I.--GREEK PREFIXES.
PREFIX SIGNIFICATION. EXAMPLE. DEFINITION
a- = _without_; a-pathy state of being _without_
an- _not_ an-omalous feeling.
_not_ similar.
amphi- = _around_; amphi-theater place for seeing all
_both_ amphi-bious _around_.
living in _both_ land and
water.
ana- = _back_, ana-logy reasoning _back_.
_throughout_ ana-lysis loosening _throughout_.
anti- = _against_; anti-pathy a feeling _against_.
ant- _opposite_ ant-arctic _opposite_ the Arctic.
apo- = _away_; apo-stle one sent _out_.
ap- _out_ ap-helion _away_ from the sun.
cata- = _down_ or cata-ract a rushing _down_.
cat- _against_ cat-arrh a flowing _down_.
dia- = _through_ or dia-meter measure _through_ the
_across_ dia-logue center.
speaking _across_ (from
one another).
dis- = _two_, dis-syllable word of _two_ syllables.
di- _double_ di-lemma a _double_ assumption.
dys- = _ill_ dys-pepsia _ill_ digestion.
ec- = _out of_ ec-centric _out of_ the center.
ex- ex-odies an _outgoing_.
Note--EX- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.
en- = _in_ or en-ergy power _in_ one.
em- _on_ em-phasis stress _on_.
epi- = _upon_; epi-dermis skin _upon_ skin.
ep- _for_ ep-hemeral lasting _for_ a day.
Note--EP- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a _h_ aspirate
eu- = _well_ or eu-phonic sounding _well_.
ev- _good_ ev-angel _good_ news.
hemi- = _half_ hemi-sphere _half_ a sphere
hyper- = _over_ or hyper-critical _over_-critical.
_beyond_ hyper-borean _beyond_ the North.
hypo- = _under_ hypo-thesis a placing _under_ (= Lat.
supposition.)
meta- = _beyond_; meta-physics science _beyond_ physics.
met- _transference_ met-onymy _transference_ of name.
para- = _by the_ par-helion mock sun _by the side of_
par- _side of_ the real.
peri- = around peri-meter the measure _around_
anything.
pro- = before pro-gramme something written
_before_.
pros- = to pros-elyte one coming _to_ a new
religion.
syn- _with_ syn-thesis placing _together_.
sy- = or sy-stem part _with_ part.
syl- _together_ syl-lable letters taken _together_.
sym- sym-pathy feeling _together_.
NOTE.--The form SY- is used before _s_; SYL- before _l_, SYM- before _b, p_
or _m_.
II.--GREEK ALPHABET.
Α α a _Alpha._
Β β * b _Beta._
Γ γ g _Gamma._
Δ δ d _Delta._
Ε ε e as in _met_ _Epsilon._
Ζ ζ z _Zeta._
Η η e as in _me_ _Eta._
Θ θ * th _Theta._
Ι ι i _Iota_
Κ κ k _Kappa._
Λ λ l _Lambda._
Μ μ m _Mu._
Ν ν n _Nu._
Ξ ξ x _Xi._
Ο ο o as in _not_ _Omicron._
Π π * p _Pi_
Ρ ρ r _Rho._
Σ ς, ς final s _Sigma._
Τ τ t _Tau._
Υ υ u, or y _Upsilon._
Φ φ ph _Phi._
Χ χ ch _Chi._
Ψ ψ ps _Psi._
Ω ω o as in _no_ _Omega._
Pronunciation of Greek Words.
_Gamma_ has always the hard sound of _g_, as in _give_.
_Kappa_ is represented by _c_ in English words, although in Greek it has
but one sound, that of our _k_.
_Upsilon_ is represented by _y_ in English words; in Greek it has always
the sound of _u_ in mute.
_Chi_ is represented in English by _ch_ having the sound of _k_; as in
_chronic_.
In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there
are vowels and diphthongs.
An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our _h_
precedes that letter.
GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
DIVISION I.--PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.
1. A'ER (αηρ), _the air_.
A'ERATE, _to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid_.
A-E'RIAL, _belonging to the air_.
A'ERIFORM, _having the form of air_.
A'EROLITE (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _a meteoric stone_.
A'ERONAUT (Gr. n. _nau'tēs_, a sailor), _a balloonist_.
AEROSTA'TION, _aerial navigation_.
AIR, _the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person_.
AIR'Y, _open to the air; gay, sprightly_.
2. AG'EIN (αγειν), _to lead_.
APAGO'GE, _a leading away; an indirect argument_
DEM'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _a misleader of the people_.
PARAGO'GE (literally, a leading or extension beyond), _the addition of a
letter or syllable to the end of a word_.
PED'AGOGUE (Gr. n. _pais_, a child), _a schoolmaster; a pedantic person_..
SYN'AGOGUE, _a Jewish place of worship_.
3. A'GON (αγων), a contest.
AG'ONY, _extreme pain_.
AG'ONIZE, _to be in agony_.
ANTAG'ONISM, _direct opposition_.
ANTAG'ONIST, _or_ ANTAGONIS'TIC, _contending against_.
4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), _to bring tidings_; ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος),
_a messenger_.
AN'GEL, _a spiritual messenger_.
ANGEL'IC, _relating to an angel_.
ARCHAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _archi-_, chief), _an angel of the highest order_.
EVAN'GEL (Gr. prefix _eu_, well), _good tidings; the gospel_.
EVAN'GELIST, _one of the writers of the four gospels_.
