Excess of bodily exercise may render us wild and unmanageable, but
excess of arts, science, and music, makes us faddled and effeminate.
Only the right combination makes the soul wise and manly.
Plato.
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The difference between the walk of a cavalry and infantry soldier cannot
fail to be noticed, even by a person the most indifferent to military
matters. The gait of the dragoon is distinguished for its ease and
elasticity over that of the foot soldier, which may be accounted for by
the mounted exercise having the effect of suppling the loins and hips of
a recruit in the first stages of drill, which seldom, if ever, becomes
eradicated in after life, even though the man may leave the army after a
short term of service. Horse-exercise brings every muscle of the body
into play, and thereby imparts to the proper method of walking, attained
by infantry drill, an amount of ease and grace never seen in our
infantry soldiers.
As I shall probably write a series of articles on horsemanship in a
separate form, I shall, for the present, confine my remarks to the
manner in which both cavalry and infantry soldiers are taught to throw
off that lounging, shuffling style of walking, into which many young
gentlemen fall, through habits of indifference and carelessness, which
grow with their growth until the limbs become set and modelled with age,
so that no amount of drill or gymnastic exercise can alter or improve
the figure.
Volunteering has now become all the fashion; every high-spirited boy
looks forward with hope to the time when he is big enough and old enough
to join his companions in some town or provincial volunteer corps, and
shoulder the rifle. Now, I am not particularly _au-fait_ at the new
rifle practice, and therefore I shall not attempt to forestall the many
effective drill sergeants appointed to the duty of instructing their
companies of "civilian soldiers," but a few remarks in reference to the
position-drill, without arms--to which both the cavalry and infantry
recruit is first subjected on donning his uniform--may be useful and
probably interesting to my young readers. The practice of the following
instructions, either in schools or at the homes of those boys who wish
to expand their chest and develop their figure as they progress towards
the age of adults, by giving them the general "set-up" and bearing of
the soldier without any of his stiffness or constraint, which, however
necessary it may be for the ranks, would certainly detract from the
appearance of the thorough gentleman on the promenade or in the
ball-room.
The first instruction conveyed to a recruit at drill is to stand
straight and keep his head up. But as the simple command to do this
would only cause him to endeavour to comply in his own particular way,
he must be instructed in detail at first, as one movement involves many
others, which, when he becomes perfect, can scarcely be distinguished
while changing position. In order to stand in the proper position at
"attention," the heels must be in a line with each other and close
together, the knees straight, the toes a little turned out so that the
feet may form an angle of about sixty degrees, the arms must hang near
the body, the little finger touching the thighs, and the thumbs placed
as far back as the seams of the trousers; the elbows and shoulders must
be kept back, the belly rather drawn in, and the chest advanced, but
without stiffness or awkward constraint; the body must be upright, but
inclining forward so that the weight of it principally bears on the fore
part of the feet; the head must be erect, but dignified and without
stiffness or the appearance of a forced attitude. The position in which
a soldier moves also determines that in which he should stand still, and
too many methods cannot be used to render the recruit supple and easy in
his walk, so as to banish the air of the rustic; but that excess of
setting up which stiffens the body to such an extent, that a person
appears as if he had swallowed a poker, is contrary to every true
principle on which the movement of the human body ought to be regulated,
and should therefore be carefully avoided. On the instructor giving the
command "stand at ease," the recruit draws back his right foot about six
inches, and the greatest part of the weight of the body bears upon it,
the left knee is a little bent, the hands are brought together before
the body the left being locked in the right, but the shoulders must be
kept back, the head square to the front, and the whole attitude without
constraint or stiffness. On the word "attention," the hands are to fall
smartly down the outside of the thighs, the right heel must be brought
up in a line with the left, and the proper, easy, unconstrained position
of a soldier and a gentleman immediately resumed.
The above instructions may, by a slight alteration, be applicable to
boys or adults, who, having no taste for a military life or the
inseparable drill connected with a soldier's duty, may, nevertheless,
wish to attain that ease and grace of movement which ever distinguish
the soldier from the undrilled civilian. For instance, the majority of
civilians, whether gentlemen or rustics, both stand and walk on their
heels; very many, from habit alone, turn their toes in while walking,
and, when either standing or walking in their best position, they push
out the belly in place of drawing it in and advancing the chest. When a
boy is told to hold his head up, he simply throws it back by raising his
chin and jerking his neck, in place of throwing back his shoulders,
pushing forward his chest, and drawing back his chin, which three
movements, all combined in one, at once has the desired effect of
improving the figure, raising the head, and imparting dignity to the
whole upper part of the body. In the instruction of boys or adults, not
intended to become soldiers, it is not necessary that the heels should
be placed close together, or the hands to touch the trousers when
standing at attention as above directed, but a similarity of position
should be adopted, if the rule is not strictly adhered to. In obeying
the command "eyes right" or "eyes left," the soldier is required to look
to either side with the slightest possible turn of the head. These
motions are used in the dressing or keeping in line in the wheeling of
divisions, and particular attention is necessary to be paid in the
several turnings of the eyes to prevent the soldier from moving his
body, which should be preserved in a position perfectly square to the
front. If a civilian, ignorant of military drill, were told to look to
his right or left, he would either give his neck a sharp twist, or turn
his whole body in the direction indicated.
