ENGLAND UNDER HENRY THE SEVENTH
King Henry the Seventh did not turn out to be as fine a fellow as the
nobility and people hoped, in the first joy of their deliverance from
Richard the Third. He was very cold, crafty, and calculating, and would
do almost anything for money. He possessed considerable ability, but
his chief merit appears to have been that he was not cruel when there
was nothing to be got by it.
The new King had promised the nobles who had espoused his cause that he
would marry the Princess Elizabeth. The first thing he did, was, to
direct her to be removed from the castle of Sheriff Hutton in
Yorkshire, where Richard had placed her, and restored to the care of
her mother in London. The young Earl of Warwick, Edward Plantagenet,
son and heir of the late Duke of Clarence, had been kept a prisoner in
the same old Yorkshire Castle with her. This boy, who was now fifteen,
the new King placed in the Tower for safety. Then he came to London in
great state, and gratified the people with a fine procession; on which
kind of show he often very much relied for keeping them in good humour.
The sports and feasts which took place were followed by a terrible
fever, called the Sweating Sickness; of which great numbers of people
died. Lord Mayors and Aldermen are thought to have suffered most from
it; whether, because they were in the habit of over-eating themselves,
or because they were very jealous of preserving filth and nuisances in
the City (as they have been since), I don’t know.
The King’s coronation was postponed on account of the general
ill-health, and he afterwards deferred his marriage, as if he were not
very anxious that it should take place: and, even after that, deferred
the Queen’s coronation so long that he gave offence to the York party.
However, he set these things right in the end, by hanging some men and
seizing on the rich possessions of others; by granting more popular
pardons to the followers of the late King than could, at first, be got
from him; and, by employing about his Court, some very scrupulous
persons who had been employed in the previous reign.
As this reign was principally remarkable for two very curious
impostures which have become famous in history, we will make those two
stories its principal feature.
There was a priest at Oxford of the name of Simons, who had for a pupil
a handsome boy named Lambert Simnel, the son of a baker. Partly to
gratify his own ambitious ends, and partly to carry out the designs of
a secret party formed against the King, this priest declared that his
pupil, the boy, was no other than the young Earl of Warwick; who (as
everybody might have known) was safely locked up in the Tower of
London. The priest and the boy went over to Ireland; and, at Dublin,
enlisted in their cause all ranks of the people: who seem to have been
generous enough, but exceedingly irrational. The Earl of Kildare, the
governor of Ireland, declared that he believed the boy to be what the
priest represented; and the boy, who had been well tutored by the
priest, told them such things of his childhood, and gave them so many
descriptions of the Royal Family, that they were perpetually shouting
and hurrahing, and drinking his health, and making all kinds of noisy
and thirsty demonstrations, to express their belief in him. Nor was
this feeling confined to Ireland alone, for the Earl of Lincoln—whom
the late usurper had named as his successor—went over to the young
Pretender; and, after holding a secret correspondence with the Dowager
Duchess of Burgundy—the sister of Edward the Fourth, who detested the
present King and all his race—sailed to Dublin with two thousand German
soldiers of her providing. In this promising state of the boy’s
fortunes, he was crowned there, with a crown taken off the head of a
statue of the Virgin Mary; and was then, according to the Irish custom
of those days, carried home on the shoulders of a big chieftain
possessing a great deal more strength than sense. Father Simons, you
may be sure, was mighty busy at the coronation.
Ten days afterwards, the Germans, and the Irish, and the priest, and
the boy, and the Earl of Lincoln, all landed in Lancashire to invade
England. The King, who had good intelligence of their movements, set up
his standard at Nottingham, where vast numbers resorted to him every
day; while the Earl of Lincoln could gain but very few. With his small
force he tried to make for the town of Newark; but the King’s army
getting between him and that place, he had no choice but to risk a
battle at Stoke. It soon ended in the complete destruction of the
Pretender’s forces, one half of whom were killed; among them, the Earl
himself. The priest and the baker’s boy were taken prisoners. The
priest, after confessing the trick, was shut up in prison, where he
afterwards died—suddenly perhaps. The boy was taken into the King’s
kitchen and made a turnspit. He was afterwards raised to the station of
one of the King’s falconers; and so ended this strange imposition.