5. AR'CHE (αρχη), _beginning, government, chief_.
AN'ARCHY, _want of government_.
AR'CHITECT (Gr. n. _tek'tōn_, workman), literally, _a chief builder, one
who devises plans for buildings_.
AR'CHIVES, _records_.
HEP'TARCHY (Gr. _hepta_, seven), _a sevenfold government_.
HI'ERARCHY (Gr. adj. _hi'eros_, sacred), _dominion in sacred things; a
sacred body of rulers_.
MON'ARCH (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _one who rules alone, a sovereign_.
MON'ARCHY, _government by one person, a kingdom_.
OLIGARCHY (Gr. adj. _ol'igos_, few), _government by a few, an aristocracy_.
PA'TRIARCH (Gr. n. _pat'ēr_, a father), _the father and ruler of a family_.
PATRIAR'CHAL, _relating to patriarchs_.
6. AS'TRON (αστρον), _a star_.
AS'TERISK, _a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes
to mark an omission of words_.
AS'TEROID (Gr. adj. _ei'dos_, like), _one of the numerous small planets
between Mars and Jupiter_.
AS'TRAL, _belonging to the stars_.
ASTROL'OGY, _the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars_.
ASTRON'OMY (Gr. n. _nom'os_, a law), _the science that treats of the
stars_.
ASTRON'OMER, _one skilled in astronomy_.
DISAS'TER, _calamity, misfortune_.
DISAS'TROUS, _unlucky; calamitous_.
7. AU'TOS (αυτος), _one's self_.
AUTOBIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life, _graph'ein_, to write), _the life of
a person written by himself_.
AU'TOCRAT (Gr. n. _krat'os_, power), _an absolute ruler_.
AUTOCRAT'IC, _like an autocrat_.
AU'TOGRAPH, _one's own handwriting_.
AUTOM'ATON (Gr. _mema'otes_, striving after), _a self-acting machine_.
AUTHEN'TIC, _genuine, true_.
AUTHENTIC'ITY, _genuineness_.
8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), _to throw or cast_.
EM'BLEM, _a representation; a type_.
EMBLEMAT'ICAL, _containing an emblem_.
HYPER'BOLE, _a figure of speech which represents things greater or less
than they are_.
PAR'ABLE, _a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine_.
PARAB'OLA, _one of the conic sections_.
PROB'LEM, _a question proposed for solution_.
SYM'BOL, _a sign; a representation_.
SYMBOLICAL, _representing by signs_.
9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), _to wash, to dip_.
BAP'TISM, _a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual
is sprinkled with or immersed in water_.
BAPTIZE', _to sprinkle with or immerse in water_.
BAPTISMAL, _pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows_.
BAP'TIST, _one who approves only of baptism by immersion_.
ANABAP'TIST, _one who believes that only adults should be baptized_.
CATABAP'TIST, _one opposed to baptism_.
PEDOBAP'TISM (Gr. _pais_, _paidos_, a child), _infant baptism_.
10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time.
CHRON'IC, _lasting a long time_; _periodical_.
CHRON'ICLE, _a record of events in the order of time_; _a history recording
facts in order of time_.
CHRONOL'OGY, _the science of computing the dates of past events_.
CHRONOM'ETER (Gr. n. _me'tron_, a measure), _an instrument for measuring
time_.
ANACH'RONISM, _an error in computing time_.
SYN'CHRONAL, SYN'CHRONOUS, _existing at the same time_.
11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), _a letter_
GRAM'MAR, _the science of language_.
GRAMMA'RIAN, _one skilled in or who teaches grammar_.
GRAMMAT'ICAL, _according to the rules of grammar_.
AN'AGRAM, _the change of one word into another by transposing the letters_.
DI'AGRAM, _a writing or drawing made for illustration_.
EP'IGRAM, _a short poem ending with a witty thought_.
MON'OGRAM (Gr. adj. _mon'os_, alone), _a character composed of several
letters interwoven_.
PRO'GRAMME, _order of any entertainment_.
TEL'EGRAM (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _a message sent by telegraph_.
12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), _to write_.
GRAPH'IC, _well delineated; giving vivid description_.
AU'TOGRAPH. See _au'tos_.
BIOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _bi'os_, life), _the history of a life_.
CALIG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _beautiful writing_.
GEOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _gē_, the earth), _a description of the earth_.
HISTORIOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _histo'ria_, history), _one appointed to write
history_.
HOL'OGRAPH (Gr. adj. _hol'os_, whole), _a deed or will wholly written by
the grantor or testator_.
LEXICOG'RAPHER (Gr. n. _lex'icon_, a dictionary), _the compiler of a
dictionary_.
LITH'OGRAPH (Gr. n. _lith'os_, a stone), _an impression of a drawing made
on stone_.
LITHOG'RAPHY, _the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone_.
ORTHOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _or'thos_, correct), _the correct spelling of
words_.
PHO'NOGRAPH (Gr. n. _pho'ne_, sound), _an instrument for the mechanical
registration and reproduction of audible sounds_.
PHONOG'RAPHY, _a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using
the phonograph_.
PHOTOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _phos, phot'os_, light), _the art of producing
pictures by light_.
STENOG'RAPHY (Gr. adj. _sten'os_, narrow), _the art of writing in
short-hand_.
TEL'EGRAPH (Gr. _te'le_, at a distance), _an apparatus for conveying
intelligence to a distance by means of electricity_.
TOPOG'RAPHY (Gr. n. _top'os_, a place), _the description of a particular
place_.
