corner of the tract
of independent tribal territory lying between the Hazára border and the
Indus. North of Tanáwal on the left bank of the river a long narrow
chain known as the Black Mountain rises in its highest peaks to a height
of nearly 10,000 feet. The western slopes are occupied by Hasanzais,
Akazais, and Chagarzais, who are Patháns belonging to the great
Yúsafzai clan, and these three sections also own lands on the right bank
of the Indus. They have been very troublesome neighbours to the British
Government. The eastern slopes of the Black Mountain are occupied by
Saiyyids and Swátís, and the latter also hold the glens lying further
north, the chief of which is Allai.
[Illustration: Fig. 134.]
The mountainous tract on the Pesháwar border lying to the west of
Tanáwal and the territory of the Black Mountain tribes formed part of
the ancient Udyána, and its archaeological remains are of much interest.
It is drained by the Barandu, a tributary of the Indus. Its people are
mainly Yúsafzai Patháns, the principal section being the Bunerwáls.
These last bear a good character for honesty and courage, but are slaves
to the teachings of their _mullas_. The Yúsafzais have been bad
neighbours. The origin of the trouble is of old standing, dating back to
the welcome given by the tribesmen in 1824 to a band of Hindústání
fanatics, whose leader was Saiyyid Ahmad Sháh of Bareilly. Their
headquarters, first at Sitána and afterwards at Malka, became Caves of
Adullam for political refugees and escaped criminals, and their
favourite pastime was the kidnapping of Hindu shopkeepers. In 1863 a
strong punitive expedition under Sir Neville Chamberlain suffered heavy
losses before it succeeded in occupying the Ambela Pass. The door being
forced the Yúsafzais themselves destroyed Malka as a pledge of their
submission. Our political relations with the Yúsafzais are managed by
the Assistant Commissioner at Mardán.
The rest of the tribal territory between the Pesháwar district and the
Hindu Kush is included in the Dír, Swát, and Chitrál political agency.
It is a region of mountains and valleys drained by the Swát, Panjkora,
and Chitrál or Yárkhun rivers, all three affluents of the Kábul river.
Six tracts are included in the Agency.
(_a_) ~Swát.~--A railway now runs from Naushahra in the Pesháwar district
to Dargai, which lies at the foot of the Malakand, a little beyond our
administrative boundary. An old Buddhist road crosses the pass and
descends on the far side into Swát. We have a military post at Chakdarra
on the Swát river, and a military road passing through Dír connects
Chakdarra with Kila Drosh in Chitrál. Most of the Swátís, who are
Yúsafzais of the Akozai section, occupy a rich valley above 70 miles in
length watered by the Swát river above its junction with the Panjkora.
Rice is extensively grown, and a malarious environment has affected the
physique and the character of the people. The Swátí is priest-ridden and
treacherous. Even his courage has been denied, probably unjustly. Swátí
fanaticism has been a source of much trouble on the Pesháwar border. The
last serious outbreak was in 1897, when a determined, but unsuccessful,
attack was made on our posts at Chakdarra and the Malakand Pass. The
Swátís are Yúsafzai Patháns of the Akozai clan, and are divided into
five sections, one of which is known as Ránízai.
(_b_) ~Sam Ránízai.~--A small tract between the Pesháwar border and the
hills is occupied by the Sam Ránízais, who were formerly servants and
tenants of the Ránízais, but are now independent.
(_c_) ~Utmán Khel.~--The country of the Utmán Khels begins where the
Pesháwar boundary turns to the south. This tribe occupies the tract on
both sides of the Swát river to the west of Swát and Sam Ránízai. On the
south-west the Swát river divides the Utmán Khels from the Mohmands.
Their country is very barren, but a good many of them cultivate land in
the Pesháwar district. The Utmán Khels are quite independent of the
surrounding tribes and have been troublesome neighbours to ourselves.
(_d_) ~Bajaur.~--Bajaur is a very mountainous tract lying to the
north-west of the Utmán Khel country and between it and the Durand line.
It includes four valleys, through which flow the Rud river and its
affluents with the exception of that known as Jandol. The valley of the
last is now included in Dír. The Rud, also known as the Bajaur, is a
tributary of the Panjkora. The people consist mainly of Mamunds and
other sections of the Tarkanrí clan, which is related to the Yúsafzais.