There seems reason to suspect that the Dowager Queen—always a restless
and busy woman—had had some share in tutoring the baker’s son. The King
was very angry with her, whether or no. He seized upon her property,
and shut her up in a convent at Bermondsey.
One might suppose that the end of this story would have put the Irish
people on their guard; but they were quite ready to receive a second
impostor, as they had received the first, and that same troublesome
Duchess of Burgundy soon gave them the opportunity. All of a sudden
there appeared at Cork, in a vessel arriving from Portugal, a young man
of excellent abilities, of very handsome appearance and most winning
manners, who declared himself to be Richard, Duke of York, the second
son of King Edward the Fourth. ‘O,’ said some, even of those ready
Irish believers, ‘but surely that young Prince was murdered by his
uncle in the Tower!’—‘It _is_ supposed so,’ said the engaging young
man; ‘and my brother _was_ killed in that gloomy prison; but I
escaped—it don’t matter how, at present—and have been wandering about
the world for seven long years.’ This explanation being quite
satisfactory to numbers of the Irish people, they began again to shout
and to hurrah, and to drink his health, and to make the noisy and
thirsty demonstrations all over again. And the big chieftain in Dublin
began to look out for another coronation, and another young King to be
carried home on his back.
Now, King Henry being then on bad terms with France, the French King,
Charles the Eighth, saw that, by pretending to believe in the handsome
young man, he could trouble his enemy sorely. So, he invited him over
to the French Court, and appointed him a body-guard, and treated him in
all respects as if he really were the Duke of York. Peace, however,
being soon concluded between the two Kings, the pretended Duke was
turned adrift, and wandered for protection to the Duchess of Burgundy.
She, after feigning to inquire into the reality of his claims, declared
him to be the very picture of her dear departed brother; gave him a
body-guard at her Court, of thirty halberdiers; and called him by the
sounding name of the White Rose of England.
The leading members of the White Rose party in England sent over an
agent, named Sir Robert Clifford, to ascertain whether the White Rose’s
claims were good: the King also sent over his agents to inquire into
the Rose’s history. The White Roses declared the young man to be really
the Duke of York; the King declared him to be Perkin Warbeck, the son
of a merchant of the city of Tournay, who had acquired his knowledge of
England, its language and manners, from the English merchants who
traded in Flanders; it was also stated by the Royal agents that he had
been in the service of Lady Brompton, the wife of an exiled English
nobleman, and that the Duchess of Burgundy had caused him to be trained
and taught, expressly for this deception. The King then required the
Archduke Philip—who was the sovereign of Burgundy—to banish this new
Pretender, or to deliver him up; but, as the Archduke replied that he
could not control the Duchess in her own land, the King, in revenge,
took the market of English cloth away from Antwerp, and prevented all
commercial intercourse between the two countries.
He also, by arts and bribes, prevailed on Sir Robert Clifford to betray
his employers; and he denouncing several famous English noblemen as
being secretly the friends of Perkin Warbeck, the King had three of the
foremost executed at once. Whether he pardoned the remainder because
they were poor, I do not know; but it is only too probable that he
refused to pardon one famous nobleman against whom the same Clifford
soon afterwards informed separately, because he was rich. This was no
other than Sir William Stanley, who had saved the King’s life at the
battle of Bosworth Field. It is very doubtful whether his treason
amounted to much more than his having said, that if he were sure the
young man was the Duke of York, he would not take arms against him.
Whatever he had done he admitted, like an honourable spirit; and he
lost his head for it, and the covetous King gained all his wealth.