TYPOGRAPHY (Gr. n. _tu'pos_, a type), _the art or operation of printing_.
13. HOD'OS ('οδος), _a way_.
EP'ISODE, _an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative_.
EX'ODUS, _departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament_.
METH'OD, _order, system, way, manner_.
METH'ODIST, _the followers of John Wesley_. (The name has reference to the
strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians).
PE'RIOD (Gr. n. _period'os_, a passage round), _the time in which anything
is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark_.
SYN'OD, _a meeting of ecclesiastics_.
14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), _water_.
HY'DRA, _a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules_.
HYDRAN'GEA, _a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water_.
HY'DRANT, _a water-plug_.
HYDRAU'LIC (Gr. n. _au'los_, a pipe), _relating to the motion of water
through pipes; worked by water_.
HYDRAU'LICS, _the science which treats of fluids in motion_.
HYDROCEPH'ALUS (Gr. n. _keph'ale_, the head), _dropsy of the head_.
HY'DROGEN (Gr. v. _gen'ein_, to beget), _a gas which with oxygen produces
water_.
HYDROG'RAPHY, _the art of maritime surveying and mapping_.
HYDROP'ATHY (Gr. n. _path'os_, feeling), _the water-cure_.
HYDROPHO'BIA (Gr. n. _phob'os_, fear), literally, _dread of water; canine
madness_.
HY'DROPSY, _a collection of water in the body_. ("Dropsy" is a contraction
of _hydropsy_).
HYDROSTAT'ICS, _the science which treats of fluids at rest_.
15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), _rule, government, strength_.
ARISTOC'RACY (Gr. adj. _aris'tos_, best), _government by nobles_.
ARIS'TOCRAT, _one who favors aristocracy_.
AU'TOCRAT. See _au'tos_.
DEMOC'RACY (Gr. n. _de'mos_, the people), _government by the people_.
DEM'OCRAT, _one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of
the democratic party_.
THEOC'RACY, _government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient
Jewish state_.
16. LOG'OS (λογος), _speech, ratio, description, science_.
LOG'IC, _the science and art of reasoning_.
LOGI'CIAN, _one skilled in logic_.
LOG'ARITHMS (Gr. n. _arith'mos_, number), _a class of numbers that abridge
arithmetical calculations_.
ANAL'OGY, _a resemblance of ratios_.
AP'OLOGUE, _a moral fable_.
APOL'OGY, _a defense, an excuse_.
CAT'ALOGUE, _a list of names in order_.
CHRONOL'OGY. (See _chronos_.)
CONCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _kon'chos_, a shell), _the science of shells_.
DEC'ALOGUE (Gr. _dek'a_, ten), _the ten commandments_.
DOXOL'OGY (Gr. n. _doxa_, glory), _a hymn expressing glory to God_.
EC'LOGUE, _a pastoral poem_.
ENTOMOL'OGY (Gr. n. _ento'ma_, insects, and v. _tem'nein_, to cut), _the
natural history of insects_.
EP'ILOGUE, _a short poem or speech at the end of a play_.
ETYMOL'OGY (Gr. _et'umon_, true source), _a part of grammar; the science of
the derivation of words_.
EU'LOGY, _praise, commendation_.
GENEAL'OGY (Gr. n. _gen'os_, birth), _history of the descent of families_.
GEOL'OGY (Gr. n. _gē_, the earth), _the science which treats of the
internal structure of the earth_.
MINERAL'OGY, _the science of minerals_.
MYTHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _mu'thos_, a fable), _a system or science of fables_.
ORNITHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _or'nis, or'nithos_, a bird), _the natural history of
birds_.
PATHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _path'os_, suffering), _that part of medicine which
treats of the causes and nature of diseases_.
PHILOL'OGY (Gr. _phil'os_, loving, fond of), _the science which treats of
languages_.
PHRENOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phrén_, the mind), _the art of reading the mind from
the form of the skull_.
PHYSIOL'OGY (Gr. n. _phu'sis_, nature), _the science which treats of the
organism of plants and animals_.
PRO'LOGUE, _verses recited as introductory to a play_.
PSYCHOL'OGY (Gr. n. _psu'che_, the soul), _mental philosophy; doctrine of
man's spiritual nature_.
SYL'LOGISM, _a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions_.
TAUTOL'OGY (Gr. _tau'to_, the same), _a repetition of the same idea in
different words_.
TECHNOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tech'ne_, art), _a description of the arts_.
THEOL'OGY. See _theos_.
TOXICOL'OGY (Gr. n. _tox'icon_, poison) _the science which treats of
poisons and their effects_.
ZOOL'OGY (Gr. n. _zo'on_, an animal), _that part of natural history which
treats of animals_.
17. MET'RON (μετρον) _a measure_.
ME'TER, _arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length_.
MET'RIC, _denoting measurement_.
MET'RICAL, _pertaining to meter_.
ANEMOM'ETER (Gr. n. _an'emos_, the wind), _an instrument measuring the
force and velocity of the wind_.
BAROM'ETER (Gr. n. _ba'ros_, weight), _an instrument that indicates changes
in the weather_.
DIAM'ETER, _measure through anything_.
GEOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _ge_, the earth), _a branch of mathematics_.
HEXAM'ETER (Gr. _hex_, six), _a line of six poetic feet_.
HYDROM'ETER (Gr. n. _hu'dor_, water), _an instrument for determining the
specific gravities of liquids_.