Having explained how those of my young readers, who have no ambition to
become either soldiers or volunteers, may improve their appearance, it
now becomes our duty to put those whose intention is to become
volunteers, or to enter the regular service, "through their facings."
In going through the facings, the left heel never quits the ground, the
body must rather incline forward, and the knees be kept straight. On
the command "to right face,"--1st. Place the hollow of the right foot
smartly against the left heel, keeping the shoulders square to the
front. 2nd. Raise the toes, and turn smartly to the right on both
heels. "To the left face,"--1st. Place the right heel against the
hollow of the left foot, keeping the shoulders square to the front. 2nd.
Raise the toes, and turn to the left on both heels. "To the
right-about face,"--1st. Place the ball of the right toe against the
left heel, keeping the shoulders square to the front. 2nd. Raise the
toes, and turn completely round to the right-about (reversing the
direction of the face) on both heels. 3rd. Bring the right foot smartly
back in a line with the left. "To the left-about face,"--1st. Place
the right heel against the ball of the left toe, and keep the shoulders
square to the front. 2nd. Raise the toes, and turn to the left-about on
both heels. 3rd. Bring up to the right smartly in a line with the left.
The greatest precision is observed in drilling of recruits to these
facings, for if they are not exactly executed, a body of men, after
being properly dressed in line, will lose their dressing, and cause the
line to be crooked on every small movement of facing. It will be seen
that by placing a number of men in line their execution of the
command--"together, right face"--will instantly bring them from the line
into Indian file (one behind the other), or the "right-about face" will
as quickly reverse the front of their line; and supposing the command
"march" to be given while the men are in Indian file, although so close
together as to nearly touch each other's backs with their chests, if
they each step off at the same instant, with the left foot, the sound of
their feet will enable them to keep step and time, and march about in
this form, as directed by the instructor, to the leading file, "right
turn" or "left turn," without confusion. On the command "halt" being
given, the step is finished at the last sound of the word; and at the
command "front" each man faces to his left, as above directed, and they
will then be in line as before.
In marching, the soldier must maintain, as much as possible, the
position of the body as before directed. He must be well balanced on
his limbs; his arms and hands must be kept steady by his sides; and he
must not be allowed to stoop forward, still less to lean back. His body
must be kept square to the front, and thrown rather more forward in
marching than when standing still, so that it may accompany the movement
of the leg and thigh, which movement must Spring from the haunch; the
ham must be stretched, but without stiffening the knee; the toes a
little pointed outwards, and kept near the ground, so that the
boot-soles may not be visible to a person in front. The head should be
kept well up, without stiffening the neck, and straight to the front,
and the eyes not suffered on any account to be cast down; the foot,
without being drawn back, must be placed flat on the ground. The length
of each pace, from heel to heel, is thirty inches; and the recruit is
taught to take seventy-five of these steps in a minute, without
tottering and in perfect steadfastness. This is the ordinary step,
being the pace on all occasions whatever for both infantry and cavalry,
unless greater celerity be particularly ordered, which is called the
"quick step," and the "double," or run. Each individual recruit is very
carefully trained and thoroughly instructed in this part of his duty, as
it is considered to form the basis of the proper deportment of the
soldier.
In the regular army, where men are enlisted from all grades of society,
it requires the most unremitting perseverance and accurate knowledge of
the part each instructor has to teach, as also a clear and concise
manner of conveying his instructions, allied to a firmness that will
command from all classes of men a perfect attention to the directions he
is giving them. He must allow for the weak capacity of the recruits,
and exercise patience and good-temper, without rigour, where endeavour
and good-will are evidently not wanting. Quickness in military drill is
not at first required, because it is the result of much practice; but if
officers and instructors are not critically exact in their commands, and
in observing the execution of what is required from others, slovenliness
must take place, labour will be ineffectual, and the end proposed will
never be attained. The recruit must be carried through his drill
progressively; he should comprehend one thing perfectly before he is
required to learn another.