Perkin Warbeck kept quiet for three years; but, as the Flemings began
to complain heavily of the loss of their trade by the stoppage of the
Antwerp market on his account, and as it was not unlikely that they
might even go so far as to take his life, or give him up, he found it
necessary to do something. Accordingly he made a desperate sally, and
landed, with only a few hundred men, on the coast of Deal. But he was
soon glad to get back to the place from whence he came; for the country
people rose against his followers, killed a great many, and took a
hundred and fifty prisoners: who were all driven to London, tied
together with ropes, like a team of cattle. Every one of them was
hanged on some part or other of the sea-shore; in order, that if any
more men should come over with Perkin Warbeck, they might see the
bodies as a warning before they landed.
Then the wary King, by making a treaty of commerce with the Flemings,
drove Perkin Warbeck out of that country; and, by completely gaining
over the Irish to his side, deprived him of that asylum too. He
wandered away to Scotland, and told his story at that Court. King James
the Fourth of Scotland, who was no friend to King Henry, and had no
reason to be (for King Henry had bribed his Scotch lords to betray him
more than once; but had never succeeded in his plots), gave him a great
reception, called him his cousin, and gave him in marriage the Lady
Catherine Gordon, a beautiful and charming creature related to the
royal house of Stuart.
Alarmed by this successful reappearance of the Pretender, the King
still undermined, and bought, and bribed, and kept his doings and
Perkin Warbeck’s story in the dark, when he might, one would imagine,
have rendered the matter clear to all England. But, for all this
bribing of the Scotch lords at the Scotch King’s Court, he could not
procure the Pretender to be delivered up to him. James, though not very
particular in many respects, would not betray him; and the ever-busy
Duchess of Burgundy so provided him with arms, and good soldiers, and
with money besides, that he had soon a little army of fifteen hundred
men of various nations. With these, and aided by the Scottish King in
person, he crossed the border into England, and made a proclamation to
the people, in which he called the King ‘Henry Tudor;’ offered large
rewards to any who should take or distress him; and announced himself
as King Richard the Fourth come to receive the homage of his faithful
subjects. His faithful subjects, however, cared nothing for him, and
hated his faithful troops: who, being of different nations, quarrelled
also among themselves. Worse than this, if worse were possible, they
began to plunder the country; upon which the White Rose said, that he
would rather lose his rights, than gain them through the miseries of
the English people. The Scottish King made a jest of his scruples; but
they and their whole force went back again without fighting a battle.
The worst consequence of this attempt was, that a rising took place
among the people of Cornwall, who considered themselves too heavily
taxed to meet the charges of the expected war. Stimulated by Flammock,
a lawyer, and Joseph, a blacksmith, and joined by Lord Audley and some
other country gentlemen, they marched on all the way to Deptford
Bridge, where they fought a battle with the King’s army. They were
defeated—though the Cornish men fought with great bravery—and the lord
was beheaded, and the lawyer and the blacksmith were hanged, drawn, and
quartered. The rest were pardoned. The King, who believed every man to
be as avaricious as himself, and thought that money could settle
anything, allowed them to make bargains for their liberty with the
soldiers who had taken them.
Perkin Warbeck, doomed to wander up and down, and never to find rest
anywhere—a sad fate: almost a sufficient punishment for an imposture,
which he seems in time to have half believed himself—lost his Scottish
refuge through a truce being made between the two Kings; and found
himself, once more, without a country before him in which he could lay
his head. But James (always honourable and true to him, alike when he
melted down his plate, and even the great gold chain he had been used
to wear, to pay soldiers in his cause; and now, when that cause was
lost and hopeless) did not conclude the treaty, until he had safely
departed out of the Scottish dominions. He, and his beautiful wife, who
was faithful to him under all reverses, and left her state and home to
follow his poor fortunes, were put aboard ship with everything
necessary for their comfort and protection, and sailed for Ireland.
But, the Irish people had had enough of counterfeit Earls of Warwick
and Dukes of York, for one while; and would give the White Rose no aid.
So, the White Rose—encircled by thorns indeed—resolved to go with his
beautiful wife to Cornwall as a forlorn resource, and see what might be
made of the Cornish men, who had risen so valiantly a little while
before, and who had fought so bravely at Deptford Bridge.