HYGROM'ETER (Gr. adj. _hu'gros_, wet), _an instrument for measuring the
degree of moisture of the atmosphere_.
PENTAM'ETER (Gr. _pen'te_, five), _a line of five poetic feet_.
PERIM'ETER, _the external boundary of a body or figure_.
SYM'METRY, _the proportion or harmony of parts_.
THERMOM'ETER (Gr. adj. _ther'mos_, warm), _an instrument for measuring the
heat of bodies_.
TRIGONOM'ETRY (Gr. n. _trigo'non_, a triangle), _a branch of mathematics_.
18. MON'OS (μονος), _sole, alone_.
MON'ACHISM, _the condition of monks; a monastic life_.
MON'AD, _something ultimate and indivisible_.
MON'ASTERY, _a house of religious retirement_.
MONK (Gr. n. _mon'achos_), _a religious recluse_.
MONOG'AMY (Gr. n. _gam'os_, MARRIAGE), _the marriage of one wife only_.
MON'OLOGUE (Gr. n. _log'os_), _a speech uttered by a person alone_.
MONOMA'NIA (Gr. n. _ma'nia_, madness), _madness confined to one subject_.
MONOP'OLY (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), _the sole power of selling anything_.
MONOSYL'LABLE, _a word of one syllable_.
MON'OTHEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the belief in the existence of only
one God_.
MON'OTONE, _uniformity of tone_.
MONOT'ONY, _sameness of sound; want of variety_.
19. O'DE (ωδε), _a song_.
ODE, _a lyric poem_.
MEL'ODY (Gr. n. _mel'os_, a song), _an agreeable succession of musical
sounds_.
PAR'ODY, _the alteration of the works of an author to another subject_.
PROS'ODY, _the study of versification_.
PSAL'MODY, _the practice of singing psalms_.
TRAG'EDY (Gr. n. _trag'os_, a goat[9]), _a dramatic representation of a sad
or calamitous event_.
EXERCISE.
The _periods_ of _astronomy_ go far beyond any _chronology_. The
_phonograph_ and the _telegraph_ are both American inventions. By the aid
of a _diagram_ the _problem_ was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the _Autocrat_
of the Breakfast Table, has written many _parodies_. In the struggle
between _monarchy_ and _democracy_ Mexico has often been in a state of
_anarchy_. His _antagonist_ suffered great _agony_ from the _disaster_ that
occurred. The _eulogy_ pronounced on the great _zoölogist_ Agassiz was well
deserved. What is the _etymological_ distinction between _geography_ and
_geology_? The _aeronaut_ took with him a _barometer_, a _thermometer_, and
a _chronometer_. I owe you an _apology_ for not better knowing your
_genealogy. Typography_ has been well called "the art preservative of all
the arts." Who is called the great American _lexicographer? Tautology_ is
to be avoided by all who make any pretence to _grammar_. One may be a
_democrat_ without being a _demagogue_. You cannot be an _architect_
without knowing _geometry. Zoology_ shows that there is great _symmetry_ in
the structure of animals. The pretensions of _astrology_ are now dissipated
into thin _air_. Many persons skilled in _physiology_ do not believe in
hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in _hexameter_, and
Milton's "Paradise Lost" in _pentameter_.
20. ON'OMA (ονομα), _a name_.
ANON'YMOUS, _without a name_.
METON'YMY, _a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another_.
ON'OMATOPOE'IA, _the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense_.
PARON'YMOUS, _of like derivation_.
PATRONYM'IC (Gr. n. _pat'er_, a father), _a name derived from a parent or
ancestor_.
PSEU'DONYM (Gr. adj. _pseu'des_, false), _a fictitious name_.
SYN'ONYM, _a word having the same meaning as another in the same language_.
21. PAN (παν, παντος), _all; whole_.
PANACE'A (Gr. v. _ak'eomai_, I cure), _a universal cure_.
PAN'CREAS (Gr. n. _kre'as_, flesh), _a fleshy gland situated at the bottom
of the stomach_.
PAN'DECT, _a treatise which combines the whole of any science_.
PANEGYR'IC (Gr. n. _ag'ora_, an assembly), _an oration in praise of some
person or event_.
PAN'OPLY (Gr. n. _hop'la_, armor), _a complete suit of armor_.
PANORA'MA (Gr. n. _hor'ama_, a sight or view), _a large picture gradually
unrolled before an assembly_.
PAN'THEISM (Gr. n. _the'os_, God), _the doctrine that nature is God_.
PAN'THEON, _a temple dedicated to all the gods_.
PAN'TOMIME, _a scene or representation in dumb show_.
22. PA'THOS (παθος), _suffering, feeling_.
PATHET'IC, _affecting the emotions_.
PATHOL'OGY, _the science of diseases_.
ALLOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_.
ANTIP'ATHY, _dislike, aversion_.
AP'ATHY, _want of feeling_.
HOMEOP'ATHY, _a mode of medical practice_.
HYDROP'ATHY. See _hudor_.
SYM'PATHY, _fellow-feeling_.
23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), _a friend, a lover_.
PHILADEL'PHIA (Gr. n. _adel'phos_, a brother), literally, _the city of
brotherly love_.
PHILANTHROPY (Gr. n. _anthro'pos_, a man), _love of mankind_.
PHILHARMON'IC (Gr. n. _harmo'nia_, harmony), _loving harmony or music_.
PHILOS'OPHY (Gr. n. _sophi'a_, wisdom), _the general laws or principles
belonging to any department of knowledge_.
PHILOS'OPHER, _one versed in philosophy or science_.