They own a very nominal allegiance to the Khán of Nawagai, who is
recognised as the hereditary head of the Tarkanrís. They manage their
affairs in quasi-republican fashion through a council consisting of the
particular party which for the time being has got the upper hand.
(_e_) ~Dír.~--Dír is the mountainous country drained by the Panjkora and
its tributaries, to the north of its junction with the Rud river in
Bajaur. It is separated from Chitrál by the Uchiri Range, which forms
the watershed of the Panjkora and Kunar rivers. The military road to
Kila Drosh crosses this chain by the Lowari Pass at a height of 10,200
feet. The people of Dír are mostly Yúsafzais, relations of the Swátís,
whom they much resemble in character. They pay one-tenth of their
produce to their overlord, the Khán of Dír, when he is strong enough to
take it. The higher parts of the country have a good climate and contain
fine _deodár_ forests. The Khán derives much of his income from the
export of timber, which is floated down the Panjkora and Swát rivers.
(_f_) ~Chitrál.~--The Pathán country ends at the Lowari Pass. Beyond,
right up to the main axis of the Hindu Kush, is Chitrál. It comprises
the basin of the Yárkhun or Chitrál river from its distant source in the
Shawar Shur glacier to Arnawai, where it receives from the west the
waters of the Bashgul, and is thenceforth known as the Kunar. Its
western boundary is the Durand line, which follows a lofty chain
sometimes called the Káfiristán range. Another great spur of the Hindu
Kush known as the Shandur range divides Chitrál on the east from the
basin of the Yasín river and the territories included in the Gilgit
Agency (see Chapter XXVIII). Chitrál is a fine country with a few
fertile valleys, good forests below 11,000 feet, and splendid, if
desolate, mountains in the higher ranges. The Chitrálís are a quiet
pleasure-loving people, fond of children and of dancing, hawking, and
polo. They are no cowards and no fanatics, but have little regard for
truth or good faith. The common language is Khowár (see page 112). The
chief, known as the Mehtar, has his headquarters at Chitrál, a large
village on the river of the same name. It is dominated at a distance by
the great snow peak of Tirach Mír (see page 22). The British garrison is
stationed at Kila Drosh on the river bank about halfway between Chitrál
and the Lowari Pass[16].
[Illustration: Fig. 135.]
~Mohmands and Mallagorís.~--South of the Utmán Khel country and north of
the Khaibar are the rugged and barren hills held by that part of the
Mohmand tribe which lives inside the Durand line. The clan can muster
about 20,000 fighting men and is as convenient a neighbour as a nest of
hornets. The southern edge of the tract, where it abuts on the Khaibar,
is held by the little Mallagorí tribe, which is independent of the
Mohmands. Their country is important strategically because a route
passes through it by which the Khaibar can be outflanked. It is included
in the charge of the Political Agent for the Khaibar.
~Afrídís.~--The pass and the tract lying to the south of it including the
Bazár valley and part of Tirah are the home of the six sections of the
Pass Afrídís, the most important being the Zakha Khel, whose winter home
is in the Khaibar and the Bazár valley, a barren glen hemmed in by
barren hills, the entrance to which is not far from Ali Masjid. Its
elevation is 3000 to 4000 feet. The valleys in Tirah proper, where the
Pass Afrídís for the most part spend the summer, are two or three
thousand feet higher. When the snow melts there is excellent pasturage.
The climate is pleasant in summer, but bitterly cold in winter. The Bára
river with its affluents drains the glens of Tirah. The Aka Khel
Afrídís, who have no share in the Pass allowances, own a good dear of
land in the lower Bára valley and winter in the adjoining hills. The
fighting strength of the above seven sections may be put at 21,000. When
they have been able to unite they have shown themselves formidable
enemies, for they are a strong and manly race, and they inhabit a very
difficult country[17]. But the Afrídí clan is torn by dissensions. Blood
feuds divide house from house, and the sections are constantly at feud
one with another. Apart from other causes of quarrel there is the
standing division into two great factions, Gar and Samil, which prevails
among Afrídís and Orakzais. Afrídís enlist freely in our regiments and
in the Khaibar Rifles, and have proved themselves excellent soldiers.
The eighth section of the Afrídís, the Adam Khel, who hold the Kohát
Pass and the adjoining hills, have very little connection with the rest
of the clan. The Jowákís, against whom an expedition had to be sent in
the cold weather of 1877-78, are a sub-section of the Adam Khel.