To Whitsand Bay, in Cornwall, accordingly, came Perkin Warbeck and his
wife; and the lovely lady he shut up for safety in the Castle of St.
Michael’s Mount, and then marched into Devonshire at the head of three
thousand Cornishmen. These were increased to six thousand by the time
of his arrival in Exeter; but, there the people made a stout
resistance, and he went on to Taunton, where he came in sight of the
King’s army. The stout Cornish men, although they were few in number,
and badly armed, were so bold, that they never thought of retreating;
but bravely looked forward to a battle on the morrow. Unhappily for
them, the man who was possessed of so many engaging qualities, and who
attracted so many people to his side when he had nothing else with
which to tempt them, was not as brave as they. In the night, when the
two armies lay opposite to each other, he mounted a swift horse and
fled. When morning dawned, the poor confiding Cornish men, discovering
that they had no leader, surrendered to the King’s power. Some of them
were hanged, and the rest were pardoned and went miserably home.
Before the King pursued Perkin Warbeck to the sanctuary of Beaulieu in
the New Forest, where it was soon known that he had taken refuge, he
sent a body of horsemen to St. Michael’s Mount, to seize his wife. She
was soon taken and brought as a captive before the King. But she was so
beautiful, and so good, and so devoted to the man in whom she believed,
that the King regarded her with compassion, treated her with great
respect, and placed her at Court, near the Queen’s person. And many
years after Perkin Warbeck was no more, and when his strange story had
become like a nursery tale, _she_ was called the White Rose, by the
people, in remembrance of her beauty.
The sanctuary at Beaulieu was soon surrounded by the King’s men; and
the King, pursuing his usual dark, artful ways, sent pretended friends
to Perkin Warbeck to persuade him to come out and surrender himself.
This he soon did; the King having taken a good look at the man of whom
he had heard so much—from behind a screen—directed him to be well
mounted, and to ride behind him at a little distance, guarded, but not
bound in any way. So they entered London with the King’s favourite
show—a procession; and some of the people hooted as the Pretender rode
slowly through the streets to the Tower; but the greater part were
quiet, and very curious to see him. From the Tower, he was taken to the
Palace at Westminster, and there lodged like a gentleman, though
closely watched. He was examined every now and then as to his
imposture; but the King was so secret in all he did, that even then he
gave it a consequence, which it cannot be supposed to have in itself
deserved.
At last Perkin Warbeck ran away, and took refuge in another sanctuary
near Richmond in Surrey. From this he was again persuaded to deliver
himself up; and, being conveyed to London, he stood in the stocks for a
whole day, outside Westminster Hall, and there read a paper purporting
to be his full confession, and relating his history as the King’s
agents had originally described it. He was then shut up in the Tower
again, in the company of the Earl of Warwick, who had now been there
for fourteen years: ever since his removal out of Yorkshire, except
when the King had had him at Court, and had shown him to the people, to
prove the imposture of the Baker’s boy. It is but too probable, when we
consider the crafty character of Henry the Seventh, that these two were
brought together for a cruel purpose. A plot was soon discovered
between them and the keepers, to murder the Governor, get possession of
the keys, and proclaim Perkin Warbeck as King Richard the Fourth. That
there was some such plot, is likely; that they were tempted into it, is
at least as likely; that the unfortunate Earl of Warwick—last male of
the Plantagenet line—was too unused to the world, and too ignorant and
simple to know much about it, whatever it was, is perfectly certain;
and that it was the King’s interest to get rid of him, is no less so.
He was beheaded on Tower Hill, and Perkin Warbeck was hanged at Tyburn.
Such was the end of the pretended Duke of York, whose shadowy history
was made more shadowy—and ever will be—by the mystery and craft of the
King. If he had turned his great natural advantages to a more honest
account, he might have lived a happy and respected life, even in those
days. But he died upon a gallows at Tyburn, leaving the Scottish lady,
who had loved him so well, kindly protected at the Queen’s Court. After
some time she forgot her old loves and troubles, as many people do with
Time’s merciful assistance, and married a Welsh gentleman. Her second
husband, Sir Matthew Cradoc, more honest and more happy than her first,
lies beside her in a tomb in the old church of Swansea.