PHILOSOPH'IC, PHILOSOPH'ICAL, _relating to philosophy_.
24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), _to cause to appear_; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια),
_an image, an idea_.
DIAPH'ANOUS, _translucent_.
EPIPH'ANY, _the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by
the star of Bethlehem_.
FAN'CY, _a pleasing image; a conceit or whim_.
FAN'CIFUL, _full of fancy; abounding in wild images_.
FANTA'SIA, _a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary
musical rules_.
PHAN'TOM, _a specter, an apparation_.
PHASE, _an appearance_.
PHENOM'ENON, _anything presented to the senses by experiment or
observation; an unusual appearance_.
SYC'OPHANT (Gr. n. _sukon_, a fig, and, literally, an informer against
stealers of figs), _a mean flatterer_.
25. PHO'NE (φωνη), _a sound_.
PHONET'IC, PHON'IC _according to sound_.
EU'PHONY, _an agreeable sound of words_.
SYM'PHONY, _harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full
band of instruments_.
26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), _light_.
PHOS'PHORUS (Gr. v. _pherein_, to bear), _a substance resembling wax,
highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark_.
PHOS'PHATE, _a salt of phosphoric acid_.
PHOSPHORES'CENT, _luminous in the dark_.
PHOSPHOR'IC, _relating to or obtained from phosphorus_.
PHOTOG'RAPHY. See _graphein_.
27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), _nature_.
PHYS'IC, _medicines_.
PHYS'ICAL, _natural; material; relating to the body_.
PHYSI'CIAN, _one skilled in the art of healing_.
PHYS'ICIST, _a student of nature_.
PHYS'ICS, _natural philosophy_.
PHYSIOG'NOMY (Gr. n. _gno'mon_, a judge), _the art of discerning the
character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of
features or countenance_.
PHYSIOL'OGY. See _logos_.
METAPHYS'ICS, literally, _after or beyond physics_; hence, _the science of
mind_.
METAPHYSI'CIAN, _one versed in metaphysics_.
28. POL'IS (πολις), _a city_.
POLICE', _the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a
city_.
POL'ICY, _the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public
affairs; prudence_.
POL'ITIC, _wise, expedient_.
POLIT'ICAL, _relating to politics_.
POLITI'CIAN, _one devoted to politics_.
POL'ITICS, _the art or science of government; struggle of parties_.
POL'ITY, _the constitution of civil government_.
ACROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _ak'ros_, high), _a citadel_.
COSMOP'OLITE (Gr. n. _kos'mos_, the world), _a citizen of the world_.
METROP'OLIS (Gr. n. _me'ter_, a mother), _the chief city of a country_.
NECROP'OLIS (Gr. adj. _nek'ros_, dead), _a burial-place; a city of the
dead_.
29. RHE'O ('ρεω), _I flow, I speak_.
RHET'ORIC, _the art of composition; the science of oratory_.
RHETORI'CIAN, _one skilled in rhetoric_.
RHEU'MATISM, _a disease of the limbs_ (so called because the ancients
supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors).
RES'IN, _a gum which flows from certain trees_.
CATARRH', _a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head_.
DIARRHOE'A, _purging_.
HEM'ORRHAGE (Gr. n. _haima_, blood), _a flowing of blood_.
30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), _to see, to watch_.
SCOPE, _space, aim, intention_.
BISH'OP (Gr. n. _epis'kopos_, overseer), _a clergyman who has charge of a
diocese_.
EPIS'COPACY, _church government by bishops_.
EPIS'COPAL, _relating to episcopacy_.
KALEI'DOSCOPE (Gr. adj. _kal'os_, beautiful), _an optical instrument in
which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of
position_.
MI'CROSCOPE (Gr. adj. _mik'ros_, small), _an instrument for examining small
objects_.
MICROS'COPIST, _one skilled in the use of the microscope_.
STETH'OSCOPE (Gr. n. _steth'os_, the breast), _an instrument for examining
the state of the chest by sound_.
TEL'ESCOPE (Gr. _te'le_, afar off), _an instrument for viewing objects far
off_.
31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), _arranged_; TAX'IS (ταξις), _arrangement_.
TAC'TICS, _the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces_;
_the science or art which relates to these_.
TACTI'CIAN, _one skilled in tactics_.
SYN'TAX, _the arrangement of words into sentences_.
SYNTAC'TICAL, _relating to syntax_.
TAX'IDERMY (Gr. n. _der'ma_, skin), _the art of preparing and arranging the
skins of animals in their natural appearance_.
TAX'IDERMIST, _one skilled in taxidermy_.
32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), _art_.
TECH'NICAL, _relating to an art or profession_.
TECHNICAL'ITY, _a technical expression_; _that which is technical_.
TECHNOL'OGY, _a treatise on or description of the arts_.
TECHNOL'OGIST, _one skilled in technology_.
POLYTECH'NIC (Gr. adj. _pol'us_, many), _comprising many arts_.
PYR'OTECHNY (Gr. n. _pur_, fire), _the art of making fireworks_.
33. THE'OS (θεος), _God_.
THE'ISM, _belief in the existence of a God_.
THEO'CRACY. (See _kratos_.)
THEO'LOGY. (See _logos_.)
APOTHEO'SIS, _glorification, deification_.
A'THEISM, _disbelief in the existence of God_.
A'THEIST, _one who does not believe in the existence of God_.
ENTHU'SIASM, _heat of imagination_; _ardent zeal_.