[Illustration: Fig. 136. Khaibar Rifles.]
~Orakzais, Chamkannís, and Zaimukhts.~--The Orakzais, who in numbers are
even stronger than the Pass and Aka Khel Afrídís, occupy the south of
Tirah, the Samáná Range on the border of Kohát, and the valley of the
Khánkí river. The tribal territory extends westwards as far as the
Khurmana, a tributary of the Kurram. The Orakzais do some trade and Sikh
_banias_ and artizans are to be found in some of their villages. The
clan is honey-combed with feuds. North-west of the Orakzais beyond the
Khurmana are the Chamkannís, and on the south is a small tribe of
vigorous mountaineers called Zaimukhts. One of these Zaimukhts, Sarwar
Khán, nicknamed Chikai, was a notorious frontier robber, and a person of
considerable importance on the border till his death in 1903.
~The Kurram Valley.~--The Kurram Valley, which is drained by the Kurram
river and its affluents, lies to the south of the lofty Safed Koh range,
and reaches from Thal in Kohát to the Peiwar Kotal on the borders of
Afghán Khost. It has an area of nearly 1300 square miles and in 1911 the
population was estimated at 60,941 souls. Though under British
administration, it does not form a part of any British district. The
people are Patháns of various clans, the predominant element being the
Turís, who are Shias by religion and probably of Turkish origin. It was
at their request that the valley was annexed in 1892. The political
agent has his headquarters at Parachinár in Upper Kurram, which is
divided from Lower Kurram by a spur of the Khost hills, through which
the river has cut a passage. Such part of the Indian penal law as is
suitable has been introduced, and civil rights are governed by the
customary law of the Turís. A complete record of rights in land and
water has been framed, and the land revenue demand is 88,000 rupees
(£5889). Upper Kurram is a wide and fertile valley set in a frame of
pine-clad hills. It is not fully cultivated, but has great
possibilities, especially in the matter of fruit growing. The snowfall
is heavy in winter, but the summer climate is excellent. Lower Kurram is
a poor and narrow glen unpleasantly hot and cold according to the season
of the year. Parachinár is connected with the railhead at Thal by a
good _tonga_ road.
~Wazíristán.~--The country of the Darwesh Khel and Mahsud Wazírs extends
from the Kurram valley to the Gomal river. It is divided into the North
Wazíristán (2300 square miles) and the South Wazíristán (2700 square
miles) Agencies. North Wazíristán consists of four valleys and some
barren plateaux. The principal valley is that of Daur (700 square miles)
drained by the Tochí. In 1894 the Dauris sought refuge from Darwesh Khel
inroads by asking for British administration. In the eyes of the Darwesh
Khel they are a race of clodhoppers. Their sole virtue consists in
patient spade industry in the stiff rich soil of their valley, their
vices are gross, and their fanaticism is extreme. The political agent's
headquarters are at Miram Shah. South Wazíristán is the home of the
troublesome Mahsuds, who can muster 11,000 fighting men. But parts of
the country, e.g. the Wána plain, are held by the Darwesh Khel. Much of
South Wazíristán consists of bare hills and valleys and stony plains
scored with torrents, which are dry most of the year. The streams are
salt. Part of the hinterland is however a more inviting tract with
grassy uplands and hills clad with oak, pine, and _deodár_. Wána, where
the political agent has his headquarters, was occupied on the invitation
of the Darwesh Khel in 1894.
~Sheránís.~--The Sherání country stretches along the Dera Ismail Khán
border from the Gomal to the Vihoa torrent. The Lárgha or lower part has
been under direct administration since 1899, the Upper part belongs to
the Biluchistán Agency.
~Tribal Militias.~--In the greater part of India beyond the border there
is no British administration. Respect for our authority and the peace of
the roads are upheld, and raiding on British territory is restrained,
by irregular forces raised from among the tribesmen. There are Hunza and
Nagar levies, Chitrál and Dír levies, Khaibar Rifles, Samána Rifles, and
Kurram, North Wazíristán, and South Wazíristán militias.
[Illustration: Fig. 137. North Wazíristán Militia and Border Post.]
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 16: For recent history see page 196.]
[Footnote 17: See page 196.]