The ill-blood between France and England in this reign, arose out of
the continued plotting of the Duchess of Burgundy, and disputes
respecting the affairs of Brittany. The King feigned to be very
patriotic, indignant, and warlike; but he always contrived so as never
to make war in reality, and always to make money. His taxation of the
people, on pretence of war with France, involved, at one time, a very
dangerous insurrection, headed by Sir John Egremont, and a common man
called John à Chambre. But it was subdued by the royal forces, under
the command of the Earl of Surrey. The knighted John escaped to the
Duchess of Burgundy, who was ever ready to receive any one who gave the
King trouble; and the plain John was hanged at York, in the midst of a
number of his men, but on a much higher gibbet, as being a greater
traitor. Hung high or hung low, however, hanging is much the same to
the person hung.
Within a year after her marriage, the Queen had given birth to a son,
who was called Prince Arthur, in remembrance of the old British prince
of romance and story; and who, when all these events had happened,
being then in his fifteenth year, was married to Catherine, the
daughter of the Spanish monarch, with great rejoicings and bright
prospects; but in a very few months he sickened and died. As soon as
the King had recovered from his grief, he thought it a pity that the
fortune of the Spanish Princess, amounting to two hundred thousand
crowns, should go out of the family; and therefore arranged that the
young widow should marry his second son Henry, then twelve years of
age, when he too should be fifteen. There were objections to this
marriage on the part of the clergy; but, as the infallible Pope was
gained over, and, as he _must_ be right, that settled the business for
the time. The King’s eldest daughter was provided for, and a long
course of disturbance was considered to be set at rest, by her being
married to the Scottish King.
And now the Queen died. When the King had got over that grief too, his
mind once more reverted to his darling money for consolation, and he
thought of marrying the Dowager Queen of Naples, who was immensely
rich: but, as it turned out not to be practicable to gain the money
however practicable it might have been to gain the lady, he gave up the
idea. He was not so fond of her but that he soon proposed to marry the
Dowager Duchess of Savoy; and, soon afterwards, the widow of the King
of Castile, who was raving mad. But he made a money-bargain instead,
and married neither.
The Duchess of Burgundy, among the other discontented people to whom
she had given refuge, had sheltered Edmund de la Pole (younger brother
of that Earl of Lincoln who was killed at Stoke), now Earl of Suffolk.
The King had prevailed upon him to return to the marriage of Prince
Arthur; but, he soon afterwards went away again; and then the King,
suspecting a conspiracy, resorted to his favourite plan of sending him
some treacherous friends, and buying of those scoundrels the secrets
they disclosed or invented. Some arrests and executions took place in
consequence. In the end, the King, on a promise of not taking his life,
obtained possession of the person of Edmund de la Pole, and shut him up
in the Tower.
This was his last enemy. If he had lived much longer he would have made
many more among the people, by the grinding exaction to which he
constantly exposed them, and by the tyrannical acts of his two prime
favourites in all money-raising matters, Edmund Dudley and Richard
Empson. But Death—the enemy who is not to be bought off or deceived,
and on whom no money, and no treachery has any effect—presented himself
at this juncture, and ended the King’s reign. He died of the gout, on
the twenty-second of April, one thousand five hundred and nine, and in
the fifty-third year of his age, after reigning twenty-four years; he
was buried in the beautiful Chapel of Westminster Abbey, which he had
himself founded, and which still bears his name.
It was in this reign that the great Christopher Columbus, on behalf of
Spain, discovered what was then called The New World. Great wonder,
interest, and hope of wealth being awakened in England thereby, the
King and the merchants of London and Bristol fitted out an English
expedition for further discoveries in the New World, and entrusted it
to Sebastian Cabot, of Bristol, the son of a Venetian pilot there. He
was very successful in his voyage, and gained high reputation, both for
himself and England.