PAN'THEISM. (See _pan_.)
POL'YTHEISM (Gr. adj. _polus_, many), _the doctrine of a plurality of
Gods_.
34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), _to place, to set_.
THEME, _a subject set forth for discussion_.
THE'SIS, _a proposition set forth for discussion_.
ANATH'EMA, _an ecclesiastical curse_.
ANTITHESIS, _opposition or contrast in words or deeds_.
HYPOTH'ESIS, _a supposition_.
PAREN'THESIS, _something inserted in a sentence which is complete without
it_.
SYN'THESIS, _a putting together, as opposed to analysis_.
35. TON'OS (τονος), _tension, tone_.
TONE, _tension, vigor, sound_.
TON'IC, adj. _increasing tension or vigor_; n. _a medicine which increases
strength_.
TUNE, _a series of musical notes on a particular key_.
ATTUNE', _to make musical_; _to make one sound agree with another_.
BAR'YTONE (Gr. adj. _ba'rus_, heavy), _a male voice_.
DIATON'IC, _proceeding by tones and semitones_.
IN'TONATE, _to sound; to modulate the voice_.
INTONE', _to give forth a slow, protracted sound_.
SEM'ITONE, _half a tone_.
REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.
1. Derivation of "antithesis"?--Compose an example of an antithesis.--Point
out the antithesis in the following:--
"The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself."
"A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits."
"Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull,
Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full."
2. Derivation of "hypothesis."--Give an adjective formed from this
noun.--What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? _Ans.
Supposition_.--Show this. _Ans_. Supposition is composed of sub = hypo
(under), and position (from _ponere_, to place) = thesis, a placing--What
adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? _Ans.
Supposititious._
3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?--Compose a parenthetical sentence.
4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?--Give the distinction _Ans.
Analysis_ is taking apart, _synthesis_ is putting together--What adjective
is derived from the noun "synthesis"?
5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? _Ans. Demagogic_ or
_demagogical_--Define it--Compose a sentence containing the word
"demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of
a _demagogue_."
6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? _Ans. Pedagogic_--What would
the "_pedagogic_ art" mean?--Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a
complimentary sense?--Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense.
7. Derivation of "anarchy"?--Compose a sentence containing this word.
MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by
_anarchy_."
8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? _Ans. Monarchical_--Define
it.--Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical
government?--What is the ruler of a monarchy called?
9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the
Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under
the rule of an _oligarchy_."
10. From what root is "democracy" derived?--What adjective is formed from
"democracy"?--Is Russia at present a _democracy_?--Can you mention any
ancient governments that for a time were democracies?
11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?--What noun will denote one
who believes in aristocracy? _Ans. Aristocrat_--What does "aristocrat"
ordinarily mean? _Ans._ A proud or haughty person who holds himself above
the common people.
12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"?
13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence.
14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? _Ans. Diametrical_--What
adverb is formed from "diametrical"?--What is meant by the expression
"_diametrically_ opposed"?
15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? _Ans. Astrology_--Give
the derivative of this word.--What word denotes one who is skilled in
astronomy?--Form an adjective from "astronomy."--Compose a sentence
containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of
_astronomy_ are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton."
16. From what root is "telescope" derived?--Combine and define telescop +
ic.--Compose a sentence using the word "telescope."
17. From what root is "microscope" derived?--Combine and define microscop +
ic.--What single word denotes microscopic animals? _Ans.
Animalculæ_.--Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL:
"As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the _microscope_
reveals the infinitely little."
18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we
sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in
the lines:
'The reason why I cannot tell,
I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'"
19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"?
20. Derivation of "sympathy"?--Give a synonym of this Greek derivative.
_Ans. Compassion_.--Show why they are literal synonyms. _Ans._ Sym = con or
com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.--Give an English
derivative expressing the same thing. _Ans. Fellow-feeling._
21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?--Form an adjective from
"autocrat."--Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?--Could the
Queen of England be called an _autocrat_?--Why not?
22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are
only two or three _autographs_ of Shakespeare in existence."
23. Derivation of "automaton"?--Illustrate the signification of the word by
a sentence.
24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir
to"?--Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea."
25. Derivation of "panoply"?--In the following sentence is "panoply" used
in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian
_panoply_, to put on the whole armor of God."
26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?--What word is used to
denote one who believes in pantheism?
27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many
gods?--Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would
designate a temple dedicated to _all_ the gods?
28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."--Compose a sentence
using the word "panorama."
29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?--Illustrate its meaning by a
sentence.--Form an adjective from "eulogy."
30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?--Give an example of a pseudonym.
DIVISION II.--ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES.
ACH'OS, _pain_--ache, headache.
AINIG'MA, _a riddle_--enigma.
AK'ME, _a point_--acme.
AKOU'EIN, _to hear_--acoustics.
AK'ROS, _high_--_acropolis (polis)._
ALLEL'ON, _each other_--parallel, parallelogram.
AN'ER, _a man_--Andrew, Alexander.
AN'THOS, _a flower_--anther, anthology, polyanthus.
ANTHRO'POS, _a man_--anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope,
philanthropist, philanthropy.
ARK'TOS, _a bear_--arctic, antarctic.
AR'GOS, _idle_--lethargy, lethargic.
ARIS'TOS, _best_--aristocrat _(kratos)_, aristocracy, aristocratic.
ARITH'MOS, _number_--arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic.
ARO'MA, _spice, odor_--aromatic.
ARTE'RIA, _a bloodvessel_--artery, arterial.