In the first lessons as to position, the instructor should carefully
place the hands, arms, etc, of the recruit in the form desired. When he
is more advanced, he should not be touched; but from the example shown,
and the directions prescribed, be taught to correct himself when so
admonished. Recruits are not kept too long at any particular part of
their exercise, so as to fatigue or make them uneasy. Music is not used
in the early stages of the recruit's drill; and he is taught and
confirmed by habit alone to the cadence of step which he is afterwards
required to maintain in his march to the enemy, in spite of every
variety of noise and circumstance that may tend to derange him.
A very useful movement for a civilian to learn is to "change step." We
frequently see two persons walking together (often arm-in-arm) in
different steps, that is, while one is stepping forward with the left
foot, the other has his right foot advanced, which causes them to roll
and jostle each other in a very unseemly and awkward manner. To remedy
this, without stopping, one of the parties should complete his pace with
the advancing foot, and bring the toe of the other quickly up to the
heel of the advanced one, which instantly makes another step forward, so
that the cadence may not be lost, and both parties will then be found
walking "in step," each with the same foot in advance.
If any of my young readers will practise the movement according to the
above directions, they will be surprised at its simplicity, and the
rapidity with which it may be acquired, and it will be extremely useful
in after life, especially while engaged in the pleasing duty of
escorting their female friends, for nothing looks so ungainly as a
gentleman walking in one step and a lady in another. The "back step" is
a very useful movement in foot drill, by which the recruit is taught to
move straight to the rear, preserving his shoulders square to the front,
and his body erect. On the word "halt," the foot in front must be
brought back square with the other; only a few paces of the back step
is, however, necessary at one time, in military tactics. After the
cadence of the ordinary step has become perfectly habitual to the
recruits, they are able to march and manoeuvre in small squads, and are
taught to march in what is called quick time, which is 108 steps in the
minute, each of 30 inches, making 270 feet, or 90 yards in a minute.
The command "quick march" being given with a pause after the word
"quick," which is to be considered as a caution, the whole of the
recruits must remain perfectly still and steady, until the word _march_
is given, when they step off with the left feet foremost, keeping the
body in the same posture, and the shoulders square to the front, the
foot to be lifted off the ground, so that it may clear any stones or
other impediments in the way, and to be thrown forward and placed firm,
the whole of the sole to touch the ground, and not the heel alone; the
knees are not to be bent, neither are they to be stiffened so as to
occasion fatigue or constraint; the arms must hang with ease down the
outside of the thigh, a very small motion to prevent constraint may be
permitted, but not to swing to and fro, and thereby occasion the least
unsteadiness or movement of the shoulder; the face is to be kept to the
front, the body upright, and an easy, dignified demeanour preserved. As
the being able to march straightforward is of the greatest consequence,
he who commands at the drill should take great pains in making his squad
do so, and for this purpose he should frequently go behind the squad or
division, placing himself behind the flank file (the end-most soldier),
by which the squad is ordered to move in marching, and taking a point or
object exactly in front of that file, he will then give his command
_march_, and remaining in his place, he will direct the advance of the
squad, his object being to keep the flank file always in a line between
himself and his object: it is also from behind that one soonest
perceives the leaning back of the soldier, and the bringing forward or
falling back of a shoulder--faults which ought instantly to be
rectified, as it is productive of the worst consequences in a line,
where one man, by bringing forward a shoulder, may change the direction
of a march in such a manner as to break the line, or cause the wing of a
battalion to run, in order to keep dressed in line. In short, it is
impossible for the instructor to labour too much at his duty in making
the soldier march straightforward, keeping always the same front as when
he set off: this is effected by moving solely from his haunches, keeping
the body steady, the shoulders square, and the head to the front, and
will without difficulty be attained by my young friends, by a strict
attention to the rules herewith given, with a careful observance of an
equal length of step, and an equal cadence, or time of march. In a
cavalry regiment, corporals and sergeants are appointed to instruct
recruits in all the preliminary stages of foot drill, for which they are
responsible to their superior officer (the regimental sergeant-major),
the same as the corporal and sergeant-rough-riders are responsible to
the riding-master for the recruit's progress and efficiency in riding
drills. For the first two or three months the recruit is subjected to
the "manual exercise" as well as the drills above named; this exercise
consists of a series of gymnastic movements of the arms, legs, and body;
the object of which is to render the limbs supple, set the shoulders
back, and expand the chest. If any recruit shows a disinclination to
practise this manipulation of the body according to the prescribed
rules, he is put through the "dumb bell" exercise, which, having to
swing two heavy pieces of iron, one in each hand, over and around his
head, while practising some rather novel contortions, is very hard work
indeed, as compared to the ordinary "manual exercise."