ASK'EIN, _to discipline_--ascetic, asceticism.
ASPHAL'TOS, _pitch_--asphalt.
ATH'LOS, _a contest_--athlete, athletic.
AT'MOS, _vapor, smoke_--atmosphere, atmospheric.
AU'LOS, _a pipe_--hydraulic.
BAL'SAMON, _balsam_--balm, embalm.
BA'ROS, _weight_--barometer, barytes.
BA'SIS, _the bottom_--base, baseless, basement, basis.
BIB'LION, _a book_--bible, biblical.
BI'OS, _life_--biography, biology.
BO'TANE, _a plant_--botanic, botanical, botanist, botany.
BRON'CHOS, _the throat_--bronchial, bronchitis.
BUS'SOS, _bottom_--abyss.
CHA'LUPS, _steel_--chalybeate.
CHARAS'SEIN, _to stamp_--character, characterize, characteristic.
CHA'RIS, _grace_--eucharist.
CHEIR, _the hand_--surgeon (short for _chirurgeon_), surgical.
CHLO'ROS, _green_--chloride, chlorine
CHOL'E, _bile_--choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy.
CHOR'DE, _a string_--chord, cord, cordage.
CHRIS'TOS, _anointed_--chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom,
antichrist.
CHRO'MA, _color_--chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic.
CHRU'SOS, _gold_--chrysalis, chrysolite.
CHU'LOS, _the milky juice formed by digestion_--chyle, chylifaction.
CHU'MOS, _juice_--chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist.
DAI'MON, _a spirit_--demon, demoniac, demonology.
DE'MOS, _the people_--demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic.
DEN'DRON, _a tree_--dendrology, rhododendron.
DER'MA, _the skin_--epidermis.
DES'POTES, _a ruler_--despot, despotic, despotism.
DIAI'TA, _manner of life_--diet, dietary, dietetic.
DIDO'NI, _to give_--dose, antidote, anecdote.
DOG'MA, _an opinion_--dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism.
DOX'A, _an opinion, glory_--doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox.
DRAM'A, _a stage-play_--drama, dramatic, dramatist.
DROM'OS, _a course_--dromedary, hippodrome.
DRUS, _an oak_--dryad.
DUNA'THAI, _to be able_--dynamics, dynamical, dynasty.
DUS, _ill, wrong_--dysentery (_entera_, the bowels), dyspepsia (_peptein_,
to digest).
EKKLE'SIA, _the church_--ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical.
E'CHEIN, _to sound_--echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen.
EKLEI'PEIN, _to fail_--eclipse, ecliptic.
ELEK'TRON, _amber_--electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype.
EM'EIN, _to vomit_--emetic.
EP'OS, _a word_--epic, orthoepy.
ER'EMOS, _desert, solitary_--hermit, hermitage.
ER'GON, _a work_--energy, energetic, surgeon (_cheir_, the hand).
ETH'NOS, _a nation_--ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology.
ETH'OS, _custom, manner_--ethics, ethical.
EU, _good, well_--eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical.
GAM'OS, _marriage_--bigamy, polygamy, misogamist.
GAS'TER, _the stomach_--gastric, gastronomy.
GE, _the earth_--geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee,
perigee.
GEN'NAEIN, _to produce_--genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous,
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.
GIGNOS'KEIN, _to know_--diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate.
GLOS'SA, GLOT'TA, _the tongue_--glossary, glottis, polyglot.
GLU'PHEIN, _to carve_--hieroglyphics.
GNO'MON, _an indicator_--gnomon, physiognomy (_phusis_).
GO'NIA, _a corner_--diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry.
GUM'NOS, _naked_--gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics.
HAI'REIN, _to take or choose_--heresy, heretic, heretical.
HARMO'NIA, _a fitting together_--harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium.
HEK'ATON, _a hundred_--hecatomb.
HE'LIOS, _the sun_--heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion.
HE'MERA, _a day_--ephemeral.
HEP'TA, _seven_--heptagon, heptarchy.
HE'ROS, _a hero_--hero, heroic, heroine, heroism.
HET'EROS, _another, unlike_--heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous.
HEX, _six_--hexagon, hexangular.
HI'EROS, _sacred_--hierarchy, hieroglyphics (_glyphein_, to carve).
HIP'POS, _a horse_--hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic.
HOL'OS, _all_--holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity.
HOM'OS, _like, the same_--homogeneous (_gennaein_, to produce).
HOR'OS, _a boundary_--horizon, aphorism.
HU'MEN, _the god of marriage_--hymeneal.
HUM'NOS, _a song of praise_--hymn, hymnal, hynmology.
ICH'THUS, _a fish_--ichthyology.
ID'EA, _a form or pattern_--idea, ideal.
ID'IOS, _peculiar_--idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic.
IS'OS, _equal_--isothermal.
KAI'EIN, _to burn_--caustic, cauterize, holocaust (_holos_, whole).
KA'KOS, _bad_--cacophony.
KA'LOS, _beautiful_--caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (_skopein_).
KAL'UPTEIN, _to conceal_--apocalypse.
KAN'ON, _a rule_--canon, canonical, canonize.
KAR'DIA, _the heart_--cardiac, pericardium.
KEN'OS, _empty_--cenotaph.
KEPH'ALE, _the head_--acephalous, hydrocephalus (_hydor_).
KER'AS, _a horn_--rhinoceros.
KLE'ROS, _a portion_--clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship.
KLI'MAX, _a ladder_--climax.
KLI'NEIN, _to bend_--clinical, recline.
KO'MOS, _a merry feast_--comedy, (_odè_), comedian, comic, encomium.
KO'NEIN, _to serve_--deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate.
KO'NOS, Lat. CONUS, _a cone_--cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform.
KOP'TEIN, _to cut_--coppice, copse, syncope.
KOS'MOS, _the world_--cosmography, cosmopolitan.
KRI'TES, _a judge_--crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism,
hypocrite.
KRUP'TEIN, _to conceal_--crypt, apocrypha.
KRUSTAL'LOS, _ice_--crystal, crystallize.
KUK'LOS, _a circle_--cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia.
KULIN'DROS, _a roller_--cylinder.
LAM'BANEIN, _to take_--syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable.
LAM'PEIN, _to shine_--lamp.
LA'OS, _the people_--layman, laity.
LATREI'A, _worship_--idolatry, heliolatry.
LITH'OS, _a stone_--litharge, lithograph, aërolite.
LU'EIN, _to loosen_--analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy.
MAN'IA, _madness_--mania, maniac.
MAR'TUR, _a witness_--martyr, martyrdom, martyrology.
MEL'AS, _black_--melancholy, Melanesia.
ME'TER, _a mother_--metropolis.
MIK'ROS, _small_--microcosm, microscope, microscopic.
MI'MOS, _an imitator_--mimic, mimicry, pantomime.
MOR'PHE, _shape_--amorphous, metamorphosis.
MU'RIAS, _ten thousand_--myriad.
MU'THOS, _a fable_--myth, mythology.
NAR'KE, _torpor_--narcissus, narcotic.
NAUS, _a ship_--nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut.
NEK'ROS, _dead_--necropolis.
NE'SOS, _an island_--Polynesia.
NOM'OS, _a law_--astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (_oikos_, a house),
economic.
OL'IGOS, _few_--oligarchy (_arche_).
OR'PHANOS, _deserted_--orphan, orphanage.
OR'THOS, _right, straight_--orthodox, orthoepy, orthography.
PAIDEI'A, _instruction_--cyclopædia.
PAIS, _a child_--pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist.
PAP'AS, Lat. PAPA, _a father_--papacy, pope, popedom, popery.
PARADEI'SOS, _a pleasant garden_--paradise.
PAT'EIN, _to walk_--peripatetic.
PEN'TE, _five_--pentagon, pentecost.
PET'RA, _a rock_--Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter.
PHOB'OS, _fear_--hydrophobia (_hudor_, water).
PHRA'SIS, _speech_--phrase, phraseology, paraphrase.
PHREN, _the mind_--phrenology, frantic, frenzy.
PHU'TON, _a plant_--zoophyte.
PLA'NAEIN, _to wander_--planet, planetary.
PLAS'SEIN, _to mould_--plaster, plastic.
PLEU'RA, _the side_--pleurisy.
PNEU'MA, _breath_, _spirit_--pneumatic.
PO'LEIN, _to sell_--bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize.
POL'US, _many_--polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic.
POR'OS, _a passage_--pore, porosity, porous, emporium.
POT'AMOS, _a river_--hippopotamus.
POUS, _the foot_--antipodes, polypus, tripod.
PRAS'SEIN, _to do_--practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable.
PRESBU'TEROS, _elder_--presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism.
PRO'TOS, _first_--protomartyr.
PSAL'LEIN, _to touch_, _to sing_--psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter.
PUR, _fire_--pyramid, pyrotechny.
RHIN, _the nose_--rhinoceros.
RHOD'ON, _a rose _--rhododendron.
SARX, _flesh_--sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus.
SCHED'E, _a sheet_--schedule.
SCHE'MA, _a plan_--scheme.
SCHIS'MA, _a division_--schism, schismatic.
SIT'OS, _corn_--parasite, parasitical.
SKAN'DALON, _disgrace_--scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander,
slanderous.
SKEPTES'THAI, _to consider_--sceptic, sceptical, scepticism.
SKEP'TRON, _an emblem of office_--scepter.
SOPH'IA, _wisdom_--sophist, sophistry, philosopher (_philos_), philosophy.
SPHAI'RA, _a globe_--sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere.
STAL'AEIN, _to drop_--stalactite, stalagmite.
STEL'LEIN, _to send_--apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary.
STEN'OS, _narrow_--stenography.
STHEN'OS, _strength_--calisthenics.
STIG'MA, _a mark_--stigma, stigmatize.
STRAT'OS, _an army_--stratagem, strategy, strategist.
STROPH'E, _a turning_--apostrophe, catastrophe.
TA'PHOS, _a tomb_--epitaph, cenotaph.
TAU'TO, _the same_--tautology.
TEK'TON, _a builder_--architect.
TE'LE, _far off_--telegraph, telescope.
TEM'NEIN, _to cut_--atom, anatomy, anatomist.
TET'RA, _four_--tetragon, tetrarch.
THER'ME, _heat_--thermal.
THRON'OS, _a throne_--throne, enthrone.
TOP'OS, _a place_--topography.
TREP'EIN, _to turn_--trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope.
TU'POS, _a stamp_--type, typography, prototype.
TURAN'NOS, _a ruler_--tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny.
ZEIN, _to boil_--zeal, zealous.
ZEPHU'ROS, _the west wind_--zephyr.
ZO'ON, _an animal_--zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte.